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Kabeta T, Tolosa T, Duchateau L, Van Immerseel F, Antonissen G. Prevalence and serotype of poultry salmonellosis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:325-349. [PMID: 38639048 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2344549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Salmonellosis represents a significant economic and public health concern for the poultry industry in Africa, leading to substantial economic losses due to mortality, reduced productivity, and food safety problems. However, comprehensive information on the burden of poultry salmonellosis at the continental level is scarce. To address this gap, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to consolidate information on the prevalence and circulating serotypes of poultry salmonellosis in African countries. This involved the selection and review of 130 articles published between 1984 and 2021. A detailed systematic review protocol was structured according to Cochrane STROBE and PRISMA statement guideline. From the 130 selected articles from 23 different African countries, the overall pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of poultry salmonellosis in Africa was found to be 14.4% (95% CI = 0.145-0.151). Cameroon reported the highest PPE at 71.9%. The PPE was notably high in meat and meat products at 23%. The number of research papers reporting poultry salmonellosis in Africa has shown a threefold increase from 1984 to 2021. Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the two most prevalent serotypes reported in 18 African countries. Besides, Salmonella Kentucky, Virchow, Gallinarum, and Pullorum were also widely reported. Western Africa had the highest diversity of reported Salmonella serotypes (141), in contrast to southern Africa, which reported only 27 different serotypes. In conclusion, poultry salmonellosis is highly prevalent across Africa, with a variety of known serotypes circulating throughout the continent. Consequently, it is crucial to implement strategic plans for the prevention and control of Salmonella in Africa.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The pooled sample prevalence of poultry salmonellosis in Africa is high (14.4%).The highest PPE was recorded in meat and meat products.Salmonella serotypes of zoonotic importance were found in all sample types.Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium are common serotypes spreading in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Kabeta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tadele Tolosa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biometrics Research Group, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sanni AO, Jibril AH, Fasanmi OG, Adebowale OO, Jambalang AR, Shittu A, Jonker A, Abdulkarim LO, Fasina FO. Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Nigeria: do outcomes of 'multisectoral' surveillance, treatment and control justify the intervention costs? Int J Vet Sci Med 2024; 12:48-59. [PMID: 39010895 PMCID: PMC11249158 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2024.2365567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is significant and an economic burden in Nigeria. To determine whether investment in NTS control is economically justifiable, Outbreak Costing Tool (OCT) was used to estimate the robust funding of public and animal health systems for epidemio-surveillance and control of multisectoral NTS outbreaks in Nigeria. Health, production, and economic data were collected and used to populate the tool for evaluation. The multisectoral NTS burden for the year 2020 in Nigeria was US$ 930,887,379.00. Approximately 4,835 technical officers, and 3,700 non-technical staff (n = 8,535) were needed with an investment of >2.2 million work hours. The investment cost for NTS control was US$ 53,854,660.87. The non-labour-related cost was 89.21% of the total intervention costs. The overall intervention's investment was 374.15% of the estimated national and subnational systems' annual budget for diarrhoeal diseases, and the outbreak response period attracted the highest costs (53%) of the total intervention. In conclusion, intervention against NTS was beneficial (benefit - cost ratio: 17.29), hence justifying the need for multisectoral surveillance-response against NTS in Nigeria. Complex sectoral silos must give way to coordinated collaborations to optimize benefits; and over-centralization of health interventions' associated delays must be removed through decentralized sub-national-focused framework that empowers rapid investigation, response, control, data collection, and analyses. It should assist anticipatory planning, and outbreak investigation and reduce critical response time. Anticipatory planning tools, when applied pre-emptively, can benefit budgeting, identify gaps, and assist in the delivery of cost-saving and effective measures against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi O Sanni
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Project, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | - Abdurrahman H Jibril
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi G Fasanmi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health & Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwawemimo O Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Alexander R Jambalang
- Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Aminu Shittu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Annelize Jonker
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Folorunso O Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Liu B, Meng C, Wang Z, Li Q, Xu C, Kang X, Chen L, Wang F, Jiao X, Pan Z. Prevalence and transmission of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 based on whole-genome sequence in an intensive laying hen farm in Jiangsu, China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103608. [PMID: 38554540 PMCID: PMC10998194 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella, which is widely distributed in nature, is an important zoonotic pathogen affecting humans, livestock, and other animals. Salmonella infection not only hinders the development of livestock and poultry-related industries but also poses a great threat to human health. In this study, we collected 1,537 samples including weak chicks, dead embryos, fecal samples and environmental samples from 2020 to 2023 (for a period of 1 to 2 months per year) to keep a long-term monitor the prevalence of Salmonella in an intensive laying hen farm, 105 Salmonella strains were isolated with an isolation rate of 6.83% (105/1,537). It revealed a significant decrease in prevalence rates of Salmonella over time (P < 0.001). Before 2020, the predominant serotype was S. Enteritidis. S. Kentucky was first detected in November 2020 and its proportion was gradually found to exceed that of S. Enteritidis since then. S. Kentucky isolates were distributed in various links of the four regions in the poultry farm. A total of 55 S. Kentucky strains, were assigned to ST198 based on whole genome sequencing. Among them, 54 strains were resistant to 12 to 16 antibiotics, indicating that they were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Seventeen antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in 55 S. Kentucky isolates. For most of these isolates, antibiotic resistance phenotypes were concordant with their genotypes. All S. Kentucky strains isolated from this farm in 2020 to 2023 showed a high similarity based on their core-genome SNP-based phylogeny. The traceability analysis revealed that S. Kentucky was introduced to the farm through newly purchased flocks. The long-term existence of XDR S. Kentucky ST198 poses a substantial risk because of the multiage management and circulation of workers in this poultry farm. Thus, this study is the first to report extensively drug-resistant S. Kentucky ST198 detected in this intensive poultry farm in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Akalu A, Tadesse T, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Woldeyohannes D, Eguale T. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella from Poultry Farms and In-Contact Humans and Associated Risk Factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:4227460. [PMID: 38764711 PMCID: PMC11102108 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4227460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry and poultry products are the common sources of Salmonella,which is one of the serious food-borne bacterial diseases in humans. Little is known about the status of Salmonella and their antimicrobial susceptibility in poultry farms in Addis Ababa. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates and to investigate possible risk factors for the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry farms in Addis Ababa. We recruited 58 poultry farms, from which 471 poultry-related samples and 44 stool samples from in-contact humans were collected. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. The farm-level prevalence of Salmonella was 36.2% and the sample-level prevalence was 6.4% for samples taken from poultry farms and 4.5% in human stool samples who have contact with poultry. On-farm waste disposal practices and chicken being purchased from different multiplication farms were significantly associated with Salmonella positivity of the farms (p < 0.05). Eleven (34.4%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to streptomycin, and nine (28.1%) were resistant to tetracycline. Thirteen (40.6%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobials tested in this study, whereas resistance to 3 or more antimicrobials was detected in seven (21.9%) isolates. In conclusion, a high prevalence of Salmonella and a high rate of resistance to multiple antimicrobials were detected in poultry farms in Addis Ababa. Hence, implementation of strong biosecurity measures and rational use of antimicrobials are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aberaw Akalu
- Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tekalign Tadesse
- Department of Veterinary Science, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Woldeyohannes
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, Texas, USA
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Waktole H, Ayele Y, Ayalkibet Y, Teshome T, Muluneh T, Ayane S, Borena BM, Abayneh T, Deresse G, Asefa Z, Eguale T, Amenu K, Ashenafi H, Antonissen G. Prevalence, Molecular Detection, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Farms across Central Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas. Microorganisms 2024; 12:767. [PMID: 38674711 PMCID: PMC11051739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence, molecular detection, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates within 162 poultry farms in selected urban and peri-urban areas of central Ethiopia. A total of 1515 samples, including cloacal swabs (n = 763), fresh fecal droppings (n = 188), litter (n = 188), feed (n = 188), and water (n = 188), were bacteriologically tested. The molecular detection of some culture-positive isolates was performed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by targeting spy and sdfl genes for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. Risk factors for the occurrence of the bacterial isolates were assessed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of PCR-confirmed Salmonella isolates was conducted using 12 antibiotics. In this study, it was observed that 50.6% of the farms were positive for Salmonella. The overall sample-level prevalence of Salmonella was 14.4%. Among the analyzed risk factors, the type of production, breed, and sample type demonstrated a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the bacteriological prevalence of Salmonella. The PCR test disclosed that 45.5% (15/33) and 23.3% (10/43) of the isolates were positive for genes of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test disclosed multi-drug resistance to ten of the tested antibiotics that belong to different classes. Substantial isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis in poultry and on poultry farms, along with the existence of multi-drug resistant isolates, poses an alarming risk of zoonotic and food safety issues. Hence, routine flock testing, farm surveillance, biosecurity intervention, stringent antimicrobial use regulations, and policy support for the sector are highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hika Waktole
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yonas Ayele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yamlaksira Ayalkibet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Tsedale Teshome
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (Z.A.)
| | - Tsedal Muluneh
- Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia;
| | - Sisay Ayane
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (S.A.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Bizunesh Mideksa Borena
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (S.A.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (T.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (T.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (Z.A.)
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.)
| | - Kebede Amenu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.)
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Polat İ, Şen B, Onurdağ FK. Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated for the first time in laying hens, and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103180. [PMID: 37980729 PMCID: PMC10685019 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 323 drag swab samples were taken from laying hen fresh feces from 3 different provinces (Kırklareli, Edirne, and Tekirdağ), which are located in the European part of Türkiye. According to the ISO 6579: 2002 method, 17.3% of the samples were found positive for Salmonella. Obtained 56 Salmonella isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination using antisera according to Kauffmann White Le Minor Scheme. Sixteen serotypes of Salmonella were identified as S. Typhimurium (28.6%), S. Kentucky (17.9%), S. Abony (16.1%), S. Infantis (8.9%), S. Enteritidis (5.4%), S. Anatum (3.6%), S. Saintpaul (3.6%), S. Szentes (1.8%), S. Dibra (1.8%), S. Fallowfield (1.8%), S. Kimuenza (1.8%), S. Escanaba (1.8%), S. Nagoya (1.8%), S. Mbandaka (1.8%), S. Agona (1.8%), and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 (1.8%). Isolations of S. Kimuenza, S. Escanaba, and S. Nagoya from laying hens are reported for the first time in Türkiye. The isolations of S. Dibra, S. Fallowfield, S. Szentes, and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 from laying hens are the first report in the world. A total of 56 Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, azithromycin, cefoxitin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole by the disk diffusion method. While 10% of S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, and S. Kimuenza was only resistant to chloramphenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Polat
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
| | - Burhan Şen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
| | - Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
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Bhandari M, Poelstra JW, Kauffman M, Varghese B, Helmy YA, Scaria J, Rajashekara G. Genomic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, Plasmidome, and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Small Specialty Crop Farms Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1637. [PMID: 37998839 PMCID: PMC10668983 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the leading cause of death associated with foodborne illnesses in the USA. Difficulty in treating human salmonellosis is attributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance and the pathogenicity of Salmonella strains. Therefore, it is important to study the genetic landscape of Salmonella, such as the diversity, plasmids, and presence antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRs) and virulence genes. To this end, we isolated Salmonella from environmental samples from small specialty crop farms (SSCFs) in Northeast Ohio from 2016 to 2021; 80 Salmonella isolates from 29 Salmonella-positive samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In silico serotyping revealed the presence of 15 serotypes. AMR genes were detected in 15% of the samples, with 75% exhibiting phenotypic and genotypic multidrug resistance (MDR). Plasmid analysis demonstrated the presence of nine different types of plasmids, and 75% of AMR genes were located on plasmids. Interestingly, five Salmonella Newport isolates and one Salmonella Dublin isolate carried the ACSSuT gene cassette on a plasmid, which confers resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. Overall, our results show that SSCFs are a potential reservoir of Salmonella with MDR genes. Thus, regular monitoring is needed to prevent the transmission of MDR Salmonella from SSCFs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menuka Bhandari
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Jelmer W. Poelstra
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Michael Kauffman
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Binta Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA; (B.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA; (B.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (M.B.); (M.K.)
