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Tang T, Fang D, Ji Z, Zhong Z, Zhou B, Ye L, Jiang L, Sun X. Inhibition of thioredoxin-1 enhances the toxicity of glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose by downregulating SLC1A5 expression in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:607-621. [PMID: 37867183 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting glycolysis in cancer is an attractive approach for therapeutic intervention. 2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) is a synthetic glucose analog that inhibits glycolysis. However, its efficacy is limited by the systemic toxicity at high doses. Understanding the mechanism of 2DG resistance is important for further use of this drug in cancer treatment. METHODS The expression of thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells treated with 2DG was detected by Western blotting. The effect of Trx-1 on the cytotoxicity of 2DG in CRC cells was examined in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism involved in Trx-1-mediated activation of the SLC1A5 gene promoter activity was elucidated using in vitro models. RESULTS Inhibition glycolysis with 2DG increased the expression of Trx-1 in CRC cells. Overexpression of Trx-1 decreased the cytotoxicity of 2DG, whereas knockdown of Trx-1 by shRNA significantly increased the cytotoxicity of 2DG in CRC cells. The Trx-1 inhibitor PX-12 increased the cytotoxicity of 2DG on CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Trx-1 promoted SLC1A5 expression by increasing the promoter activity of the SLC1A5 gene by binding to SP1. We also found that the SLC1A5 expression was upregulated in CRC tissues, and inhibition of SLC1A5 significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of 2DG on the growth of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of SLC1A5 reduced the cytotoxicity of 2DG in combination with PX-12 treatment in CRC cells. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a novel adaptive mechanism of glycolytic inhibition in which Trx-1 increases GSH levels by regulating SLC1A5 to rescue cytotoxicity induced by 2DG in CRC cells. Inhibition of glycolysis in combination with inhibition of Trx-1 or SLC1A5 may be a promising strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbin Tang
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Daoquan Fang
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Ziwei Ji
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Zuyue Zhong
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Baojian Zhou
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lechi Ye
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Sinha R, LeVeque RM, Callahan SM, Chatterjee S, Stopnisek N, Kuipel M, Johnson JG, DiRita VJ. Gut metabolite L-lactate supports Campylobacter jejuni population expansion during acute infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316540120. [PMID: 38170751 PMCID: PMC10786315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316540120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
How the microaerobic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni establishes its niche and expands in the gut lumen during infection is poorly understood. Using 6-wk-old ferrets as a natural disease model, we examined this aspect of C. jejuni pathogenicity. Unlike mice, which require significant genetic or physiological manipulation to become colonized with C. jejuni, ferrets are readily infected without the need to disarm the immune system or alter the gut microbiota. Disease after C. jejuni infection in ferrets reflects closely how human C. jejuni infection proceeds. Rapid growth of C. jejuni and associated intestinal inflammation was observed within 2 to 3 d of infection. We observed pathophysiological changes that were noted by cryptic hyperplasia through the induction of tissue repair systems, accumulation of undifferentiated amplifying cells on the colon surface, and instability of HIF-1α in colonocytes, which indicated increased epithelial oxygenation. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that lactate levels in colon content were elevated in infected animals. A C. jejuni mutant lacking lctP, which encodes an L-lactate transporter, was significantly decreased for colonization during infection. Lactate also influences adhesion and invasion by C. jejuni to a colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116). The oxygenation required for expression of lactate transporter (lctP) led to identification of a putative thiol-based redox switch regulator (LctR) that may repress lctP transcription under anaerobic conditions. Our work provides better insights into the pathogenicity of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Rhiannon M. LeVeque
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Sean M. Callahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996
| | - Shramana Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Nejc Stopnisek
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | - Matti Kuipel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
| | | | - Victor J. DiRita
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824
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Sinha R, LeVeque RM, Callahan SM, Chatterjee S, Stopnisek N, Kuipel M, Johnson JG, DiRita VJ. Gut metabolite L-lactate supports Campylobacter jejuni population expansion during acute infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560557. [PMID: 37873437 PMCID: PMC10592923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
How the microaerobic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni establishes its niche and expands in the gut lumen during infection is poorly understood. Using six-week-old ferrets as a natural disease model, we examined this aspect of C. jejuni pathogenicity. Unlike mice, which require significant genetic or physiological manipulation to become colonized with C. jejuni , ferrets are readily infected without the need to disarm the immune system or alter the gut microbiota. Disease after C. jejuni infection in ferrets reflects closely how human C. jejuni infection proceeds. Rapid growth of C. jejuni and associated intestinal inflammation was observed within two-three days of infection. We observed pathophysiological changes that were noted by cryptic hyperplasia through the induction of tissue repair systems, accumulation of undifferentiated amplifying cells on the colon surface, and instability of HIF-1α in colonocytes, which indicated increased epithelial oxygenation. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that lactate levels in colon content were elevated in infected animals. A C. jejuni mutant lacking lctP , which encodes an L-lactate transporter, was significantly decreased for colonization during infection. Lactate also influences adhesion and invasion by C. jejuni to a colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116). The oxygenation required for expression of lactate transporter ( lctP ) led to discovery of a putative thiol based redox switch regulator (LctR) that may repress lctP transcription under anaerobic conditions. Our work provides new insights into the pathogenicity of C. jejuni . Significance There is a gap in knowledge about the mechanisms by which C. jejuni populations expand during infection. Using an animal model which accurately reflects human infection without the need to alter the host microbiome or the immune system prior to infection, we explored pathophysiological alterations of the gut after C. jejuni infection. Our study identified the gut metabolite L-lactate as playing an important role as a growth substrate for C. jejuni during acute infection. We identified a DNA binding protein, LctR, that binds to the lctP promoter and may repress lctP expression, resulting in decreased lactate transport under low oxygen levels. This work provides new insights about C. jejuni pathogenicity.
