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Yesildag AY, Turan Kurtaran A, Sevim F. Assessing workplace well-being in healthcare: The violence-prevention climate and its relationship with workplace happiness. Int Nurs Rev 2024. [PMID: 39140147 DOI: 10.1111/inr.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
AIM To identify the relationship between the violence-prevention climate and workplace happiness in hospitals. The secondary objective is to adapt a valid and reliable scale to a different culture in healthcare settings. BACKGROUND Healthcare settings are not immune to the harmful effects of violence, which can exacerbate existing challenges such as staff shortages. In the midst of these challenges, organizational efforts to ensure the safety of health workers are critical. These efforts can contribute positively to workers' happiness or well-being. METHOD Using a cross-sectional design with 400 healthcare professionals from five hospitals in Trabzon, Turkey, data collection involved the Violence-Prevention Climate Scale and Workplace Happiness Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale, and the consistency coefficient was calculated. RESULTS The findings revealed that, on average, employees exhibited high levels of violence-prevention climate (x ¯ ${{\bar{\rm x}}}$ = 4.22) and moderate levels of workplace happiness (x ¯ ${{\bar{\rm x}}}$ = 3.70). Subsequently, correlation analysis unveiled a statistically significant association between the dimensions of violence-prevention climate and workplace happiness (p < 0.05, r = 0.392). It was observed that those who experienced violence and did not feel safe in the workplace had lower levels of happiness. DISCUSSION The instances of healthcare workers being exposed to violence identified in the study largely align with previous theories related to both individual and organizational effects. CONCLUSION Violence-prevention climate affects the safety and workplace happiness of workers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND/OR HEALTH POLICY Employees expect their managers to seriously consider all reports of violence. In this context, creating a violence-prevention climate would be a good start. According to WHO 2030 targets, in an environment where there is a significant shortage of healthcare personnel, especially nurses, ensuring that existing employees work in a safer and happier environment will make a positive contribution to healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Y Yesildag
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Management Department, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayten Turan Kurtaran
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Management Department, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ferit Sevim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Management Department, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Olasoji M, Henderson K, Hopkins L, Keppich-Arnold S, Joseph B. Views of Mental Health Nurses on Responding to Clinical Aggression on General Wards. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38867479 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The overall aim of this study was to explore the views of mental health nurses (MHNs) about their experience of responding to workplace violence (WPV) and aggression (code greys and blacks) within acute general wards. WPV continues to pose a significant source of challenge within healthcare settings despite several initiatives that have been trialled over the years. It has the potential to impact patient care and overall staff health and well-being. Nurses play a significant role in the management of WPV; hence, it is important to understand how they respond to and manage incidents of WPV. The study design was an explorative descriptive qualitative design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving n = 10 MHNs working within a mental health consultation liaison team that responds to incidents of violence and aggression (codes grey and black) in acute general wards. Participants were recruited using a convenient sampling method. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of this study highlighted the following themes: (1) Patient care (subthemes: patient frustration with hospital processes, lack of time and resources); (2) Staffing skills and confidence (subthemes: lack of adequate training, inability to intervene early and communication skills); (3) Understanding patient behaviours (subthemes: it's a psychiatry problem and zero tolerance approach). The management of WPV within acute hospital settings needs to be given due attention by healthcare services. Although a number of organisations are developing measures and guidelines to manage WPV, there is still a gap in the ability of general nursing staff to properly manage such incidences. Proper attention needs to be taken to the training of staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Olasoji
- Alfred Mental Health and Addictions, Alfred Health Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Henderson
- Alfred Mental Health and Addictions, Alfred Health Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liza Hopkins
- Alfred Mental Health and Addictions, Alfred Health Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra Keppich-Arnold
- Alfred Mental Health and Addictions, Alfred Health Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bindu Joseph
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
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Touzet S, Buchet-Poyau K, Denis A, Occelli P, Jacquin L, Potinet V, Sigal A, Delaroche-Gaudin M, Fayard-Gonon F, Tazarourte K, Douplat M. Impact of the presence of a mediator on patient violent or uncivil behaviours in emergency departments: a cluster randomised crossover trial. Eur J Emerg Med 2024; 31:201-207. [PMID: 38329117 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Several studies reported that violent behaviours were committed by patients against healthcare professionals in emergency departments (EDs). The presence of mediators could prevent or resolve situations of tension. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the presence of mediators in EDs would have an impact on violent behaviours committed by patients or their relatives against healthcare professionals. Design, settings and participants A 6-period cluster randomised crossover trial was performed in 4 EDs during 12 months. Patients aged ≥18 and their relatives were included. INTERVENTION In order to prevent or resolve situations of tension and conflict, four mediators were recruited.Outcome measure and analysis Using a logistic regression mixed model, the rate of ED visits in which at least one act of violence was committed by a patient or their relatives, reported by healthcare professionals, was compared between the intervention group and the control group. RESULTS A total of 50 429 ED visits were performed in the mediator intervention group and 50 851 in the control group. The mediators reported 1365 interventions; >50% of the interventions were to answer questions about clinical management or waiting time. In the intervention group, 173 acts of violence were committed during 129 ED visits, and there were 145 acts of violence committed during 106 ED visits in the control group. The rate of ED visits in which at least one act of violence was committed, was 0.26% in the intervention group and 0.21% in the control group (OR = 1.23; 95% CI [0.73-2.09]); on a 4-level seriousness scale, 41.6% of the acts of violence were rated level-1 (acts of incivility or rudeness) in the intervention group and 40.0% in the control group. CONCLUSION The presence of mediators in the ED was not associated with a reduction in violent or uncivil behaviours committed by patients or their relatives. However, the study highlighted that patients had a major need for information regarding their care; improving communication between patients and healthcare professionals might reduce the violence in EDs. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03139110).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Touzet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | | | | | - Pauline Occelli
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | - Laurent Jacquin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'Accueil des Urgences
| | - Véronique Potinet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d'Accueil des Urgences
| | - Alain Sigal
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Lyon, France
| | | | - Florence Fayard-Gonon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Lyon, France
| | - Karim Tazarourte
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'Accueil des Urgences
| | - Marion Douplat
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d'Accueil des Urgences
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Ward-Stockham K, Daniel C, Bujalka H, Jarden RJ, Yap CYL, Cochrane L, Gerdtz MF. Implementation and use of the Safewards model in healthcare services: A scoping review. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38706140 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Safewards is a multi-intervention mental health nursing model of practice improvement aimed at preventing and reducing conflict and containment. The use of Safewards has now extended beyond mental health settings. Implementation of Safewards has been reported to be challenging and therefore requires an evidence-informed and structured approach. This review's objectives were to: (i) Comprehensively map approaches used to implement Safewards interventions; (ii) Characterise the outcomes measured in Safewards implementation studies; and (iii) Identify the facilitators and barriers to Safewards training and its implementation in practice. All quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods publications of Safewards, the interventions, evaluations, barriers and facilitators from all healthcare services internationally were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews were used to guide methodology. Data were reported according to the 12 items of the TIDieR. Twenty-seven publications reported the implementation of Safewards. Descriptions were limited for reporting items such as intervention descriptions, materials, resources, specific procedures and processes, modifications made to interventions and delivery of interventions and training. No consistent theoretical implementation framework was reported. Collaboration, leadership, feedback and co-design were strong drivers for staff buy-in, engagement and success for implementation in mental health and acute settings. Transparency, replicability and generalisation require a detailed description of all elements of an intervention being implemented. Without adequate information, only assumptions can be drawn about the clinical governance and process of the implementation and training, and it is difficult to conclude when attempting to replicate the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Ward-Stockham
