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Psatha A, Al-Mahayri ZN, Mitropoulou C, Patrinos GP. Meta-analysis of genomic variants in power and endurance sports to decode the impact of genomics on athletic performance and success. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:47. [PMID: 38760851 PMCID: PMC11102131 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Association between genomic variants and athletic performance has seen a high degree of controversy, as there is often conflicting data as far as the association of genomic variants with endurance, speed and strength is concerned. Here, findings from a thorough meta-analysis from 4228 articles exploring the association of genomic variants with athletic performance in power and endurance sports are summarized, aiming to confirm or overrule the association of genetic variants with athletic performance of all types. From the 4228 articles, only 107 were eligible for further analysis, including 37 different genes. From these, there were 21 articles for the ACE gene, 29 articles for the ACTN3 gene and 8 articles for both the ACE and ACTN3 genes, including 54,382 subjects in total, from which 11,501 were endurance and power athletes and 42,881 control subjects. These data show that there is no statistically significant association between genomic variants and athletic performance either for endurance or power sports, underlying the fact that it is highly risky and even unethical to make such genetic testing services for athletic performance available to the general public. Overall, a strict regulatory monitoring should be exercised by health and other legislative authorities to protect the public from such services from an emerging discipline that still lacks the necessary scientific evidence and subsequent regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Psatha
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, 265 04, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Christina Mitropoulou
- The Golden Helix Foundation, London, UK
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - George P Patrinos
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, 265 04, Patras, Greece.
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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El Ouali EM, Barthelemy B, Del Coso J, Hackney AC, Laher I, Govindasamy K, Mesfioui A, Granacher U, Zouhal H. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between ACTN3 R577X Genotypes and Performance in Endurance Versus Power Athletes and Non-athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:37. [PMID: 38609671 PMCID: PMC11014841 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported differences in genotype frequency of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms (rs1815739; RR, RX and XX) in athletes and non-athletic populations. This systematic review with meta-analysis assessed ACTN3 R577X genotype frequencies in power versus endurance athletes and non-athletes. METHODS Five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus) were searched for research articles published until December 31st, 2022. Studies were included if they reported the frequency of the ACTN3 R577X genotypes in power athletes (e.g., weightlifters) and if they included a comparison with endurance athletes (e.g., long-distance runners) or non-athletic controls. A meta-analysis was then performed using either fixed or random-effects models. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were determined. Heterogeneity was detected using I2 and Cochran's Q tests. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis tests were computed. RESULTS After screening 476 initial registrations, 25 studies were included in the final analysis (13 different countries; 14,541 participants). In power athletes, the RX genotype was predominant over the two other genotypes: RR versus RX (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.57-0.85, p = 0.0005), RR versus XX (OR 4.26; 95% CI 3.19-5.69, p < 0.00001), RX versus XX (OR 6.58; 95% CI 5.66-7.67, p < 0.00001). The R allele was higher than the X allele (OR 2.87; 95% CI 2.35-3.50, p < 0.00001) in power athletes. Additionally, the frequency of the RR genotype was higher in power athletes than in non-athletes (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.25-1.75, p < 0.00001). The RX genotype was similar in both groups (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71-1.00, p = 0.06). The XX genotype was lower in power athletes than in controls (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.64-0.84, p < 0.00001). Furthermore, the R allele frequency was higher in power athletes than in controls (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.19-1.38, p < 0.00001). Conversely, a higher frequency of X allele was observed in the control group compared to power athletes (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.73-0.84, p < 0.00001). On the other hand, the frequency of the RR genotype was higher in power athletes than in endurance athletes (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.09-1.49, p = 0.003). The frequency of the RX genotype was similar in both groups (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.93-1.24, p = 0.36). In contrast, the frequency of the XX genotype was lower in power athletes than in endurance athletes (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.52-0.76, p < 0.00001). In addition, the R allele was higher in power athletes than in endurance athletes (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.11-1.57, p = 0.002). However, the X allele was higher in endurance athletes compared to power athletes (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.64-0.90, p = 0.002). Finally, the genotypic and allelic frequency of ACTN3 genes were similar in male and female power athletes. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of the frequencies of the ACTN3 R577X genotypes in power athletes was RX > RR > XX. However, the RR genotype and R allele were overrepresented in power athletes compared to non-athletes and endurance athletes. These data suggest that the RR genotype and R allele, which is associated with a normal expression of α-actinin-3 in fast-twitch muscle fibers, may offer some benefit in improving performance development in muscle strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mokhtar El Ouali
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University of Kenitra, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Benjamin Barthelemy
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Abdelhalem Mesfioui
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University of Kenitra, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), 35850, Irodouer, France.