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Park YK, Jang BC. The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase c-Met Promotes Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098086. [PMID: 37175792 PMCID: PMC10179087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is elaborated in embryogenesis, morphogenesis, metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation. JNJ38877605 (JNJ) is an inhibitor of c-Met with anti-tumor activity. The c-Met expression and its role in adipocyte differentiation are unknown. Here, we investigated the c-Met expression and phosphorylation, knockdown (KD) effects, and pharmacological inhibition of c-Met by JNJ on fat accumulation in murine preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. During 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation, strikingly, c-Met expression at the protein and mRNA levels and the protein phosphorylation on Y1234/1235 and Y1349 is crucial for inducing its kinase catalytic activity and activating a docking site for signal transducers were increased in a time-dependent manner. Of note, JNJ treatment at 20 μM that strongly inhibits c-Met phosphorylation without altering its total expression resulted in less lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content with no cytotoxicity. JNJ further reduced the expression of adipogenic regulators, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), and perilipin A. Moreover, JNJ treatment increased cAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and liver kinase B-1 (LKB-1) phosphorylation but decreased ATP levels. Significantly, KD of c-Met suppressed fat accumulation and triglyceride (TG) quantity and reduced the expression of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, ACC, and perilipin A. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that c-Met is a novel, highly conserved mediator of adipogenesis regulating lipid accumulation in murine adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Senotherapy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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Chang YH, Chang SW, Hsu WT, Yang CP, Lo YL, Chen CJ, Tsai HF, Shiau MY. Implication of Adipogenesis-Coupled CRMP2 Functional Profile in Metabolic Homeostasis and Imbalance. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102603. [PMID: 36289868 PMCID: PMC9599587 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is associated with obesity and, in addition, that hyperglycemia-suppressed CRMP2 augments malignant traits of colorectal cancer and is associated with advanced tumor stage. Regulation of CRMP2 profile was further explored in this study using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte adipogenesis as a study model for illustrating the roles of CRMP2 in metabolic homeostasis. Hyperglycemia inhibited expression of CRMP2, adipogenic machinery and adipocyte markers. CRMP2 displayed f-CRMP2 (62~66 kDa) and s-CMRP2 (58 kDa) isoforms at the growth arrest phase. Expression of s-CRMP2 was coupled with the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) phase to direct cell proliferation and rapidly down-regulated in post-mitotic cells. In the late differentiation phase, f-CRMP2 was co-localized with tubulin in the cortical area. Insulin-enhanced CRMP2-glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) co-localization and CRMP2 puncta on lipid droplets (LDs) suggested participation of CRMP2 in GLUT4 translocation and LD fusion. Collectively, the CRMP2 functional profile must be finely controlled to adjust cytoskeletal stability for meeting dynamic cellular needs. Manipulating the s-CRMP2/f-CRMP2 ratio and thus the cytoskeleton dynamics is anticipated to improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. In summary, our data provide molecular evidence explaining the functions of CRMP2 in physiological, pathological and disease progression in metabolic homeostasis and disorders related to metabolic abnormalities, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Hsin Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Technology, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lo
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuh Shiau
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (ext. 7090); Fax: +886-4-26331198
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Chang YH, Yang HJ, Chen HW, Hsiao CW, Hsieh YC, Chan YW, Chang SW, Hwang WL, Chen WS, Cheng HH, Chou TY, Chang FP, Ho HL, Chu FY, Lo YL, Chen CJ, Tsai HF, Shiau MY. Characterization of Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 2 in Colorectal Cancer Progression in Subjects with Diabetic Comorbidity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040727. [PMID: 35203376 PMCID: PMC8869905 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common demographic risk factors are identified in colorectal cancer (CRC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), nevertheless, the molecular link and mechanism for CRC-DM comorbidity remain elusive. Dysregulated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta under metabolic imbalance is suggested to accelerate CRC pathogenesis/progression via regulating collpasin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2). Accordingly, roles of CRMP2 in CRC and CRC-DM patients were investigated for elucidating the molecular convergence of CRC and DM. METHODS CRMP2 profile in tumor tissues from CRC and CRC-DM patients was investigated to explore the link between CRC and DM etiology. Meanwhile, molecular mechanism of glucose to regulate CRMP2 profile and CRC characteristics was examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS CRMP2 was significantly lower in tumor lesions and associated with advanced tumor stage in CRC-DM patients. Physiological hyperglycemia suppressed CRMP2 expression/activity and augmented malignant characteristics of CRC cells. Hyperglycemia promotes actin de-polymerization, cytoskeleton flexibility and cell proliferation/metastasis by downregulating CRMP2 profile and thus contributes to CRC disease progression. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovers molecular evidence to substantiate and elucidate the link between CRC and T2DM, as well as characterizing the roles of CRMP2 in CRC-DM. Accordingly, altered metabolic adaptations are promising targets for anti-diabetic and cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Hsin Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
| | - Hui-Ju Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-S.C.); (H.-H.C.)