- Department of Nursing, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
- Eastern Health Institute, Box Hill, Australia
| | - Catherine Daniel
- Department of Nursing, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Helena Bujalka
- Department of Nursing, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Jarden
- Department of Nursing, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
- Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Celene Y L Yap
- Department of Nursing, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lindy Cochrane
- Department of Nursing, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Marie Frances Gerdtz
- Department of Nursing, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
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Magnavita N, Larese Filon F, Giorgi G, Meraglia I, Chirico F. Assessing Workplace Violence: Methodological Considerations. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2024; 115:e2024003. [PMID: 38411977 PMCID: PMC10915676 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v115i1.15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The risk of violence is present in all workplaces. It must be accurately assessed to establish prevention and protection measures tailored to the features of each situation. The risk management process requires compliance in a sequential order: 1) risk identification, 2) quantitative risk assessment, and 3) impact assessment. Gathering workers' experiences using lists, focus groups, or participatory ergonomics groups is necessary to identify the phenomenon. For risk assessment, spontaneous reporting of events is often insufficient. It may be complemented with two methods: systematic recording of violent events that occurred in the past year during periodic medical examinations of workers and targeted surveys. The epidemiological analysis of data from individual interviews and surveys provides the phenomenon's prevalence, incidence, and evolution. Moreover, reporting the harm suffered by victims of violence allows constructing impact matrices to allocate resources where they are most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Magnavita
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Univeristà Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Department of Woman, Child and Public Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Giorgi
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Igor Meraglia
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Univeristà Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Chirico
- Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, Milan, Italy
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Hou Y, Corbally M, Timmins F. Violence against nurses by patients and visitors in the emergency department: An integrative review. J Adv Nurs 2024; 80:430-445. [PMID: 37658637 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM This integrative review explored violence against emergency nurses by patients/visitors, examining its nature, contributing factors and consequences. DESIGN Integrative review. DATA SOURCES Articles were obtained from PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases, up until December 2021. REVIEW METHODS 26 articles were reviewed, evaluating study quality with the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool and synthesizing conclusions through theme development and coding. RESULTS This review delves into the issue of violence perpetrated against emergency nurses by patients and visitors. It elucidates three overarching themes: the nature of violence, the contributing factors and the consequences of such acts. CONCLUSION The findings inform healthcare policy for the development of prevention approaches while identifying research gaps and emphasizing the need for alternative study designs and methodologies. IMPACT This review has implications for nursing practice, policymaking and research, emphasizing the need for stakeholder engagement and tailored interventions for at-risk emergency nurses. NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This project was an integrative review of the literature therefore no patient or public contribution was necessary. WHAT ALREADY IS KNOWN Violence by patients and visitors in healthcare settings, especially in emergency departments, has garnered considerable attention. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS This review specifically examines violence-targeting emergency department nurses from patients and visitors, assessing its characteristics, contributing factors and consequences. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE/POLICY The findings will guide stakeholder engagement in developing interventions to support vulnerable emergency nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Hou
- Emergency Department, ShanXi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, ShanXi, China
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melissa Corbally
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Timmins
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Thomas B, Jacob A, McCann D, Buykx P, Schultz R, Kinsman L, O’Meara P, Edvardsson K, Spelten E. Analysis of Violent Incidents at Five Regional and Remote Australian Emergency Departments: A Retrospective Descriptive Study. SAGE Open Nurs 2024; 10:23779608241261597. [PMID: 39049851 PMCID: PMC11268014 DOI: 10.1177/23779608241261597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Workplace violence is endemic, destructive, and escalating in frequency and severity in healthcare. There is a paucity of research on workplace violence in regional and remote hospital emergency departments (EDs). Objective The aim of this study was to identify the perpetrator and situational characteristics associated with violent incidents in the ED across five regional and remote Australian sites. Method This study audited hospital summary data, incident reports, and medical records for a 12-month period in 2018 to examine the perpetrator and situational characteristics of workplace violence incidents in five regional and remote Australian EDs. Results Violent incidents were evenly spread throughout the week and across shifts. Most incidents were triaged as urgent, occurred within the first 4 hr, and had multidisciplinary involvement. Almost one in every six incidents resulted in an injury. Perpetrators of violence were predominantly young and middle-aged males and almost always patients, with most presenting with mental and behavioral disorders, or psychoactive substance use. Conclusions Understanding the characteristics of perpetrators of violence can help in seeking to tailor interventions to reduce further violent behaviors. These findings carry implications for optimizing patient care, staff safety and resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Thomas
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Mildura, Australia
| | - Alycia Jacob
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Mildura, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Damhnat McCann
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Penny Buykx
- School of Humanities, Creative Industries and Social Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | | | - Leigh Kinsman
- Mid North Coast Local Health District, Port Macquarie, Australia
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre for Rural Health Research, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Peter O’Meara
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | | | - Evelien Spelten
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Mildura, Australia
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Joyce A, Pellatt R, Ranse J, Doumany A, Hall E, Sweeny A, Keijzers G. Occupational violence in a tertiary emergency department: A retrospective descriptive study. Australas Emerg Care 2023; 26:346-351. [PMID: 37331906 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occupational violence in emergency departments (EDs) impacts staff and patients. Most hospitals have a response mechanism called a 'Code Black' or similar. We aimed to determine the incidence of Code Black activations in a tertiary ED and describe contributory factors, management strategies and adverse events. METHODS Descriptive study in a tertiary ED in South-East Queensland in 2021. Adult patients for who a Code Black had been activated were eligible. Data were obtained from a prospectively collected Code Black database, supplemented with retrospective electronic medical records. RESULTS There were 386 Code Black events. The incidence of Code Black activation was 11.0 per 1000 adult ED presentations. Individuals requiring Code Black activation were 59.6 % male with a mean age of 40.9 years. The primary diagnosis was mental illness related in 55.1 %. Alcohol was a suspected factor in 30.9 %. When Code Black activation occurred, median length of stay increased. Restraint including physical, chemical or both were used in 54.1 % of Code Blacks. CONCLUSION Occupational violence occurs at a three-fold greater incidence within this ED than reported elsewhere. This study reinforces other literature suggesting an increase in occupational violence, demonstrating the need for dedicated preventative strategies for patients at risk of agitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Joyce
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Richard Pellatt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; LifeFlight Retrieval Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie Ranse
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Doumany
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Sweeny
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerben Keijzers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Al-Natour A, Abuziad L, Hweidi LI. Nurses' experiences of workplace violence in the emergency department. Int Nurs Rev 2023; 70:485-493. [PMID: 35751909 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