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Ribas MR, Schneider FK, Ribas DIR, Lass AD, Badicu G, Bassan JC. Genetic Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Body Composition and Performance of Brazilians in a 105 Km Mountain Ultramarathon. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:1751-1761. [PMID: 37754466 PMCID: PMC10528324 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the studied polymorphisms affect muscular proteins, aerobic adaptations, and recovery, their influence on the anthropometric variables and performance in ultramarathon runners is still poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the influence of ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D, and CK MM A/G NcoI polymorphisms on the changes in the anthropometric variables and running time of 105 km mountain runners, in which 22 male Brazilian elite athletes (35.9 ± 6.5 years) were evaluated. Genotyping of the R577X (RR, RX, and XX), ACE I/D (DD, ID, and II), and CK MM A/G Ncol (AA, AG, and GG) polymorphisms was performed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique with DNA extracted from saliva. Body composition was determined via bioimpedance. Pre- and post-race weight differences were observed on athletes with the AA genotype (77.1 ± 5.9 kg; 74.6 ± 5.6 kg) compared with those with the AG genotype (74.5 ± 8.0 kg; 68 ± 5.1 kg) (p = 0.02; p = 0.02). The RR genotype showed a correlation between BMI and running time (R = 0.97; p = 0.004). The genotype II showed a correlation with % fat and fat mass concerning running time (R = 0.91; p = 0.003; R = 0.99; p < 0.0001). The AA genotype was associated with post-race weight and lean mass loss, while the RR genotype correlated with BMI, and the genotype II correlated with % body fat and fat mass in relation to times in the 105 km mountain ultramarathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Romanovitch Ribas
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering and Industrial Informatics, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80230901, Brazil; (M.R.R.); (F.K.S.)
| | - Fábio Kurt Schneider
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering and Industrial Informatics, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80230901, Brazil; (M.R.R.); (F.K.S.)
| | | | - André Domingues Lass
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215901, Brazil;
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Júlio Cesar Bassan
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81310900, Brazil;
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Semenova EA, Hall ECR, Ahmetov II. Genes and Athletic Performance: The 2023 Update. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1235. [PMID: 37372415 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes of athletic performance and exercise capacity are complex traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status summarises recent advances in sports genomics research, including findings from candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, meta-analyses, and findings involving larger-scale initiatives such as the UK Biobank. As of the end of May 2023, a total of 251 DNA polymorphisms have been associated with athlete status, of which 128 genetic markers were positively associated with athlete status in at least two studies (41 endurance-related, 45 power-related, and 42 strength-related). The most promising genetic markers include the AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 A, HFE rs1799945 G, MYBPC3 rs1052373 G, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312 C, PPARA rs4253778 G, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 G alleles for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 C, CPNE5 rs3213537 G, GALNTL6 rs558129 T, IGF2 rs680 G, IGSF3 rs699785 A, NOS3 rs2070744 T, and TRHR rs7832552 T alleles for power; and ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AR ≥21 CAG repeats, LRPPRC rs10186876 A, MMS22L rs9320823 T, PHACTR1 rs6905419 C, and PPARG rs1801282 G alleles for strength. It should be appreciated, however, that elite performance still cannot be predicted well using only genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4UA, UK
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, 191040 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
