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Groffman PM, Suchy AK, Locke DH, Johnston RJ, Newburn DA, Gold AJ, Band LE, Duncan J, Grove JM, Kao-Kniffin J, Meltzer H, Ndebele T, O’Neil-Dunne J, Polsky C, Thompson GL, Wang H, Zawojska E. Hydro-bio-geo-socio-chemical interactions and the sustainability of residential landscapes. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad316. [PMID: 37854707 PMCID: PMC10581338 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Residential landscapes are essential to the sustainability of large areas of the United States. However, spatial and temporal variation across multiple domains complicates developing policies to balance these systems' environmental, economic, and equity dimensions. We conducted multidisciplinary studies in the Baltimore, MD, USA, metropolitan area to identify locations (hotspots) or times (hot moments) with a disproportionate influence on nitrogen export, a widespread environmental concern. Results showed high variation in the inherent vulnerability/sensitivity of individual parcels to cause environmental damage and in the knowledge and practices of individual managers. To the extent that hotspots are the result of management choices by homeowners, there are straightforward approaches to improve outcomes, e.g. fertilizer restrictions and incentives to reduce fertilizer use. If, however, hotspots arise from the configuration and inherent characteristics of parcels and neighborhoods, efforts to improve outcomes may involve more intensive and complex interventions, such as conversion to alternative ecosystem types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Groffman
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of NewYork, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Amanda K Suchy
- Institute for Great Lakes Research and Biology Department, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
| | - Dexter H Locke
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore Field Station, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Robert J Johnston
- George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - David A Newburn
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Arthur J Gold
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Lawrence E Band
- Department of Environmental Science, and Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Jonathan Duncan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J Morgan Grove
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore Field Station, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Jenny Kao-Kniffin
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Hallee Meltzer
- NOAA National Sea Grant Office, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Tom Ndebele
- George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | | | - Colin Polsky
- Center for Environmental Studies, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Grant L Thompson
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Haoluan Wang
- Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Ewa Zawojska
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 00-241, Poland
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2
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Thompson GL, Bray N, Groffman PM, Kao-Kniffin J. Soil microbiomes in lawns reveal land-use legacy impacts on urban landscapes. Oecologia 2023:10.1007/s00442-023-05389-8. [PMID: 37286887 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change is highly dynamic globally and there is great uncertainty about the effects of land-use legacies on contemporary environmental performance. We used a chronosequence of urban grasslands (lawns) that were converted from agricultural and forested lands from 10 to over 130 years prior to determine if land-use legacy influences components of soil biodiversity and composition over time. We used historical aerial imagery to identify sites in Baltimore County, MD (USA) with agricultural versus forest land-use history. Soil samples were taken from these sites as well as from existing well-studied agricultural and forest sites used as historical references by the National Science Foundation Long-Term Ecological Research Baltimore Ecosystem Study program. We found that the microbiomes in lawns of agricultural origin were similar to those in agricultural reference sites, which suggests that the ecological parameters on lawns and reference agricultural systems are similar in how they influence soil microbial community dynamics. In contrast, lawns that were previously forest showed distinct shifts in soil bacterial composition upon recent conversion but reverted back in composition similar to forest soils as the lawns aged over decades. Soil fungal communities shifted after forested land was converted to lawns, but unlike bacterial communities, did not revert in composition over time. Our results show that components of bacterial biodiversity and composition are resistant to change in previously forested lawns despite urbanization processes. Therefore land-use legacy, depending on the prior use, is an important factor to consider when examining urban ecological homogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Thompson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Natalie Bray
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Environmental Sciences Initiative, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA
| | - Jenny Kao-Kniffin
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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3
