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De La Cruz-Herrera CF, Tatham MH, Siddiqi UZ, Shire K, Marcon E, Greenblatt JF, Hay RT, Frappier L. Changes in SUMO-modified proteins in Epstein-Barr virus infection identifies reciprocal regulation of TRIM24/28/33 complexes and the lytic switch BZLF1. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011477. [PMID: 37410772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMO modifications regulate the function of many proteins and are important in controlling herpesvirus infections. We performed a site-specific proteomic analysis of SUMO1- and SUMO2-modified proteins in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent and lytic infection to identify proteins that change in SUMO modification status in response to EBV reactivation. Major changes were identified in all three components of the TRIM24/TRIM28/TRIM33 complex, with TRIM24 being rapidly degraded and TRIM33 being phosphorylated and SUMOylated in response to EBV lytic infection. Further experiments revealed TRIM24 and TRIM33 repress expression of the EBV BZLF1 lytic switch gene, suppressing EBV reactivation. However, BZLF1 was shown to interact with TRIM24 and TRIM33, resulting in disruption of TRIM24/TRIM28/TRIM33 complexes, degradation of TRIM24 and modification followed by degradation of TRIM33. Therefore, we have identified TRIM24 and TRIM33 as cellular antiviral defence factors against EBV lytic infection and established the mechanism by which BZLF1 disables this defence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael H Tatham
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Umama Z Siddiqi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathy Shire
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jack F Greenblatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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2
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Herpesvirus ubiquitin deconjugases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:185-192. [PMID: 34776333 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like polypeptides to cellular and viral proteins regulates numerous processes that enable virus infection, viral genome replication, and the spread of viruses to new hosts. The importance of these protein modifications in the regulation of the life cycle of herpesviruses is underscored by the discovery that all known members of this virus family encode at least one protease that specifically recognizes and disassembles ubiquitin conjugates. The structural and functional characterization of the viral enzymes and the identification of their viral and cellular substrates is providing valuable insights into the biology of viral infection and increasing evidence suggests that the viral deconjugases may also play a role in malignant transformation.
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3
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Skalsky RL. MicroRNA-mediated control of Epstein-Barr virus infection and potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101272. [PMID: 36242893 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encode multiple viral microRNAs that are expressed throughout various infection stages. While much progress has been made in evaluating both the viral and host microRNAs (miRNAs) that are detected during infection as well as elucidating their molecular targets in vitro, our understanding of their contributions to pathogenesis in vivo, viral oncogenesis, and clinical implications for these small molecules remains limited. miRNAs are widely recognized as key regulators of global cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and development of immune responses. This review discusses the roles of miRNAs in EBV infection and current advances in miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies potentially applicable toward EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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4
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Chen Q, Luo Y, Fu Y, Feng Z, Lu L, Jiang Y, Xu D. microRNA (miR-KT-635) encoded by Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 regulates the viral replication with targeting to the ORF23. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:631-639. [PMID: 35181893 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses have been reported to be able to encode and express functional viral microRNAs that target both viral and cellular transcripts. In our previous studies, we found a new miRNA miR-KT-635 encoded by Cyprinid herpesvirus 2, which is predicted to target viral genes and cellular genes involved in innate immune signalling pathway and apoptosis. However, the function and target gene of miR-KT-635 are not proved. In this study, the regulating target gene of miR-KT-635 was proved as the viral gene ORF23 directly, the target point sequence on gene was verified and miR-KT-635 was identified to regulate the expression of ORF23 protein. According to the bioinformatics analysis, the tRNA domain and ribosome domain in the protein sequence of ORF23 were found to share high homology with R2i and P53R2i, which are related to the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit in the host (transform NTP to dNTP). Within expectations, silencing of viral ORF23 or transfecting miR-KT-635 mimics in Carassius auratus gibelio caudal fin cell line (GiCF) could suppress viral propagation significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikang Chen
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhao Feng