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Nicot R, Raoul G, Vieira AR, Ferri J, Sciote JJ. ACTN3 genotype influences masseter muscle characteristics and self-reported bruxism. Oral Dis 2023; 29:232-244. [PMID: 34773324 PMCID: PMC9098697 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Main aim of the study was to explore the association between genetic polymorphisms in ACTN3 and bruxism. Secondary objectives included masseter muscle phenotypes assessment between bruxers and non-bruxers and according to genetic polymorphisms in ACTN3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four patients undergoing orthognathic surgery for correction of their malocclusion were enrolled. Self-reported bruxism and temporomandibular disorders status were preoperatively recorded. Saliva samples were used for ACTN3 genotyping. Masseter muscle samples were collected bilaterally at the time of orthognathic surgery to explore the muscle fiber characteristics. RESULTS There were significant differences in genotypes for rs1815739 (R577X nonsense) (p = 0.001), rs1671064 (Q523R missense) (p = 0.005), and rs678397 (intronic variant) (p = 0.001) between bruxers and non-bruxers. Patients with self-reported bruxism presented a larger mean fiber area for types IIA (p = 0.035). The mean fiber areas in individuals with the wild-type CC genotype for rs1815739 (R577X) were significantly larger for type IIA fibers (1394.33 μm2 [572.77 μm2 ]) than in those with the TC and TT genotypes (832.61 μm2 [602.43 μm2 ] and 526.58 μm2 [432.21 μm2 ] [p = 0.014]). Similar results for Q523R missense and intronic variants. CONCLUSIONS ACTN3 genotypes influence self-reported bruxism in patients with dentofacial deformity through specific masseter muscle fiber characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1008: Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Gwénaël Raoul
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1008: Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre R. Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joël Ferri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1008: Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - James J. Sciote
- Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Genotype Distribution of the ACTN3 p.R577X Polymorphism in Elite Badminton Players: A Preliminary Study. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010050. [PMID: 36672791 PMCID: PMC9858904 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Actinin-3 is a protein with a structural role at the sarcomeric Z-line in skeletal muscle. As it is only present in fast-type muscle fibers, α-actinin-3 is considered a key mechanical component to produce high-intensity muscle contractions and to withstand external tension applied to the skeletal muscle. α-Actinin-3 is encoded by the gene ACTN3, which has a single-nucleotide polymorphism (p.R577X; rs1815739) that affects the expression of α-actinin-3 due to the presence of a stop codon. Individuals homozygous for the 577R allele (i.e., RR genotype) and RX heterozygotes express functional α-actinin-3, while those homozygous for the 577X (i.e., XX genotype) express a non-functional protein. There is ample evidence to support the associations between the ACTN3 genotype and athletic performance, with higher frequencies of the 577R allele in elite and professional sprint and power athletes than in control populations. This suggests a beneficial influence of possessing functional α-actinin-3 to become an elite athlete in power-based disciplines. However, no previous investigation has determined the frequency of the ACTN3 genotypes in elite badminton players, despite this sport being characterized by high-intensity actions of intermittent nature such as changes of direction, accelerations, jumps and smashes. The purpose of this study was to analyze ACTN3 R577X genotype frequencies in professional badminton players to establish whether this polymorphism is associated with elite athlete status. A total of 53 European Caucasian professional badminton players competing in the 2018 European Badminton Championships volunteered to participate in the study. Thirty-one were men (26.2 ± 4.4 years) and twenty-two were women (23.4 ± 4.5 years). Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the differences in the distribution of ACTN3 genotypes (RR, RX and XX) between categories and sexes. The ACTN3 RR genotype was the most frequent in the sample of professional badminton players (RR = 49.1%, RX = 22.6% and XX = 28.3%). None of the badminton players ranked in the world's top ten possessed the XX genotype (RX = 60%, RR = 40%). The distribution of the ACTN3 genotypes was similar between male and female professional badminton players (men: RR = 45.2%, RX = 25.8% and XX = 29.0%; women: RR = 54.5%, RX = 18.2% and XX = 27.3%; χ2 = 0.58; p = 0.750). The distribution of the ACTN3 genotypes in badminton players was different from the 1000 genome database for the European population (χ2 = 15.5; p < 0.001), with an overrepresentation of the RR genotype (p < 0.05) and an underrepresentation of the RX genotype (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the expression of functional α-actinin-3, associated with RR and RX genotypes in the ACTN3 gene may confer an advantage for reaching the status of elite athlete in badminton, and especially the world's top-ten ranking. Large-scale studies with different ethnic backgrounds are needed to confirm the association of the R allele of ACTN3 with badminton performance.