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Miranda C, Batista S, Mateus TL, Vieira-Pinto M, Ribeiro V, Dantas R, Brito NV. A Preliminary Investigation of Salmonella Populations in Indigenous Portuguese Layer Hen Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3389. [PMID: 37958144 PMCID: PMC10648303 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustainability of agroecological systems, biodiversity protection, animal welfare, and consumer demand for higher quality products from alternative and extensive farming methods have reinforced interest in local breeds that are well adapted to low-input environments. However, food safety needs to be safeguarded to reinforce consumer confidence. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation on the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in eggshells, hen's cloaca, and litter materials from autochthonous Portuguese laying hens raised in a semi-extensive system for small-scale production. A total of 279 samples from 31 flocks belonging to 12 farms were obtained, with 63 samples from the "Preta Lusitânica" breed, and 72 samples each from the remaining autochthonous breeds, namely, "Branca", "Amarela", and "Pedrês Portuguesa". None (0%) of the samples analyzed were positive for Salmonella spp. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results of Salmonella evaluation from hen's cloaca, eggshells, and litter materials in autochthonous Portuguese chickens, suggesting that a semi-extensive production system can contribute to better food security and a lower risk to public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Miranda
- 1H-TOXRUN–One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- LAQV-REQUIMTE–Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sónia Batista
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
| | - Teresa Letra Mateus
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
- CECAV–Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- EpiUnit–Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
- CECAV–Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Ribeiro
- AMIBA–Associação dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Barrosã, 4730-260 Vila Verde, Portugal; (V.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Rui Dantas
- AMIBA–Associação dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Barrosã, 4730-260 Vila Verde, Portugal; (V.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Nuno V. Brito
- 1H-TOXRUN–One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
- AMIBA–Associação dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Barrosã, 4730-260 Vila Verde, Portugal; (V.R.); (R.D.)
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9
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Eid S, Hassan HM, Al-Atfeehy NM, Selim KM, El Oksh ASA. Composting: A biosecurity measure to maximize the benefit of broilers̕ litter. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:458-468. [PMID: 37969802 PMCID: PMC10636072 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composting on the count of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and New Castle virus (NDV) isolated from broilers' litter. Moreover, to verify the impact of compost thermal stress on the expression of thermal genes harbored in the isolated bacteria. Materials and Methods The prevalence of enteric aerobic and anaerobic infections by Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and viral infections by NDV were investigated in litter samples collected from 100 broiler flocks by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction. Results The samples were positive for Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and NDV, with prevalence rates of 60%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. An experiment to study the effect of compost on the microbiological quality of litter was applied using five compost heaps with an initial average count of Salmonella typhimurium (3.2 × 105CFU CFU/gm), C. perfringens (6.4 × 105 CFU/gm), and an average titer NDV (105.5 embryo infectious dose50/gm). The microbiological count of heaps after 15 days of composting revealed a reduction in the count of S. typhimurium and C. perfringens by 4 log10 CFU/gm and 3 log10 CFU/gm, respectively. Moreover, the hemagglutinating test revealed no detection of NDV after 15 days of composting. A high degree of downregulation of expression of the thermal genes, dnaK in S. typhimurium isolates and cpe gene in C. perfringens isolates, was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Conclusion The reduction of pathogen counts, the simplicity, and the low cost associated with composting for only 15 days advocate the recommendation for raising awareness of composting as a routine biosecurity measure to prevent the spreading of infection and promote its safe use in agribusiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Eid
- Bacteriology Department, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Heba M. Hassan
- Bacteriology Department, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy
- Bacteriology Department, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
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Urzúa-Encina C, Fernández-Sanhueza B, Pavez-Muñoz E, Ramírez-Toloza G, Lujan-Tomazic M, Rodríguez AE, Alegría-Morán R. Epidemiological Characterization of Isolates of Salmonella enterica and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Backyard Production System Animals in the Valparaíso and Metropolitana Regions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2444. [PMID: 37570253 PMCID: PMC10417532 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Backyard production systems (BPS) are distributed worldwide, rearing animals recognized as reservoirs of Salmonella enterica and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), both zoonotic pathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize isolates of both pathogens obtained from animals raised in BPS from two central Chile regions. The presence of pathogens was determined by bacterial culture and confirmatory PCR for each sampled BPS, calculating positivity rates. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine risk factors. Additionally, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was determined. A positivity rate of 2.88% for S. enterica and 14.39% for STEC was determined for the complete study region (Valparaíso and Metropolitana regions). Risk factor analysis suggests that the presence of ruminants (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.002-1.075) increases the risk of STEC-positive BPS, and the presence of ruminants (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.002-1.075) and the animal handlers being exclusively women (OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 1.029-12.193) increase the risk for S. enterica/STEC positivity. Eighty percent of S. enterica isolates were multidrug resistant, and all STEC were resistant to Cephalexin. This study evidences the circulation of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacterial strains in animals kept in BPS and the presence of factors that modify the risk of BPS positivity for both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Urzúa-Encina
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.U.-E.); (B.F.-S.); (E.P.-M.); (G.R.-T.)
- Laboratorio Centralizado de Investigación Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Bastián Fernández-Sanhueza
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.U.-E.); (B.F.-S.); (E.P.-M.); (G.R.-T.)
- Laboratorio Centralizado de Investigación Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito Libertador 146, Santiago 8370003, Chile
| | - Erika Pavez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.U.-E.); (B.F.-S.); (E.P.-M.); (G.R.-T.)
- Laboratorio Centralizado de Investigación Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (C.U.-E.); (B.F.-S.); (E.P.-M.); (G.R.-T.)
- Laboratorio Centralizado de Investigación Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Mariela Lujan-Tomazic
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Agropecuarias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. de los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (M.L.-T.); (A.E.R.)
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Junín 954, Buenos Aires C1113 AAD, Argentina
| | - Anabel Elisa Rodríguez
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Agropecuarias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. de los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (M.L.-T.); (A.E.R.)
