1
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Montoya B, Melo-Silva CR, Tang L, Kafle S, Lidskiy P, Bajusz C, Vadovics M, Muramatsu H, Abraham E, Lipinszki Z, Chatterjee D, Scher G, Benitez J, Sung MMH, Tam YK, Catanzaro NJ, Schäfer A, Andino R, Baric RS, Martinez DR, Pardi N, Sigal LJ. mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8 + T cells protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of specific antibodies. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1790-1804. [PMID: 38605519 PMCID: PMC11184341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of CD8+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced protection from lethal COVID-19 is unclear. Using mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus (MA30) in C57BL/6 mice, we show that CD8+ T cells are unnecessary for the intrinsic resistance of female or the susceptibility of male mice to lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also, mice immunized with a di-proline prefusion-stabilized full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S-2P) mRNA-LNP vaccine, which induces Spike-specific antibodies and CD8+ T cells specific for the Spike-derived VNFNFNGL peptide, are protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced lethality and weight loss, while mice vaccinated with mRNA-LNPs encoding only VNFNFNGL are protected from lethality but not weight loss. CD8+ T cell depletion ablates protection in VNFNFNGL but not in S-2P mRNA-LNP-vaccinated mice. Therefore, mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells are dispensable when protective antibodies are present but essential for survival in their absence. Hence, vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells may be critical to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants that mutate epitopes targeted by protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Samita Kafle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter Lidskiy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Csaba Bajusz
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Vadovics
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edit Abraham
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Lipinszki
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Debotri Chatterjee
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juliana Benitez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Immunobiology, Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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2
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Wu TTH, Travaglini KJ, Rustagi A, Xu D, Zhang Y, Andronov L, Jang S, Gillich A, Dehghannasiri R, Martínez-Colón GJ, Beck A, Liu DD, Wilk AJ, Morri M, Trope WL, Bierman R, Weissman IL, Shrager JB, Quake SR, Kuo CS, Salzman J, Moerner WE, Kim PS, Blish CA, Krasnow MA. Interstitial macrophages are a focus of viral takeover and inflammation in COVID-19 initiation in human lung. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232192. [PMID: 38597954 PMCID: PMC11009983 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Early stages of deadly respiratory diseases including COVID-19 are challenging to elucidate in humans. Here, we define cellular tropism and transcriptomic effects of SARS-CoV-2 virus by productively infecting healthy human lung tissue and using scRNA-seq to reconstruct the transcriptional program in "infection pseudotime" for individual lung cell types. SARS-CoV-2 predominantly infected activated interstitial macrophages (IMs), which can accumulate thousands of viral RNA molecules, taking over 60% of the cell transcriptome and forming dense viral RNA bodies while inducing host profibrotic (TGFB1, SPP1) and inflammatory (early interferon response, CCL2/7/8/13, CXCL10, and IL6/10) programs and destroying host cell architecture. Infected alveolar macrophages (AMs) showed none of these extreme responses. Spike-dependent viral entry into AMs used ACE2 and Sialoadhesin/CD169, whereas IM entry used DC-SIGN/CD209. These results identify activated IMs as a prominent site of viral takeover, the focus of inflammation and fibrosis, and suggest targeting CD209 to prevent early pathology in COVID-19 pneumonia. This approach can be generalized to any human lung infection and to evaluate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ting-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle J Travaglini
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leonid Andronov
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - SoRi Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roozbeh Dehghannasiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giovanny J Martínez-Colón
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Dan Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Wilk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Winston L Trope
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rob Bierman
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System , Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christin S Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia Salzman
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Bradshaw CM, Georgieva T, Tankersley TN, Taylor-Doyle T, Johnson L, Uhrlaub JL, Besselsen D, Nikolich JŽ. Cutting Edge: Characterization of Low Copy Number Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2-Transgenic Mice as an Improved Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:523-528. [PMID: 38197714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A popular mouse model of COVID-19, the K18-hACE2 mouse, expresses the SARS-coronavirus entry receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) driven by the keratin-18 promoter. SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice exhibit neuropathology not representative of human infection. They contain eight transgene (Tg) copies, leading to excess hACE2 expression and rampant viral replication. We generated two new lines of K18-hACE2 mice encoding one and two copies of hACE2 (1-hACE2-Tg and 2-hACE2-Tg, respectively). Relative to the original strain (called 8-hACE2-Tg in this study), 2-hACE2-Tg mice exhibited lower mortality, with less viral replication in the lung and brain. Furthermore, 1-hACE2-Tg mice exhibited no mortality and had no detectable virus in the brain; yet, they exhibited clear viral replication in the lung. All three strains showed SARS-CoV-2-related weight loss commensurate with the mortality rates. 1-hACE2-Tg mice mounted detectable primary and memory T effector cell and Ab responses. We conclude that these strains provide improved models to study hACE2-mediated viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Bradshaw
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
| | - Teodora Georgieva