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Kobayashi T, Seki S, Hwang I. Relationship of muscle power and bone mineral density with the α-actinin-3 R577X polymorphism in Japanese female athletes from different sport types: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31685. [PMID: 36397442 PMCID: PMC9666200 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships between muscle power and bone mineral density (BMD) and the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism in Japanese female collegiate athletes participating in sports with various mechanical-load characteristics. This study included 260 female collegiate athletes involved in 10 competitive sports and 26 controls (mean ages, 19.2 ± 1.2 and 19.7 ± 1.3 years, respectively). The sports were classified into 3 categories (low-impact, multidirectional, and high-impact) based on the exercise load characteristics. Data on sports participation and competition experience were obtained through a questionnaire-type survey. The maximum anaerobic power (MAnP) test was performed to measure muscle power. The total body BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) was analyzed using a TaqMan® assay. The multidirectional sports participants with the RR genotype of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism had a higher BMD than those with the RX and RX + XX genotypes (P = .018 and P = .003, respectively). The RR genotype was also associated with a higher MAnP than those with the RX + XX genotypes (P = .035). No other variables related to BMD and MAnP were significantly different. Our results suggests that the RR genotype may confer high trainability for BMD and muscle power in Japanese female collegiate athletes participating in multidirectional sport types. However, these associations were not found in the athletes participating in the low- and high-impact sport types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- * Correspondence: Tetsuro Kobayashi, Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Shotaro Seki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Inkwan Hwang
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Hsu K, Tseng WC. What Decides Your Athletic Career?-Reflection from Our Study of GP.Mur-Associated Sports Talents during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12691. [PMID: 36231989 PMCID: PMC9566733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This opinion article discusses the factors that attract children and teens to athletic careers. The most important attribute for the making of athletes is polished sports talent, followed by psychological, environmental, and incentive factors. Our laboratory studies a red blood cell (RBC) type called GP.Mur, which is rare in most parts of the world besides Southeast Asia. Intriguingly, the prevalence of the GP.Mur blood type is relatively high among Taiwanese elite athletes. The highest frequency of the GP.Mur blood type worldwide is found among Taiwan's Ami people (88-95% from hospital blood bank surveys in the 1980s). Though the Ami constitute only 0.6-0.8% of the Taiwanese population, from records of national track-and-field games in the past century, 10-60% of the medalists were Ami. Biologically, GP.Mur expression supports blood CO2 metabolism, which may have implications for athleticism. As many of our study subjects are elite college athletes with the GP.Mur blood type, we contemplated their upbringings and career dilemmas, especially during the difficult COVID-19 pandemic. Beyond individual sports talent, the pandemic particularly tests personal characteristics and socioeconomic support for becoming an athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hsu
- The Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Exercise & Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 100234, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Physical Education, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan
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Konopka MJ, van den Bunder JCML, Rietjens G, Sperlich B, Zeegers MP. Genetics of long-distance runners and road cyclists-A systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1414-1429. [PMID: 35839336 PMCID: PMC9544934 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the genetic variants of (inter)national competing long-distance runners and road cyclists compared with controls. The Medline and Embase databases were searched until 15 November 2021. Eligible articles included genetic epidemiological studies published in English. A homogenous group of endurance athletes competing at (inter)national level and sedentary controls were included. Pooled odds ratios based on the genotype frequency with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using random effects models. Heterogeneity was addressed by Q-statistics, and I2 . Sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression and risk of bias was assessed with the Clark Baudouin scale. This systematic review comprised of 43 studies including a total of 3938 athletes and 10 752 controls in the pooled analysis. Of the 42 identified genetic variants, 13 were investigated in independent studies. Significant associations were found for five polymorphisms. Pooled odds ratio [95%CI] favoring athletes compared with controls was 1.42 [1.12-1.81] for ACE II (I/D), 1.66 [1.26-2.19] for ACTN3 TT (rs1815739), 1.75 [1.34-2.29] for PPARGC1A GG (rs8192678), 2.23 [1.42-3.51] for AMPD1 CC (rs17602729), and 2.85 [1.27-6.39] for HFE GG + CG (rs1799945). Risk of bias was low in 25 (58%) and unclear in 18 (42%) articles. Heterogeneity of the results was low (0%-20%) except for HFE (71%), GNB3 (80%), and NOS3 (76%). (Inter)national competing runners and cyclists have a higher probability to carry specific genetic variants compared with controls. This study confirms that (inter)national competing endurance athletes constitute a unique genetic make-up, which likely contributes to their performance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of EpidemiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Rietjens
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports MedicineVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport ScienceUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of EpidemiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Ginevičienė V, Utkus A, Pranckevičienė E, Semenova EA, Hall ECR, Ahmetov II. Perspectives in Sports Genomics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:298. [PMID: 35203507 PMCID: PMC8869752 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human athletic performance is a complex phenotype influenced by environmental and genetic factors, with most exercise-related traits being polygenic in nature. The aim of this article is to outline some of the challenge faced by sports genetics as this relatively new field moves forward. This review summarizes recent advances in sports science and discusses the impact of the genome, epigenome and other omics (such as proteomics and metabolomics) on athletic performance. The article also highlights the current status of gene doping and examines the possibility of applying genetic knowledge to predict athletes' injury risk and to prevent the rare but alarming occurrence of sudden deaths during sporting events. Future research in large cohorts of athletes has the potential to detect new genetic variants and to confirm the previously identified DNA variants believed to explain the natural predisposition of some individuals to certain athletic abilities and health benefits. It is hoped that this article will be useful to sports scientists who seek a greater understanding of how genetics influences exercise science and how genomic and other multi-omics approaches might support performance analysis, coaching, personalizing nutrition, rehabilitation and sports medicine, as well as the potential to develop new rationale for future scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ginevičienė
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.U.); (E.P.)