| | - Huan-Wen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
| | - Chiao-Wan Hsiao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
| | - Yu-Wei Chan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
| | - Shu-Wen Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (H.-J.Y.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-W.H.); (Y.-C.H.); (Y.-W.C.); (S.-W.C.); (W.-L.H.)
| | - Wei-Shone Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-S.C.); (H.-H.C.)
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-S.C.); (H.-H.C.)
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ying Chou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (F.-P.C.); (H.-L.H.)
| | - Fu-Pang Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (F.-P.C.); (H.-L.H.)
| | - Hsiang-Ling Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (F.-P.C.); (H.-L.H.)
| | - Fang-Yeh Chu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan;
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lo
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuh Shiau
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (ext. 7090)
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Raman APS, Kumari K, Jain P, Vishvakarma VK, Kumar A, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Kaushik NK, Singh P. In Silico Evaluation of Binding of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose with Mpro of nCoV to Combat COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35057031 PMCID: PMC8779518 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has threatened the existence of humanity andthis infection occurs due to SARS-CoV-2 or novel coronavirus, was first reported in Wuhan, China. Therefore, there is a need to find a promising drug to cure the people suffering from the infection. The second wave of this viral infection was shaking the world in the first half of 2021. Drugs Controllers of India has allowed the emergency use of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) in 2021 for patients suffering from this viral infection. The potentiality of 2-deoxy-D-glucose to intervene in D-glucose metabolism exists and energy deprivation is an effective parameter to inhibit cancer cell development. Once 2DG arrives in the cells, it becomes phosphorylated to 2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate (2-DG6P), a charged molecule expressively captured inside the cells. On the other hand, 2DG lacks the ability to convert into fructose-6-phosphate, resulting in a hampering of the activity of both glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and hexokinase, and finally causing cell death. Hence, the potential and effectiveness of 2DG with the main protease (Mpro) of novel coronavirus (nCoV) should be investigated using the molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The ability of 2DG to inhibit the Mpro of nCoV is compared with 2-deoxyglucose (2DAG), an acyclic molecule, and 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2DR). The binding energy of the molecules with the Mpro of nCoV is calculated using molecular docking and superimposed analysis data is obtained. The binding energy of 2DG, 2DR and 2DAG was -2.40, -2.22 and -2.88 kcal/mol respectively. Although the molecular docking does not provide reliable information, therefore, the binding affinity can be confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Various trajectories such as Rg, RMSD, RMSF, and hydrogen bonds are obtained from the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 2DG was found to be a better inhibitor than the 2DAG and 2DR based on the results obtained from the MD simulations at 300 K. Furthermore, temperature-dependent MD simulations of the Mpro of nCoV with promising 2DG was performed at 295, 310 and 315 K, and the effective binding with the Mpro of nCoV occurred at 295 K. With the use of DFT calculations, optimized geometry and localization of electron density of the frontier molecular orbitals were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India; (A.P.S.R.); (V.K.V.)
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramasami Memorial (SRM) Institute of Science and Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad 231206, India;
| | - Kamlesh Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110078, India;
| | - Pallavi Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramasami Memorial (SRM) Institute of Science and Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad 231206, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar Vishvakarma
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India; (A.P.S.R.); (V.K.V.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea;
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India; (A.P.S.R.); (V.K.V.)