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Model (GEMM) Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Trevor N Tankersley
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
| | - Tama Taylor-Doyle
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Model (GEMM) Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Larry Johnson
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Model (GEMM) Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
| | - David Besselsen
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Animal Care, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Janko Ž Nikolich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Aegis Consortium for Pandemic-Free Future, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ
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4
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Ma T, Suryawanshi RK, Miller SR, Ly KK, Thomas R, Elphick N, Yin K, Luo X, Kaliss N, Chen IP, Montano M, Sreekumar B, Standker L, Münch J, Heath Damron F, Palop JJ, Ott M, Roan NR. Post-acute immunological and behavioral sequelae in mice after Omicron infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543758. [PMID: 37333294 PMCID: PMC10274741 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding long COVID and developing effective therapeutics is hampered in part by the lack of suitable animal models. Here we used ACE2-transgenic mice recovered from Omicron (BA.1) infection to test for pulmonary and behavioral post-acute sequelae. Through in-depth phenotyping by CyTOF, we demonstrate that naïve mice experiencing a first Omicron infection exhibit profound immune perturbations in the lung after resolving acute infection. This is not observed if mice were first vaccinated with spike-encoding mRNA. The protective effects of vaccination against post-acute sequelae were associated with a highly polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response that was recalled upon BA.1 breakthrough infection but not seen with BA.1 infection alone. Without vaccination, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 was uniquely upregulated on multiple pulmonary immune subsets in the BA.1 convalescent mice, a process previously connected to severe COVID-19. Taking advantage of recent developments in machine learning and computer vision, we demonstrate that BA.1 convalescent mice exhibited spontaneous behavioral changes, emotional alterations, and cognitive-related deficits in context habituation. Collectively, our data identify immunological and behavioral post-acute sequelae after Omicron infection and uncover a protective effect of vaccination against post-acute pulmonary immune perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongcui Ma
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Stephanie R. Miller
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Katie K. Ly
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Elphick
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kailin Yin
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nick Kaliss
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Irene P Chen
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Ludger Standker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Ulm, Germany
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown WV, USA
| | - Jorge J. Palop
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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5
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Dickson A, Geerling E, Stone ET, Hassert M, Steffen TL, Makkena T, Smither M, Schwetye KE, Zhang J, Georges B, Roberts MS, Suschak JJ, Pinto AK, Brien JD. The role of vaccination route with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine in protection, viral control, and transmission in the SARS-CoV-2/K18-hACE2 mouse infection model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188392. [PMID: 37662899 PMCID: PMC10469340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination is the most effective mechanism to prevent severe COVID-19. However, breakthrough infections and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remain a significant problem. Intranasal vaccination has the potential to be more effective in preventing disease and limiting transmission between individuals as it induces potent responses at mucosal sites. Methods Utilizing a replication-deficient adenovirus serotype 5-vectored vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (AdCOVID) in homozygous and heterozygous transgenic K18-hACE2, we investigated the impact of the route of administration on vaccine immunogenicity, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and survival. Results Mice vaccinated with AdCOVID via the intramuscular or intranasal route and subsequently challenged with SARS-CoV-2 showed that animals vaccinated intranasally had improved cellular and mucosal antibody responses. Additionally, intranasally vaccinated animals had significantly better viremic control, and protection from lethal infection compared to intramuscularly vaccinated animals. Notably, in a novel transmission model, intranasal vaccination reduced viral transmission to naïve co-housed mice compared to intramuscular vaccination. Discussion Our data provide convincing evidence for the use of intranasal vaccination in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Dickson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Taneesh Makkena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Madeleine Smither
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Katherine E. Schwetye
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
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6
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Geerling E, Murphy V, Mai MC, Stone ET, Casals AG, Hassert M, O’Dea AT, Cao F, Donlin MJ, Elagawany M, Elgendy B, Pardali V, Giannakopoulou E, Zoidis G, Schiavone DV, Berkowitz AJ, Agyemang NB, Murelli RP, Tavis JE, Pinto AK, Brien JD. Metal coordinating inhibitors of Rift Valley fever virus replication. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274266. [PMID: 36112605 PMCID: PMC9481026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a veterinary and human pathogen and is an agent of bioterrorism concern. Currently, RVFV treatment is limited to supportive care, so new drugs to control RVFV infection are urgently needed. RVFV is a member of the order Bunyavirales, whose replication depends on the enzymatic activity of the viral L protein. Screening for RVFV inhibitors among compounds with divalent cation-coordinating motifs similar to known viral nuclease inhibitors identified 47 novel RVFV inhibitors with selective indexes from 1.1–103 and 50% effective concentrations of 1.2–56 μM in Vero cells, primarily α-Hydroxytropolones and N-Hydroxypyridinediones. Inhibitor activity and selective index was validated in the human cell line A549. To evaluate specificity, select compounds were tested against a second Bunyavirus, La Crosse Virus (LACV), and the flavivirus Zika (ZIKV). These data indicate that the α-Hydroxytropolone and N-Hydroxypyridinedione chemotypes should be investigated in the future to determine their mechanism(s) of action allowing further development as therapeutics for RVFV and LACV, and these chemotypes should be evaluated for activity against related pathogens, including Hantaan virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Valerie Murphy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Mai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andreu Gazquez Casals