| | - Erinija Pranckevičienė
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.U.); (E.P.)
- Department of Systems Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ekaterina A. Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420010 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C. R. Hall
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK;
| | - Ildus I. Ahmetov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK;
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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11
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Rosa PCD, Oneda G, Daros LB, Dourado AC, Sartori D, Leonel DF, Bara CL, Osiecki R. Can a genetic profile be related to performance in young talent track and field athletes? A pilot study. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220004521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larissa B. Daros
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
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12
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Ben-Zaken S, Eliakim A, Nemet D, Kaufman L, Meckel Y. Genetic characteristics of competitive swimmers: a review. Biol Sport 2022; 39:157-170. [PMID: 35173374 PMCID: PMC8805353 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful swimming performance is a multi-factorial accomplishment, resulting from a complex interaction of physical, biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors, all of which are strongly affected by the special medium of water as well as by genetic factors. The nature of competitive swimming is unique, as most of the competitive events last less than four minutes. Yet training regimens have an endurance nature (many hours and many kilometres of swimming every day), which makes it impossible to classify swimming by definitions of aerobic-type or anaerobic-type events, as in track and field sports. Therefore, genetic variants associated with swimming performance are not necessarily related to metabolic pathways, but rather to blood lactate transport (MCT1), muscle functioning (IGF1 axis), muscle damage (IL6) and others. The current paper reviews the main findings on the leading 12 genetic polymorphisms (located in the ACE, ACTN3, AMPD1, BDKRB2, IGF1, IL6, MCT1, MSTN, NOS3, PPARA, PPARGC1A, and VEGFR2 genes) related to swimming performance, while taking into consideration the unique environment of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Leonid Kaufman
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
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13
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Yang R, Jin F, Wang L, Shen X, Guo Q, Song H, Hu J, Zhao Q, Wan J, Cai M. Prediction and Identification of Power Performance Using Polygenic Models of Three Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Chinese Elite Athletes. Front Genet 2021; 12:726552. [PMID: 34691150 PMCID: PMC8532995 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The manuscript aims to explore the relationship between power performance and SNPs of Chinese elite athletes and to create polygenic models. Methods: One hundred three Chinese elite athletes were divided into the power group (n = 60) and endurance group (n = 43) by their sports event. Best standing long jump (SLJ) and standing vertical jump (SVJ) were collected. Twenty SNPs were genotyped by SNaPshot. Genotype distribution and allele frequency were compared between groups. Additional genotype data of 125 Chinese elite athletes were used to verify the screened SNPs. Predictive and identifying models were established by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: ACTN3 (rs1815739), ADRB3 (rs4994), CNTFR (rs2070802), and PPARGC1A (rs8192678) were significantly different in genotype distribution or allele frequency between groups (p < 0.05). The predictive model consisted of ACTN3 (rs1815739), ADRB3 (rs4994), and PPARGC1A (rs8192678), the area under curve (AUC) of which was 0.736. The identifying model consisted of body mass index (BMI), standing vertical jump (SVJ), ACTN3, ADRB3, and PPARGC1A, the area under curve (AUC) of which was 0.854. Based on the two models, nomograms were created to visualize the results. Conclusion: Two models can be used for talent identification in Chinese athletes, among which the predictive model can be used in adolescent athletes to predict development potential of power performance and the identifying one can be used in elite athletes to evaluate power athletic status. These can be applied quickly and visually by using nomograms. When the score is more than the 130 or 148 cutoff, it suggests that the athlete has a good development potential or a high level for power performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jin
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunzhang Shen
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Talent Identification and Development, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Center), Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Guo
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- National Center for Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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14