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Mete B, Pekbilir E, Bilge BN, Georgiadou P, Çelik E, Sutlu T, Tabak F, Sahin U. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 impairs sumoylation. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/6/e202101103. [PMID: 35181598 PMCID: PMC8860096 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV type 1 dampens host cell sumoylation in vitro and reduces the expression of UBA2 protein, a subunit of the SUMO E1–activating enzyme. In vivo, infection in patients is associated with diminished global leukocyte sumoylation activity. During infection, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) manipulates host cell mechanisms to its advantage, thereby controlling its replication or latency, and evading immune responses. Sumoylation is an essential post-translational modification that controls vital cellular activities including proliferation, stemness, or anti-viral immunity. SUMO peptides oppose pathogen replication and mediate interferon-dependent anti-viral activities. In turn, several viruses and bacteria attack sumoylation to disarm host immune responses. Here, we show that HIV-1 impairs cellular sumoylation and targets the host SUMO E1–activating enzyme. HIV-1 expression in cultured HEK293 cells or in CD4+ Jurkat T lymphocytes diminishes sumoylation by both SUMO paralogs, SUMO1 and SUMO2/3. HIV-1 causes a sharp and specific decline in UBA2 protein levels, a subunit of the heterodimeric SUMO E1 enzyme, which likely serves to reduce the efficiency of global protein sumoylation. Furthermore, HIV-1–infected individuals display a significant reduction in total leukocyte sumoylation that is uncoupled from HIV-induced cytopenia. Because sumoylation is vital for immune function, T-cell expansion and activity, loss of sumoylation during HIV disease may contribute to immune system deterioration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgül Mete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Pekbilir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Nur Bilge
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Panagiota Georgiadou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Sutlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehmi Tabak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
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The Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitinating enzyme BPLF1 regulates the activity of topoisomerase II during productive infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009954. [PMID: 34543352 PMCID: PMC8483405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases are essential for the replication of herpesviruses but the mechanisms by which the viruses hijack the cellular enzymes are largely unknown. We found that topoisomerase-II (TOP2) is a substrate of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ubiquitin deconjugase BPLF1. BPLF1 co-immunoprecipitated and deubiquitinated TOP2, and stabilized SUMOylated TOP2 trapped in cleavage complexes (TOP2ccs), which halted the DNA damage response to TOP2-induced double strand DNA breaks and promoted cell survival. Induction of the productive virus cycle in epithelial and lymphoid cell lines carrying recombinant EBV encoding the active enzyme was accompanied by TOP2 deubiquitination, accumulation of TOP2ccs and resistance to Etoposide toxicity. The protective effect of BPLF1 was dependent on the expression of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) that releases DNA-trapped TOP2 and promotes error-free DNA repair. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized function of BPLF1 in supporting a non-proteolytic pathway for TOP2ccs debulking that favors cell survival and virus production. The N-terminal domains of the herpesvirus large tegument proteins encode a conserved cysteine protease with ubiquitin- and NEDD8-specific deconjugase activity. Members of the viral enzyme family regulate different aspects of the virus life cycle including virus replication, the assembly of infectious virus particles and the host innate anti-viral response. However, only few substrates have been validated under physiological conditions of expression and very little is known on the mechanisms by which the enzymes contribute to the reprograming of cellular functions that are required for efficient infection and virus production. Cellular type I and type II topoisomerases (TOP1 and TOP2) resolve topological problems that arise during DNA replication and transcription and are therefore essential for herpesvirus replication. We report that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ubiquitin deconjugase BPLF1 selectively regulates the activity of TOP2 in cells treated with the TOP2 poison Etoposide and during productive infection. Using transiently transfected and stable cell lines that express catalytically active or inactive BPLF1, we found that BPLF1 interacts with both TOP2α and TOP2β in co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro pull-down assays and the active enzyme stabilizes TOP2 trapped in TOP2ccs, promoting a shift towards TOP2 SUMOylation. This hinders the activation of DNA-damage responses and reduces the toxicity of Etoposide. The physiological relevance of this finding was validated using pairs of EBV carrying HEK-293T cells and EBV immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) expressing the wild type or catalytic mutant enzyme. Using knockout LCLs we found that the capacity of BPLF1 to rescue of Etoposide toxicity is dependent on the expression of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) that releases DNA-trapped TOP2 and promotes error-free DNA repair.