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Obaid QA, Khudair KK, Al-Shammari AM. 2-Deoxyglucose Glycolysis Inhibitor Augment Oncolytic Virotherapy to Induce Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer (Part Ⅲ). THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the "hallmarks of cancer" is altered energy metabolism, which is increased glycolysis in cancer cells, the primary source of energy that uses this metabolic pathway to generate ATP. Oncolytic virotherapy with aerobic glycolysis inhibitor smart therapeutic approach to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. The current study aimed to use the 2-Deoxyglucose (2DG), a specific glycolysis inhibitor, to enhance the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In this study, a mouse model of breast cancer allograft with mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cells (AN3) was used and treated with 2DG, NDV, and a combination of both. Anti-tumor efficacy and glycolysis analysis (hexokinase -1 (HK-1), pyruvate, and ATP) were determined. The induction of oxidative stress was investigated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total glutathione assay examination. Apoptosis induction was investigated using immunohistochemistry (cleaved Caspase-3) and histopathology. The result showed that combination therapy enhances anti-tumor efficacy (decrease in relative tumor volume and increase in tumor growth inhibition) of NDV against breast cancer. This effect was accompanied by a reduction in HK-1 concentration, pyruvate, and ATP (glycolysis products). Moreover, NDV+2DG therapy induces oxidative stress (decreases total glutathione and increases ROS). Immunohistochemistry and histopathological examination showed the apoptotic area in tumor tissues in treated groups. In conclusion, the present study found that the combination therapy could be considered as an effective cancer therapy through induction of glycolysis inhibition, oxidative stress, and apoptosis selectively in cancer cells.
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Dikici S, Yar M, Bullock AJ, Shepherd J, Roman S, MacNeil S. Developing Wound Dressings Using 2-deoxy- D-Ribose to Induce Angiogenesis as a Backdoor Route for Stimulating the Production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111437. [PMID: 34768868 PMCID: PMC8583821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2-deoxy-D-Ribose (2dDR) was first identified in 1930 in the structure of DNA and discovered as a degradation product of it later when the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase breaks down thymidine into thymine. In 2017, our research group explored the development of wound dressings based on the delivery of this sugar to induce angiogenesis in chronic wounds. In this review, we will survey the small volume of conflicting literature on this and related sugars, some of which are reported to be anti-angiogenic. We review the evidence of 2dDR having the ability to stimulate a range of pro-angiogenic activities in vitro and in a chick pro-angiogenic bioassay and to stimulate new blood vessel formation and wound healing in normal and diabetic rat models. The biological actions of 2dDR were found to be 80 to 100% as effective as VEGF in addition to upregulating the production of VEGF. We then demonstrated the uptake and delivery of the sugar from a range of experimental and commercial dressings. In conclusion, its pro-angiogenic properties combined with its improved stability on storage compared to VEGF, its low cost, and ease of incorporation into a range of established wound dressings make 2dDR an attractive alternative to VEGF for wound dressing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Dikici
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (A.J.B.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Muhammad Yar
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Anthony J. Bullock
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (A.J.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Joanna Shepherd
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK;
| | - Sabiniano Roman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (A.J.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (A.J.B.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (S.M.)
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10
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Yang J, Sun Y, Xu F, Liu W, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Autophagy and glycolysis independently attenuate silibinin-induced apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:2048-2062. [PMID: 34053323 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211017609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism of cytotoxicity of silibinin on two human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, HepG2 (p53 wild-type) and Hep3B cells (p53 null), is examined in relation with the induction of autophagy and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). MATERIALS AND METHODS Levels of apoptosis in relation to the levels of autophagy and those of glycolysis-related proteins, glucose transporter 1/4 (Glut1/4) and hexokinase-II (HK2), in HepG2 and Hep3B cells were examined. RESULTS Silibinin-induced apoptosis was incomplete for HCC cell death in that up-regulated autophagy and/or reduced level of glycolysis, which are induced by silibinin treatment, antagonized silibinin-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyl adenine (3MA) or blocking of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation with Compound C (CC) enhanced silibinin-induced apoptosis. The results confirm that AMPK involved in autophagy as well as in glycolysis remaining with silibinin is responsible for attenuation of silibinin-induced apoptosis. Blocking of AMPK or autophagy contributes to the enhancement of silibinin's cytotoxicity to HepG2 and Hep3B cells. CONCLUSION This study shows that incomplete apoptosis of HCC by silibinin treatment becomes complete by repression of autophagy and/or glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, 159411The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Wuya College of Innovation, 58575Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, 58575Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - F Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, 58575Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - W Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, 58575Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - T Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, 58575Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - S Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - T Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, 58575Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, 58575Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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11