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Wei Q. ACE and ACTN3 Gene Polymorphisms and Genetic Traits of Rowing Athletes in the Northern Han Chinese Population. Front Genet 2021; 12:736876. [PMID: 34721527 PMCID: PMC8551674 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.736876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to explore the effects of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphisms on specific quantitative variables, including height, weight, arm span, biacromial breadth, forced vital capacity (FVC), FVC/weight, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), prone bench pull (PBP), loaded barbell squat (LBS), and 3,000-m run, in 243 Chinese rowing athletes. The ACE and ACTN3 genotypes were obtained for each athlete via polymerase chain reaction on saliva samples, and the genotype frequency was analyzed. The ACE genotype frequency of rowing athletes were 45.8% II, 42.2% ID, and 12% DD for males and 33.6% II, 48% ID, and 18.4% DD for females. There were significant differences in weight in male athletes, PBP in female athletes, and ACE genotypes. A linear regression analysis using PBP and LBS as different dependent variables and ACE genotypes as independent variables based on the ACE I allele additive genetic effect showed a statistical significance in female athletes (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the distribution of the three genotypes among male athletes (36.7% XX, 38.5% RX, and 24.8% RR, χ2 = 5.191, df = 2, p = 0.022 < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the distribution of the three genotypes among female athletes (23.8% XX, 47.8% RX, 28.4% RR, χ 2 = 0.24, df = 2, p = 0.619 > 0.05). The ACTN3 gene polymorphism of male rowing athletes was dominated by the ACTN3 577X allele. There were significant differences in the χ 2 test between groups of male athletes. The ACTN3 R577 allele was dominant in female athletes. There were significant differences between PBP and FVC/body weight and ACTN3 genotypes in male athletes by ANOVA, respectively (p < 0.05). A linear regression analysis using FVC and FVC/body weight as dependent variables and ACTN3 genotypes as independent variables based on the ACTN3 577X allele recessive genetic effect showed statistical significance in male athletes (p < 0.05). These results suggested that ACE and ACTN3 gene polymorphisms may be used as biomarkers of genetic traits in Chinese rowing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Sports Science, Wuhan, China
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15
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ACTN3 Genotypes and Their Relationship with Muscle Mass and Function of Kosovan Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179135. [PMID: 34501725 PMCID: PMC8431689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining muscle mass and function is important throughout the lifestyle. While environmental factors such as physical activity and healthy nutrition are well investigated, the contribution of genetic factors is still controversial. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of a common ACTN3 polymorphism (rs1815739) on body composition, handgrip strength, knee extensor peak torque, and physical performance (gait speed, 30-s arm curl, 30-s chair stand) in Kosovan adults. In total, 308 participants (160 females and 148 males, age range from 40 to 91 years) took part in this cross-sectional study. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and assessed for ACTN3 genotype distribution (41.5% of RR, 53.9% of RX and 4.6% of XX). Genotype allocation did not account for differences in any of the variables. Interestingly, female XX carriers were taller (p = 0.025) and had a higher isokinetic knee extension peak torque (p = 0.024) than the RX+RR group. In males, XX carriers were also taller (p = 0.049) and had a lower BMI (p = 0.026), but did not differ in any of the strength and performance parameters. These results indicate that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism might exert a sex-specific impact on knee extensor peak torque and BMI.
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16
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Total Genotype Score Modelling of Polygenic Endurance-Power Profiles in Lithuanian Elite Athletes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071067. [PMID: 34356082 PMCID: PMC8306147 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Total genotype score (TGS) reflects additive effect of genotypes on predicting a complex trait such as athletic performance. Scores assigned to genotypes in the TGS should represent an extent of the genotype’s predisposition to the trait. Then, combination of genotypes highly ranks those individuals, who have a trait expressed. Usually, the genotypes are scored by the evidence of a genotype–phenotype relationship published in scientific studies. The scores can be revised computationally using genotype data of athletes, if available. From the available genotype data of 180 Lithuanian elite athletes we created an endurance-mixed-power performance TGS profile based on known ACE rs1799752, ACTN3 rs1815739, and AMPD1 rs17602729, and an emerging MB rs7293 gene markers. We analysed an ability of this TGS profile to stratify athletes according to the sport category that they practice. Logistic regression classifiers were trained to compute the genotype scores that represented the endurance versus power traits in the group of analysed athletes more accurately. We observed differences in TGS distributions in female and male group of athletes. The genotypes with possibly different effects on the athletic performance traits in females and males were described. Our data-driven analysis and TGS modelling tools are freely available to practitioners.