THE AIM To describe nurses' perceptions about predisposing factors, nurses' roles and effective strategies to combat workplace violence (WPV) in the emergency department (ED). BACKGROUND Various forms of WPV against nurses is highly prevelent in EDs in Jordan and elsewhere. There is a dearth of information about predisposing factors for WPV and what strategies nurses use to counter this. METHOD A qualitative descriptive design was used to describe nurses' perceptions about their roles and effective strategies regarding WPV. A purposive sample of 24 nurses (12 male and 12 female) who were working in the ED at two Jordanian hospitals participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for each participant. The data were analysed using Colaizzi's narrative analysis steps and the Lincoln and Guba's framework to ensure credibility and trustworthiness. RESULTS Three major themes emerged from the analysis of the data: (1) predisposing factors for WPV in ED, (2) the roles adopted by nurses in WPV incidents and (3) beneficial strategies to counter WPV. CONCLUSION Participant nurses provided insights into the predisposing factors of WPV in Jordanian EDs. A range of strategies and roles used by nurses to counter WPV in health institutions and community contexts were identified. However, the effective strategies used by nurses confronted by WPV did not emerge from having been trained or educated for such crises and therefore WPV remains underestimated and underreported. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING POLICYMAKERS Violence of all types is a crime and laws need to be not only strong but also appropriately enforced. Employers have a legal responsibility to provide a safe workplace for staff. Their organizational policies about workplace safety must reflect national laws as well as the human rights of people who come to work in their organizations. Workplace policies need to emphasise safety measures, professional training and education for assuring a safe hospital environment. It is crucial to conduct culturally competent programmes for preventing and countering WPV, taking into consideration the nurses' Jordanian cultural backgrounds and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Al-Natour
- Associate Professor at Community and Mental Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lubna Abuziad
- Jordan University of Science and Technology/Community and Mental Health Nursing, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lama Issa Hweidi
- Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
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Ose SO, Lohmann-Lafrenz S, Kaspersen SL, Berthelsen H, Marchand GH. Registered nurses' exposure to workplace aggression in Norway: 12-month prevalence rates, perpetrators, and current turnover intention. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1272. [PMID: 37974173 PMCID: PMC10655393 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying occupational health hazards among Registered Nurses (RNs) and other health personnel and implementing effective preventive measures are crucial to the long-term sustainability of health services. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the 12-month prevalence rates of exposure to workplace aggression, including physical violence, threats of violence, sexual harassment, and bullying; (2) to identify whether the perpetrators were colleagues, managers, subordinates, or patients and their relatives; (3) to determine whether previous exposure to these hazards was associated with RNs' current turnover intention; and (4) to frame workplace aggression from an occupational health and safety perspective. METHODS The third version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) was used to assess RNs' exposure to workplace aggression and turnover intention. A national sample of 8,800 RNs in Norway, representative of the entire population of registered nurses in terms of gender and geography, was analysed. Binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted, and odds for exposure and intention to leave are presented, with and without controls for RNs' gender, age, and the type of health service they work in. RESULTS The 12-month prevalence rates for exposure were 17.0% for physical violence, 32.5% for threats of violence, 12.6% for sexual harassment, and 10.5% for bullying. In total, 42.6% of the RNs had experienced at least one of these types of exposure during the past 12 months, and exposure to more than one of these hazards was common. Most perpetrators who committed physical acts and sexual harassment were patients, while bullying was usually committed by colleagues. There was a strong statistical association between exposure to all types of workplace aggression and RNs' intention to leave. The strongest association was for bullying, which greatly increased the odds of looking for work elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to prevent exposure to workplace aggression should be emphasised to retain health personnel and to secure the supply of skilled healthcare workers. The results indicate a need for improvements. To ensure the sustainability of health services, labour and health authorities should join forces to develop effective workplace measures to strengthen prevention, mitigation, and preparedness regarding incidents of workplace aggression in health services and the response and recovery regarding incidents that could not be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanne Berthelsen
- Centre for WorkLife and Evaluation Studies, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Lim ZY, Idris DR, Abdullah HMAL, Omar HR. Violence toward staff in the inpatient psychiatric setting: Nurses' perspectives: A qualitative study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2023; 46:83-90. [PMID: 37813510 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace violence is a universal phenomenon faced by employees in all industries but more so by employees working in sectors that require interpersonal contact, especially with individuals who may be violent, distressed, or vulnerable. Globally, healthcare professionals working in the emergency and psychiatric sectors are at the highest risk of workplace violence. In fact, healthcare professionals in the psychiatric setting have a higher risk rate of facing workplace violence opposed to other healthcare settings. Workplace violence can lead to adverse physical and psychological outcomes and impact the quality of care provided to patients. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore nurses' experiences with workplace violence and the impact of violence on nurses. Whereas the objectives of this study are to explore and analyze mental health nurses' experiences with workplace violence in Brunei Darussalam, identify and explore the impact of violence on mental health nurses, and discuss nurses' coping mechanisms following a workplace violence experience. DESIGN Qualitative explorative study. SETTING(S) Mental Health Unit Kiarong of Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Brunei Darussalam. PARTICIPANTS Nurses (n = 12). METHODS Data was collected by conducting individual via online platforms. The interviews were carried out in English and/or Malay, the verbatim transcripts produced were transcribed in their source languages and only relevant excerpts were translated into English for the write-up. The data were analyzed utilizing thematic analysis by the researcher independently. RESULTS This study identified three themes: Violence as a norm in the psychiatric setting, perceived impact of workplace violence, and "Talk, Report and Accept" as Coping mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it is apparent that globally workplace violence is normalized in the nursing industry, especially in the psychiatric setting. Workplace violence yields a plethora of negative long-term and short-term impacts on nurses. Despite this, workplace violence often goes unreported for numerous reasons but mainly due to the lack of changes after reporting. Nurses should be encouraged to report all instances of workplace violence by demonstrating effective changes and providing hazard pay. The management should actively attempt to reduce the risk of workplace violence by preemptively equipping nurses with the necessary training including identification of potential risks of workplace violence, effective de-escalation methods, and proper control and restraint methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ying Lim
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Deeni Rudita Idris
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Hjh Radiah Omar
- Head of Nursing Administration, Psychiatric Services, Ministry of Heath, Brunei Darussalam
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Mohd Hatta FH, Samsudin EZ, Aimran N, Ismail Z. Development and Validation of Questionnaires to Assess Workplace Violence Risk Factors (QAWRF): A Tripartite Perspective of Worksite-Specific Determinants in Healthcare Settings. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:1229-1240. [PMID: 37431510 PMCID: PMC10329825 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s411335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Workplace violence (WPV) incidences are prevalent in healthcare, and existing WPV interventions have only moderate evidence for effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to assess worksite-specific WPV risk factors in healthcare settings based on a tripartite perspective of key stakeholders to facilitate improved interventions. Methods Three questionnaires were developed to get the responses from healthcare administrators, workers, and clients, representing the three components of Questionnaires to Assess Workplace Violence Risk Factors (QAWRF). The domains of the questionnaires were developed based on The Chappell and Di Martino's Interactive Model of Workplace Violence, and the items were generated from 28 studies identified from a systematic review of the literature. Six experts, 36 raters, and 90 respondents were recruited to assess the content validity, face validity, and usability and reliability of the QAWRF respectively. Item and Scale Level Content Validity Index, Item and Scale Level Face Validity Index, and Cronbach's alpha values were determined for QAWRF-administrator, QAWRF-worker, and QAWRF-client. Results The psychometric indices for QAWRF are satisfactory. Conclusion QAWRF holds good content validity, face validity, and reliability, and findings from QAWRF can contribute towards worksite-specific interventions that are expected to be resource efficient and more effective than general WPV interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Haris Mohd Hatta