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Sagmeister S, Merl-Pham J, Petrera A, Deeg CA, Hauck SM. High glucose treatment promotes extracellular matrix proteome remodeling in Mller glial cells. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11316. [PMID: 34046254 PMCID: PMC8139267 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying pathomechanisms in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to add to the current knowledge about the particular role of retinal Mller glial cells (RMG) in the initial processes of DR. Methods Applying a quantitative proteomic workflow, we investigated changes of primary porcine RMG under short term high glucose treatment as well as glycolysis inhibition treatment. Results We revealed significant changes in RMG proteome primarily in proteins building the extracellular matrix (ECM) indicating fundamental remodeling processes of ECM as novel rapid response to high glucose treatment. Among others, Osteopontin (SPP1) as well as its interacting integrins were significantly downregulated and organotypic retinal explant culture confirmed the selective loss of SPP1 in RMG upon treatment. Since SPP1 in the retina has been described neuroprotective for photoreceptors and functions against experimentally induced cell swelling, its rapid loss under diabetic conditions may point to a direct involvement of RMG to the early neurodegenerative processes driving DR. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sagmeister
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany.,Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
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12
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Ohms M, Ferreira C, Busch H, Wohlers I, Guerra de Souza AC, Silvestre R, Laskay T. Enhanced Glycolysis Is Required for Antileishmanial Functions of Neutrophils Upon Infection With Leishmania donovani. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632512. [PMID: 33815385 PMCID: PMC8017142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal parasitic disease if untreated. Treatment options of VL diminish due to emerging drug resistance. Although the principal host cells for the multiplication of Leishmania are macrophages, neutrophils are the first cells infected with the parasites rapidly after parasite inoculation. Leishmania can survive in neutrophils despite the potent antimicrobial effector functions of neutrophils that can eliminate the parasites. Recently, the growing field of immunometabolism provided strong evidence for the therapeutic potential in targeting metabolic processes as a means of controlling immune effector functions. Therefore, the understanding of the immunometabolic profile of neutrophils during Leishmania infection could provide new promising targets for host-directed therapies against VL. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the bioenergetics profile of L. donovani-infected primary human neutrophils. Transcriptome analysis of L. donovani-infected neutrophils revealed an early significant upregulation of several glycolytic enzymes. Extracellular flux analysis showed that glycolysis and glycolytic capacity were upregulated in L. donovani-infected neutrophils at 6 h post infection. An increased glucose uptake and accumulation of glycolytic end products were further signs for an elevated glycolytic metabolism in L. donovani-infected neutrophils. At the same time point, oxidative phosphorylation provided NADPH for the oxidative burst but did not contribute to ATP production. Inhibition of glycolysis with 2-DG significantly reduced the survival of L. donovani promastigotes in neutrophils and in culture. However, this reduction was due to a direct antileishmanial effect of 2-DG and not a consequence of enhanced antileishmanial activity of neutrophils. To further address the impact of glucose metabolism during the first days of infection in vivo, we treated C57BL/6 mice with 2-DG prior to infection with L. donovani and assessed the parasite load one day and seven days post infection. Our results show, that seven days post-infection the parasite load of 2-DG treated animals was significantly higher than in mock treated animals. This data indicates that glycolysis serves as major energy source for antimicrobial effector functions against L. donovani. Inhibition of glycolysis abrogates important neutrophil effector functions that are necessary the initial control of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ohms
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carolina Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inken Wohlers
- Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Cristina Guerra de Souza
- Department of Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology (EMB), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Targeting Cancer Metabolism and Current Anti-Cancer Drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1286:15-48. [PMID: 33725343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have exploited the metabolic hallmarks that distinguish between normal and cancer cells, aiming at identifying specific targets of anti-cancer drugs. It has become apparent that metabolic flexibility allows cancer cells to survive during high anabolic demand or the depletion of nutrients and oxygen. Cancers can reprogram their metabolism to the microenvironments by increasing aerobic glycolysis to maximize ATP production, increasing glutaminolysis and anabolic pathways to support bioenergetic and biosynthetic demand during rapid proliferation. The increased key regulatory enzymes that support the relevant pathways allow us to design small molecules which can specifically block activities of these enzymes, preventing growth and metastasis of tumors. In this review, we discuss metabolic adaptation in cancers and highlight the crucial metabolic enzymes involved, specifically those involved in aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, de novo fatty acid synthesis, and bioenergetic pathways. Furthermore, we also review the success and the pitfalls of the current anti-cancer drugs which have been applied in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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14
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Hendriks AM, Brouwers AH, Giannopoulos P, Lefrandt JD, Timens W, Groen HJM, de Bock GH, Jalving M. 18F-FDG PET/CT Scans Can Identify Sub-Groups of NSCLC Patients with High Glucose Uptake in the Majority of Their Tumor Lesions. J Cancer 2021; 12:562-570. [PMID: 33391452 PMCID: PMC7738988 DOI: 10.7150/jca.45899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reprogrammed glucose metabolism is a hallmark of cancer making it an attractive therapeutic target, especially in cancers with high glucose uptake such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tools to select patients with high glucose uptake in the majority of tumor lesions are essential in the development of anti-cancer drugs targeting glucose metabolism. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients may have tumors highly dependent on glucose uptake. Surprisingly, this has not been systematically studied. Therefore, we aimed to determine which patient and tumor characteristics, including concurrent T2DM, are related to high glucose uptake in the majority of tumor lesions in NSCLC patients as measured by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods: Routine primary diagnostic 18F-FDG PET/CT scans of consecutive NSCLC patients were included. Mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) of 18F-FDG was determined for all evaluable tumor lesions and corrected for serum glucose levels according to the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Research Ltd guidelines. Patient characteristics potentially determining degree of tumor lesion glucose uptake in the majority of tumor lesions per patient were investigated. Results: The cohort consisted of 102 patients, 28 with T2DM and 74 without T2DM. The median SUVmean per patient ranged from 0.8 to 35.2 (median 4.2). T2DM patients had higher median glucose uptake in individual tumor lesions and per patient compared to non-diabetic NSCLC patients (SUVmean 4.3 vs 2.8, P < 0.001 and SUVmean 5.4 vs 3.7, P = 0.009, respectively). However, in multivariable analysis, high tumor lesion glucose uptake was only independently determined by number of tumor lesions ≥1 mL per patient (odds ratio 0.8, 95% confidence interval 0.7-0.9). Conclusions:18F-FDG PET/CT scans can identify sub-groups of NSCLC patients with high glucose uptake in the majority of their tumor lesions. T2DM patients had higher tumor lesion glucose uptake than non-diabetic patients. However, this was not independent of other factors such as the histological subtype and number of tumor lesions per patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Hendriks
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology
| | - Adrienne H Brouwers
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
| | - Panagiotis Giannopoulos
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology
| | - Joop D Lefrandt
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Wim Timens
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology
| | - Harry J M Groen
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Pulmonary Diseases
| | - Geertruida H de Bock
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Epidemiology
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology
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15
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Correlation between Expression Profiles of Key Signaling Genes in Colorectal Cancer Samples from Type 2 Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090216. [PMID: 32971867 PMCID: PMC7555724 DOI: 10.3390/life10090216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of epidemiological and biochemical evidence support the association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC). T2DM has been shown to impinge on the transcriptome of colon tumor cells, promoting their proliferation and invasion. In order to gain insight into diabetes-specific modulation of colon cancer signaling, we analyzed gene expression patterns of more than five hundred genes encoding signaling proteins on TaqMan OpenArray panels from colonoscopic colorectal tumor samples of type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients. In total, 48 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in tumors of T2DM patients as compared to healthy colon samples. Enrichment analysis with the g:GOSt (Gene Ontology Statistics) functional profiling tool revealed that the underlying genes can be classified into five signaling pathways (in decreasing order of significance: Wnt (wingless-type)/β-catenin; Hippo; TNF (tumor necrosis factor); PI3K/Akt (phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B), and platelet activation), implying that targeted downregulation of these signaling cascades might help combat CRC in diabetic patients. Transcript levels of some of the differentially expressed genes were also measured from surgically removed diabetic and non-diabetic CRC specimens by individual qPCR (quantitative real-time PCR) assays using the adjacent normal tissue mRNA levels as an internal control. The most significantly altered genes in diabetic tumor samples were largely different from those in non-diabetic ones, implying that T2DM profoundly alters the expression of signaling genes and presumably the biological characteristics of CRC.
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16
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Son SW, Chau GC, Kim ST, Um SH. Vacuolar H +-ATPase Subunit V0C Regulates Aerobic Glycolysis of Esophageal Cancer Cells via PKM2 Signaling. Cells 2019; 8:E1137. [PMID: 31554233 PMCID: PMC6830105 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar H+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit V0C (ATP6V0C), a proton-conducting, pore-forming subunit of vacuolar ATPase, maintains pH homeostasis and induces organelle acidification. The intracellular and extracellular pH of cancer cells affects their growth; however, the role of ATP6V0C in highly invasive esophageal cancer cells (ECCs) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of ATP6V0C in glucose metabolism in ECCs. The ATP6V0C depletion attenuated ECC proliferation, invasion, and suppressed glucose metabolism, as indicated by reduced glucose uptake and decreased lactate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in cells. Consistent with this, expression of glycolytic enzyme and the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were also decreased by ATP6V0C knockdown. Mechanistically, ATP6V0C interacted with pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), a key regulator of glycolysis in ECCs. The ATP6V0C depletion reduced PKM2 phosphorylation at tyrosine residue 105 (Tyr105), leading to inhibition of nuclear translocation of PKM2. In addition, ATP6V0C was recruited at hypoxia response element (HRE) sites in the lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) gene for glycolysis. Thus, our data suggest that ATP6V0C enhances aerobic glycolysis and motility in ECCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Son
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Gia Cac Chau
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Seong-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Um
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Biomedical Institute Convergence at Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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17
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Abstract
Although the investigation into biomarkers specific for pulmonary metastasis within osteosarcoma (OS) has recently expanded, their usage within the clinic remains sparse. The current screening protocol after any OS diagnosis includes a chest CT scan; however, metastatic lung nodules frequently go undetected and remain the primary cause of death in OS. Recently, screening technologies such as liquid biopsy and next-generation sequencing have revealed a promising array of biomarkers with predictive and diagnostic value for the pulmonary metastasis associated with OS. These biomarkers draw from genomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and metabolomics. When assessed in concert, their utility is most promising as OS is a highly heterogeneous cancer. Accordingly, there has been an expansion of clinical trials not only aimed at further demonstrating the significance of these individual biomarkers but to also reveal which therapies resolve the pulmonary metastasis once detected. This review will focus on the recently discovered and novel metastatic biomarkers within OS, their molecular and cellular mechanisms, the expansion of humanized OS mouse models amenable to their testing, and the associated clinical trials aimed at managing the metastatic phase of OS.