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer [EBV (+) GC] is associated with EBV infection and is one of the GC subtypes defined by the Cancer Genome Atlas. EBV (+) GC has several distinct genomic or epigenomic features and clinicopathological characteristics compared with other molecular subtypes of GC. Here, we summarize the unique features of EBV (+) GC including the clinical and histopathological features, and discuss associated genetic and epigenetic aberrations. We also discuss noncoding RNAs [EBV-encoded RNAs and EBV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs)] derived from EBV-infected cells, which have not been described in detail previously. These noncoding RNAs are defined by their roles; for example, EBV-encoded miRNAs play pivotal roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression in EBV (+) GC. We also discuss recent advances in therapeutic modalities for EBV (+) GC, as well as the potential of EBV infection as a predictive biomarker of the response to anti-PD-1 therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We introduce our recent studies focusing on AT-rich interactive domain 1A gene mutations and programmed death ligand-1 overexpression/CD274 copy-number amplification, which are recurrently identified in EBV (+) GC. Finally, based on those findings, we propose potential therapeutic options using candidate-targeted therapies against EBV (+) GC.
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8
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Münz C. Immune Escape by Non-coding RNAs of the Epstein Barr Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657387. [PMID: 34234755 PMCID: PMC8257079 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently colonizing more than 95% of the adult human population. At the same time EBV encodes oncogenes that can readily transform human B cells in culture and threaten healthy virus carriers with lymphomagenesis. Cytotoxic lymphocytes have been identified in experimental models and by primary immunodeficiencies as the main protective immune compartments controlling EBV. EBV has reached a stalemate with these cytotoxic T and innate lymphocytes to ensure persistence in most infected humans. Recent evidence suggests that the non-coding RNAs of the virus contribute to viral immune escape to prevent immune eradication. This knowledge might be used in the future to attenuate EBV for vaccine development against this human tumor virus that was discovered more than 55 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Huang PY, Wu JG, Gu J, Zhang TQ, Li LF, Wang SQ, Wang M. Bioinformatics analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles to reveal the key miRNAs and genes in osteoarthritis. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:63. [PMID: 33468167 PMCID: PMC7814623 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease and the most frequent type of arthritis. This study aimed to identify the key miRNAs and genes associated with OA progression. METHODS The GSE105027 (microRNA [miRNA/miR] expression profile; 12 OA samples and 12 normal samples) and GSE48556 (messenger RNA [mRNA] expression profile; 106 OA samples and 33 normal samples) datasets were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs) were analyzed using the limma and ROCR packages in R, respectively. The target genes that negatively correlated with the DEMs were predicted, followed by functional enrichment analysis and construction of the miRNA-gene and miRNA-transcription factor (TF)-gene regulatory networks. Additionally, key miRNAs and genes were screened, and their expression levels were verified by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS A total of 1696 DEGs (739 upregulated and 957 downregulated) and 108 DEMs (56 upregulated and 52 downregulated) were identified in the OA samples. Furthermore, 56 target genes that negatively correlated with the DEMs were predicted and found to be enriched in three functional terms (e.g., positive regulation of intracellular protein transport) and three pathways (e.g., human cytomegalovirus infection). In addition, three key miRNAs (miR-98-5p, miR-7-5p, and miR-182-5p) and six key genes (murine double minute 2, MDM2; glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta, GSK3B; transmembrane P24-trafficking protein 10, TMED10; DDB1 and CUL4-associated factor 12, DCAF12; caspase 3, CASP3; and ring finger protein 44, RNF44) were screened, among which the miR-7-5p → TMED10/DCAF12, miR-98-5p → CASP3/RNF44, and miR-182-5p → GSK3B pairs were observed in the regulatory network. Moreover, the expression levels of TMED10, miR-7-5p, CASP3, miR-98-5p, GSK3B, and miR-182-5p showed a negative correlation with qRT-PCR verification. CONCLUSION MiR-98-5p, miR-7-5p, miR-182-5p, MDM2, GSK3B, TMED10, DCAF12, CASP3, and RNF44 may play critical roles in OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 128 Ruili Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun-Guo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 128 Ruili Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 128 Ruili Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tie-Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 128 