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito Libertador 146, Santiago 8370003, Chile
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Blirup-Plum SA, Jensen HE, Nielsen SS, Pankoke K, Hansen MS, Pedersen KS, Eriksen EØ, Nielsen JP, Olsen JE, Kudirkiene E, Larsen LE, Goecke NB, Barington K. Gastro-intestinal lesions are not relatable to diarrhoea or specific pathogens in post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in pigs. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:30. [PMID: 37400879 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a multifactorial condition and the most well documented infectious cause is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The objective of the study was to investigate possible associations between pathological manifestations and pathogens in pigs with and without PWD. The study was conducted as a case-control study and included a total of 173 pigs from 9 different commercial intensive indoor production herds in eastern Denmark. RESULTS Based on clinical examination, a total of 89 piglets with PWD (cases) and 84 piglets without PWD (controls) were included. Most of the pigs (n = 105/173) presented gastric lesions, which were more frequently observed in the control group. The odds of gastric ulcers were lower among pigs with PWD compared to pigs without PWD with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.2 (0.0; 0.7). Abnormal content in the colon was associated with PWD, with an OR of 6.5 (3.2; 14.3). No apparent association was found between lesions and the various pathogens or a combination of these. The odds of neutrophilic granulocyte infiltration were lower in the jejunum among pigs with PWD (OR 0.3 [0.1; 0.6]) compared to pigs without PWD. The association between neutrophilic granulocyte infiltration in jejunum and PWD differed between the herds (P = 0.03). Furthermore, the associations between PWD and hyperleukocytosis (P = 0.04) or infiltration of eosinophilic granulocytes (P = 0.04) in ileum were also herd dependent. Histopathology revealed several lesions not relatable to PWD. CONCLUSION The association between lesions and specific pathogens or PWD is more complex than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Amalie Blirup-Plum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karen Pankoke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Sif Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Ø-Vet A/S, 4700, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nicole Bakkegård Goecke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristiane Barington
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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12
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Priya T T, Jacob JJ, M Y, Karthik R, Iyadurai R, G K, Devi B Y, Walia K, Veeraraghavan B. Is it time to move on to gene-based Salmonella typing: Evidence and implications. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 44:100359. [PMID: 37356840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is the major cause of foodborne infections globally, with considerable morbidity and mortality. The accurate identification of Salmonella serovars is important in disease management and public health surveillance. However, traditional serotyping methods are laborious, time-consuming and may produce ambiguous results. In this study, we evaluated traditional serotyping and seven gene-based multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods to determine the serogroups of Salmonella strains. This study analysis suggests that MLST based serotyping is accurate in serogroup identification and discrimination of Salmonella serovars compared to the traditional serotyping method and can be implemented in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharani Priya T
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jobin John Jacob
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Yesudoss M
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rajiv Karthik
- Department of Infectious Disease & Hospital Infection Control Committee, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ramya Iyadurai
- Department of Medicine, Unit V, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Karthik G
- Department of Medicine, Unit V, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Yamuna Devi B
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Kamini Walia
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Vilela FP, Rodrigues DDP, Allard MW, Falcão JP. The rare Salmonella enterica serovar Isangi: genomic characterization of the antimicrobial resistance, virulence potential and epidemiology of Brazilian strains in comparison to global isolates. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37462464 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Salmonella enterica serovar Isangi (S. Isangi) is a rare non-typhoidal serovar, related to invasive nosocomial infections in various countries and to increasing antimicrobial resistance rates.Gap statement. Despite existing reports on S. Isangi, there is a lack of information of specific traits regarding this serovar, which could be improved through genomic analyses.Aim. Our goals were to characterize the antimicrobial resistance, virulence potential and genomic relatedness of 11 S. Isangi strains from Brazil in comparison to 185 genomes of global isolates using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data.Methodology. Phenotypic resistance was determined by disc-diffusion. The search for resistance genes, plasmids, prophages, Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and virulence genes, plus multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome MLST (cgMLST) were performed using WGS.Results. Brazilian S. Isangi strains showed phenotypic resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin, and harboured antimicrobial resistance [qnrB19, aac(6')-Iaa, mdsAB] and heavy metal tolerance (arsD, golST) genes. Col(pHAD28) and IncFII(S) plasmids, virulence genes related to adherence, macrophage induction, magnesium uptake, regulation and type III secretion systems, 12 SPIs and eight prophages were detected. The 185 additional global genomes analysed harboured resistance genes against 11 classes of antimicrobial compounds, 22 types of plasmids, 32 prophages, 14 SPIs, and additional virulence genes related to serum resistance, stress adaptation and toxins. Sequence type (ST)216 was assigned to genomes from Brazil and other countries, while ST335 was the most frequent ST, especially among South African genomes. cgMLST showed that Brazilian genomes were more closely related to genomes from European and African countries, the USA and Taiwan, while the majority of South African genomes were more closely related among each other.Conclusion. The presence of S. Isangi strains from Brazil and different countries showing a close genomic correlation, antimicrobial resistance profiles to drugs used in human therapy and a large number of virulence determinants reinforced the need for stronger initiatives to monitor rare non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars such as S. Isangi in order to prevent its dissemination among human and non-human sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Pinheiro Vilela
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marc William Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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14
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Sanni AO, Onyango J, Rota AF, Mikecz O, Usman A, PicaCiamarra U, Fasina FO. Underestimated economic and social burdens of non-Typhoidal Salmonella infections: The One Health perspective from Nigeria. One Health 2023; 16:100546. [PMID: 37363243 PMCID: PMC10288087 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is a pathogenic bacterial zoonosis with substantial but often under-appreciated public health impacts. The NTS is prevalent in poultry and humans in Nigeria, yet its economic and social burden have not been determined through any empirical study. To bridge the gap, we evaluated the impact of NTS in social and economic terms. Methods Relevant population, economic and epidemiological data were retrieved from peer-reviewed publications, open sources and relevant authorities. Additional data were obtained through experts' opinions and field surveys. Using a customized and validated Microsoft Excel® tool, economic analysis was conducted. Results Using the year 2020 reference point, the burden of NTS was 325,731 cases and a total of 1043 human deaths, at a disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) of 37,321. The cost associated with infection in humans was US$ 473,982,068. A total loss of US$ 456,905,311 was estimated in poultry including the direct value of animal loss, US$ 224,236,769, loss from salvage slaughter and culling, US$ 220,386,556, and value of foregone production, US$ 12,281,987. Interpretation The outcomes of this important work provide empirical evidence to support informed decisions and investments in the control and eradication of human and poultry salmonellosis (NTS) in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi O. Sanni
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Project, Lokoja, 260101, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Onyango
- Harper and Keele Veterinary School, Harper Adams University, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Ana Felis Rota
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome I-00100, Italy
| | - Orsolya Mikecz
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome I-00100, Italy
| | - Abdulkadir Usman
- Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Nigeria