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Rojas-Botero S, Teixeira LH, Kollmann J. Low precipitation due to climate change consistently reduces multifunctionality of urban grasslands in mesocosms. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0275044. [PMID: 36735650 PMCID: PMC9897532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban grasslands are crucial for biodiversity and ecosystem services in cities, while little is known about their multifunctionality under climate change. Thus, we investigated the effects of simulated climate change, i.e., increased [CO2] and temperature, and reduced precipitation, on individual functions and overall multifunctionality in mesocosm grasslands sown with forbs and grasses in four different proportions aiming at mimicking road verge grassland patches. Climate change scenarios RCP2.6 (control) and RCP8.5 (worst-case) were simulated in walk-in climate chambers of an ecotron facility, and watering was manipulated for normal vs. reduced precipitation. We measured eight indicator variables of ecosystem functions based on below- and aboveground characteristics. The young grassland communities responded to higher [CO2] and warmer conditions with increased vegetation cover, height, flower production, and soil respiration. Lower precipitation affected carbon cycling in the ecosystem by reducing biomass production and soil respiration. In turn, the water regulation capacity of the grasslands depended on precipitation interacting with climate change scenario, given the enhanced water efficiency resulting from increased [CO2] under RCP8.5. Multifunctionality was negatively affected by reduced precipitation, especially under RCP2.6. Trade-offs arose among single functions that performed best in either grass- or forb-dominated grasslands. Grasslands with an even ratio of plant functional types coped better with climate change and thus are good options for increasing the benefits of urban green infrastructure. Overall, the study provides experimental evidence of the effects of climate change on the functionality of urban ecosystems. Designing the composition of urban grasslands based on ecological theory may increase their resilience to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rojas-Botero
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonardo H. Teixeira
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
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4
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Native plant gardens support more microbial diversity and higher relative abundance of potentially beneficial taxa compared to adjacent turf grass lawns. Urban Ecosyst 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Ajilogba CF, Habig J, Babalola OO. Carbon source utilization pattern of soil bacterial microbiome of bambara groundnut rhizosphere at the different growth stages determines soil fertility. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1012818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of microbes in the soil of plants is important for sustainable agriculture as these microbes are important in carrying out different functional processes to improve the soil and invariably plant growth. Inversely the presence of the crop also affects the types of microbial communities in the soil. In this study, bambara groundnut was grown during the planting season in South Africa, from November to March 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 and soil samples were taken after every 4 weeks after planting. Soil samples were taken 15 cm deep from 2 different landraces named VBR and VL. Microbial diversity was determined by soil microbial Carbon Source Utilization Profiles (CSUP) using BIOLOG™ GN2 plates. The abundance and richness of the soil microbes was also determined using the Shannon-Weaver and Evenness diversity indices. The diversity of the soil microbial population changed over the stages of plant growth, according to cluster analysis. Bacterial abundance and diversity were higher at 4 and 8 weeks after planting (WAP). The microbial abundance (richness index) in this study ranged from 0.64 to 0.94 with cultivar VL2 at 8 WAP being the highest while bulk soil (control), R2 was the lowest. The Shannon-Weaver index varied between 2.19 and 4.00 with the lowest corresponding to control while the highest was VL2 at 8 WAP. Carbon sources utilized by bacterial communities spread across the 96 carbon sources. The highest utilization of carboxylic acids, ester, amino acids and polymers and carbohydrates was found in the bacterial communities of the different landraces across growth stages. The highest utilization of alcohols, amides, amines, aromatic chemicals, brominated chemicals and phosphorylated chemicals was found in the control landraces. This indicates that the soil samples between 4 WAP and 12 WAP were richer in diversity of microbial species and their abundance. This soil diversity and richness is an indicator of the quality of the soil in order to increase crop yields and agricultural production.
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Perera PCD, Nocoń Z, Mollashahi H, Wierzbicka M, Szymura TH, Szymura M. Seeds harvested during mowing from semi-natural grasslands as an ad hoc but effective solution for grassland restoration. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13621. [PMID: 35855903 PMCID: PMC9288168 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Species-rich grasslands formed by local ecotypes of native species provide numerous ecosystem services both in rural areas as well as urban grasslands. Nonetheless, their area is still too small, making grasslands one of the most frequently restored habitats. Successful restoration requires high-quality seed material, which is expensive and often not easy to acquire. In this study, we tested the potential of seeds accidentally collected during the mowing of a semi-natural grassland for grassland restoration. We tested seed purity, species composition, and germination capability in both laboratory and field conditions. Ninety percent of the collected material consisted of pure seeds of numerous species. Their germination capability was relatively low but still sufficient for successful grassland restoration under a typical seed density/mass per unit area seeding ratio. The germination capacity was the highest in the first two weeks after sowing and increased with overwintering seed storage. The results suggested that the seeds could be successfully used for species-rich grassland restoration. In terms of advantages, the seed mixture had a low cost and contained native species seeds representing local ecotypes. In terms of disadvantages, there was a relatively low amount of seed material and an inability to plan the time of seed harvesting. Thus, the use of the accidentally collected seeds can be considered an effective but rather ad hoc solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zofia Nocoń
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environment Protection, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hassanali Mollashahi
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malwina Wierzbicka
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz H. Szymura
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environment Protection, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szymura