Ruili Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling-Feng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 128 Ruili Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Si-Qun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 128 Ruili Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Minghai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 128 Ruili Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Epstein-Barr Virus: How Its Lytic Phase Contributes to Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111824. [PMID: 33228078 PMCID: PMC7699388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) contributes to the development of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. While EBV’s latent phase is more commonly associated with EBV-associated malignancies, there is increasing evidence that EBV’s lytic phase plays a role in EBV-mediated oncogenesis. The lytic phase contributes to oncogenesis primarily in two ways: (1) the production of infectious particles to infect more cells, and (2) the regulation of cellular oncogenic pathways, both cell autonomously and non-cell autonomously. The production of infectious particles requires the completion of the lytic phase. However, the regulation of cellular oncogenic pathways can be mediated by an incomplete (abortive) lytic phase, in which early lytic gene products contribute substantially, whereas late lytic products are largely dispensable. In this review, we discuss the evidence of EBV’s lytic phase contributing to oncogenesis and the role it plays in tumor formation and progression, as well as summarize known mechanisms by which EBV lytic products regulate oncogenic pathways. Understanding the contribution of EBV’s lytic phase to oncogenesis will help design ways to target it to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
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11
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Bentz GL, Lowrey AJ, Horne DC, Nguyen V, Satterfield AR, Ross TD, Harrod AE, Uchakina ON, McKallip RJ. Using glycyrrhizic acid to target sumoylation processes during Epstein-Barr virus latency. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217578. [PMID: 31125383 PMCID: PMC6534330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular sumoylation processes are proposed targets for anti-viral and anti-cancer therapies. We reported that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) dysregulates cellular sumoylation processes, contributing to its oncogenic potential in EBV-associated malignancies. Ginkgolic acid and anacardic acid, known inhibitors of sumoylation, inhibit LMP1-induced protein sumoylation; however, both drugs have adverse effects in hosts. Here we test the effects of glycyrrhizic acid, a medicinal botanical extract with anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-viral properties, on cellular sumoylation processes. While glycyrrhizic acid is known to inhibit EBV penetration, its affect on cellular sumoylation processes remains to be documented. We hypothesized that glycyrrhizic acid inhibits cellular sumoylation processes and may be a viable treatment for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies. Results showed that glycyrrhizic acid inhibited sumoylation processes (without affecting ubiquitination processes), limited cell growth, and induced apoptosis in multiple cell lines. Similar to ginkgolic acid; glycyrrhizic acid targeted the first step of the sumoylation process and resulted in low levels of spontaneous EBV reactivation. Glycyrrhizic acid did not affect induced reactivation of the virus, but the presence of the extract did reduce the ability of the produced virus to infect additional cells. Therefore, we propose that glycyrrhizic acid may be a potential therapeutic drug to augment the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Bentz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Angela J Lowrey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dustin C Horne
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Austin R Satterfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tabithia D Ross
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abigail E Harrod
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Olga N Uchakina
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J McKallip
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
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12
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Dong M, Chen JN, Huang JT, Gong LP, Shao CK. The roles of EBV-encoded microRNAs in EBV-associated tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 135:30-38. [PMID: 30819444 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is believed to be a pathogen causing a number of human cancers, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. An increasing number of studies have indicated that EBV-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) are expressed in a latency type- and tumor type-dependent manner, playing important roles in the development and progression of EBV-associated tumors. By targeting one or more genes of the virus and the host, EBV miRNAs are responsible for the deregulation of a variety of viral and host cell biological processes, including viral replication, latency maintenance, immune evasion, cell apoptosis and metabolism, and tumor proliferation and metastasis. In addition, some EBV miRNAs can be used as excellent diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy predictive biomarkers for EBV-associated tumors. More importantly, EBV miRNA-targeting therapeutics have emerged and have been developing rapidly, which may open a new era in the treatment of EBV-associated tumors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Li-Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Abstract