| | - Ugo PicaCiamarra
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome I-00100, Italy
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- ECTAD Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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15
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Sanguankiat A, Pinniam N, Tulayakul P. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, phenotypic, and genotypic patterns of Salmonella enterica isolated from animal feedstuffs: Annual study. Vet World 2023; 16:939-945. [PMID: 37576778 PMCID: PMC10420700 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.939-945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Salmonellosis is a significant foodborne disease that causes serious illness in the gastrointestinal of humans and it is a public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to determine Salmonella spp. in animal feeds, its characteristic, serovar identification, genotyping, and drug sensitivity. Materials and Methods Salmonella spp. from animal feedstuffs was collected from January 1 to December 31, 2017, with 657 samples. Serogroup classification was performed by using the slide agglutination test. Then, the samples were analyzed for genotype patterns using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for DNA fingerprint and antibiotic sensitivity by Vitek® 2 techniques. Results A total of 80 samples (12.17 %) were found to be Salmonella positive; commercial feed compounds of 60 samples (75%); soybean meal of 10 samples (12.5%); pork meal of 5 samples (6.25%); a fish meal of three samples (3.75%) and poultry meal of 2 samples (2.5%). Serogroups B, C, D, and E were found in this study; 8 samples (10%), 39 samples (48.75%), 8 samples (10%), and 13 samples (16.25%), respectively. A total of 12 samples (15%) were not determined by serogrouping. The most common serovars were Salmonella Rissen (10%), Salmonella Mbandaka (8.75%), and Salmonella Livingstone (6.25%), which belong to serogroup C. Nine of eleven pulsotypes were detected when analyzed by PFGE, showed similarity index between 40.8 and 100 %. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests by Vitek® 2 compact for 11 strains were classified into three groups: resistance to 4, 8, and 11 antibiotics, out of 20 antibiotics. Conclusion This study revealed annual variation of Salmonella spp. Serovar, genotype, and phenotype from commercial feed compounds and raw materials of which involved people must be aware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsooth Sanguankiat
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
| | - Nayika Pinniam
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
| | - Phitsanu Tulayakul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
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Igbinosa IH, Amolo CN, Beshiru A, Akinnibosun O, Ogofure AG, El-Ashker M, Gwida M, Okoh AI, Igbinosa EO. Identification and characterization of MDR virulent Salmonella spp isolated from smallholder poultry production environment in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281329. [PMID: 36735693 PMCID: PMC9897568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is responsible for some foodborne disease cases worldwide. It is mainly transmitted to humans through foods of animal origin through the consumption of poultry products. The increased international trade and the ease of transboundary movement could propel outbreaks of local origin to translate into severe global threats. The present study aimed to characterize Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farms in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples (faecal, water and feed) were collected from ten poultry farms between January and August 2020 and analyzed for Salmonella characterization using standard bacteriological and molecular methods. Salmonella serovars identified include: Salmonella Enteritidis [n = 17 (39.5%)], Salmonella Typhimurium [n = 13 (30.2%)] and other Salmonella serovars [n = 13 (30.2%)]. All Salmonella serovars were cefotaxime and ampicillin resistant. The presence of the invA gene ranged from 9(69.2%) to 15(88.2%). The spvC gene ranged from 2(14.4%) to 10(58.8%). All Salmonella serovars had sdiA gene. The Salmonella isolates produced some extracellular virulence factors (such as protease, lipase, β-hemolytic activity, and gelatinase), while 13(30.2%) of the overall isolates formed strong biofilms. In conclusion, the detection of multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars in faecal sources, which also exhibited virulence determinants, constituted a public health risk as these faecal samples have the potential as manure in the growing of crops. These pathogens can be transmitted to humans nearby and through poultry products, resulting in difficult-to-treat infections and economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isoken H. Igbinosa
- Department of Environmental Management & Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Chukwunonso N. Amolo
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Olajide Akinnibosun
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Abraham G. Ogofure
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Maged El-Ashker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mayada Gwida
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Igbinosa EO, Beshiru A, Igbinosa IH, Okoh AI. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterisation of Salmonella enterica from retail poultry meats in Benin City, Nigeria. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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18
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Tang B, Elbediwi M, Nambiar RB, Yang H, Lin J, Yue M. Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Duck, Chicken, and Pig Farms and Retail Markets in Eastern China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125722. [PMID: 36047803 PMCID: PMC9603869 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01257-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica poses a significant public health concern worldwide. However, the dissemination of Salmonella enterica among food animals in eastern China has not been fully addressed. Here, we demonstrated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and the whole-genome characterization of 105 S. enterica isolates from 1,480 fecal samples and anal swabs collected from 22 different farms (chickens, ducks, and pigs) and two live animal markets located in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces in eastern China in 2019. The prevalence of isolates in duck farms (19.17%, 23/120) was statistically significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in chicken farms (6.61%, 37/523) and pig farms (3.50%, 7/200). Among these isolates, 75.26% (79/105) were multidrug resistant, with the highest rates of resistance to tetracycline (76.20%) and ampicillin (67.62%) and the lowest resistance rate to meropenem (0.00%). The serotypes were consistent with sequence types and were closely related to the sampling animal species and sites. S. enterica serotype Kentucky (20.95%, 22/105) was the most frequent serotype and harbored more AMR patterns and genes than others. Furthermore, IncFII(S) and IncHI2 were the most prevalent replicons. A total of 44 acquired AMR genes were found. Among those genes, aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, floR, dfrA14, fosA7, mph(A), qnrS1, sul1, tet(A), and ARR-3 were the dominant AMR genes mediating the AMR toward aminoglycosides, β-lactams, phenicol, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, macrolide, quinolone, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and rifampin, respectively. The consistency of acquired AMR genes with AMR phenotypes for ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftazidime, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline was >90%. Together, our study highlights the application of whole-genome sequencing to assess veterinary public health threats. IMPORTANCE Public health is a significant concern in China, and the foodborne pathogen Salmonella, which is spread via the animal-borne food chain, plays an important role in the overall disease burden in China annually. The development of advanced sequencing technologies has introduced a new way of understanding emerging pathogens. However, the routine surveillance application of this method in China remains in its infancy. Here, we applied a pool of all isolates from the prevalence data in Zhejiang and Fujian for whole-genome sequencing and combined these data with the cutting-edge bioinformatic analysis pipeline for one-step determination of the complete genetic makeup for all 105 genomes. The illustrated method could provide a cost-effective approach, without labor-intensive laboratory characterization, for predicting serotypes, genotypes, plasmid types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes, and thus would provide essential knowledge for emerging pathogens. Our findings and perspectives are essential for delivering updated knowledge on foodborne pathogens in an understudied region in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reshma B. Nambiar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Sanni AO, Onyango J, Usman A, Abdulkarim LO, Jonker A, Fasina FO. Risk Factors for Persistent Infection of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Poultry Farms, North Central Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081121. [PMID: 36009991 PMCID: PMC9405283 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing an array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) has a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in Nigerian poultry and have been well-studied in Nigeria, but less so in North Central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and a semi-structured questionnaire for 1000 poultry farms in NCN, we explored the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms had experienced NTS over the last 18 months. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid and lack of and non-adherence to biosecurity were identified risk factors that increased the odds of NTS infection in poultry. Antibiotic use practice may have reduced the isolation rate of NTS, yet NTS continues to challenge poultry farms in Nigeria. Identified risk practices must be mitigated intentionally and biosecurity and hygiene must be improved to reduce the burden of NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi O. Sanni