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ely Zarina Samsudin
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazim Aimran
- College of Computing, Informatics, and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zaliha Ismail
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Yosep I, Mardhiyah A, Hendrawati H, Hendrawati S. Interventions for Reducing Negative Impacts of Workplace Violence Among Health Workers: A Scoping Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:1409-1421. [PMID: 37251104 PMCID: PMC10216865 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s412754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Workplace violence on health workers in the workplace causes physical and psychological problems. Negative impacts on victims of workplace violence such as physical problems, anxiety, depression, stress, and risk of death or risk of suicide. This problem needs to be addressed immediately so as not to impact post-traumatic stress disorder and reduce the work performance of health workers. The purpose of this study is to explore interventions to reduce the negative impact of workplace violence on health workers. This study used scoping review design with a descriptive approach to data analysis. The CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus databases were used in this investigation. This study used PCC's framework (Population, Content, Context). The keywords are workplace violence, healthcare personnel, interventions, and programs were used by the authors. Search strategy used PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. The sample are health workers, original research used a randomized control trial or quasi-experiment design, and the publication time had to be within the previous ten years (2014-2023). The JBI assessment was used to assess the quality of the article. We found 11 articles who discuss about interventions to reduce negative effects of workplace violence among health workers. This study shows that there is a decrease in psychological problems in victims of workplace violence such as anxiety, depression, and incidents of workplace violence. The range of sample in this study are 30-440 respondents. The authors discovered three different types of interventions: training programs, cognitive behavior therapy, and workplace violence programs. Interventions must focus on both the physical and psychological needs of the victims of workplace violence, psychiatric nurses and psychologists carried out interventions in a thorough manner. Interventions carried out by psychiatric nurses and psychologists can reduce the negative impact of workplace violence on health workers such as anxiety, depression and other psychological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyus Yosep
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Ai Mardhiyah
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Hendrawati Hendrawati
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Sri Hendrawati
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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14
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Chazel M, Alonso S, Price J, Kabani S, Demattei C, Fabbro-Peray P. Violence against nurses in the emergency department: an observational study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067354. [PMID: 37015789 PMCID: PMC10083775 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the number and risk factors of violent events encountered in the emergency department. An observation grid was developed following interviews with emergency department staff to target the most pertinent information to collect in a prospective study design. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Emergency department of a tertiary hospital in France. OUTCOME MEASURES Number of violent events occurring during a single shift, recorded over 6 months by two observers. Information collected included time and date of incident; number of male/female staff; number of patients and accompaniers present in the service and the waiting room and length of staff debriefing. Perpetrator, victim and patient information were collected. Victims were followed-up 72 hours later. RESULTS Eighty-two periods were observed between November 2015 and April 2016 recording 35 violent incidents affecting 37 perpetrators and 48 victims, equally distributed over the days of the week and months of the year. The median interval until violence was 0 [0-96] min from entry. Eight (23%) events were officially reported, with two (6%) resulting in charges being pressed. No risk factors were significantly associated with violent incidents in multivariate analysis, although there was a tendency towards significance for fewer senior female doctors present (p=0.0787) and a resulting longer debriefing session (p=0.0712). CONCLUSIONS We confirm the high rate of violence in the emergency department and poor level of official reporting. Strategies should be implemented to anticipate and reduce incidence and encourage reporting by affected staff. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02116439.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Chazel
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nimes, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
| | - Sandrine Alonso
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nimes, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
| | - Jane Price
- Nursing Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nimes, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
| | - Sarah Kabani
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Christophe Demattei
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nimes, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
| | - Pascale Fabbro-Peray
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nimes, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
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15
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Lee H, Yun H, Choi M, Kim H. Predicting Workplace Violence in the Emergency Department Based on Electronic Health Record Data. J Emerg Nurs 2023; 49:415-424. [PMID: 36925384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emergency departments are extremely vulnerable to workplace violence, and emergency nurses are frequently exposed to workplace violence. We developed workplace violence prediction models using machine learning methods based on data from electronic health records. METHODS This study was conducted using electronic health record data collected between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2021. Workplace violence cases were identified based on violence-related mentions in nursing records. Workplace violence was predicted using various factors related to emergency department visit and stay. RESULTS The dataset included 1215 workplace violence cases and 6044 nonviolence cases. Random Forest showed the best performance among the algorithms adopted in this study. Workplace violence was predicted with higher accuracy when both ED visit and ED stay factors were used as predictors (0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.898-0.912) than when only ED visit factors were used. When both ED visit and ED stay factors were included for prediction, the strongest predictor of risk of WPV was patient dissatisfaction, followed by high average daily length of stay, high daily number of patients, and symptoms of psychiatric disorders. DISCUSSION This study showed that workplace violence could be predicted with previous data regarding ED visits and stays documented in electronic health records. Timely prediction and mitigation of workplace violence could improve the safety of emergency nurses and the quality of nursing care. To prevent workplace violence, emergency nurses must recognize and continuously observe the risk factors for workplace violence from admission to discharge.
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Reducing Violence in Riyadh’s Emergency Departments: The Critical Role of Healthcare Providers. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060823. [PMID: 36981480 PMCID: PMC10048218 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergency department staff are at high risk of experiencing violence and aggression from patients and visitors, which can have negative impacts on healthcare providers in the ED. The aim of this study was to explore the role of healthcare providers in addressing local violence in Riyadh EDs and investigate their preparedness for managing violent incidents. We used a descriptive, correlational design with survey methodology to collect data from a convenience sample of nurses, ED technicians, physicians, and advanced practice providers in Riyadh city’s EDs. To examine the associations, we used an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for unadjusted relationships and an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for adjusted associations. Measures included a demographic survey, and clinicians responded to an online survey. A total of 206 ED staff participated in the questionnaire, and 59% reported experiencing physical violence during an ED shift, with 61% of incidents being caused by relatives. Additionally, 32% of the participants witnessed workplace violence. Our findings revealed that male healthcare workers, physicians, and those working in the governmental sector were at the highest risk of experiencing violence. We also found a statistically significant association between the rate of patients seen in the ED and the frequency of assault (physical or verbal) in the ED. Our results suggest that the rate of workplace violence in Riyadh EDs is high, and more efforts are needed to protect the health and well-being of healthcare providers. Senior management should take a position against ED domestic violence and reinforce managerial and healthcare provider resources by adopting policies and procedures that protect healthcare workers’ safety. This study provides valuable insights into the nature and prevalence of violence in Riyadh EDs and highlights the critical role of healthcare providers in reducing violence in EDs.
