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Liu L, Liu X, Liu L, Zhu T, Ye R, Chen H, Zhou L, Wu G, Tan L, Han J, Li R, Ma X, Deng Z. Clarification of the infection pattern of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri on citrus fruit by artificial inoculation. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:65. [PMID: 38725004 PMCID: PMC11080196 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus canker is a significant bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) that severely impedes the healthy development of the citrus industry. Especially when citrus fruit is infected by Xcc, it will reduce or even lost its commercial value. However, due to the prolonged fruiting cycle and intricate structure, much less research progress had been made in canker disease on fruit than on leaf. In fact, limited understanding has been achieved on canker development and the response to Xcc infection in fruit. RESULTS Herein, the progression of canker disease on sweet orange fruit was tracked in the field. Results indicated that typical lesions initially appear on the sepal, style residue, nectary disk, epicarp, and peduncle of young fruits after petal fall. The susceptibility of fruits to Xcc infection diminished as the fruit developed, with no new lesions forming at the ripening stage. The establishment of an efficient method for inoculating Xcc on fruit as well as the artificial inoculation throughout the fruit's developmental cycle clarified this infection pattern. Additionally, microscopic observations during the infection process revealed that Xcc invasion caused structural changes on the surface and cross-section of the fruit. CONCLUSIONS An efficient system for inoculation on citrus fruit with Xcc was established, by which it can serve for the evaluation of citrus germplasm for canker disease resistance and systematic research on the interactions between Xcc and citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xin Liu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lingyi Liu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Rongchun Ye
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Linglei Zhou
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guang Wu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Limei Tan
- Chenzhou Institute of Agricultural Science, Chenzhou, 423000, China
- NanLing Institute of Citrus Industry, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Jian Han
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Horticultural Research Institute, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Comprehensive Experimental Station of Navel Sweet Orange in South Hunan, Chenzhou, 424200, China
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Ziniu Deng
- National Center for Citrus Improvement-Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- NanLing Institute of Citrus Industry, Chenzhou, 423000, China.
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Su Y, Dai S, Li N, Gentile A, He C, Xu J, Duan K, Wang X, Wang B, Li D. Unleashing the Potential of EIL Transcription Factors in Enhancing Sweet Orange Resistance to Bacterial Pathologies: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12644. [PMID: 37628825 PMCID: PMC10454048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE (EIL) family is one of the most important transcription factor (TF) families in plants and is involved in diverse plant physiological and biochemical processes. In this study, ten EIL transcription factors (CsEILs) in sweet orange were systematically characterized via whole-genome analysis. The CsEIL genes were unevenly distributed across the four sweet orange chromosomes. Putative cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) associated with CsEIL were found to be involved in plant development, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Notably, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that CsEIL genes were widely expressed in different organs of sweet orange and responded to both high and low temperature, NaCl treatment, and to ethylene-dependent induction of transcription, while eight additionally responded to Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri (Xcc) infection, which causes citrus canker. Among these, CsEIL2, CsEIL5 and CsEIL10 showed pronounced upregulation. Moreover, nine genes exhibited differential expression in response to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) infection, which causes Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). The genome-wide characterization and expression profile analysis of CsEIL genes provide insights into the potential functions of the CsEIL family in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Su
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Suming Dai
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Na Li
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Cong He
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Kangle Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Dazhi Li
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha Branch), Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia wallichii Leaf Extract: Its Antibacterial Action against Citrus Canker Causal Agent and Antioxidant Potential. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113525. [PMID: 35684463 PMCID: PMC9182241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles are emerging as attractive alternatives to chemical pesticides due to the ease of their synthesis, safety and antimicrobial activities in lower possible concentrations. In the present study, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of the medicinal plant Euphorbia wallichii and tested them against the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis, the causative agent of citrus canker, via an in vitro experiment. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the plant species were investigated for phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined against a DPPH radical. The extract was also evaluated for phenolic compounds using the HPLC technique. The results confirmed the synthesis of centered cubic, spherical-shaped and crystalline nanoparticles by employing standard characterization techniques. A qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics (41.52 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (14.2 mg QE/g) and other metabolites of medicinal importance. Different concentrations (1000 µg/mL to 15.62 µg/mL—2 fold dilutions) of AgNPs and plant extract (PE) alone, and both in combination (AgNPs-PE), exhibited a differential inhibition of X. axanopodis in a high throughput antibacterial assay. Overall, AgNPs-PE was superior in terms of displaying significant antibacterial activity, followed by AgNPs alone. An appreciable antioxidant potential was recorded as well. The observed antibacterial and antioxidant potential may be attributed to eight phenolic compounds identified in the extract. The Euphorbia wallichii leaf-extract-induced synthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against X. axanopodis, which could be exploited as effective alternative preparations against citrus canker in planta in a controlled environment. In addition, as a good source of phenolic compounds, the plant could be further exploited for potent antioxidants.
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