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Sibarov DA, Tsytsarev V, Volnova A, Vaganova AN, Alves J, Rojas L, Sanabria P, Ignashchenkova A, Savage ED, Inyushin M. Arc protein, a remnant of ancient retrovirus, forms virus-like particles, which are abundantly generated by neurons during epileptic seizures, and affects epileptic susceptibility in rodent models. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1201104. [PMID: 37483450 PMCID: PMC10361770 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1201104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A product of the immediate early gene Arc (Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein or Arc protein) of retroviral ancestry resides in the genome of all tetrapods for millions of years and is expressed endogenously in neurons. It is a well-known protein, very important for synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Activity-dependent Arc expression concentrated in glutamatergic synapses affects the long-time synaptic strength of those excitatory synapses. Because it modulates excitatory-inhibitory balance in a neuronal network, the Arc gene itself was found to be related to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. General Arc knockout rodent models develop a susceptibility to epileptic seizures. Because of activity dependence, synaptic Arc protein synthesis also is affected by seizures. Interestingly, it was found that Arc protein in synapses of active neurons self-assemble in capsids of retrovirus-like particles, which can transfer genetic information between neurons, at least across neuronal synaptic boutons. Released Arc particles can be accumulated in astrocytes after seizures. It is still not known how capsid assembling and transmission timescale is affected by seizures. This scientific field is relatively novel and is experiencing swift transformation as it grapples with difficult concepts in light of evolving experimental findings. We summarize the emergent literature on the subject and also discuss the specific rodent models for studying Arc effects in epilepsy. We summarized both to clarify the possible role of Arc-related pseudo-viral particles in epileptic disorders, which may be helpful to researchers interested in this growing area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Sibarov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anna Volnova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia N. Vaganova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Janaina Alves
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, United States
| | - Legier Rojas
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, United States
| | - Priscila Sanabria
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, United States
| | | | | | - Mikhail Inyushin
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, United States
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Casey AE, Liu W, Hein LK, Sargeant TJ, Pederson SM, Mäkinen VP. Transcriptional targets of senataxin and E2 promoter binding factors are associated with neuro-degenerative pathways during increased autophagic flux. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17665. [PMID: 36271102 PMCID: PMC9587291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular recycling process that degrades harmful molecules and enables survival during starvation, with implications for diseases including dementia, cancer and atherosclerosis. Previous studies demonstrate how a limited number of transcription factors (TFs) can increase autophagy. However, this knowledge has not resulted in translation into therapy, thus, to gain understanding of more suitable targets, we utilized a systems biology approach. We induced autophagy by amino acid starvation and mTOR inhibition in HeLa, HEK 293 and SH-SY5Y cells and measured temporal gene expression using RNA-seq. We observed 456 differentially expressed genes due to starvation and 285 genes due to mTOR inhibition (PFDR < 0.05 in every cell line). Pathway analyses implicated Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (PFDR ≤ 0.024 in SH-SY5Y and HeLa) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, PFDR < 0.05 in mTOR inhibition experiments). Differential expression of the Senataxin (SETX) target gene set was predicted to activate multiple neurodegenerative pathways (PFDR ≤ 0.04). In the SH-SY5Y cells of neuronal origin, the E2F transcription family was predicted to activate Alzheimer's disease pathway (PFDR ≤ 0.0065). These exploratory analyses suggest that SETX and E2F may mediate transcriptional regulation of autophagy and further investigations into their possible role in neuro-degeneration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E. Casey
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Computational and Systems Biology Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia ,grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Australian Centre for Precision Health, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wenjun Liu
- grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leanne K. Hein
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Sargeant
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Pederson
- grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ville-Petteri Mäkinen
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Computational and Systems Biology Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia ,grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Australian Centre for Precision Health, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Yakout DW, Shree N, Mabb AM. Effect of pharmacological manipulations on Arc function. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 2:100013. [PMID: 34909648 PMCID: PMC8663979 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is a brain-enriched immediate early gene that regulates important mechanisms implicated in learning and memory. Arc levels are controlled through a balance of induction and degradation in an activity-dependent manner. Arc further undergoes multiple post-translational modifications that regulate its stability, localization and function. Recent studies demonstrate that these features of Arc can be pharmacologically manipulated. In this review, we discuss some of these compounds, with an emphasis on drugs of abuse and psychotropic drugs. We also discuss inflammatory states that regulate Arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina W. Yakout
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nitheyaa Shree
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela M. Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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