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17
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Yin M, Zhang W, Evans R, Zhu C, Wang L, Song J. Violence on the front line: a qualitative comparative analysis of the causes of patient violence towards medical staff in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37359625 PMCID: PMC9979127 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, reduced funding and a shortage of healthcare workers has led to growing international concern about patient violence towards medical staff in medical settings. As the number of reported physical and verbal assaults increases, many medical staff are considering leaving their positions due to the resulting impact on their mental and physical wellbeing, creating a critical need to understand the causes for violence towards medical staff working on the front line. This study aims to examine the causes for patient violence towards medical staff in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. A case library was created containing twenty reported incidents of patient violence towards medical staff during the pandemic in China. Based on the Triadic Reciprocal Determinism (TRD) theory, we identify the personal, environmental, and behavioral factors, that cause incidents of violence towards medical staff. The outcome was set as 'Medical Staff Casualties', referring to whether, due to the violence experienced, the medical staff member was injured or died, or only experienced threatening or insulting behavior. Data was analyzed using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to clarify the relationship between the different conditions and their relationship with the outcome. The study's results reveal that Relationship Closeness is a necessary condition for patient violence in the presence of outcome. Secondly, four distinct types of causes for patient violence towards medical staff were identified: Strong Relationship Oriented Violence, Healthcare Resources and Services Mismatched Violence, Violence caused by Ineffective Patient-Physician Communication, and Ineffective Communication Superimposed Low Patient Compliance Violence. Scientific guidance is provided for the creation of measures to prevent future violence towards medical staff from occurring. Strict precautions should be taken for preventing violence to protect a healthy society and harmonious medical environment, emphasizing the need for joint governance of multiple participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yin
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, China
| | - Richard Evans
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, 6050 University Avenue, PO BOX 15000, B3H 4R2 Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Chengyan Zhu
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, 299# Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province China
| | - Longwen Wang
- School of International Studies, Sichuan University, 24# South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Jun Song
- Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 24 # Changzheng Road, Xiangyang, Hubei China
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18
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Cabilan CJ, Eley R, Snoswell C, Jones AT, Johnston ANB. Inter-rater reliability of the occupational violence risk assessment tool for emergency departments. Australas Emerg Care 2023; 26:54-58. [PMID: 35906121 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three-item occupational violence (OV) risk assessment tool was developed and validated for use in emergency departments (EDs). It prompts review of each patient's aggression history, behaviours, and clinical presentation. However, confidence around representativeness and generalisability are needed before widescale adoption; hence we measured the inter-rater reliability of the tool among a large group of emergency nurses. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between Sep 2021 and Jan 2022. Nurses were directed to a website that hosted an e-learning module about the tool. They were asked to apply the tool to two video scenarios of typical patient presentations. Demographic data, including years of emergency experience, were collected to contextualise their responses. Gwet's Agreement Coefficients (AC1) were calculated to determine inter-rater reliability. RESULTS There were 135 participants: typically female, under the age of 40 years, with more than 3 years of emergency nursing experience. Overall, there was excellent inter-rater agreement (AC1 =0.752, p = 0.001). This was consistent when years of ED experience was stratified: 0-2 years, AC1 = 0.764, p = 0.002; 3-5 years, AC1 = 0.826, p = 0.001; 6-10 years, AC1 = 0.751, p < 0.001; 11-15 years, AC1 = 0.659, p = 0.004; ≥ 16 years, AC1 = 0.799, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION The three-item OV risk assessment tool has excellent inter-rater reliability across a large sample of emergency nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cabilan
- Emergency Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Robert Eley
- Emergency Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Centaine Snoswell
- Centre for Online Health, Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew T Jones
- QCIF Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy N B Johnston
- Emergency Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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19
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Kiymaz D, Koç Z. Workplace violence, occupational commitment and intention among emergency room nurses: A mixed-methods study. J Clin Nurs 2023; 32:764-779. [PMID: 35429057 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the correlations between the violence experienced by emergency nurses in the work environment, their occupational commitment and their intention to resign. BACKGROUND The emergency service, when compared with other hospital departments, is the unit where violence against healthcare workers is most common. DESIGN A multi-method design was used. METHODS The research was carried out between 15 January 2020 and 15 May 2021. The sample of the study consisted of 202 emergency service nurses. The first stage of the research was reserved for the validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Perceptions of the Prevalence of Aggression Scale (POPAS). Quantitative data were collected using the POPAS, the Three-Component Model of Commitment Scale. A qualitative method was used to determine in-depth the causes and effects of the violence the nurses were exposed to and what they thought and felt about the factors affecting their commitment to the occupation and their intention to resign. The Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) were used for this paper. RESULTS The fit index values of the POPAS, which were confirmed with 15 items and four subdimensions, were determined to be acceptable and highly reliable. It was determined that 96.5% of the nurses were exposed to verbal violence. Qualitative interviews with nurses revealed that the violence they were subjected to in the working environment affected the nurses physically, psychologically, socially and caused them to consider leaving their jobs. CONCLUSIONS The increasing incidence of exposure to violent behaviours and verbal violence was found to decrease nurses' emotional commitment to their occupation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses' working conditions and work environments should be improved and their workload should be reduced in order to maximise their level of occupational commitment and prevent them from thinking about resigning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Kiymaz
- Sağlık Bilimleri University Samsun Education and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Koç
- Health Science Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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20
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Al-Qadi MM, Maruca AT, Beck CT, Walsh SJ. Exploring Jordanian emergency registered nurses’ experiences of workplace violence: A phenomenological study. Int Emerg Nurs 2022; 65:101218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2022.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Grant SL, Hartanto S, Sivasubramaniam D, Heritage K. Occupational violence and aggression in urgent and critical care in rural health service settings: A systematic review of mixed studies. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e3696-e3715. [PMID: 36165419 PMCID: PMC10086783 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rural/remote health services are vulnerable to occupational violence and aggression due to factors such as weapon accessibility, poor network coverage and distance to backup. This systematic review investigated (1) the nature of occupational violence and aggression perpetrated in rural/remote health service urgent care settings and (2) the availability and effectiveness of policies/interventions/recommendations that address occupational violence and aggression in this context. We searched Business Source Complete, CINAHL Complete, Health & Society, APAIS Health, Health Collection, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SocIndex and Web of Science. Included articles (peer-reviewed, no grey literature and English language) addressed occupational violence and aggression in rural health service urgent care settings. Fifteen articles matched these criteria (total [rural/remote only, where specified] N ~ 2555) and were included in the final analysis. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was applied to assess the risk of bias. A data extraction table and narrative synthesis are presented. The most common occupational violence and aggression type was verbal aggression. The primary perpetrator was patients. Risk factors reflected practitioner age, remoteness, sector, staffing, shift type and area of practice. Precipitating factors were alcohol/drugs, dissatisfaction and mental health conditions. Policy content and limitations and education/training programme effectiveness were not addressed. Community collaboration supported occupational violence and aggression prevention/management. Organisational culture should promote reporting, debriefing and post-incident care for staff well-being. Work environment and job/task design are priorities for safety, but with possible limitations for traumatised clients. Occupational violence and aggression policies/interventions in rural health settings must be systematically evaluated to inform best practices. Co-funded by Swinburne Social Innovation Research Institute Interdisciplinary Seed Funding Scheme and SMART Rural Health Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L. Grant
- Department of Psychological SciencesSwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Diane Sivasubramaniam
- Department of Psychological SciencesSwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kaye Heritage
- Institute of Health and WellbeingFederation University AustraliaBallaratVictoriaAustralia
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22
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Nurse, Provider, and Emergency Department Technician: Perceptions and Experiences of Violence and Aggression in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Nurs 2022; 49:431-440. [PMID: 36180265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patient/visitor violence and aggression (V&A) in the emergency department occurs daily. Few interventions exist to decrease V&A. Research describing prevalence, severity, and perceived safety among ED clinicians is limited. METHODS A descriptive survey explored V&A against ED clinicians in one urban emergency department. A sample of nurses, ED technicians, physicians and advanced practice providers participated. Participants completed a demographic survey, Personal Workplace Safety Instrument for Emergency Nurses (PWSI-EN), and ENA V&A frequency checklist. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for unadjusted and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) for adjusted associations were used to assess differences in the PWSI-EN survey composite score and "feeling safe in the ED" among ED roles. ANCOVA was adjusted for potential confounders: sex, race, years working in emergency department, and shift worked. RESULTS Sixty-five (46.4%) of the 140 ED clinicians returned surveys, which were almost evenly distributed between ED clinician roles and sex. Mean age was 37.2 (range: 21-64) years. All (100%) nurses and providers reported being verbally abused. More nurses reported physical violence (n = 21, 87.5%) than providers (n = 7, 36.8%) and ED technicians (n = 11, 55%). Nurses and ED technicians reported experiencing greater prevalence of physical violence than providers (p < .05). Nurses (mean 3.29, range 2.95 to 3.63) were more fearful for their personal safety than ED technicians (mean 3.88, range 3.48 to 4.28) (p < .03). DISCUSSION V&A are common creating a fearful environment. However, little research regarding clinician perceptions exists. Our study aids in identifying areas for clinician-targeted strategies to prevent ED V&A.
