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Lundervold A, Ellison M, Madsen K, Werkhausen A, Rice H. Altered trunk-pelvis kinematics during load carriage with a compliant versus a rigid system. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39137297 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2390125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Load carriage is a key component of hiking and military activity. The design of the load carriage system (LCS) could influence performance and injury risk. This study aimed to compare a traditional and a compliant LCS during walking and a step-up task to quantify differences in oxygen consumption and trunk-pelvis kinematics. Fourteen participants completed the tasks whilst carrying 16 kg in a rigid and a compliant LCS. There were no differences in oxygen consumption between conditions during either task (p > 0.05). There was significantly greater trunk-pelvis axial rotation (p = 0.041) and lateral flexion (p = 0.001) range of motion when carrying the compliant LCS during walking, and significantly greater trunk-pelvis lateral flexion range of motion during the step-up task (p = 0.003). Carrying 16 kg in a compliant load carriage system results in greater lateral flexion range of motion than a traditional, rigid system, without influencing oxygen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Lundervold
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Ellison
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Klavs Madsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Life Science and Health, Section for Pharmacy, Intelligent Health Initiative, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hannah Rice
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Prado-Nóvoa O, Rodríguez J, Zorrilla-Revilla G, Vidal-Cordasco M, Mateos A. Evaluating the human capacity of carrying loads without costs: A scoping review of the Free-Ride phenomenon. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23794. [PMID: 36056617 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several researchers have obtained discordant results testing the human capability to transport loads without added locomotion costs. Carrying loads has an extended relevance to human ecology, thus a review of the Free-Ride phenomenon detection according to the existing literature is needed. METHOD A search was made in November 2021 in SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify studies comparing the energy expenditure of loaded and unloaded locomotion. Descriptive percentages were calculated with the data obtained from each study, and a Chi-squared (χ2 ) independency test and a contingency table were applied to observe the relationship between sample characteristics, experimental procedures, and the detection of the Free-Ride. RESULTS A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eighty two percent do not detect the Free-Ride phenomenon. The general detection is independent of sex, experience, load position, load size, and speed (p value >.05) although the papers detecting the Free-Ride have some common characteristics. CONCLUSION The literature does not support a Free-Ride capacity, but future research testing this phenomenon should consider the load size, the load position, the level of expertise, or the speed. As the Free-Ride is not generalizable, it can be hypothesized that other mechanisms may have emerged during human evolution to buffer the energetic demands of load carrying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Prado-Nóvoa
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jesús Rodríguez
- National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Marco Vidal-Cordasco
- EvoAdapta Research group, Department of Historical Sciences, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Mateos
- National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
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Modelling 5-km Running Performance on Level and Hilly Terrains in Recreational Runners. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050789. [PMID: 35625517 PMCID: PMC9138284 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incline and level running on treadmills have been extensively studied due to their different cardiorespiratory and biomechanical acute responses. However, there are no studies examining the performance determinants of outdoor running on hilly terrains. We aimed to investigate the influence of anthropometrics, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory and gait spatiotemporal parameters during level (0%) and inclined (+7%) running on performance in level and hilly 5-km races. Twenty male recreational runners completed two 5-km outdoor running tests (0% vs. +7% and −7%), and two submaximal (10 km·h−1) and incremental treadmill tests at 0 and 7% slopes, after complete laboratory evaluations. The velocity at maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) evaluated at 7% incline and level treadmill running were the best performance predictors under both hilly (R2 = 0.72; p < 0.05) and level (R2 = 0.85; p < 0.01) conditions, respectively. Inclusion of ventilatory and submaximal heart rate data improved the predictive models up to 100%. Conversely, none of the parameters evaluated in one condition contributed to the other condition. The spatiotemporal parameters and the runners’ strength levels were not associated to outdoor performances. These results indicate that the vVO2max evaluated at similar slopes in the lab can be used to predict 5-km running performances on both level and hilly terrains.
