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Almuzaien M, Mustafa AR, Awais D, Alrasheed M, Awad M, Srivastava KC, Gogineni SB, Shetty RM, Shetty SR. Awareness of Oral Submucous Fibrosis among the Quid-Chewing South-Asian Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1461-S1464. [PMID: 38882801 PMCID: PMC11174241 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_966_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic disorder prevalent in South and Southeast Asia and is mainly related to the habit of chewing betel quid. Although there are numerous South-Asian studies about OSF, there is no study that evaluates the awareness of OSF among expatriate populations of South-Asian origin. Evaluated the awareness of OSF among South-Asian expatriate patients reporting to a dental hospital in Sharjah. Prevalidated questionnaires were given to 150 expatriate patients of South-Asian origin with quid-chewing habit reporting to the teaching clinics of a dental hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Among the 150 patients, 103 responded to the questionnaire. Among the 103 respondents, 11.65% were aware of OSF. Respondents living in shared residency and labor camps had significantly (P = 0.43) lower awareness of OSF compared to respondents living with their families. The results of our study show that the awareness of OSF is lower among the respondents living in labor camps and shared residencies. The younger respondents had more awareness of OSMF and were more likely to quit the quid-chewing habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Almuzaien
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Al Rayyan Mustafa
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dania Awais
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maryam Alrasheed
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manal Awad
- Department of Orthodontics, Pediatric and Community Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kumar C Srivastava
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhas B Gogineni
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra M Shetty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shishir R Shetty
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Gupta R, Nethan ST, Sinha DN, Gupta S, Singh S. Systematic review of determinants and interventions of areca nut cessation: curbing a public health menace. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:145-153. [PMID: 35094090 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut (AN) is a proven human carcinogen and a global public health menace. There is yet no review providing comprehensive information on the determinants and interventions available for cessation of AN. This systematic review was aimed at summarizing the available literature on drivers and interventions for cessation of AN chewing habit and to highlight the research lacunae. METHODS A systematic literature search (from 1990 till March 2021) was conducted for studies on AN cessation. Relevant data were extracted independently by two authors. RESULTS A total of 16 studies were included, which highlighted the influence of socio-cultural factors, addictive nature of AN and withdrawal symptoms as barriers to quitting. However, the knowledge of ill-effects of AN use on health, absence of concurrent alcohol use or smoking and family pressure were associated with likelihood of AN cessation. The interventions utilized for AN cessation have been behavioural in majority of the studies except for one where antidepressants were used for this purpose. CONCLUSIONS The current review emphasizes the imperative need of appropriate cessation strategies for AN chewing habit including enhancing awareness of the harmful effects and research into additional behavioural and pharmacologic cessation therapies to control this significant public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | | | - Sanjay Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, Noida, India
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Abstract
Background Areca nut (AN) is one of the world's most widely used drugs, especially in Asia-Pacific, causing dependence and multiple adverse health impacts. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified it as a type-1 carcinogen. Despite evidence of harms, its use is culturally ingrained in many regions worldwide; harm perception is low; and the availability of intervention strategies is limited. Methods To identify the range and efficacy of interventional studies on AN use cessation, a narrative review of studies published between 1990 and 2021 was undertaken using selected electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus). Results Three types of interventions were identified: educational, psychological, and pharmacological. Overall, educational interventions significantly enhanced knowledge regarding harms related to AN use. Some psychological interventions reported enhancement of motivation to quit as well as helped in reduction/cessation of AN use. Two pharmacological studies on psychiatric patients with depressive disorders and AN use found that antidepressants helped in reducing/cessation of AN use. Conclusion Overall, the number of interventional studies on AN cessation is limited, and most studies have measured the short-term effects of the intervention. The role of pharmacotherapeutic interventions needs to be evaluated for AN cessation, and evidence-based psychosocial interventions need to be developed for AN cessation. Furthermore, longitudinal research using adequate sample sizes and longer follow-up durations are needed to establish interventions in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Dhingra
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonali Jhanjee
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Muthukrishnan A, Nagi R, Ashok L, Sujatha GP, Rao RS, Lakshminarayana S, Pandarathodiyil AK, Patil S. Behavioral and Psychosocial Risk Factors that Lead Individuals to Initiate and/or Maintain Betel Quid Chewing in Developed and Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:1267-1279. [PMID: 37125526 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betel quid (BQ) is the fourth most commonly used psychoactive substance and its use is highly prevalent among southeast Asian countries due to the influence of psychosocial, behavioral, and environmental factors. As a result, even young children and women are becoming addicted and find it difficult to achieve long-term abstinence. Systematic research addressing the influence of behavioral and psychosocial factors on BQ chewing is scarce, hence pointing to the need for understanding the interplay of these factors to develop tailored intervention strategies for BQ cessation. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review is to assess various behavioral and psychosocial risk factors from pre-existing literature that lead individuals to initiate and/or maintain BQ chewing in developed and developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS The electronic retrieval systems and databases PUBMED [MEDLINE], EMBASE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, and SCIENCE DIRECT were searched independently by two authors for relevant articles from January 2011 to July 2021 using combinations of keywords. Primary studies published in English focusing on the behavioral and psychosocial risk factors for BQ chewing were included. RESULTS Out of the initial 264 articles searched, 12 articles met the selection criteria. Included studies addressed the influence of behavioral and psychosocial factors toward the initiation and/or maintenance of BQ chewing. Included studies reported that dependent BQ was not able to quit BQ chewing due to habituation, addiction, and withdrawal symptoms. Few social BQ chewers in Southeast Asian countries were not willing to initiate quitting as they considered AN as an important social and cultural identifier and claimed that they could not resist chewing in a peer group, and it has become part of their social life. CONCLUSION In the future, studies should take into consideration behavioral and psychosocial risk factors, which are major barriers toward successful quitting. These factors should be integrated into areca nut cessation guidelines, and there is a need to develop more comprehensive culture-specific intervention approaches to achieve long-term abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Muthukrishnan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology and Special Care Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravleen Nagi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - L Ashok
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - G P Sujatha
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Surendra Lakshminarayana
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, e-mail:
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Kaur S, Kaur M, Kumar R. Health promotion intervention to prevent risk factors of chronic diseases: Protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial among adolescents in school settings of Chandigarh (India). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263584. [PMID: 35176046 PMCID: PMC8853575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers are on the rise. Most of the risk factors of these diseases commence in Adolescence. Therefore, a cluster randomised controlled trial is designed to evaluate the effect of school-based health promotion intervention on the risk factors of chronic diseases.
Methodology
Considering school as a cluster, twelve schools will be randomly selected from the public schools of Chandigarh, a city in India. After baseline assessment, six schools will be randomly allocated to intervention and six to the control arm. Study participants will be students of 8th grade (age 10–16 years), their parents and teachers. A sample of 360 students (12 clusters x 30 students) has been estimated to provide statistically valid inference. The PRECEDE PROCEED Model will be used to develop health promotion interventions to prevent the use of an unbalanced diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, and tobacco. Interventions will be implemented for six-months in the school setting. For students, the intervention will comprise interactive learning sessions of 30 minutes duration per week and physical activity sessions of 30 minutes duration four times every week. Educational sessions will be conducted for parents and teachers for 30 minutes, four times during the intervention period. Primary outcomes will be changes in the prevalence of behavioural risk factors from pre- to post-intervention. Changes in anthropometric, physiological, and biochemical measures will be the secondary outcomes. The difference-in-difference (DID) method will be used to measure the net change in the outcomes.
Discussion
It is essential to understand whether health promotion interventions implemented in the school setting simultaneously targeting adolescents, teachers, and parents are effective. Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model for planning, implementing, and evaluating the intervention as part of a cluster Randomized Controlled Trial design with DID analysis, could objectively assess the impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Athukorala IA, Tilakaratne WM, Jayasinghe RD. Areca Nut Chewing: Initiation, Addiction, and Harmful Effects Emphasizing the Barriers and Importance of Cessation. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2021; 2021:9967097. [PMID: 34123457 PMCID: PMC8192186 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9967097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Areca nut is a highly addictive substance with carcinogenic properties and causes many harmful effects to the human body. Alkaloids are the major chemicals found in areca nut, and their mechanism of action has been studied for several years. About 600 million people around the world use areca nut, and its usage is higher in Asian countries. Areca nut chewers get used to the habit mainly due to social influence, stress, or lack of awareness. Some studies have reported a dependence syndrome related to areca nut chewing. Even though there are many ongoing research studies regarding tobacco addiction, less concern has been given to the areca nut addiction. There are only few studies related to areca nut cessation, and even those few cessation programs are mainly designed using tobacco cessation methodology. Sociocultural influence, behavioral factors, and accessibility are the main barriers to cessation. Behavior changing interventions proved to be more effective in areca nut cessation, but recently studies on pharmacological therapies are also emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Athukorala
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W. M. Tilakaratne
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R. D. Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Solhi M, Fattahi E, Manzari ZS, Gupta PC, Kargar M, Kasmaei P, Barati H. The Reasons for Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:492-501. [PMID: 34178796 PMCID: PMC8214603 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem in some parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to investigate the reasons and factors of consumption. Methods: A content analysis was conducted on articles for the past thirty years (1989–2019). We reviewed and selected 400 abstracts of original articles from PubMed databases by the search strategy, and reviewed one by one. Among these, 45 abstracts were selected, in which the patterns of use, the reasons for using, and the determinants and predictors were described. Eleven papers were selected based on the results and related to the research objectives. The results of these articles were evaluated precisely word by word and phrase by phrase with content analysis method and inductive approach. Results: The reasons for the use of smokeless tobacco fell in two main themes: socio-cultural structure; and, beliefs, each contained Sub-themes such as “culture and living conditions”, “laws”, “family and peer relationships”, “beliefs related to psychological” and “beliefs related to physical influences”, “beliefs”, “The role of harm perceptions “. Conclusion: There was a difference between beliefs, cultures and social conditions among the people about using of smokeless tobacco and the association of these factors is investigated in future studies. We also suggest for the prevention and control of smokeless tobacco use, cultural norms and beliefs will need to address adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Solhi
- Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Fattahi
- Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Manzari
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mehdi Kargar
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Kasmaei
- Health and Environment Research Center, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hadis Barati
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tseng MF, Tsai SCS, Wu CY, Lin CC, Wong RH. The Effectiveness of Betel Quid Cessation among Workers through the Adoption of the Five Action Areas of the Ottawa Charter. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:718-727. [PMID: 33719852 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1892141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase workers' awareness of betel quid cessation. Methods: Using community and workplace resources, a workplace health promotion program was developed in accordance with the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter. Questionnaires were administered to examine the changes in the knowledge and attitudes of 714 workers in different occupations before and three months after the intervention. Results: Regardless of subjects' pre-intervention chewing status, their knowledge and attitude scores relating to betel quid cessation increased significantly after the intervention. The effect of occupation was significant on the post-intervention knowledge and attitude scores among chewers. Furthermore, 16 (11.6%) of the 138 study subjects who chewed betel quid before the intervention and had no willingness to quit, did quit betel quid chewing following the intervention. The factors contributing to an unwillingness to quit among chewers with no intention to quit before the intervention were examined. Workers in the electronic material manufacturing industry had a greater willingness to quit compared to those in the metal, machinery, and related trades (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02-0.94). Travel attendants, tour guides, cleaners, and helpers were the least willing to quit (OR = 21.29; 95% CI = 2.51-180.81). Conclusions: This study promoted workers' awareness of betel quid cessation by adopting the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter framework, the effectiveness of the intervention varied in different occupations. Workers with a high-income and better education level had a higher awareness of betel quid cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Tseng
- Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of community health services, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Stella Chin-Shaw Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Wu
- Aging and Chronic Disease Control Division, Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chiang Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Fooyin University Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hong Wong
- Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ko AMS, Lee CH, Ko AMJ, Ko YC. Betel quid dependence mechanism and potential cessation therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109982. [PMID: 32454163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global reports estimate the number of betel quid (BQ) chewers up to 600 million. The proportion of betel quid dependence (BQD) is 20%-90% among current users. BQD mechanisms are not fully understood, and no pharmacological solution exists for its cessation therapy. METHODS We present a systematic review on BQD mechanisms and examine potential cessation therapeutic drugs. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science databases and identified the latest 10 years' relevant articles for reviews. RESULTS Functional magnetic resonance imaging results demonstrate that neurological mechanisms link the brain reward, cognitive, and impulsive systems in BQ or BQD users. The use of the areca nut increases both brain serotonin and noradrenaline levels, whereas arecoline, a potentially addictive areca nut component, has monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitor-like properties. MAO-A inhibitors prevent neurotransmitter breakdown and increase dopamine and serotonin concentrations in the brain. A reduction of daily BQ use was observed among patients with depression after antidepressant therapy, including MAO-A inhibitor and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Arecoline is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist expressed in Xenopus oocytes. However, relatively negligible amounts of nicotine are detected in the areca nut. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the current evidence provides a better understanding of the neurological and pharmacological mechanisms behind BQD. Arecoline, an MAO-A inhibitor, may account for BQD. Future translational studies are needed to verify the efficacy of potential BQD cessation drugs. MAO-A inhibitor and SSRI would thus be potentially promising targets for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Min-Shan Ko
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health and Research Center for Environment Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Allen Min-Jen Ko
- Medical Imaging and Radiology, Alpenglow Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shirzaiy M, Neshat F. Effect of Areca Nut on Oral Health: A Review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jrdms.5.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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11