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Pagnucci N, Ottonello G, Capponi D, Catania G, Zanini M, Aleo G, Timmins F, Sasso L, Bagnasco A. Predictors of events of violence or aggression against nurses in the workplace: A scoping review. J Nurs Manag 2022; 30:1724-1749. [PMID: 35420236 PMCID: PMC9796891 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify predictors and consequences of violence or aggression events against nurses and nursing students in different work contexts. BACKGROUND Workplace violence against nurses and nursing students is a very common and widespread phenomenon. Actions to manage or prevent violent events could be implemented knowing the risk factors and consequences. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews that summarize knowledge on the predictors and consequences of workplace violence. EVALUATION A scoping review was conducted using electronic databases including APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane, Ovid Medline, PubMed and Scopus. KEY ISSUES After full text analysis, 87 papers were included in the current scoping review. Risk factors of horizontal violence were grouped into 'personal' and 'Environmental and organizational', and for violence perpetrated by patients into 'personal', 'Environmental and organizational' and 'Characteristics of the perpetrators'. CONCLUSIONS The results of this scoping review uncover problems that often remain unaddressed, especially where these episodes are very frequent. Workplace violence prevention and management programmes are essential to counter it. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT The predictors and the consequents identified constitute the body of knowledge necessary for nurse managers to develop and implement policy and system actions to effectively manage or prevent violent events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Milko Zanini
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of GenoaGenoa
| | - Giuseppe Aleo
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of GenoaGenoa
| | - Fiona Timmins
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health SystemsUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Loredana Sasso
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health SystemsUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
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24
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Hou Y, Corbally M, Timmins F. Violence against nurses by patients and visitors in the emergency department: A concept analysis. J Nurs Manag 2022; 30:1688-1699. [PMID: 35700325 PMCID: PMC9795924 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This analysis investigates the concept of violence against nurses by patients and visitors in the emergency department. It aims to differentiate, clarify, and clearly identify this specific concept, which will facilitate more apt measurement and reporting, ultimately to contribute violence reduction measures. BACKGROUND Due to contextual factors, occupational risk and patient characteristics, violence against nurses by patients and visitors in the emergency department varies from other types of violence against other health care staff. METHODS This study employed Walker and Avant's concept analysis technique. RESULTS The analysis found that violence against nurses by patients and visitors in the emergency department is primarily an occurrence of interpersonal violence based on the working relationship, whereby the patient and/or visitor becomes an assailant, and a nurse becomes a target in the absence of capable guardianship. There is also an intentional use of physical force or power, which results in or has a high chance of causing harm. CONCLUSION A clearer understanding of the antecedents, attributes, and consequences of violence against nurses by patients and visitors arising from this concept analysis provides a framework that will assist in the understanding, measurement, reporting, and prevention of violence and inform future research. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Nursing managers are encouraged to adopt strategies that act on the factors related to attributes and antecedents that will serve to reduce the occurrence of intentional violent acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Hou
- Emergency DepartmentShanXi Provincial People's HospitalTaiyuanShanXiChina
| | - Melissa Corbally
- School of Nursing and MidwiferyTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Fiona Timmins
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health SystemsUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
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Spelten E, van Vuuren J, O'Meara P, Thomas B, Grenier M, Ferron R, Helmer J, Agarwal G. Workplace violence against emergency health care workers: What Strategies do Workers use? BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:78. [PMID: 35524175 PMCID: PMC9074314 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Workplace violence by patients and bystanders against health care workers, is a major problem, for workers, organizations, patients, and society. It is estimated to affect up to 95% of health care workers. Emergency health care workers experience very high levels of workplace violence, with one study finding that paramedics had nearly triple the odds of experiencing physical and verbal violence. Many interventions have been developed, ranging from zero-tolerance approaches to engaging with the violent perpetrator. Unfortunately, as a recent Cochrane review showed, there is no evidence that any of these interventions work in reducing or minimizing violence. To design better interventions to prevent and minimize workplace violence, more information is needed on those strategies emergency health care workers currently use to prevent or minimize violence. The objective of the study was to identify and discuss strategies used by prehospital emergency health care workers, in response to violence and aggression from patients and bystanders. Mapping the strategies used and their perceived usefulness will inform the development of tailored interventions to reduce the risk of serious harm to health care workers. In this study the following research questions were addressed: (1) What strategies do prehospital emergency health care workers utilize against workplace violence from patients or bystanders? (2) What is their experience with these strategies? Methods Five focus groups with paramedics and dispatchers were held at different urban and rural locations in Canada. The focus group responses were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results It became apparent that emergency healthcare workers use a variety of strategies when dealing with violent patients or bystanders. Most strategies, other than generic de-escalation techniques, reflect a reliance on the systems the workers work with and within. Conclusion The study results support the move away from focusing on the individual worker, who is the victim, to a systems-based approach to help reduce and minimize violence against health care workers. For this to be effective, system-based strategies need to be implemented and supported in healthcare organizations and legitimized through professional bodies, unions, public policies, and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Spelten
- Violet Vines Marshman Research Centre, Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Julia van Vuuren
- Violet Vines Marshman Research Centre, Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter O'Meara
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brodie Thomas
- Violet Vines Marshman Research Centre, Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Richard Ferron
- Niagara Emergency Medical Services, Niagara Region, Niagara, Canada
| | - Jennie Helmer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Emergency Health Services, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gina Agarwal
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Thomas B, O'Meara P, Edvardsson K, McCann D, Spelten E. Perpetrator and situational characteristics associated with security alerts in regional Australian emergency departments. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:48. [PMID: 35331156 PMCID: PMC8943498 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Workplace violence is a regular feature of emergency departments (ED) and reported to be increasing in frequency and severity. There is a paucity of data from regional EDs in Australia. The aim of this study was to identify the perpetrator and situational characteristics associated with security alerts in regional emergency departments. Methods This retrospective descriptive study was conducted in two regional Australian hospital EDs. All incident reports, hospital summary spreadsheets, and patient medical records associated with a security alert over a two-year period (2017 - 2019) were included. The situational and perpetrator characteristics associated with security alerts in the ED were recorded. Results One hundred fifty-one incidents were reported in the two-year period. Incidents most frequently occurred on late shifts and in an ED cubicle. Most incidents included multiple disciplines such as ED staff and paramedics, police and psychiatric services. One hundred twenty-five incidents had sufficient information to categorise the perpetrators. Mental and behavioural disorders (MBD) were the most frequent perpetrator characteristic present in security alerts (n = 102, 81.6%) and were associated with increased severity of incidents. MBDs other than psychoactive substance use (PSU) were associated with 59.2% (n = 74) of incidents and 66.7% (n = 18) of injuries. PSU was associated with 42.4% (n = 53) of incidents. Following PSU and MBDs other than PSU, repeat perpetrators were the next most prominent perpetrator category (24.8% n = 31) and were almost always associated with an MBD (93.5% n = 29). Conclusions Violence incidents in the ED are often complex, patients present with multiple issues and are managed across disciplines. Interventions need to extend from one size fits all approaches to targeting specific perpetrator groups. Since MBDs are one of the most significant perpetrator factors, interventions focussing on this characteristic are needed to address workplace violence in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Thomas
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Mildura, Australia.