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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7
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Jiang M, He L, Fan B, Wang T, Yang N, Liu Y, Xu Y, Dong K, Hao G, Chen L, Ren A, Zhao N, Wang J, Gao Y. Intraspecific more than interspecific diversity plays an important role on Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem functions: A microcosm experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154134. [PMID: 35219658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity changes in terrestrial communities continue in the context of global changes. However, the interactive effects of the changes in diversity at inter- and intraspecific levels as well as cascading effects from plant to soil microorganisms on ecosystem functioning under climate changes remains largely unexplored. Using grassland species in the semi-arid Inner Mongolia Steppe, we conducted a microcosm experiment to assess how drought treatment (non-drought and drought conditions), species diversity (2, 4, and 7 species) and genotypic diversity of the dominant species Leymus chinensis (1, 3, and 6 genotypes) affected ecosystem functions directly or indirectly via regulating plant community functional structure [community-weighted mean (CWM) and functional dispersion (FDis)] and soil microbial diversity (Shannon-Wiener index). Drought treatment, species and genotypic diversity significantly and interactively affected soil N, P cycle and soil multifunctionality as well as soil microbial diversity. Drought treatment significantly affected biomass, soil C cycle, CWM and soil microbial diversity. Species diversity significantly affected soil N cycle, CWM and FDis, and genotypic diversity significantly affected all soil functions and soil microbial diversity. CWM regulated the responses of all ecosystem functions except soil N cycle to the changes in soil moisture and species diversity, which supports the mass ratio hypothesis. The cascading effect from genotypic diversity to soil microbial diversity was significant on belowground biomass but not on any of the other ecosystem functions observed in this study. These findings highlight the importance of genotypic diversity of the dominant species L. chinensis in affecting belowground ecosystem functioning as well as soil microbial diversity, which should not be ignored for grassland protection and management. This study provides further insights into biodiversity and ecosystem functioning mechanisms in semi-arid grasslands in the context of global climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jiang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Luoyang He
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Baijie Fan
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yujuan Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Anzhi Ren
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Nianxi Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Jinlong Wang
- College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, No. 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Yubao Gao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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8
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Mollashahi H, Szymura M, Szymura TH. Connectivity assessment and prioritization of urban grasslands as a helpful tool for effective management of urban ecosystem services. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244452. [PMID: 33370396 PMCID: PMC7769447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban grasslands are usually managed as short-cut lawns and have limited biodiversity. Urban grasslands with low-intensity management are species rich and can perform numerous ecosystem services, but they are not accepted by citizens everywhere. Further, increasing and/or maintaining a relatively high level of plant species richness in an urban environment is limited by restricted plant dispersal. In this study, we examined the connectivity of urban grasslands and prioritized the grassland patches with regard to their role in connectivity in an urban landscape. We used high-resolution data from a land use system to map grassland patches in Wrocław city, Silesia, southwest Poland, Central Europe, and applied a graph theory approach to assess their connectivity and prioritization. We next constructed a model for several dispersal distance thresholds (2, 20, 44, 100, and 1000 m), reflecting plants with differing dispersal potential. Our results revealed low connectivity of urban grassland patches, especially for plants with low dispersal ability (2–20 m). The priority of patches was correlated with their area for all dispersal distance thresholds. Most of the large patches important to overall connectivity were located in urban peripheries, while in the city center, connectivity was more restricted and grassland area per capita was the lowest. The presence of a river created a corridor, allowing plants to migrate along watercourse, but it also created a barrier dividing the system. The results suggest that increasing the plant species richness in urban grasslands in the city center requires seed addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanali Mollashahi
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Magdalena Szymura
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz H. Szymura
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Watkins H, Robinson JM, Breed MF, Parker B, Weinstein P. Microbiome-Inspired Green Infrastructure: A Toolkit for Multidisciplinary Landscape Design. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1305-1308. [PMID: 32402413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating recent advances in environmental microbiome research and policy is a major challenge for urban design. We set out a framework for managing construction projects so that multidisciplinary teams of researchers and practitioners can explicitly consider environmental microbiota in design and construction contexts, thereby increasing ecosystem functionality and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Watkins
- St. Andrews Botanic Garden, Canongate, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8RT, UK; Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Bio-integrated Design Lab, Bartlett School of Architecture, Here East, Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London, E20 3BS, UK.
