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Hwang LA, Vaithilingam S, Ng JWJ, Nair M, Ahmed P, Musa KI. The continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: An empirical study from Malaysia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301383. [PMID: 38687718 PMCID: PMC11060549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination has been one of the most effective preventive strategies to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as the COVID-19 vaccines' effect wanes off after some time and given their reduced level of protection against mutation strains of the virus, the calls for boosters and second boosters signal the need for continuous vaccination for the foreseeable future. As Malaysia transitions into the endemic phase, the nation's ability to co-exist with the virus in the endemic phase will hinge on people's continuance intention to be vaccinated against the virus. Adapting the expectations confirmation model (ECM) to the public health context and in a developing country, this study integrates the ECM with the health belief model (HBM) and the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to examine the inter-relationships of the predictors of people's continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. METHODOLOGY Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires from 1,914 respondents aged 18 and above by a marketing consulting firm via its online panel. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Out of the 1,914 respondents, 55.9% reported having a continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19, similar to other developing countries. The multivariate analysis revealed that perceived usefulness and satisfaction significantly influenced individuals' continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Additionally, attitude was found to play a key role in influencing behavioral change among individuals towards their perceptions of continuously getting vaccinated against COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS By integrating three theoretical frameworks (i.e., HBM, TRA and ECM), this study showed that behavioral characteristics could provide insights towards continuance vaccination intention. Hence, policymakers and key stakeholders can develop effective public health strategies or interventions to encourage vaccine booster uptake by targeting behavioral factors such as perceived usefulness, attitude, satisfaction, and subjective norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ann Hwang
- Department of Business Analytics, Sunway Business School, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Santha Vaithilingam
- Sunway Institute for Global Strategy and Competitiveness, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jason Wei Jian Ng
- Department of Applied Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahendhiran Nair
- Sunway Institute for Global Strategy and Competitiveness, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pervaiz Ahmed
- Sunway Institute for Global Strategy and Competitiveness, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Krishna E, Karthikeyan V, Ahmad S, Ranjan A, Hasan Km A, Pandey S, Kumar P, Singh CM. Acceptance of Annual Booster Doses of COVID-19 Vaccines Among Indian Healthcare Professionals: A Pan-India Cross-Sectional Survey. Cureus 2023; 15:e49363. [PMID: 38146559 PMCID: PMC10749219 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed significant challenges to global health, leading to the declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Vaccination efforts have effectively reduced severe outcomes and mortality, but breakthrough infections and new variants are of concern. In response, annual booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines are being considered to maintain immunity. Healthcare professionals, as frontline workers, play a pivotal role in vaccination campaigns. This study explores their attitudes toward and willingness to accept annual COVID-19 booster doses in India. Methods A pan-India cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare professionals, including faculty, resident doctors, interns, and nursing staff, across Indian medical and nursing colleges. Convenience sampling was used to collect responses via an online questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed demographics, vaccine status, attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination, and willingness to accept annual booster doses. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of booster dose acceptance. Results A total of 535 participants responded from 28 states and 8 union territories of India. Most were 34.2 years (± 11.1 SD), and 372 (69.5%) had taken Covishield (Serum Institute of India, Pune, India) as their primary vaccine. While 525 (98.1%) had taken the first dose and 518 (96.8%) of them had taken the second dose, only 333 (62.2%) had received a booster. Around 318 (60%) of healthcare professionals were willing to accept an annual booster dose. The mean attitude score toward annual booster doses was 75.4 (range: 28-111). Healthcare professionals' trust in government recommendations and medical experts significantly influenced their willingness to accept annual booster doses. Conclusion This study provides insights into the attitudes of healthcare professionals in India toward annual COVID-19 booster doses. At the same time, a significant proportion showed a willingness to accept boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Krishna
- Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Venkatesh Karthikeyan
- Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Shamshad Ahmad
- Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | | | - Sanjay Pandey
- Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Pragya Kumar
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - C M Singh
- Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
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Li Y, Li M, Yang L, Bressington D, Leung SF, Xie YJ, Qin J, Molasiotis A, Leung AYM. Are People Willing to Take Regular COVID-19 Vaccines? Prevalence and Determinants of Hesitancy for Regular COVID-19 Vaccination: A Random Population-Based Survey in Hong Kong. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1388. [PMID: 37631956 PMCID: PMC10459211 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new coronavirus variants and evidence of waning immunity offered by COVID-19 vaccines draw attention to the need for regular vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy is one of the top ten threats to global health. There is a dearth of knowledge on people's hesitancy to take regular COVID-19 vaccines. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of hesitancy for regular COVID-19 vaccination. A population-based, random telephone survey was performed in Hong Kong in April 2022 (n = 1213). The age-standardized hesitancy rate for regular COVID-19 vaccines among Hong Kong adults was 39.4% (95% CI = 35.3-44.1%), exhibiting a sloping S-shape with age. Regression analyses revealed that females, young adults, self-perceived fair/bad health, low COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and believing there are better ways for prevention of infection were positive determinants of hesitancy for regular vaccination. Vaccine confidence, perceived severity and availability, trust in manufacturers and government, and civic duty inclination were negative determinants. Tailored vaccine promotions are needed for females, young adults, and people perceiving poor health and receiving fewer doses. Information on infection severity, vaccine availability, and trust in suppliers, products, and governments are key attitude-change facilitators to decrease hesitancy for regular COVID-19 vaccination and cope with future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (S.-F.L.); (Y.-J.X.); (J.Q.); (A.Y.M.L.)
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (S.-F.L.); (Y.-J.X.); (J.Q.); (A.Y.M.L.)
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (S.-F.L.); (Y.-J.X.); (J.Q.); (A.Y.M.L.)
| | | | - Sau-Fong Leung
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (S.-F.L.); (Y.-J.X.); (J.Q.); (A.Y.M.L.)
| | - Yao-Jie Xie
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (S.-F.L.); (Y.-J.X.); (J.Q.); (A.Y.M.L.)
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (S.-F.L.); (Y.-J.X.); (J.Q.); (A.Y.M.L.)
| | - Alex Molasiotis
- College of Arts, Humanities and Education, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK;
| | - Angela Y. M. Leung
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (S.-F.L.); (Y.-J.X.); (J.Q.); (A.Y.M.L.)
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Lee Y, Park K, Shin J, Oh J, Jang Y, You M. Factors Affecting the Public Intention to Repeat the COVID-19 Vaccination: Implications for Vaccine Communication. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091235. [PMID: 37174775 PMCID: PMC10178399 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most of the pandemic-related mandatory restrictions have been lifted or eased, vaccination is still recommended as an effective measure to minimize the damage from COVID-19 infection. Since COVID-19 eradication is unlikely, it is necessary to understand the factors affecting the public's vaccination intention when COVID-19 vaccination is continuously recommended. This study aims to explore the factors that affect the intention to repeat the COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea. An online survey was conducted in January 2022 with adults living in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. In a hierarchical logistic regression analysis, sociodemographic factors, COVID-19 infection-related factors, COVID-19 vaccination-related factors, sociocultural factors, and communication factors were taken into account. In this study, more than three-quarters (78.1%) of Koreans were willing to repeat the COVID-19 vaccination. People who had high-risk perceptions, had been vaccinated against COVID-19 at least once, had more authoritarian attitudes, regarded the vaccination as a social responsibility, and had positive attitudes toward health authorities' regular briefings were more likely to repeat the vaccination. In contrast, those who directly or indirectly experienced COVID-19 vaccine side effects and who showed psychological reactance against the government's vaccination recommendation were less likely to repeat the vaccination. Our research indicates that empathetic communication, promotion of the prosocial aspect of vaccination, and regular and transparent provision of vaccine information are essential for promoting the intention to repeat the COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Lee
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunhee Park
- Gyeonggi Infectious Disease Control Center, Suwon 16508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Shin
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Oh
- Gyeonggi Infectious Disease Control Center, Suwon 16508, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongeun Jang
- Gyeonggi Infectious Disease Control Center, Suwon 16508, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsoon You