| | - Peter O'Meara
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Kristina Edvardsson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damhnat McCann
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Evelien Spelten
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Mildura, Australia
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Effects of Integrated Workplace Violence Management Intervention on Occupational Coping Self-Efficacy, Goal Commitment, Attitudes, and Confidence in Emergency Department Nurses: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052835. [PMID: 35270527 PMCID: PMC8910583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patient and visitor violence (PVV), the most prevalent source of workplace violence, is largely ignored, underreported, and a persistent problem in emergency departments. It is associated with physical injuries, psychological distress, and occupational stress in nurses. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Taiwan from January to December 2020. This study aimed to test the efficacy of an integrated Workplace Violence Prevention and Management Training Program on PVV in 75 emergency department (ED) nurses from a hospital. Cluster sampling was used because the policy of subdivision strategy was enforced during the COVID-19 pandemic. ED nurses received either the intervention or 1-hour in-service class. Data were collected from questionnaires. Data were analyzed mainly by the repeated measure analysis of variance and generalized estimating equations. The intervention had positive effects on developing stronger goal commitment, improving occupational coping self-efficacy, increasing confidence in ability to deal with violent situations, and modifying attitudes toward the causes and management of PVV in ED nurses (p < 0.05). The marginal R2 of the generalized estimating equation model for goal commitment, occupational coping self-efficacy, confidence, attitudes toward aggression in ED and aggressive behavior variables was high as 0.54 (p < 0.001), 0.45 (p < 0.001), 0.58 (p < 0.001), 0.29 (p < 0.05), and 0.72 (p < 0.001), respectively. These study models could effectively predict changes in the mean values. The benefit was driven by the effect of the intervention in ED nurses. Thus, the intervention, when applied in conjunction with routine in-service class, could exert synergistic improvements on outcomes measured in nurses.
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28
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Hsu MC, Chou MH, Ouyang WC. Dilemmas and Repercussions of Workplace Violence against Emergency Nurses: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052661. [PMID: 35270354 PMCID: PMC8909790 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nurses received the highest rate of workplace violence due to their close interaction with clients and the nature of their work. There have been relatively few qualitative studies focus on nurses' perceptions of and experiences with the antecedents, dilemma and repercussions of the patient and visitor violence (PVV), leaving a considerable evidence gap. The aim of this study was to explore nurses' experience of PVV in emergency department, the impact of PVV on quality of care, and supports needed after exposure to such incidents. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive and snowball sample of nurses, and analyzed the content of the interview transcripts. A total of 10 nurses were approached and agreed to participate. Those participants ranged in age from 24 to 41 years old, eight female and two male nurses, and the majority of them (80%) held a university Bachelor degree in nursing. The average time in nursing practice was 7.2 years. We conceptualized five analytical themes, which comprised: (1) multifaceted triggers and causes of PVV; (2) experiences following PVV; (3) tangled up in thoughts and struggle with the professional role; (4) self-reflexivity and adjustment; and, (5) needs of organizational efforts and support following PVV. This paper provides compelling reasons to look beyond solely evaluating the existence of workplace, and considering the perceived professional inefficacy, impacts of being threatened or assaulted in nurses. There are also urgent needs in provision of prevention and management of workplace training programs to ensure the high-quality nursing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan; (M.-C.H.); (M.-H.C.)
| | - Mei-Hsien Chou
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan; (M.-C.H.); (M.-H.C.)
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan City 71742, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung City 82144, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2795019
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Jacob A, Van Vuuren J, Kinsman L, Spelten E. Daily reality of violence in a rural emergency department: Is violence becoming the new normal? Emerg Med Australas 2022; 34:555-558. [PMID: 35212148 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Violence in emergency healthcare is a persistent and concerning problem. The objective of the present study was to explore and understand rural nurses' views on the daily experience and impact of violence, and its perpetrators. METHODS The present study took a descriptive exploratory approach. Two focus groups were held with nurses from an ED at a rural hospital in New South Wales, Australia. RESULTS Violence occurred regularly and had a significant impact on staff. Nurses go to work expecting to search patients for weapons and be physically and verbally abused. Tolerating and being able to manage violence has become a rite of passage. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that rural workers, like metropolitan workers, feel experiences of violence are a routine part of their roles. Violence in healthcare is a societal issue, that cannot be solved without a multifactor approach that considers the characteristics of the perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Jacob
- Murtupuni Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Van Vuuren
- Department of Public Health, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh Kinsman
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Mid North Coast Local Health District, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evelien Spelten
- Department of Public Health, Latrobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
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Cabilan CJ, McRae J, Learmont B, Taurima K, Galbraith S, Mason D, Eley R, Snoswell C, Johnston A. Validity and reliability of the novel three‐item occupational violence patient risk assessment tool. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78:1176-1185. [PMID: 35128709 PMCID: PMC9306479 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim To develop and psychometrically test an occupational violence (OV) risk assessment tool in the emergency department (ED). Design Three studies were conducted in phases: content validity, predictive validity and inter‐rater reliability from June 2019 to March 2021. Methods For content validity, ED end users (mainly nurses) were recruited to rate items that would appropriately assess for OV risk. Subsequently, a risk assessment tool was developed and tested for its predictive validity and inter‐rater reliability. For predictive validity, triage notes of ED presentations in a month with the highest OV were assessed for presence of OV risk. Each presentation was then matched with events recorded in the OV incident register. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated. For inter‐rater reliability, two assessors—trained and untrained—independently assessed the triage notes for presence of OV risk. Cohen's kappa was calculated. Results Two rounds of content validity with a total of N = 81 end users led to the development of a three‐domain tool that assesses for OV risk using aggression history, behavioural concerns (i.e., angry, clenched fist, demanding, threatening language or resisting care) and clinical presentation concerns (i.e., alcohol/drug intoxication and erratic cognition). Recommended risk ratings are low (score = 0 risk domain present), moderate (score = 1 risk domain present) and high (score = 2–3 risk domains present), with an area under the curve of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.7–0.81, p < .01). Moderate risk rating had a 61% sensitivity and 91% specificity, whereas high risk rating had 37% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Inter‐rater reliability ranged from 0.67 to 0.75 (p < .01), suggesting moderate agreement. Conclusions The novel three‐domain OV risk assessment tool was shown to be appropriate and relevant for application in EDs. The tool, developed through a rigorous content validity process, demonstrates acceptable predictive validity and inter‐rater reliability. Impact The developed tool is currently piloted in a single hospital ED, with a view to extend to inpatient settings and other hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Cabilan
- Emergency Department Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Joshua McRae
- Office of the Chief Clinical Information Officer Queensland Health Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Ben Learmont
- Emergency Department Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | - Karen Taurima
- Emergency Department Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | - Sue Galbraith
- Emergency Department Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | - Dale Mason
- Emergency Department Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | - Robert Eley
- Emergency Department Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Centaine Snoswell
- Centre for Online Health, Centre for Health Services Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Amy N. B. Johnston