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Project, Lokoja 260101, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Onyango
- Harper and Keele Veterinary School, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Abdulkadir Usman
- Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna 920101, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Latifah O. Abdulkarim
- Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Project, Lokoja 260101, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Annelize Jonker
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- ECTAD Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +254-111-3232-70
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20
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Aden MA, Bashiru G. HOW MISUSE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IS EXACERBATING THE CHALLENGES FACING SOMALIA'S PUBLIC HEALTH. Afr J Infect Dis 2022; 16:26-32. [PMID: 36124330 PMCID: PMC9480883 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v16i2s.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to most developed countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has continued to be a serious challenge to public health in the majority of resource-limited countries in Africa. Materials and method A comprehensive review of all available literature reporting on antimicrobial resistance patterns, antimicrobial drug usage in both human and animals, as well as national AMR regulations in Somalia was undertaken. Results The review observed that successful AMR control and surveillance among resource-poor nations are affected by a lack of infrastructural and institutional capacities, poor investment in human and material resources, as well as non-adherence to available policies. The humanitarian crisis affecting Somalia has persisted for too long, leading to loss of lives, productivity and dilapidation of public health infrastructures. Somalia like most countries has adopted the One Health approach in developing their soon-to-be gazetted National Action Plan on AMR, which covers both human health, animal health and the environment. Although there are many other similar policy documents and guidelines regulating the usage and administration of antimicrobials in the country, evidence of the implementation indicates there is still a need for more effort. Conclusion AMR constitute a significant public health problem in Somali, and there is urgent need for gazetting and enforcement of the newly developed national policy. In addition, there is also the need for collaboration with the major stakeholders to develop workable solutions to combat the hazards posed by AMR in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Ayan Aden
- Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Garba Bashiru
- Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria,Corresponding Author’s E-Mail:
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Ramtahal MA, Amoako DG, Ismail A, Bester L, Abia ALK, Essack SY. Salmonella Yoruba: a rare serotype revealed through genomic sequencing along the farm-to-fork continuum of an intensive poultry farm in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106620. [PMID: 35907503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen of worldwide public health importance. We characterised Salmonella isolates from poultry along the farm-to-fork continuum using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis. Three multilocus sequence types (MLSTs), i.e., ST15 (1.9%), ST152 (5.9%) and ST1316 (92.2%) and three serotypes, i.e., S. Heidelberg (1.9%), Kentucky (5.9%) and Yoruba (92.2%) were detected. The rare serotype, S. Yoruba, was detected among the farm and abattoir isolates and contained resistance and virulence determinants. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of the aac(6')-Iaa gene associated with aminoglycoside resistance, a single point mutation in the parC gene associated with fluoroquinolone and quinolone resistance, and a single isolate contained the fosA7 gene responsible for fosfomycin resistance. No antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified for isolates phenotypically non-susceptible to azithromycin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin and resistance was thought to be attributable to other resistance mechanisms. The fully susceptible profiles observed for the wastewater isolates suggest that the poultry environment may receive antibiotic-resistant strains and resistance determinants from poultry with the potential of becoming a pathway of Salmonella transmission along the continuum. Six plasmids were identified and were only carried by 92.2% of the S. Yoruba isolates in varying combinations. Four plasmids were common to all S. Yoruba isolates along the continuum; isolates from the litter and faeces on the farm contained two additional plasmids. Ten Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and 177 virulence genes were identified; some were serotype-specific. Phylogenetic analysis of S. Heidelberg and Kentucky showed that isolates were related to animal and human isolates from other countries. Phylogenetic analysis among the S. Yoruba isolates revealed four clades based on the isolate sources along the farm-to-fork continuum. Although the transmission of Salmonella strains along the farm-to-fork continuum was not evident, pathogenic, resistant Salmonella present in the poultry production chain poses a food safety risk. WGS analysis can provide important information on the spread, resistance, pathogenicity, and epidemiology of isolates and new, rare or emerging Salmonella strains to develop intervention strategies to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Ramtahal
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Core Sequencing Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Linda Bester
- Biomedical Research Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Akebe L K Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, KwaZulu-Natal
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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22
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Orum TG, Ishola OO, Adebowale OO. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella species from poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 2022; 11:1606. [PMID: 35937768 PMCID: PMC9350445 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salmonella species are among the major foodborne pathogens causing diseases of economic and public health implications in poultry and humans globally.Objective: This study aimed to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from chickens in poultry farms in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria.Methods: Cloacal swab samples (n = 360) were obtained from chickens randomly selected from 10 poultry farms in five local government areas of Ibadan, Oyo State, from 04 April 2018 to 20 November 2018. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using established protocols. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-squared test at P ≤ 0.05 significance level.Results: The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 21.4%. There were statistically significant associations between Salmonella prevalence and the farm location (p = 0.003), age of chickens (p 0.001), and health status of chickens (p 0.001). All Salmonella isolates (n = 77; 100.0%) were resistant to cefuroxime. The isolates were also highly resistant to cotrimoxazole (n = 74; 96.1%), chloramphenicol (n = 73; 94.8%), meropenem (n = 72; 93.5%), gentamicin (n = 69; 89.6%), and tetracycline (n = 64; 83.1%).Conclusion: The presence of drug-resistant Salmonella in commercial layer chickens in Ibadan is a potential threat to consumer health as it increases the risk of carcass contamination and pathogen propagation, and limits the options to control and treat infections in humans and animals. Well-integrated national surveillance systems for monitoring Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in poultry are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese G Orum
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O Ishola
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwawemimo O Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
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23