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18
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Zhang C, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Ji B, Wang S, Sun Y, Zhu C, Zhang D, Sun Y. Gli1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis in a Foxm1-dependent manner by activating EMT and PI3K-AKT signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86134-86147. [PMID: 27863385 PMCID: PMC5349902 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in human beings and metastasis is the main death reason. Recently, Gli1 has been reported to be a key regulator of various cancer biologies and genes expressions. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of Gli1 in CRC metastasis remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Gli1 in CRC metastasis. We used qRT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry and Western blot to test the expression levels of Gli1, Foxm1 and other target genes in the tissues and cells; Lentivirus stable transfection to change the expression levels of Gli1 and Foxm1; Wound-healing, cell invasion, migration assays and tail vein metastatic assay to test the role of Gli1 in CRC metastasis in vitro and vivo. We demonstrated that Gli1 was significantly overexpressed in colorectal cancer tissues and cells. Foxm1 level had a positive correlation with Gli1. Furthermore, we found that Gli1 promotes colorectal cancer cells metastasis in a Foxm1-dependent manner by activating EMT and PI3K-AKT signaling. Thus, we proved that Gli1 plays important role in CRC metastasis and provided a new visual field on the therapy of CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Yong Wang
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - YiFei Feng
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Yue Zhang
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Bing Ji
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Sen Wang
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Ye Sun
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
| | - Yueming Sun
- Colorectal Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu CHINA, 210029
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19
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Xiao Z, Liu S, Ai F, Chen X, Li X, Liu R, Ren W, Zhang X, Shu P, Zhang D. SDHB downregulation facilitates the proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer through AMPK functions excluding those involved in the modulation of aerobic glycolysis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:864-872. [PMID: 29399091 PMCID: PMC5772827 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function of succinate dehydrogenase-B (SDHB) is a predisposing factor of aerobic glycolysis and cancer progression. Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis and the diverse hallmarks of cancer. The present study investigated whether AMPK mediated the regulatory effects of SDHB in aerobic glycolysis and cancer growth. The expression of SDHB and AMPK in colorectal cancer (CRC) and normal tissues was assessed by western blotting. HT-29 CRC cells were used to establish in vitro models of ectopic overexpression and knockdown of SDHB. SDHB was downregulated, while AMPK and phosphorylated-AMPK (Thr172) were upregulated in CRC tissues. Experiments involving the loss- or gain-of-function of SDHB, revealed that this protein negatively regulated AMPK by influencing its expression and activity. However, SDHB and AMPK were identified to suppress lactic acid production in CRC cells, indicating that each had an inhibitory effect on aerobic glycolysis. Therefore, the regulation of aerobic glycolysis by SDHB is unlikely to be mediated via AMPK. SDHB knockdown promoted the viability, migration and invasion of HT-29 cells, whereas inhibition of AMPK demonstrated the opposite effect. SDHB overexpression impaired cell migration and invasion, and this effect was reversed following AMPK activation. These results indicate that AMPK may mediate the effects of SDHB in CRC cell proliferation and migration. In conclusion, SDHB downregulation in CRC cells may increase AMPK activity, which may subsequently facilitate the proliferation and invasion of these cancer cells. However, the regulation of aerobic glycolysis by SDHB may be independent of AMPK. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanism by which SDHB regulates aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Feiyan Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Peng Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Decai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Ndombera FT. Anti-cancer agents and reactive oxygen species modulators that target cancer cell metabolism. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTraditionally the perspective on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has centered on the role they play as carcinogenic or cancer-causing radicals. Over the years, characterization and functional studies have revealed the complexity of ROS as signaling molecules that regulate various physiological cellular responses or whose levels are altered in various diseases. Cancer cells often maintain high basal level of ROS and are vulnerable to any further increase in ROS levels beyond a certain protective threshold. Consequently, ROS-modulation has emerged as an anticancer strategy with synthesis of various ROS-inducing or responsive agents that target cancer cells. Of note, an increased carbohydrate uptake and/or induction of death receptors of cancer cells was exploited to develop glycoconjugates that potentially induce cellular stress, ROS and apoptosis. This mini review highlights the development of compounds that target cancer cells by taking advantage of redox or metabolic alteration in cancer cells.
