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Niode NJ, Kepel BJ, Hessel SS, Kairupan TS, Tallei TE. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae: A novel source for combating broad-spectrum bacterial and fungal infections. Vet World 2024; 17:156-170. [PMID: 38406375 PMCID: PMC10884581 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.156-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern due to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which makes it difficult to treat infection. Due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against a diverse array of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larval antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have demonstrated potential as antimicrobial agents for the treatment of microbial infections and prevention of antibiotic resistance. This study emphasizes the unexplored mechanisms of action of R. ferrugineus larvae against microorganisms. Among the most widely discussed mechanisms is the effect of AMPs in larvae in response to a threat or infection. Modulation of immune-related genes in the intestine and phagocytic capacity of its hemocytes may also affect the antimicrobial activity of R. ferrugineus larvae, with an increase in phenoloxidase activity possibly correlated with microbial clearance and survival rates of larvae. The safety and toxicity of R. ferrugineus larvae extracts, as well as their long-term efficacy, are also addressed in this paper. The implications of future research are explored in this paper, and it is certain that R. ferrugineus larvae have the potential to be developed as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with proper investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdjannah Jane Niode
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Billy Johnson Kepel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Sofia Safitri Hessel
- Department of Biotechnology, Indonesia Biodiversity and Biogeography Research Institute (INABIG), Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tara Sefanya Kairupan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Marieshwari BN, Bhuvaragavan S, Sruthi K, Mullainadhan P, Janarthanan S. Insect phenoloxidase and its diverse roles: melanogenesis and beyond. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:1-23. [PMID: 36472653 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insect life on earth is greatly diversified despite being exposed to several infectious agents due to their diverse habitats and ecological niche. One of the major factors responsible for their successful establishment is having a powerful innate immune system. The most common and effective method used by insects in recognizing pathogen and non-self-substances is the melanization process among others. The key enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis is the copper containing humoral defense enzyme, phenoloxidase (PO). This review focused on understanding about PO and that had been in research for nearly a century. The review elaborates about evolutionary significance of PO in arthropods, its relationship with mammalian tyrosinases, various substrates, activators and inhibitors involved in the activation of phenoloxidase cascade, as it requires an integrated system of activation that vary among insect species. The enzyme also plays a vital role in insect immunity by involving in several other immune functions like sclerotization, wound healing, opsonization, encapsulation and nodule formation. Further, gene knock down or knock out of PO genes and inhibition of PO-melanization cascade by several mechanisms can also be considered as promising future alternative to control serious pests by making them highly susceptible to any targeted attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kannan Sruthi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | - Sundaram Janarthanan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
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Kononchuk AG, Martemyanov VV, Ignatieva AN, Belousova IA, Inoue MN, Tokarev YS. Susceptibility of the Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) to Nosema pyrausta (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050447. [PMID: 34068897 PMCID: PMC8156337 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Microsporidia are widespread insect pathogens and a single species may infect different hosts. Nosema pyrausta from the corn borer was tested against the gypsy moth. Thirty days after larvae were fed with spores, infection was established in the salivary glands and fat body of pupae and prepupae. Up to 10% of insects became infected. The gypsy moth can be referred to as a resistant host of N. pyrausta. Abstract The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a notorious forest defoliator, and various pathogens are known to act as natural regulators of its population density. As a widespread herbivore with a broad range of inhabited areas and host plants, it is potentially exposed to parasitic microorganisms from other insect hosts. In the present paper, we determined the susceptibility of gypsy moth larvae to the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta from the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Gypsy moth samples from two localities of Western Siberia were used. N. pyrausta developed infections in the salivary gland and adipose tissue of gypsy moth prepupae and pupae, forming spore masses after 30 days of alimentary exposure to the second instar larvae. Among the experimental groups, the infection levels ranged from 0 to 9.5%. Effects of a covert baculovirus infection, phenylthiourea pretreatment and feeding insects on an artificial diet versus natural foliage were not significant in terms of microsporidia prevalence levels. Thus, L. dispar showed a low level of susceptibility to a non-specific microsporidium. It can be referred to as a resistant model host and not an appropriate substitute host for laboratory propagation of the microsporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G. Kononchuk
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.K.); (A.N.I.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (I.A.B.)
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarskiy Rabochiy av. 31, 660037 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia N. Ignatieva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.K.); (A.N.I.)