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Ramtahal MA, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Somboro AM, Bester LA, Essack SY. A Public Health Insight into Salmonella in Poultry in Africa: A Review of the Past Decade: 2010-2020. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:710-733. [PMID: 35696336 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is a cheap source of animal protein and constituent of diets in Africa. Poultry can serve as a reservoir for Salmonella and cause food-borne infections in humans. This review describes Salmonella contamination of food, poultry, and the farming environment, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and serotypes of Salmonella, as well as the farming systems, antimicrobial use (AMU), hygiene, and husbandry conditions used to rear poultry in Africa. Using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched using a set of predefined keywords. Full-length research articles in English were examined for the period 2010-2020 and relevant information extracted for the narrative synthesis. Of the articles that met the inclusion criteria, 63.1% were conducted on farms and among households, while 36.9% were undertaken at government-controlled laboratories, which quarantine imported birds, processing plants, and retail outlets. The farming systems were intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive. AMU was described in 11.5% of the studies and varied within and across countries. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates were detected in 30 studies and the prevalence ranged from 12.1% in Zimbabwe to 100% in Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa. A total of 226 different Salmonella serotypes were reported. Twenty-four (19.7%) of the studies reported food-borne Salmonella contamination in eggs, poultry, and poultry products at retail outlets and processing plants. The apparent extensive use of antimicrobials and circulation of MDR Salmonella isolates of various serotypes in Africa is a concern. It is important to implement stricter biosecurity measures on farms, regulate the use of antimicrobials and implement surveillance systems, in addition to food safety measures to monitor the quality of poultry and poultry products for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Ramtahal
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia L K Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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24
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Khan AS, Georges K, Rahaman S, Abebe W, Adesiyun AA. Occurrence, Risk Factors, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Imported Fertile Hatching Eggs, Hatcheries, and Broiler Farms in Trinidad and Tobago. J Food Prot 2022; 85:266-277. [PMID: 34706051 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the occurrence, risk factors, and characteristics of Salmonella isolates recovered from imported fertile broiler hatching eggs, hatcheries, and broiler farms in Trinidad and Tobago. Standard methods were used to isolate and characterize Salmonella isolates from two broiler hatcheries and 27 broiler farms in the country. The frequency of isolation of Salmonella was 0.0% for imported fertile hatching eggs (0 of 45 pools of 10 eggs each, i.e., 450 eggs), 7.6% for hatcheries (12 of 158 samples), and 2.8% for broiler farms (24 of 866 samples) (P = 0.006). Stillborn chicks at hatcheries had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (7 of 28 samples, 28.0%), whereas on broiler farms the cloacal swabs had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (15 of 675 samples, 2.2%). None of the 15 farm management and production practices investigated were significantly associated (P > 0.05) with the isolation of Salmonella. The predominant Salmonella serotypes were Kentucky (83.3%) and Infantis (62.5%) among hatchery and farm isolates, respectively. The disk diffusion method revealed frequencies of antimicrobial resistance (i.e., resistance to one or more agents) of 44.0% (11 of 25 isolates) and 87.5% (35 of 40 isolates) at hatcheries and broiler farms, respectively (P = 0.0002). Antimicrobial resistance among hatchery isolates was highest (28.0%) to doxycycline and kanamycin and was very high (>65%) among farm isolates to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, kanamycin, and doxycycline. Multidrug resistance (MDR; i.e., resistance to antimicrobial agents from three or more classes) was exhibited by 4.0 and 85.7% of Salmonella isolates recovered from several environmental and animal sources at the hatcheries and farms, respectively (P < 0.0001). The high level of antimicrobial resistance and the presence of MDR among Salmonella isolates from broiler farms highlight the therapeutic implications and the potential for MDR strains to enter the food chain. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa S Khan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Saed Rahaman
- Veterinary Public Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Port of Spain, 16-18 Sackville Street, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Woubit Abebe
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.,Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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25
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Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, Villagrán Z, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Martínez-Núñez M, Gomez-Godínez LJ, Ruesga-Gutiérrez E, Anaya-Esparza LM, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Villarruel-López A. Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:102. [PMID: 35011208 PMCID: PMC8749512 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a facultative intracellular pathogen causing localized or systemic infections, involving economic and public health significance, and remains the leading pathogen of food safety concern worldwide, with poultry being the primary transmission vector. Antibiotics have been the main strategy for Salmonella control for many years, which has allowed producers to improve the growth and health of food-producing animals. However, the utilization of antibiotics has been reconsidered since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can quickly increase within microbial communities. The use of alternatives to antibiotics has been recommended and successfully applied in many countries, leading to the core aim of this review, focused on (1) describing the importance of Salmonella infection in poultry and the effects associated with the use of antibiotics for disease control; (2) discussing the use of feeding-based (prebiotics, probiotics, bacterial subproducts, phytobiotics) and non-feeding-based (bacteriophages, in ovo injection, vaccines) strategies in poultry production for Salmonella control; and (3) exploring the use of complementary strategies, highlighting those based on -omics tools, to assess the effects of using the available antibiotic-free alternatives and their role in lowering dependency on the existing antimicrobial substances to manage bacterial infections in poultry effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Centenary and Meritorious University of Michoacán of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán 58893, Mexico;
| | | | - Lorena Jacqueline Gomez-Godínez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Edmundo Ruesga-Gutiérrez
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
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26
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Nguyen TK, Nguyen LT, Chau TTH, Nguyen TT, Tran BN, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H, Ly KTL. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Vet World 2021; 14:3216-3223. [PMID: 35153415 PMCID: PMC8829407 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3216-3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the leading causes of zoonotic and foodborne infectious outbreaks in humans and poultry and its associated environment is a potential reservoir of Salmonella. In recent years, the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, including Salmonella, has been increasing. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry, its environment, and the pest animals found at poultry farms and households of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Materials and Methods: A total of 3,055 samples were collected from the broiler farms and households of the Mekong Delta from 2017 to 2020. Salmonella was isolated using conventional methods (culturing on selective agar – BPLS and biochemical test) and the isolates were examined for antibiotic resistance against 14 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Results: Salmonella was isolated from 181 samples (5.92%), which included chicken feces (7.67%), pest animals (5.98%), and environmental samples (4.33%). The environmental samples comprised bedding (5.88%), feed (5.48%), and drinking water (0.70%). The prevalence of Salmonella was the highest in rats (15.63%) and geckos (12.25%) followed by ants (2.83%) and cockroaches (2.44%); however, Salmonella was not isolated from any fly species. Most of the isolates exhibited resistance to 1-9 antibiotics. The isolates were relatively resistant to chloramphenicol (62.98%), tetracycline (55.80%), ampicillin (54.14%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (53.04%). Sixty-two multiple resistance patterns were found in the isolates, with ampicillin-cefuroxime-chloramphenicol-tetracycline- sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim being the most frequent (7.18%). Conclusion: The chickens, husbandry environment, and pest animals at poultry farms and households were found to be important Salmonella sources in the Mekong Delta. Salmonella isolates from these sources also exhibited a wide-ranging resistance to antibiotics as well as several resistance patterns. Hence, biosecurity should be addressed in poultry farms and households to prevent cross-contamination and reduce the spread of Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan K. Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Lam T. Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Trang T. H. Chau