| | - Jake M Robinson
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; inVIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10704, USA; Healthy Urban Microbiome Initiative (HUMI), London, UK
| | - Martin F Breed
- Healthy Urban Microbiome Initiative (HUMI), London, UK; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Brenda Parker
- Bio-integrated Design Lab, Bartlett School of Architecture, Here East, Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London, E20 3BS, UK; Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Philip Weinstein
- Healthy Urban Microbiome Initiative (HUMI), London, UK; School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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10
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Onandia G, Schittko C, Ryo M, Bernard-Verdier M, Heger T, Joshi J, Kowarik I, Gessler A. Ecosystem functioning in urban grasslands: The role of biodiversity, plant invasions and urbanization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225438. [PMID: 31756202 PMCID: PMC6874358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is driving the transformation of natural and rural ecosystems worldwide by affecting both the abiotic environment and the biota. This raises the question whether urban ecosystems are able to provide services in a comparable way to their non-urban counterparts. In urban grasslands, the effects of urbanization-driven ecological novelty and the role of plant diversity in modulating ecosystem functioning have received little attention. In this study, we assessed the influence of biodiversity, abiotic and biotic novelty on ecosystem functioning based on in situ measurements in non-manipulated grasslands along an urbanization gradient in Berlin (Germany). We focused on plant aboveground biomass (AGB), intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and 15N enrichment factor (Δδ15N) as proxies for biomass production, water and N cycling, respectively, within grassland communities, and tested how they change with plant biogeographic status (native vs alien), functional group and species identity. Approximately one third of the forb species were alien to Berlin and they were responsible for 13.1% of community AGB. Community AGB was positively correlated with plant-species richness. In contrast, iWUE and Δδ15N were mostly determined by light availability (depicted by sky view factor) and urban parameters like the percentage of impervious surface or human population density. We found that abiotic novelty potentially favors aliens in Berlin, mainly by enhancing their dispersal and fitness under drought. Mainly urban parameters indicating abiotic novelty were significantly correlated to both alien and native Δδ15N, but to AGB and iWUE of alien plants only, pointing to a stronger impact of abiotic novelty on N cycling compared to C and water cycling. At the species level, sky view factor appeared to be the prevailing driver of photosynthetic performance and resource-use efficiency. Although we identified a significant impact of abiotic novelty on AGB, iWUE and Δδ15N at different levels, the relationship between species richness and community AGB found in the urban grasslands studied in Berlin was comparable to that described in non-urban experimental grasslands in Europe. Hence, our results indicate that conserving and enhancing biodiversity in urban ecosystems is essential to preserve ecosystem services related to AGB production. For ensuring the provision of ecosystem services associated to water and N use, however, changes in urban abiotic parameters seem necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Onandia
- Research Platform “Data”, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Conrad Schittko
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Masahiro Ryo
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maud Bernard-Verdier
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Division of Zoology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Heger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Restoration Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Landscape and Open Space, HSR Hochschule für Technik, Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Kowarik
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Ecosystem Science and Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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The Composition and Diversity of Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities Along an Urban-To-Rural Gradient in South China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10090797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbes are of great significance to driving the biogeochemical cycles and are affected by multiple factors, including urbanization. However, the response of soil microbes to urbanization remains unclear. Therefore, we designed an urban-to-rural gradient experiment to investigate the response of soil microbial composition and diversity to urbanization. Here, we used a high-throughput sequencing method to analyze the biotic and abiotic effects on soil microbial composition and diversity along the urban-to-rural gradient. Our results showed that soil bacterial diversity was the highest in urban areas, followed by suburban areas, and was the lowest in exurbs; however, fungal diversity did not vary significantly among the three areas. Plant traits, i.e., tree richness, shrub richness, the number of tree stems, diameter at breast height of trees, and soil properties, i.e., pH, soil organic carbon, soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium, and soil water content, were only significantly influenced bacterial diversity, but not fungal diversity. The effect of trees and shrubs was higher than that of herbs on microbial composition. Soil organic carbon, pH, soil available nitrogen, soil exchangeable calcium, and magnesium were the major soil factors influencing the soil bacterial and fungal composition. Soil properties had a greater influence on bacterial than on fungal composition at genus level, while plant traits contributed more to fungal than to bacterial composition at genus level. Our study suggests that the urban-to-rural gradient affect the composition and diversity of bacterial community as well as the fungal composition, but not the fungal diversity.
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12
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Thompson GL, Kao-Kniffin J. Urban Grassland Management Implications for Soil C and N Dynamics: A Microbial Perspective. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Yu J, Sharpe SM, Schumann AW, Boyd NS. Detection of broadleaf weeds growing in turfgrass with convolutional neural networks. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2211-2218. [PMID: 30672096 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weed infestations reduce turfgrass aesthetics and uniformity. Postemergence (POST) herbicides are applied uniformly on turfgrass, hence areas without weeds are also sprayed. Deep learning, particularly the architecture of convolutional neural network (CNN), is a state-of-art approach to recognition of images and objects. In this paper, we report deep learning CNN (DL-CNN) models that are remarkably accurate at detection of broadleaf weeds in turfgrasses. RESULTS VGGNet was the best model for detection of various broadleaf weeds growing in dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.)] and DetectNet was the best model for detection of cutleaf evening-primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill) in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) when the learning rate policy was exponential decay. These models achieved high F1 scores (>0.99) and overall accuracy (>0.99), with recall values of 1.00 in the testing datasets. CONCLUSION The results of the present research demonstrate the potential for detection of broadleaf weed using DL-CNN models for detection of broadleaf weeds in turfgrass systems. Further research is required to evaluate weed control in field conditions using these models for in situ video input in conjunction with a smart sprayer. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Yu
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Shaun M Sharpe
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Arnold W Schumann
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nathan S Boyd
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
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Griffin EA, Carson WP. Tree Endophytes: Cryptic Drivers of Tropical Forest Diversity. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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