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17
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Min SK, Jee E, Lee K, Kim J, Lim ST. The ACTN3 R577Xgth in Korea national combat athletes. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Mongkolrob R, Tharabenjasin P, Bualuang A, Jarjanazi H, Pabalan N. Influence of Lysyl oxidase Polymorphisms in Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:411-418. [PMID: 34042515 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between polymorphisms in the Lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene with susceptibility to cancer. The role of LOX in carcinogenesis prompted several association studies in various cancer types; however the outcomes of these studies have inconsistent. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates. Materials and Methods: A literature search yielded 14 articles from which we examined five cancer groups: breast, bone, lung, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers. For each cancer group, pooled odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using standard genetic models. High significance (p-value for association [pa] < 0.00001), homogeneity (I2 = 0%), and high precision of effects (CI difference [CID] <1.0 [upper CI - lower CI]) comprised the three criteria for strength of evidence. We used sensitivity analysis to assess robustness of the outcomes. Results: We generated 28 comparisons from which 13 were significant (pa < 0.05), indicating increased risk, (OR >1.00) found in all cancer groups except breast (pa = 0.10-0.91). Of the 13, three met all criteria (core) for strength of evidence (pa < 0.00001, CIDs 0.49-0.56 and I2 = 0%), found in dominant/codominant models of gynecological cancers (ORs 1.52-1.62, 95% CIs 1.26-1.88) and codominant model of lung cancer (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.19-1.74). These three were deemed robust. Conclusion: Based on the three core outcomes, associations of LOX 473G/A with lung, ovarian, and cervical cancers indicate 1.4-1.6-fold increased risks, underpinned by robustness and high statistical power at the aggregate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungrawee Mongkolrob
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Aporn Bualuang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Hamdi Jarjanazi
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, PathumThani, Thailand
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19
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Kittilsen HT, Goleva-Fjellet S, Freberg BI, Nicolaisen I, Støa EM, Bratland-Sanda S, Helgerud J, Wang E, Sæbø M, Støren Ø. Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636972. [PMID: 33679448 PMCID: PMC7925619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of age, gender, baseline strength, and selected candidate polymorphisms on maximal strength training (MST) adaptations. Methods A total of 49 subjects (22 men and 27 women) aged 20–76 years, divided into five age groups, completed an 8 weeks MST intervention. Each MST session consisted of 4 sets with 4 repetitions at ∼85–90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) intensity in leg-press, three times per week. 1RM was tested pre and post the intervention and blood samples were drawn to genotype candidate polymorphisms ACE I/D (rs1799752), ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678). Results All age groups increased leg-press 1RM (p < 0.01), with a mean improvement of 24.2 ± 14.0%. There were no differences in improvements between the five age groups or between male and female participants, and there were no non-responders. Baseline strength status did not correlate with 1RM improvements. PPARGC1A rs8192678 T allele carriers had a 15% higher age- and gender corrected baseline 1RM than the CC genotype (p < 0.05). C allele carriers improved 1RM (%) by 34.2% more than homozygotes for the T allele (p < 0.05). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report improvement in leg-press maximal strength regardless of gender, baseline strength status in all age groups. The present study is also first to demonstrate an association between the PPARGC1A rs8192678 and maximal strength and its trainability in a moderately trained cohort. MST may be beneficial for good health and performance of all healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Torvild Kittilsen
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Sannija Goleva-Fjellet
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Baard Ingegerdsson Freberg
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway.,The Norwegian Biathlon Association, Oslo, Norway.,Top Sports Medical Office, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Iver Nicolaisen
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Støa
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mona Sæbø
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
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20
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Silva HH, Silva MRG, Cerqueira F, Tavares V, Medeiros R. Genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries of elite athletes: review and future perspectives. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:418-434. [PMID: 33666074 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, some inherited determinants have been associated with elite athletic performance, but its polygenic trait character has limited the correct definition of elite athlete's genomic profile. This qualitative descriptive study aims to summarise the current understanding about genetic and epigenetic factors in elite athletes, as well as their genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries. A narrative review of the literature across a broad cross-section of the elite athletes' genomic profile was undertaken. Elite performance relies on rare gene variants within a great interface between molecular, cellular and behavioural sport-related phenotypes and the environment, which is still poorly understood. ACTN3 rs1815739 and ACE I/D polymorphisms appear to be associated to specific sprint phenotypes and influence the athletic status, i.e., the rs1815739 variant is more influential to 200-m performance and the ACE ID polymorphism is more involved in the longer, 400-m sprint performance. Generally, athletes show endurance-based sports characteristics or power-based sports characteristics, but some studies have reported some genes associations to both sports-based characteristics. Furthermore, genetic studies with larger cohorts of single-sport athletes might be preferable than studies combining athletes of different sports, given the existence of distinct athlete profiles and sport demands. Athletic performance may be influenced by the serotonergic pathway and the potential injury risk (namely stress fracture) might be associated to a genetic predisposition associated to the mechanical loading from the intense physical exercise. The study of gene variants associated to sex and ethnicity-related to athletic performance needs further investigation. The combination of genome-wide association studies addressing the genetic architecture of athletes and the subsequent replication and validation studies might for additional genetic data is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo-Henrique Silva