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Tam T. Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Bich N. Tran
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Takahide Taniguchi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashidani
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Khai T. L. Ly
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
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Ansari-Lari M, Hosseinzadeh S, Manzari M, Khaledian S. Survey of Salmonella in commercial broiler farms in Shiraz, southern Iran. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105550. [PMID: 34864328 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the major causes of food-borne diseases, worldwide. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of Salmonella and to employ a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to confirm the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in the broiler chicken farms in Shiraz, southern Iran. In addition, risk factors for the presence of Salmonella spp. at farm and flock levels were investigated. Fecal samples were collected from 22 broiler farms, including 35 broiler flocks. Conventional culture methods were used for Salmonella isolation, and the suspected isolates were confirmed by PCR with Salmonella specific primer (invA). Subsequently, PCR was performed to identify S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, using IE-1 and Flic-C primers, respectively. Information for farms and flocks was collected using a questionnaire. Twelve poultry flocks from eight farms were positive for Salmonella. The estimated prevalence of Salmonella was 36.4% at farm level and 34.3% at flock level. Based on the results of PCR, four farms were infected with S. Enteritidis, two farms with S. Typhimurium and one farm with both serovars, concurrently. Statistical analysis using generalized estimating equations showed that at flock level, odds of Salmonella presence increased when the number of chickens was more than 15000 (OR = 13.2, P = 0.023), and an increased odds of Salmonella was found for flocks in which antibiotics were used at sub-therapeutic or therapeutic doses during the rearing period (OR = 19.6, P = 0.003). At the farm level, there was a marginal association between Salmonella and using nipple drinker (OR = 0.08, P = 0.07) and keeping dogs on the farm (OR = 8.9, P = 0.06) by logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, Salmonella spp. including S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are prevalent in the poultry flocks in the region. Considering the results and the fact that the flock size and its surrogate marker, stocking density are among the most consistently identified risk factors for Salmonella in the literature, production cycles with the appropriate number of chicks and proper stocking density are recommended. In addition, careful monitoring and prudent use of antibiotics in poultry farms could be practiced to control this human pathogen in preharvest poultry operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ansari-Lari
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Manzari
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khaledian
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Jibril AH, Okeke IN, Dalsgaard A, Olsen JE. Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance in Salmonella from poultry farms in Nigeria. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:234. [PMID: 34215271 PMCID: PMC8254292 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat affecting treatment outcome in animals and humans. A pre-requisite for development of AMR reduction strategies is knowledge of antimicrobial use patterns, and how these affect resistance development. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial usage (AMU) and whether such usage was associated with AMR in Salmonella from poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. RESULTS Fifteen (37%) of antimicrobial products observed contained compounds that are of highest priority and critically important for human medicine. Broilers chicken consumed higher (28 ± 14 mg/kg active ingredients) amounts of antimicrobials compared to layers (13 ± 8 mg/kg) per week (p = 0.0009). Surprisingly, chickens raised under backyard system consumed higher amounts of antimicrobials (34 ± 7 mg/kg) than poultry in other systems (p = 0.02). High levels of resistance to tetracycline (58%), sulphonamides (65%), ciprofloxacin (46%) and gentamicin (42%) correlated with high farm level usage of these antimicrobials, and there was a strong correlation (r = 0.9) between farm usage and resistance of isolates to the same antimicrobials (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION High AMU, including use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials was observed at poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. AMU correlated with high levels of resistance. Communication of prudent use of antimicrobials to farmers and regulation to obtain reduction in AMU should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Agbaje M, Ayo-Ajayi P, Kehinde O, Omoshaba E, Dipeolu M, Fasina FO. Salmonella Characterization in Poultry Eggs Sold in Farms and Markets in Relation to Handling and Biosecurity Practices in Ogun State, Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070773. [PMID: 34202847 PMCID: PMC8300622 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains one of the notable food-borne bacterial pathogens. It is associated with poultry and poultry products including eggs. This study investigated Salmonella distribution in eggshell and content, their antimicrobial resistance pattern, and the possible risk factors driving contamination in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 500 eggs (5 eggs pooled into one sample) were collected and culturally examined for the presence of Salmonella serovars. Isolates were further characterized biochemically using Microbact 20E (Oxoid) and Antimicrobial susceptibility determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 14 Salmonella isolates spread across 10 serovars were recovered from the 100 pooled egg samples; 10 (10%) from the market and 4 (4%) farms, 13(13%) eggshell, and 1(1%) egg content. All tested serovars were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and kanamycin. Resistance was mostly observed in sulfamethoxazole 8 (80%), followed by ciprofloxacin 5 (50%) and tetracycline 3 (30%). Sales of eggs in the market appear to be a strong factor encouraging contamination in addition to poor biosecurity and unhygienic handling of eggs on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agbaje
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Patience Ayo-Ajayi
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja 900287, Nigeria;
- Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programe, 50 Haille Selassie Str., Asokoro, Abuja 900287, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Kehinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (O.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Ezekiel Omoshaba
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Morenike Dipeolu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (O.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +255-686-132-852
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Jibril AH, Okeke IN, Dalsgaard A, Menéndez VG, Olsen JE. Genomic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Plasmids in Salmonella Serovars from Poultry in Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:99. [PMID: 33498344 PMCID: PMC7909428 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern, and resistance genes in Salmonella, especially those located on mobile genetic elements, are part of the problem. This study used phenotypic and genomic methods to identify antimicrobial resistance and resistance genes, as well as the plasmids that bear them, in Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry in Nigeria. Seventy-four isolates were tested for susceptibility to eleven commonly used antimicrobials. Plasmid reconstruction and identification of resistance and virulence genes were performed with a draft genome using in silico approaches in parallel with plasmid extraction. Phenotypic resistance to ciprofloxacin (50.0%), gentamicin (48.6%), nalidixic acid (79.7%), sulphonamides (71.6%) and tetracycline (59.5%) was the most observed. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) detected in genomes corresponded well with these observations. Commonly observed ARGs included sul1, sul2, sul3, tet (A), tet (M), qnrS1, qnrB19 and a variety of aminoglycoside-modifying genes, in addition to point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. Multiple ARGs were predicted to be located on IncN and IncQ1 plasmids of S. Schwarzengrund and S. Muenster, and most qnrB19 genes were carried by Col (pHAD28) plasmids. Seventy-two percent (19/24) of S. Kentucky strains carried multidrug ARGs located in two distinct variants of Salmonella genomic island I. The majority of strains carried full SPI-1 and SPI-2 islands, suggesting full virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.H.J.); (A.D.); (V.G.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto 234840, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 234200, Nigeria;
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.H.J.); (A.D.); (V.G.M.)
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Vanesa García Menéndez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.H.J.); (A.D.); (V.G.M.)
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.H.J.); (A.D.); (V.G.M.)
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