- Emergency Department Princess Alexandra Hospital Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Professional Self-Concept, Job Stress, and Triage Competency Among Emergency Nurses: Secondary Data Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Survey. J Emerg Nurs 2022; 48:288-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shapiro D, Duquette CE, Zangerle C, Pearl A, Campbell T. The Seniority Swoop: Young Nurse Burnout, Violence, and Turnover Intention in an 11-Hospital Sample. Nurs Adm Q 2022; 46:60-71. [PMID: 34860802 DOI: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to understand whether nurses aged 20 to 29 years burnout and intend to turnover in higher proportions than more senior nurses, and if so, why. Guided by Maslow's hierarchy, we used brief inventories to assess hospital-based bedside nurses at 11 hospitals in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island (n = 3549/9520) prior to the pandemic. In a second study, we compared scheduling policies, bargaining, and Magnet status to see whether these variables predicted worsened burnout rates in young nurses. In a pattern that appears like a swooping line when graphed, nurses aged 20 to 29 years reported higher burnout and intention to leave than more senior nurses. They also reported being punched, bitten, spit on, kicked, or otherwise physically struck more often, worked more long shifts, worked more nights, and reported more dehydration and poorer sleep. Notably, age alone was not a strong predictor of turnover until burnout was added to the model, indicating that there is no inherent millennial trait resulting in higher turnover. Instead, preventing and addressing burnout is key to retention. When comparing hospital characteristics, only scheduling perks for senior nurses predicted the seniority swoop pattern. We offer 9 recommendations to reduce burnout and turnover in young nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shapiro
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Drs Shapiro and Pearl); Nursing Affairs Lifespan Health, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Duquette); and Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Drs Zangerle and Campbell)
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Kibunja BK, Musembi HM, Kimani RW, Gatimu SM. Prevalence and Effect of Workplace Violence against Emergency Nurses at a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study. Saf Health Work 2021; 12:249-254. [PMID: 34178404 PMCID: PMC8209348 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Workplace violence (WPV) is a major occupational and health hazard for nurses. It affects nurses' physical and psychological well-being and impacts health service delivery. We aimed to assess the prevalence and describe the consequences of WPV experienced by nurses working in an emergency department in Kenya. METHODS We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among emergency nurses at one of the largest tertiary hospitals in Kenya. We collected data using a structured questionnaire adapted from the 'WPV in the Health Sector, Country Case Studies Research Instruments' questionnaire. We described the prevalence and effects of WPV using frequencies and percentages. RESULTS Of the 82 participating nurses, 64.6% were female, 57.3% were married and 65.8% were college-educated (65.8%). Participants' mean age was 33.8 years (standard deviation: 6.8 years, range: 23-55). The overall lifetime prevalence of WPV was 81.7% (n = 67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.6%-88.8%) and the 1-year prevalence was 73.2% (n = 63, 95% CI: 66.3-84.8%). The main WPV included verbal abuse, physical violence, and sexual harassment. Most incidents were perpetrated by patients and their relatives. No action was taken in 50% of the incidents, but 57.1% of physical violence incidents were reported to the hospital security and 28.6% to supervisors. Perpetrators of physical violence were verbally warned (42.9%) and reported to the hospital security (28.6%). CONCLUSION Workplace violence is a significant problem affecting emergency nurses in Kenya. Hospitals should promote workplace safety with zero-tolerance to violence. Nurses should be sensitised on WPV to mitigate violence and supported when they experience WPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Kiunga Kibunja
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kenya
- Accident and Emergency Department, Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya
| | | | | | - Samwel Maina Gatimu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kenya
- School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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Brunero S, Lamont S, Dunn S, Varndell W, Dickens GL. Examining the utility of the Violence Prevention Climate scale: In a metropolitan Australian general hospital. J Clin Nurs 2021; 30:2399-2408. [PMID: 33872428 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate and examine the utility of the Violence Prevention Climate scale by generalist healthcare professionals. BACKGROUND Workplace violence in general hospital settings remains a challenge for healthcare organisations. High rates of violence are still being reported towards healthcare workers, despite organisational violence prevention strategies being implemented. There is a major challenge to healthcare organisation in the measurement of the effectiveness of these interventions, traditionally completed via the reporting and monitoring of workplace violent incidents. A novel approach to measuring workplace violence is by studying hospital atmosphere or climate. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey using the STARD guidelines was used. METHODS The Violence Prevention Climate scale was completed by 194 healthcare staff working in the emergency department, medical/surgical wards, respiratory/infectious disease, spinal care, renal unit, corrections health, and rehabilitation and community services of a major Australian tertiary referral hospital. The Violence Prevention Climate scale has previously been validated and used in mental health settings, but not general hospital settings. A content analysis of an open-ended question on violence prevention management strategies was also conducted. RESULTS Comprising of 14 items with two factors (patients and staff), the study revealed a 9-item staff factor scale that can be used in the general hospital setting, the patient factor did not show adequate reliability. The content analysis revealed seven categories of staff identified violence prevention and management strategies. CONCLUSIONS The use of the 9-item scale across an organisation annually, or added to existing organisational workforce surveys, could prove to be practical way of measuring the social climate of violence in a general hospital setting. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The results of which could guide clinical practice, workplace safety, policy and educational initiatives for the prevention and management of workplace violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Brunero
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Southern Cross University, East Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott Lamont
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Southern Cross University, East Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Dunn
- CNC Respiratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne Varndell
- Emergency Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey L Dickens
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Ghiasee A, Sağsan M. The Relationship Between Violent Behavior in Healthcare Settings and Communication Skills: An Empirical Study on Provincial Hospitals in Ankara. ALPHA PSYCHIATRY 2021; 22:106-112. [PMID: 36425936 PMCID: PMC9590676 DOI: 10.5455/apd.83748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Violence in the health care is a multifaceted and complex social phenomenon that attracts the attention of researchers and policymakers in many countries around the world. Violence against healthcare workers has several factors, but there are limited data on the association between violence against healthcare workers and the communication skills of healthcare workers. In this study, we examine the relationship between healthcare professionals' communication skills and violent incidents experienced or witnessed by healthcare workers. METHODS The sociodemographic and professional data of 296 healthcare professionals were obtained. All participants were assessed using a communication skills inventory. The total and categorical scores of the communication skills inventories were compared between participants who had been exposed to violence and those who had not. RESULTS It was found that the emotional score of individuals who had suffered more than one physical attack was lower than that of others (P = .037). In addition, nurses were found to have more verbal violent behavior experience than their counterparts. Other comparisons were found to be insignificant. DISCUSSION Healthcare professionals should not only evaluate complex problems such as violence in the health care but also emphasize the role of patients and their relatives. Violence against healthcare professionals cannot be based on a simple factor. We believe that there are many factors that lead to violence. The causes of violence in the health care should be examined by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atikullah Ghiasee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Sami Ulus Maternity, Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital,
Ankara,
Turkey
- Department of Management & Organization Science, Near East University Graduate School of Social Sciences,
Nicosia,
TRNC
| | - Mustafa Sağsan
- Department of Management & Organization Science, Near East University Graduate School of Social Sciences,
Nicosia,
TRNC
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