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Lubad MA, Abu-Helalah MA, Alahmad IF, Al-Tamimi MM, QawaQzeh MS, Al-kharabsheh AM, Alzoubi H, Alnawafleh AH, Kheirallah KA. Willingness of Healthcare Workers to Recommend or Receive a Third COVID-19 Vaccine Dose: A Cross-Sectional Study from Jordan. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:210-221. [PMID: 37102982 PMCID: PMC10138052 DOI: 10.3390/idr15020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The availability of COVID-19 vaccines worldwide necessitates measuring healthcare workers’ (HCWs’) willingness to recommend or receive these vaccines. Therefore, we conducted a local study in Jordan to assess HCWs’ willingness to recommend or receive a third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine and the predictors of such a decision. A cross-sectional study investigated Jordanian HCWs’ willingness regarding a third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine using a self-administered online questionnaire through WhatsApp, a mobile phone application. A total of 300 HCWs participated in the current study. Of these HCWs, 65.3% were physicians, 25.3% were nurses, and 9.3% were pharmacists. HCWs’ overall willingness regarding a third vaccine dose was 68.4% (49.4% certainly and 19.0% probably), whereas the overall willingness of HCWs to recommend a third dose to their patients was 73.3% (49.0% certainly and 24.3% probably). Males had significantly higher willingness than females (82.1% vs. 60.1%, p < 0.05). Physicians reported more willingness than nurses and pharmacists. HCWs’ willingness was not significantly affected by direct contact with a patient infected with COVID-19 or by a personal history of COVID-19 infection. Only 31% of HCWs were certainly willing to recommend the vaccine to their patients with chronic diseases, and only 28% of the participants were certainly willing to recommend it to people aged 65 or older. HCWs’ willingness to receive a third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine is limited in Jordan. This has affected their certainty in recommending this vaccine to their patients or people older than 60. Decision-makers and health-promotion programs in Jordan should focus on addressing this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu Lubad
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
| | - Munir A. Abu-Helalah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
| | - Israa F. Alahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Students at Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
| | - Malak M. Al-Tamimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Students at Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
| | - Mohammad S. QawaQzeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Students at Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
| | - Ahlam M. Al-kharabsheh
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
| | - Hamed Alzoubi
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
- Board Member, Jordan Centre for Disease Control, Amman 11814, Jordan
| | - Ahmad H. Alnawafleh
- Department Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mutah University, Alkarak 61710, Jordan
| | - Khalid A. Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Harapan H, Fathima R, Kusuma HI, Anwar S, Nalapraya WY, Wibowo A, Wati KDK, Medina A, Defrita AH, Astri Y, Prasetyowati A, Nurfarahin N, Khusna A, Oktariana S, Anwar S, Yussar MO, Khotimah S, Nainggolan BWM, Badri PRA, Argarini R, Winardi W, Indah R, Sallam M, Rajamoorthy Y, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M. Drivers of and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose Acceptance in Indonesia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10121981. [PMID: 36560390 PMCID: PMC9783536 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining a booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is required to maintain the protective level of neutralizing antibodies and therefore herd immunity in the community, and the success of booster dose programs depends on public acceptance. The aim of this study was to determine the acceptance of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine and its drivers and barriers in Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the provinces of Indonesia between 1 and 15 August 2022. Individuals who completed the primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine were asked about their acceptance of a booster dose. Those who refused the booster dose were questioned about their reasons. A logistic regression was used to determine the determinants associated with rejection of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 2935 respondents were included in the final analysis. With no information on the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccine, 95% of respondents agreed to receive a booster dose if it were provided for free by the government. This acceptance was reduced to only 50.3% if the vaccine had a 75% efficacy with a 20% chance of side effects. The adjusted logistic regression analysis indicated that there were eight factors associated with the rejection of the booster dose: age, marital status, religion, occupation, type of the first two vaccines received, knowledge regarding the importance of the booster dose, belief that natural immunity is sufficient to prevent COVID-19 and disbelief in the effectiveness of the booster dose. In conclusion, the hesitancy toward booster doses in Indonesia is influenced by some intrinsic factors such as lack of knowledge on the benefits of the booster dose, worries regarding the unexpected side effects and concerns about the halal status of the provided vaccines and extrinsic determinants such as the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. These findings suggest the need for more campaigns and promotions regarding the booster dose benefits to increase its acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC), Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Raisha Fathima