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Kawata M, Ogi K, Nishiyama K, Miyamoto S, Nakagaki T, Shimanishi M, Miyazaki A, Hiratsuka H. Additive effect of radiosensitization by 2-deoxy-D-glucose delays DNA repair kinetics and suppresses cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Kawata
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogi
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Koyo Nishiyama
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakagaki
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Makoto Shimanishi
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Akihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Hiratsuka
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Medicine; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
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22
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Li P, Wei J, Gao X, Wei B, Lin H, Huang R, Niu Y, Lim K, Jing K, Chu J. Insulin Promotes the Proliferation of Human Umbilical Cord Matrix-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Activating the Akt-Cyclin D1 Axis. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7371615. [PMID: 28484496 PMCID: PMC5412176 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7371615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The functions of insulin in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) remain poorly understood. Methods. MSC from human umbilical cord matrix (UCM) cultured in serum-free media (SFM) with or without insulin were subjected to various molecular biological analyses to determine their proliferation and growth states, expression levels of Akt-cyclin D1 signaling molecules, and in vitro differentiation capacities. Results. Insulin accelerated the G1-S cell cycle progression of UCM-MSC and significantly stimulated their proliferation and growth in SFM. The pro-proliferative action of insulin was associated with augmented cyclin D1 and phosphorylated Akt expression levels. Akt inactivation remarkably abrogated insulin-induced increases in cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation, indicating that insulin enhances the proliferation of UCM-MSC via acceleration of the G1-S transition mediated by the Akt-cyclin D1 pathway. Additionally, the UCM-MSC propagated in SFM supplemented with insulin exhibited similar specific surface antigen profiles and differentiation capacities as those generated in conventional media containing fetal bovine serum. Conclusions. These findings suggest that insulin acts solely to promote UCM-MSC proliferation without affecting their immunophenotype and differentiation potentials and thus have important implications for utilizing insulin to expand clinical-grade MSC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- 1Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinsong Wei
- 2Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- 1Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bo Wei
- 2Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hao Lin
- 2Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rui Huang
- 1Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanru Niu
- 3Laboratory Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kyu Lim
- 4Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaipeng Jing
- 1Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- 3Laboratory Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Kaipeng Jing: and
| | - Jiaqi Chu
- 1Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- 2Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Jiaqi Chu:
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23
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Promotion of glucose utilization by insulin enhances granulosa cell proliferation and developmental competence of porcine oocyte grown in vitro. ZYGOTE 2016; 25:65-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199416000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIn vitro culture of the oocyte granulosa cell complexes (OGCs) from early antral follicles (EAFs) shows granulosa cell (GC) proliferation, but to a lesser extent than that observed in vivo during follicle development. As the number of GCs closely relates to energy sufficiency of the oocytes, enhancement of GC proliferation influences oocyte development. GC proliferation depends on glycolysis and insulin-mediated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway; therefore, addition of culture medium containing insulin and glucose may potentially promote GC proliferation and hence improve oocyte development. In the present study, we assessed the effect of exogenous insulin and glucose concentration on GC proliferation and oocyte energy status as well as developmental abilities of porcine oocytes grown in vitro. In the presence of 5.5 mM of glucose (Low), a comparison of 10 versus 20 μg/ml insulin showed that high insulin enhanced GC proliferation but exhausted glucose from the medium, which resulted in low energy status including lipid and adenosine triphosphate of the oocyte. Whereas, in the presence of 20 μg/ml insulin, medium with 11 mM glucose (High) enhanced GC proliferation and oocyte energy status as well as developmental ability up to the blastocyst stage. Considering that there was no difference in OGCs development observed with medium (10 μg/ml insulin) containing 5.5 versus 11 mM glucose, we concluded that the combination of high insulin and glucose enhanced GC proliferation and energy status of oocytes as well as the developmental ability of the oocytes grown in vitro.
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Zhu J, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Sun H. Targeting cancer cell metabolism: The combination of metformin and 2-Deoxyglucose regulates apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via p38 MAPK/JNK signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4812-4821. [PMID: 27904682 PMCID: PMC5126324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeting cancer cell metabolism is a new promising strategy to fight cancer. Metformin, a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, exerts anti-cancer and anti-proliferative action. 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), a glucose analog, works as a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis. In this study, we show for the first time that metformin in combination with 2-DG inhibited growth, migration, invasion and induced cell cycle arrest of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, metformin and 2-DG could efficiently induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, which was achieved by activating p38 MAPK and JNK pathways. Our study reinforces the growing interest of metabolic interference in cancer therapy and highlights the potential use of the combination of metformin and 2-DG as an anti-tumor treatment in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
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