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,União Desportiva Oliveirense, Senior Rink-Hockey Team, Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal - .,Portuguese Ministry of Education, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Maria-Raquel G Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,CIAS-Research Centre for Anthropology and Health - Human Biology, Health and Society, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre-Group of Sleep, Chronobiology and Sleep Disorders-Nova Medical School, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cerqueira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria Tavares
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LPCC, Research Department - Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPPC - NRN), Porto, Portugal.,FMUP- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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McAuley ABT, Hughes DC, Tsaprouni LG, Varley I, Suraci B, Roos TR, Herbert AJ, Kelly AL. The association of the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:200-211. [PMID: 32856541 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1812195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the association of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football and determine which allele and/or genotypes are most likely to influence this phenotype via a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search identified 17 ACTN3 and 19 ACE studies. Significant associations were shown between the presence of the ACTN3 R allele and professional footballer status (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.53) and the ACE D allele and youth footballers (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38). More specifically, the ACTN3 RR genotype (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) and ACE DD genotype (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.63) exhibited the strongest associations, respectively. These findings may be explained by the association of the ACTN3 RR genotype and ACE DD genotype with power-orientated phenotypes and the relative contribution of power-orientated phenotypes to success in football. As such, the results of this review provide further evidence that individual genetic variation may contribute towards athlete status and can differentiate athletes of different competitive playing statuses in a homogenous team-sport cohort. Moreover, the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms are likely (albeit relatively minor) contributing factors that influence athlete status in football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B T McAuley
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - David C Hughes
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Loukia G Tsaprouni
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth , Bournemouth, UK
| | - Thomas R Roos
- The International Academy of Sports Science and Technology (AISTS), University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam J Herbert
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, UK
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22
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Moreno-Pérez V, Machar R, Sanz-Rivas D, Del Coso J. ACTN3 R577X Genotype in Professional and Amateur Tennis Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:952-956. [PMID: 31917734 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moreno-Pérez, V, Machar, R, Sanz-Rivas, D, and Del Coso, J. ACTN3 R577X genotype in professional and amateur tennis players. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 952-956, 2020-Several investigations have concluded that the RR genotype in the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is overrepresented in elite athletes of strength- and power-based sports when compared with nonelite populations, suggesting a positive role of this genotype on physical performance. However, no investigation has been geared to determine the distribution of this polymorphism in elite tennis players. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency distribution of the ACTN3 R577X genotype in professional and nonprofessional tennis players to determine whether this polymorphism has an association with tennis performance. A total of 128 tennis players volunteered to participate in this study. From the total, 56 were professional tennis players (16 were top 10 in Women Tennis Association/Association of Tennis Professionals [WTA/ATP] rankings, 22 were top 100 in WTA/ATP rankings, and 18 were ranked > top 100 in the WTA/ATP rankings), and the remaining 72 were categorized as nonprofessional. Chi-squared tests were used to assess differences in the distribution of RR, RX, and XX genotypes between the different performance categories. The distribution of the RR, RX, and XX genotypes was similar in professional (33.9, 48.2, and 17.9%) and nonprofessional tennis players (37.5, 40.3, and 22.2%; p = 0.650). Furthermore, the distribution of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was not different in top 10 (25.0, 50.0, and 25.0%), top 100 (31.8, 50.0, and 18.2%), and WTA/ATP-ranked players (44.4, 44.4, and 11.2%; p = 0.847). These results indicate that the distribution of the ACTN3 R577X genotype is similar in tennis players of very different performance levels. This outcome suggests that the ACTN3 genotype was not associated with elite tennis performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Reid Machar
- Department of Innovation, Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Sanz-Rivas
- Tennis Performance Research Group, Madrid, Spain.,Royal Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET), Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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