The human persistent and oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was one of the first viruses that were described to express viral microRNAs (miRNAs). These have been proposed to modulate many host and viral functions, but their predominant role in vivo has remained unclear. We compared recombinant EBVs expressing or lacking miRNAs during in vivo infection of mice with reconstituted human immune system components and found that miRNA-deficient EBV replicates to lower viral titers with decreased frequencies of proliferating EBV-infected B cells. In response, activated cytotoxic EBV-specific T cells expand to lower frequencies than during infection with miRNA-expressing EBV. However, when we depleted CD8+ T cells the miRNA-deficient virus reached similar viral loads as wild-type EBV, increasing by more than 200-fold in the spleens of infected animals. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell depletion resulted in lymphoma formation in the majority of animals after miRNA-deficient EBV infection, while no tumors emerged when CD8+ T cells were present. Thus, miRNAs mainly serve the purpose of immune evasion from T cells in vivo and could become a therapeutic target to render EBV-associated malignancies more immunogenic.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects the majority of the human population and usually persists asymptomatically within its host. Nevertheless, EBV is the causative agent for infectious mononucleosis (IM) and for lymphoproliferative disorders, including Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphomas. The immune system of the infected host is thought to prevent tumor formation in healthy virus carriers. EBV was one of the first viruses described to express miRNAs, and many host and viral targets were identified for these in vitro However, their role during EBV infection in vivo remained unclear. This work is the first to describe that EBV miRNAs mainly increase viremia and virus-associated lymphomas through dampening antigen recognition by adaptive immune responses in mice with reconstituted immune responses. Currently, there is no prophylactic or therapeutic treatment to restrict IM or EBV-associated malignancies; thus, targeting EBV miRNAs could promote immune responses and limit EBV-associated pathologies.
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Chen Y, Fachko D, Ivanov NS, Skinner CM, Skalsky RL. Epstein-Barr virus microRNAs regulate B cell receptor signal transduction and lytic reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007535. [PMID: 30615681 PMCID: PMC6336353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulatory RNAs that can modulate cell signaling and play key roles in cell state transitions. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expresses >40 viral miRNAs that manipulate both viral and cellular gene expression patterns and contribute to reprogramming of the host environment during infection. Here, we identified a subset of EBV miRNAs that desensitize cells to B cell receptor (BCR) stimuli, and attenuate the downstream activation of NF-kappaB or AP1-dependent transcription. Bioinformatics and pathway analysis of Ago PAR-CLIP datasets identified multiple EBV miRNA targets related to BCR signal transduction, including GRB2, SOS1, MALT1, RAC1, and INPP5D, which we validated in reporter assays. BCR signaling is critical for B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and for EBV, is linked to reactivation. In functional assays, we demonstrate that EBV miR-BHRF1-2-5p contributes to the growth of latently infected B cells through GRB2 regulation. We further determined that activities of EBV miR-BHRF1-2-5p, EBV miR-BART2-5p, and a cellular miRNA, miR-17-5p, directly regulate virus reactivation triggered by BCR engagement. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into some of the key miRNA interactions impacting the proliferation of latently infected B cells and importantly, governing the latent to lytic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Devin Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nikita S. Ivanov
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Camille M. Skinner
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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15
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Fattahi S, Kosari‐Monfared M, Ghadami E, Golpour M, Khodadadi P, Ghasemiyan M, Akhavan‐Niaki H. Infection‐associated epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer: New insight in cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9261-9270. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute Amol Iran