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.M.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Maki N. Inoue
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 3 Chome-8-1 Harumicho, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan;
| | - Yuri S. Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.K.); (A.N.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-8123772923; Fax: +7-8124704110
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Appearances are deceptive: Three RNA viruses co-infected with the nucleopolyhedrovirus in host Lymantria dispar. Virus Res 2021; 297:198371. [PMID: 33684420 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The virus infection, which visually looks like typical monoinfection, in fact may hide a great complex of different species. Without detailed analysis, we may miss the important interaction between pathogens, including new species. In the current study, we found the new species inside the mix of cubic and polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Ld). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that into the one cadaver were OBs which belonged to baculovirus and cypoviruses. The baculovirus produced polyhedral OBs, while cypoviruses produced polyhedral and cubic OBs. Genomic analysis detected the multiple Ld nucleopolyhedroviruses, and cypoviruses were Hubei lepidoptera virus 3 and Dendrolimus punctatus cypovirus 1. This represents the first isolation of the Hubei lepidoptera virus 3 from the gypsy moth, proposed as "Lymantria dispar cypovirus 3". The RNAseq analysis also revealed the presence of Lymantria dispar iflavirus 1. The insecticidal activity of the mixed infection was comparable to that of typical baculovirus monoinfection. Thus, we demonstrate that i) the shape of OBs identified by light microscopy cannot be a robust indicator of viral species infecting the host; ii) only specific analysis may reveal the true composition of viral infection.
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Akhanaev YB, Belousova IA, Lebedeva DA, Pavlushin SV, Martemyanov VV. A Comparison of the Vertical Transmission of High- and Low-Virulence Nucleopolyhedrovirus Strains in Lymantria Dispar L. INSECTS 2020; 11:E455. [PMID: 32698315 PMCID: PMC7411610 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Baculoviruses can persist in insect host organisms after infection and may be vertically transmitted to the next generation, in which they may be reactivated. The goal of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the vertical transmission of high- and low-virulence strains and the subsequent reactivation of Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) in the offspring of Lymantria dispar L. adults who survived after viral infection. As a result of parental infection, the fecundity of survived females, pupae weight, and fertility were significantly different compared to the untreated insects. However, differences in these parameters between high- and low-virulence strains were not observed. The prevalence of virus strains in the offspring measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction also did not differ. When the larvae reached the fourth instar, they were starved to activate the vertically transmitted virus. The frequency of virus activation in the experiment was not dependent on the virulence of the virus strains. These results are helpful for understanding the strategy of virus survival in nature and for the selection of the most effective strains with transgenerational effects in the years following pest treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy B. Akhanaev
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Darya A. Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Sergey V. Pavlushin
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (I.A.B.); (D.A.L.); (S.V.P.)
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoiarskii rabochii av. 31, Krasnoyarsk 630091, Russia
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Łukowski A, Adamczyk D, Karolewski P. Survival and Recovery of the Pine-Tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini When Subjected to Simulated Starvation. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010067. [PMID: 31968638 PMCID: PMC7022933 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are many reasons to study the survival and recovery of animals after starvation in simulated transport conditions or other passive dispersal methods. To do so, we chose Dendrolimus pini, an economically important pest of Scots pine with great potential in terms of passive dispersal outside its territory. In this work, we sought to answer the following questions: What is the maximum survival of different instar larvae after total starvation? Does access to dry tissues of the preferred host plant extend the lifespan of the larvae? Does the possibility of larvae recovery exist after starvation for various periods? We found that older larvae survived longer without food than younger larvae. Moreover, dry food did not extend the lifespan of the larvae. Our observations showed that insects were interested in food and tasted it at the beginning, but they did not feed on it for long. Furthermore, larvae recovery was indeed possible, and the time of starvation did not significantly affect this. We generally concluded that the D. pini larvae were characterized by the ability to survive without food for up to one month, which confirms that this species is able to survive long durations of transport to almost anywhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Łukowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (D.A.); (P.K.)
- Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Dawid Adamczyk
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (D.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Karolewski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (D.A.); (P.K.)
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Glupov V, Martemyanov V, Kryukov V. Insect parasites in multicomponent systems and development of new bioinsecticides. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20201800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable and dynamic interactions among plants, herbivorous insects, parasites and associated microbes are formed in natural habitats. The study of these interactions in multicomponent models is required to develop integrated methods for the management of insect pest populations. In this work, we summarize our studies on the influence of different factors, such as hygrothermal conditions, host development, host microbiota, plant quality, and concomitant infections, on interactions between insects and their parasites, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasitoids. Some approaches for developing complex products for biocontrol are also discussed. For example, the use of natural compounds with immunosuppressive effects may enhance the efficacy of microbial agents toward pest insects.
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