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López-Lorenzo G, Prieto A, López-Novo C, Díaz P, Remesar S, Morrondo P, Fernández G, Díaz-Cao JM. Presence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in the Environment of Farm Facilities without Pigs in Long Term-Vaccinated Farrow-to-Wean Farms. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243515. [PMID: 36552435 PMCID: PMC9774950 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) even over several years has proven as an insufficient measure to eradicate the infection from farms, possibly due to not producing sterilizing immunity. Viral persistence in the farm environment has been proposed as a possible cause of reinfection, and for that reason, the main objective of this study was to identify potential critical points where PCV2 could persist in farrow-to-wean farms which had been vaccinating piglets for years. Surface samples were collected from different farm facilities with and without animals and analyzed by qPCR to detect and quantify the viral load. Most of the samples taken in animal housing facilities tested negative (96.6%); however, PCV2 was more frequently detected in samples from the offices (37.5%), the farm staff (25%) and the perimeter (21%). These results indicate that PCV2 contamination is frequent in facilities despite the long-term use of vaccination programs. Therefore, PCV2 control programs should include more exhaustive cleaning and disinfection protocols in non-animal facilities, as well as the implementation of specific biosecurity measures in these areas to minimize the risk of PCV2 introduction from external sources.
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Markarian NM, Abrahamyan L. AMDV Vaccine: Challenges and Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091833. [PMID: 34578415 PMCID: PMC8472842 DOI: 10.3390/v13091833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is known to cause the most significant disease in the mink industry. It is globally widespread and manifested as a deadly plasmacytosis and hyperglobulinemia. So far, measures to control the viral spread have been limited to manual serological testing for AMDV-positive mink. Further, due to the persistent nature of this virus, attempts to eradicate Aleutian disease (AD) have largely failed. Therefore, effective strategies to control the viral spread are of crucial importance for wildlife protection. One potentially key tool in the fight against this disease is by the immunization of mink against AMDV. Throughout many years, several researchers have tried to develop AMDV vaccines and demonstrated varying degrees of protection in mink by those vaccines. Despite these attempts, there are currently no vaccines available against AMDV, allowing the continuation of the spread of Aleutian disease. Herein, we summarize previous AMDV immunization attempts in mink as well as other preventative measures with the purpose to shed light on future studies designing such a potentially crucial preventative tool against Aleutian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Markarian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases of Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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López-Lorenzo G, López-Novo C, Prieto A, Díaz P, Panadero R, Rodríguez-Vega V, Morrondo P, Fernández G, Díaz-Cao JM. Monitoring of porcine circovirus type 2 infection through air and surface samples in vaccinated and unvaccinated fattening farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1108-1117. [PMID: 33711193 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Air and surfaces of swine farms are the two alternative samples to obtain information about the health status of the herd. The aim of this study was to assess air and surface sampling for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in vaccinated and unvaccinated fattening farms, studying the relationship between the viral load in these samples with the viremia at herd level. Three swine fattening batches (one unvaccinated; two vaccinated) were monitored at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks old; at each stage, blood, air and different surfaces were sampled and analysed by qPCR. In all herds, PCV2 was detected in all types of samples. Whenever viremia was detected, PCV2 was also detected in air and surface samples, even in those cases with a low estimated prevalence (1.6%); moreover, in two out of the three herds, PCV2 was detected in air and surface samples earlier than in the blood of the sampled population. In addition, a good correlation between the viremia of pig population and the PCV2 load in air and surface samples was found in both cases (τ = 0.672 and 0.746, respectively; p <0.05). These results show that air and surface samples could be useful tools to monitor PCV2 infection, being suitable for detecting the virus in cases of low prevalence and even before pigs develop viremia; therefore, these sampling techniques would speed up the implementation of the required measures to prevent productive and economic losses due to PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Canuti M, McDonald E, Graham SM, Rodrigues B, Bouchard É, Neville R, Pitcher M, Whitney HG, Marshall HD, Lang AS. Multi-host dispersal of known and novel carnivore amdoparvoviruses. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa072. [PMID: 36158990 PMCID: PMC9492287 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amdoparvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are ssDNA viruses that cause an immune complex-mediated wasting syndrome in carnivores. They are multi-host pathogens and cross-species infection is facilitated by the fact that viral entry is mediated by cellular Fc receptors recognizing antibody-coated viruses. We developed a pan-amdoparvovirus PCR and screened tissue samples from 666 wild carnivores (families Felidae, Canidae, and Mustelidae) from Newfoundland or Labrador (Canada) and molecularly characterized the identified strains. Fifty-four out of 666 (8.1%) animals were amdoparvovirus-positive. Infection rate was the highest in American mink (34/47, 72.3%), followed by foxes (Arctic and red foxes, 13/311, 4.2%), lynx (2/58, 3.5%), and American martens (5/156, 3.4%). No virus was detected in samples from 87 coyotes and 17 ermines. Viruses from Newfoundland were classified as Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Mink harvested near AMDV-affected fur farms had higher prevalence (24/24, 100%) than other mink (10/23, 43.5%; P < 0.001) and their viruses were phylogenetically closely related to those from farms, while most viruses from other mink were in other clades. Strains from three foxes and two lynx were highly related to mink strains. This proves that farms disperse AMDV that subsequently spreads among wild mink (maintenance host) and transmits to other spillover carnivore hosts. In Labrador two novel viruses were identified, Labrador amdoparvovirus 1 (LaAV-1) found in foxes (9/261, 3.5%) and martens (5/156, 3.4%), and LaAV-2 found in one fox (0.4%). LaAV-1 fulfills all requirements to be classified as a novel species. LaAV-1 was most similar to viruses of mink and skunks (AMDV and skunk amdoparvovirus (SKAV)) while LaAV-2 was more closely related to other viruses infecting canids. LaAV-1 capsid proteins were almost indistinguishable from those of AMDV in some regions, suggesting that LaAV-1 could be a virus of mustelids that can infect foxes. While intensive farming practices provide occasions for inter-species transmission in farms, niche overlap or predation could explain cross-species transmission in the wild, but competition among sympatric species reduces the chances of direct contacts, making this an infrequent event. Pan-amdoparvovirus detection methods in wide epidemiological investigations can play a crucial role in defining amdoparvoviral ecology and evolution and discovering novel viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Emily McDonald
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Graham
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Bruce Rodrigues
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forestry, and Agriculture, PO Box 2007, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador A2H 7S1 Canada
| | - Émilie Bouchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Richard Neville
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forestry, and Agriculture, PO Box 3014, Stn. B, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador A0P 1E0, Canada
| | - Mac Pitcher
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forestry, and Agriculture, PO Box 2007, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador A2H 7S1 Canada
| | - Hugh G Whitney
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - H Dawn Marshall
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
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Prieto A, Fernández-Antonio R, López-Lorenzo G, Díaz-Cao JM, López-Novo C, Remesar S, Panadero R, Díaz P, Morrondo P, Díez-Baños P, Fernández G. Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian mink disease virus causing outbreaks in mink farms from Southwestern Europe: a retrospective study from 2012 to 2019. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e65. [PMID: 32735101 PMCID: PMC7402935 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) causes major economic losses in fur-bearing animal production. The control of most AMDV outbreaks is complex due to the difficulties of establishing the source of infection based only on the available on-farm epidemiological data. In this sense, phylogenetic analysis of the strains present in a farm may help elucidate the origin of the infection and improve the control and biosecurity measures. OBJECTIVES This study had the following aims: characterize the AMDV strains from most outbreaks produced at Spanish farms between 2012-2019 at the molecular level, and assess the utility of the combined use of molecular and epidemiological data to track the possible routes of infection. METHODS Thirty-seven strains from 17 farms were partially sequenced for the NS1 and VP2 genes and analyzed phylogenetically with other strains described worldwide. RESULTS Spanish AMDV strains are clustered in four major clades that generally show a good geographical correlation, confirming that most had been established in Spain a long time ago. The combined study of phylogenetic results and epidemiological information of each farm suggests that most of the AMDV outbreaks since 2012 had been produced by within-farm reservoirs, while a few of them may have been due to the introduction of the virus through international trade. CONCLUSIONS The combination of phylogenetic inference, together with epidemiological data, helps assess the possible origin of AMDV infections in mink farms and improving the control and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Antonio
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.,Galician Association of Mink Breeders (AGAVI), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Susana Remesar
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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6