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Wang Z, Atakan MM, Yan X, Turnagöl HH, Duan H, Peng L. Graded exercise test with or without load carriage similarly measures maximal oxygen uptake in young males and females. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246303. [PMID: 33524068 PMCID: PMC7850508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this was to compare the effects of the graded exercise test (GXT) with or without load carriage on maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) heart rate (HR), and expired ventilation ([Formula: see text]) and blood lactate in young healthy males and females. The study included ten females (age:20.2±0.7 yrs) and ten males (age:19.5±0.7 yrs) who performed the modified Bruce protocol at five load conditions; unloaded, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of body weight (BW) (kg). All the tests were performed in random order, at least 48 hours apart. During the GXTs, HR, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], workload and test duration were recorded and blood lactate concentration was measured before and immediately after the GXTs. [Formula: see text] remained unchanged during the GXTs in load and unloaded conditions for both sexes (p>0.05). Test duration was significantly less in females during the GXT with 15% BW (15.9±0.51 min vs. 18.1±1.14 min; p = 0.014) and 20% BW load carriage (15.2±0.75 min vs. 18.1±1.14 min; p = 0.020), compared to the unloaded GXT. Males showed significant decrease in the test duration during the GXT with load 15% BW (20.5±0.53 min vs. 22.8±0.61 min; p = 0.047) and with 20% BW (19.6±0.42 min vs. 22.8±0.71 min; p = 0.004), compared to the GXT with 5% BW. [Formula: see text] statistically decreased in female subjects only at 15% BW compared to 20% BW (15% BW = 77.9 ± 10.5 L/min vs. 15% BW = 72.0 ± 10.9 L/min; p = 0.045). There was no difference observed in maximal HR and blood lactate concentration between the GXTs in load and unloaded conditions. This study indicates that no matter the load % used during the GXT, [Formula: see text], but not total exercise time, remains the same in young males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Wang
- Key Lab of General Administration of Sport, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Muhammed M. Atakan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hüseyin H. Turnagöl
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Honglei Duan
- Key Lab of General Administration of Sport, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Key Lab of General Administration of Sport, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liew BXW, Morris S, Netto K. Trunk-pelvis coordination during load carriage running. J Biomech 2020; 109:109949. [PMID: 32807302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of load carriage on trunk-pelvis coordination and its variability has important functional implications for athletes who need to run with load. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of load carriage on trunk-pelvis coordination in running. Thirty healthy adults performed running while wearing a 20% bodyweight backpack, and without load. Vector coding was used to quantify trunk-pelvis segmental coordination and its variability during the stance phase of running. The four coordination patterns were: 1) anti-phase (segments moving in opposite directions), in-phase (segments moving in same directions), trunk-only phase (only trunk movement), and pelvic-only phase (only pelvic movement). For each plane, the percentage of stance phase spent in a specific coordination pattern was quantified. Coordination variability for each plane was averaged over the stance phase. Mixed effects models were used to analyse the effects of load, adjusted for the covariate of sex, on coordination and its variability. Running with load increased trunk-only coordination in the sagittal plane (P < 0.001), increased anti-phase coordination in the frontal plane (P < 0.001), reduced trunk-only phase coordination in axial rotation (P < 0.001), and increased coordination variability in all three planes (Flexion-Extension: P < 0.001; Lateral flexion: P = 0.03; Axial rotation: P < 0.001). Future studies would benefit from investigating how trunk-pelvis coordination and its variability alters candidate end-point variability indices (e.g. COM displacement), and its functional implications in load carriage running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard X W Liew
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan Morris
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kevin Netto
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Coertjens M. Locomotion as a Powerful Model to Study Integrative Physiology: Efficiency, Economy, and Power Relationship. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1789. [PMID: 30618802 PMCID: PMC6297284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is the most common form of movement in nature. Its study allows analysis of interactions between muscle functions (motor) and lever system arrangements (transmission), thereby facilitating performance analysis of various body organs and systems. Thus, it is a powerful model to study various aspects of integrative physiology. The results of this model can be applied in understanding body functions and design principles as performance outputs of interest for medical and biological sciences. The overall efficiency (effoverall) during locomotion is an example of an integrative parameter, which results from the ratio between mechanical output and metabolic input. Although the concepts of cost (i.e., metabolic expenditure relative to distance) and power (i.e., metabolic expenditure relative to time) are included in its calculation, the effoverall establishes peculiar relations with these variables. For a better approach to these aspects, in this study, we presented the physical-mathematical formulation of efficiency, as well as its conceptual definitions and applications. Furthermore, the concepts of efficiency, cost, and power are discussed from the biological and medical perspectives. Terrestrial locomotion is a powerful model to study integrative physiology in humans, because by analyzing the mechanical and metabolic determinants, we may verify the efficiency and economy relationship through locomotion type, and its characteristics and restrictions. Thus, it is possible to elaborate further on various improved intervention strategies, such as physical training, competition strategies, and ergogenic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pneumological Sciences, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coertjens
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pneumological Sciences, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Piauì, Parnaìba, Brazil
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