| | | | - Elham Ghadami
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Monireh Golpour
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science Sari Iran
| | - Parastoo Khodadadi
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghasemiyan
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan‐Niaki
- Department of Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
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16
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De La Cruz-Herrera CF, Shire K, Siddiqi UZ, Frappier L. A genome-wide screen of Epstein-Barr virus proteins that modulate host SUMOylation identifies a SUMO E3 ligase conserved in herpesviruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007176. [PMID: 29979787 PMCID: PMC6051671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes pertinent for viral infection are regulated by the addition of small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) to key regulatory proteins, making SUMOylation an important mechanism by which viruses can commandeer cellular pathways. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a master at manipulating of cellular processes, which enables life-long infection but can also lead to the induction of a variety of EBV-associated cancers. To identify new mechanisms by which EBV proteins alter cells, we screened a library of 51 EBV proteins for global effects on cellular SUMO1 and SUMO2 modifications (SUMOylation), identifying several proteins not previously known to manipulate this pathway. One EBV protein (BRLF1) globally induced the loss of SUMOylated proteins, in a proteasome-dependent manner, as well as the loss of promeylocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. However, unlike its homologue (Rta) in Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus, it did not appear to have ubiquitin ligase activity. In addition we identified the EBV SM protein as globally upregulating SUMOylation and showed that this activity was conserved in its homologues in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1 UL54/ICP27) and cytomegalovirus (CMV UL69). All three viral homologues were shown to bind SUMO and Ubc9 and to have E3 SUMO ligase activity in a purified system. These are the first SUMO E3 ligases discovered for EBV, HSV1 and CMV. Interestingly the homologues had different specificities for SUMO1 and SUMO2, with SM and UL69 preferentially binding SUMO1 and inducing SUMO1 modifications, and UL54 preferentially binding SUMO2 and inducing SUMO2 modifications. The results provide new insights into the function of this family of conserved herpesvirus proteins, and the conservation of this SUMO E3 ligase activity across diverse herpesviruses suggests the importance of this activity for herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Shire
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Umama Z. Siddiqi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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17
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Lactic Acid Downregulates Viral MicroRNA To Promote Epstein-Barr Virus-Immortalized B Lymphoblastic Cell Adhesion and Growth. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00033-18. [PMID: 29444941 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00033-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma lactate is associated with poor prognosis of many malignancies, but its role in virally mediated cancer progression and underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the first human oncogenic virus, causes several cancers, including B-cell lymphoma. Here, we report that lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) expression and lactate production are elevated in EBV-immortalized B lymphoblastic cells, and lactic acid (LA; acidic lactate) at low concentration triggers EBV-infected B-cell adhesion, morphological changes, and proliferation in vitro and in vivo Moreover, LA-induced responses of EBV-infected B cells uniquely occurs in viral latency type III, and it is dramatically associated with the inhibition of global viral microRNAs, particularly the miR-BHRF1 cluster, and the high expression of SMAD3, JUN, and COL1A genes. The introduction of miR-BHRF1-1 blocks the LA-induced effects of EBV-infected B cells. Thus, this may be a novel mechanism to explain EBV-immortalized B lymphoblastic cell malignancy in an LA microenvironment.IMPORTANCE The tumor microenvironment is complicated, and lactate, which is created by cell metabolism, contributes to an acidic microenvironment that facilitates cancer progression. However, how LA operates in virus-associated cancers is unclear. Thus, we studied how EBV (the first tumor virus identified in humans; it is associated with many cancers) upregulates the expression of LDH-A and lactate production in B lymphoma cells. Elevated LA induces adhesion and the growth of EBV-infected B cells by inhibiting viral microRNA transcription. Thus, we offer a novel understanding of how EBV utilizes an acidic microenvironment to promote cancer development.
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