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López-Lorenzo G, López-Novo C, Prieto A, Díaz JM, Gullón J, Arnal JL, Benito A, Díaz P, Panadero R, Díez-Baños P, Dalton KP, Parra F, Fernández G. Molecular detection of myxoma virus in the environment of vaccinated rabbitries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1424-1431. [PMID: 32813890 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) is the aetiological agent of myxomatosis, a systemic, mostly lethal disease that affects European rabbits. Vaccination against it, although widespread, has not been completely effective and disease outbreaks still take place on farms which carry out vaccination programmes. Since some of these cases have been attributed to airborne transmission or the spread of the virus via inanimate vectors, the aims of this study were to determine MYXV contamination levels and distribution in the environment of vaccinated farms and to ascertain whether the detected virus corresponded to field strains. For that, environmental samples from several areas, tools and employees from four (three infected and one uninfected) rabbitries were taken and analysed by qPCR. MYXV was detected in the environment of all the infected farms, whereas all the samples from the non-infected farm were negative. Furthermore, all the positive samples contained viral DNA compatible with field strains of the virus. These results lead us to believe that the administration of currently available commercial vaccines does not prevent infected animals from shedding the field virus. Moreover, viral DNA was also found in items that are not in direct contact with the animals, which could play a role in the transmission of the infection throughout the farm and to other farms. Therefore, this study proves that current vaccination schemes on their own are not sufficient to prevent this disease and should be accompanied by adequate biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Parra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Díaz JM, Prieto A, López-Lorenzo G, López-Novo C, Iglesias A, Díaz P, Panadero R, Moral J, López C, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P, Fernández G. Monitoring of the shedding and serological dynamics of Bovine gammaherpesvirus type 4 in a dairy cattle herd. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108495. [PMID: 31767098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine gammaherpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) is increasingly related with reproductive disease in cattle, but its epidemiology is not fully understood. We monitored the serological response and shedding of BoHV-4 in a positive dairy cattle farm with metritis. First, we performed an ELISA to detect BoHV-4 antibodies in all the animals (n = 104). Afterwards, ten seronegative heifers introduced in the production lot and sera samples were monthly taken for four months and then 6-10 months after introduction to detect BoHV-4 antibodies by ELISA. Moreover, a vaginal swab was taken after calving to detect BoHV-4 by PCR. Concurrently, a weekly collection of vaginal and nasal swabs and milk was performed during the first month post-partum in multiparous cows with metritis (n = 14), heifers with metritis (n = 4), heifers without metritis but positive to BoHV-4 (ELISA or PCR) (n = 2) and multiparous cows without metritis (n = 3). Seropositivity was higher in older animals and in the production lot. Three heifers which shed BoHV-4 after parturition resulted seronegative at first but eventually seroconverted. In the same vein, most heifers seroconverted after 6-10 months in the production lot (8/10). Multiparous cows shed virus by various routes: 13/14 (93 %) in vaginal secretions, 7/14 (50 %) in nasal exudates and 7/14 (50 %) in milk. However, in the other groups, shedding was only detected in vaginal swabs from the first week post-partum. Our study describes BoHV-4 shedding in field conditions. Seronegative animals may become horizontally infected when moved to a contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Antonio Iglesias
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Javier Moral
- Sociedad Veterinaria del Eo SLP, 33770, Vegadeo, Spain
| | - Ceferino López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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8
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López-Lorenzo G, Díaz-Cao JM, Prieto A, López-Novo C, López CM, Díaz P, Rodríguez-Vega V, Díez-Baños P, Fernández G. Environmental distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in swine herds with natural infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14816. [PMID: 31616055 PMCID: PMC6794300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the aetiological agent of PCV2-Systemic Disease (PCV2-SD) and PCV2-Subclinical Infection (PCV2-SI). PCV2 is highly resistant to environmental conditions, being able to remain in the farm environment and thus represent a risk for infection maintenance. The aim of this study was to identify, under field conditions, the possible critical points in the environment of non-vaccinated farrow-to-weaning swine farms where PCV2 could accumulate and persist. For that, environmental samples from five swine farms with PCV2-SD or PCV2-SI were taken and analysed by qPCR, including different farm areas, farm personnel and management implements. PCV2 DNA was detected in the environment of all farms (42.9% of positive samples). Overall, the PCV2-SD herd seemed to present more positive samples and higher viral loads than the PCV2-SI herds. At individual farm level, weaning areas appeared to be the most contaminated facilities. In addition, PCV2 was found at high levels in most samples from farm workers, especially work boots, suggesting that they may play a role in within-farm transmission. In addition, PCV2 was detected in areas without animals the like warehouses, offices and farm perimeter. Therefore, this study is helpful to improve measures to reduce within-farm PCV2 dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino Manuel López
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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