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Joo YJ, Newcombe D, Nosa V, Bullen C. Investigating Betel Nut Use, Antecedents and Consequences: A Review of Literature. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1422-1442. [PMID: 31549570 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1666144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Betel nut use is a public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region that is often neglected. To control betel nut use, understanding of the adverse effects of betel nut use and evidence-based policies and strategies is necessary. Objectives: This narrative review aims to characterize the current situation on betel nut use at a global level regarding the epidemiology, pharmacology and toxicology, health effects, treatment options, policies and strategies. Methods: We found 139 existing literature published between 1970-2019 on the Web of Science database and other technical documents to collate the most relevant information on betel nut use. Data were categorized into appropriate themes. Results: The literature demonstrates that there is a lack of up to date statistics on betel nut use. There is limited research on the effect of policies and strategies to control betel nut use. Conclusion: Betel nut-chewing countries should focus on understanding which populations chew betel nut and implement appropriate policies, educational and cessation programs to help control betel nut use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Joo
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Newcombe
- Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vili Nosa
- Pacific Health Section, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Bullen
- National Institute for Health Innovation (NIHI), School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Das A, Orlan E, Duncan K, Thomas H, Ndumele A, Ilbawi A, Parascandola M. Areca Nut and Betel Quid Control Interventions: Halting the Epidemic. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1552-1559. [PMID: 32569544 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1686022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Areca nut (AN) and betel quid (BQ) are classified as Group 1 carcinogens. There are approximately 600 million AN/BQ users globally; the majority of users live in the Asia-Pacific region which, correspondingly, has the highest rates of oral cancer. Despite significant disease burden associated with AN/BQ use, there have been no systematic reviews of interventions to reduce product use. Objectives: To analyze interventions that prevent use of AN/BQ, present a basis for a future systematic review on the topic, and provide decision makers with examples of strategies that have demonstrated reduced AN/BQ use. Methods: To identify publications, we searched the literature using terms for AN/BQ and related synonyms in three databases: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Interventions that prevent AN/BQ use, that are published in English and that provide original data analysis, were included in this review. Interventions focused primarily on disease outcomes e.g. oral cancers (secondary prevention) were excluded. Results: Our search revealed 21 interventions targeting AN/BQ use between 1990 and 2018. Strategies include product bans, media campaigns, education, cessation, and taxation at individual and population levels, with varying evidence of impact. While these studies yielded some novel and promising findings, particularly regarding the impact of product bans, mass media campaigns, and cessation interventions, research on interventions specific to AN/BQ use remains limited. Conclusions: We have assessed published interventions that reduce AN/BQ use and identified future research priorities. These findings can be used to develop evidence-based interventions and help guide policymakers in implementing evidence-based policy to regulate these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Das
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Orlan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kalina Duncan
- Center for Global Health, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Thomas
- Division of General Surgery, Juravinski Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amara Ndumele
- School of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andre Ilbawi
- Department for Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark Parascandola
- Center for Global Health, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Gunjal S, Pateel DGS, Yang YH, Doss JG, Bilal S, Maling TH, Mehrotra R, Cheong SC, Zain RBM. An Overview on Betel Quid and Areca Nut Practice and Control in Selected Asian and South East Asian Countries. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1533-1544. [PMID: 32569533 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1657149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Areca nut (AN) and betel quid (BQ) chewing are ancient practices followed by an extensive proportion of the world's population. These practices are endemic in larger parts of South and Southeast Asia and selected Western Pacific countries. The prevalence of these habits varies across regions, age, gender, cultural practice, and socioeconomic status groups. Considerable variations exist between countries with respect to prevention/intervention programs, and policy guidelines of BQ usage. Objectives: (1) To provide an overview of the BQ chewing prevalence, practices, preventive interventions and policies in selected Asian and Western Pacific countries. (2) To explore the different terminologies associated with BQ use. Method: A narrative review of the current literature related to BQ, AN, and oral cancer was conducted by searching PUBMED, CINAHL, and GOOGLE databases. Results: The literature review revealed that the prevalence of BQ was found to be highest in Papua New Guinea, followed by Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. While, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Taiwan had comparatively lower prevalence. Smokeless tobacco, BQ with tobacco, BQ without tobacco, AN were some of the terminologies used for BQ in various studies. Conclusions: The prevalence, and the interventional policies related to BQ and AN chewing habits varies widely among the selected countries. With the increasing awareness and association of BQ with oral cancer, there is a need to have better awareness, prevention and interventional strategies in place. We also found considerable variation in the use of terminologies associated with BQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Gunjal
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Yi-Hsin Yang
- Division of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer Geraldine Doss
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sobia Bilal
- Department of Children and Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, WHO-FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, Noida, National Capital Region, India
| | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Head and Neck Cancer Team, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Mohd Zain
- Department of Oral Pathology Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Airlangga, Suarabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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