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Hendrix Indra Kusuma
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Biology Education Department, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Samsul Anwar
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Widhy Yudistira Nalapraya
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung 40116, Indonesia
| | - Adityo Wibowo
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia
| | - Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar 80234, Indonesia
| | - Ayunda Medina
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Yesi Astri
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang 30263, Indonesia
| | | | - Nurfarahin Nurfarahin
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Afriyani Khusna
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Setya Oktariana
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sarifuddin Anwar
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tadulako University, Palu 94148, Indonesia
| | - Milza Oka Yussar
- Faculty of Public Health, University Muhammadiyah Aceh, Banda Aceh 23245, Indonesia
| | - Siti Khotimah
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Medical Faculty of Mulawarman University, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
| | | | - Putri Rizki Amalia Badri
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang 30263, Indonesia
| | - Raden Argarini
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Wira Winardi
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Rosaria Indah
- Medical Education Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yogambigai Rajamoorthy
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Accountancy and Management, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur 43200, Malaysia
| | - Abram L. Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
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Beerman JT, Beaumont GG, Giabbanelli PJ. A Scoping Review of Three Dimensions for Long-Term COVID-19 Vaccination Models: Hybrid Immunity, Individual Drivers of Vaccinal Choice, and Human Errors. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101716. [PMID: 36298581 PMCID: PMC9607873 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus that causes COVID-19 changes over time, occasionally leading to Variants of Interest (VOIs) and Variants of Concern (VOCs) that can behave differently with respect to detection kits, treatments, or vaccines. For instance, two vaccination doses were 61% effective against the BA.1 predominant variant, but only 24% effective when BA.2 became predominant. While doses still confer protection against severe disease outcomes, the BA.5 variant demonstrates the possibility that individuals who have received a few doses built for previous variants can still be infected with newer variants. As previous vaccines become less effective, new ones will be released to target specific variants and the whole process of vaccinating the population will restart. While previous models have detailed logistical aspects and disease progression, there are three additional key elements to model COVID-19 vaccination coverage in the long term. First, the willingness of the population to participate in regular vaccination campaigns is essential for long-term effective COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Previous research has shown that several categories of variables drive vaccination status: sociodemographic, health-related, psychological, and information-related constructs. However, the inclusion of these categories in future models raises questions about the identification of specific factors (e.g., which sociodemographic aspects?) and their operationalization (e.g., how to initialize agents with a plausible combination of factors?). While previous models separately accounted for natural- and vaccine-induced immunity, the reality is that a significant fraction of individuals will be both vaccinated and infected over the coming years. Modeling the decay in immunity with respect to new VOCs will thus need to account for hybrid immunity. Finally, models rarely assume that individuals make mistakes, even though this over-reliance on perfectly rational individuals can miss essential dynamics. Using the U.S. as a guiding example, our scoping review summarizes these aspects (vaccinal choice, immunity, and errors) through ten recommendations to support the modeling community in developing long-term COVID-19 vaccination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Beerman
- Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Gwendal G. Beaumont
- Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- IMT Mines Ales, 6 Av. de Clavieres, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Philippe J. Giabbanelli
- Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abusalem S, Abuhammad S, Sha S, Martinez Mar M, Aljeesh Y, Eldeirawi KM. Intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccination among people in Gaza Strip. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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