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Austin T. O’Dea
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Feng Cao
- John Cochran Division, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maureen J. Donlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elagawany
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Pardali
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Giannakopoulou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel V. Schiavone
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Nana B. Agyemang
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Murelli
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John E. Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. mSphere 2022; 7:e0019322. [PMID: 35703544 PMCID: PMC9429934 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00193-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and “to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies” (https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/coronavirus-research-initiatives/serological-sciences-network). SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology standard reference material and first WHO international standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, 13 multiplex assays, and 9 neutralization assays and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. In conclusion, SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons. IMPORTANCE SeroNet institutions have developed or implemented 61 diverse COVID-19 serological assays and are collaboratively working to harmonize these assays using reference materials to establish standardized reporting units. This will facilitate clinical interpretation of serology results and cross-comparison of research data.
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Karger AB, Brien JD, Christen JM, Dhakal S, Kemp TJ, Klein SL, Pinto LA, Premkumar L, Roback JD, Binder RA, Boehme KW, Boppana S, Cordon-Cardo C, Crawford JM, Daiss JL, Dupuis AP, Espino AM, Firpo-Betancourt A, Forconi C, Forrest JC, Girardin RC, Granger DA, Granger SW, Haddad NS, Heaney CD, Hunt DT, Kennedy JL, King CL, Krammer F, Kruczynski K, LaBaer J, Lee FEH, Lee WT, Liu SL, Lozanski G, Lucas T, Mendu DR, Moormann AM, Murugan V, Okoye NC, Pantoja P, Payne AF, Park J, Pinninti S, Pinto AK, Pisanic N, Qiu J, Sariol CA, Simon V, Song L, Steffen TL, Stone ET, Styer LM, Suthar MS, Thomas SN, Thyagarajan B, Wajnberg A, Yates JL, Sobhani K. The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.02.27.22271399. [PMID: 35262095 PMCID: PMC8902887 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.27.22271399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and "to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies." SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. Methods To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serology standard reference material and First WHO International Standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. Results SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 ELISA methods, 13 multiplex assays, 9 neutralization assays, and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. Conclusions SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jayne M. Christen
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karl W. Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James M. Crawford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Alan P. Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Catherine Forconi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Roxie C. Girardin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | | | | | - Natalie S. Haddad
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danielle T. Hunt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Joshua L. Kennedy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christopher L. King
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William T. Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Damodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vel Murugan
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Nkemakonam C. Okoye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Jin Park
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Swetha Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ji Qiu
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lusheng Song
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M. Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefani N. Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ania Wajnberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals. J Microbiol 2022; 60:276-289. [PMID: 35157219 PMCID: PMC8852923 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, first emerged in 2019. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been given a lot of attention. However, the armamentarium of humoral and T cells may have differing roles in different viral infections. Though the exact role of T cells in COVID-19 remains to be elucidated, prior experience with human coronavirus has revealed an essential role of T cells in the outcomes of viral infections. Moreover, an increasing body of evidence suggests that T cells might be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes the role of T cells in mouse CoV, human pathogenic respiratory CoV in general and SARS-CoV-2 in specific.
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MCMV-based vaccine vectors expressing full-length viral proteins provide long-term humoral immune protection upon a single-shot vaccination. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:234-244. [PMID: 34992275 PMCID: PMC8739032 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Global pandemics caused by influenza or coronaviruses cause severe disruptions to public health and lead to high morbidity and mortality. There remains a medical need for vaccines against these pathogens. CMV (cytomegalovirus) is a β-herpesvirus that induces uniquely robust immune responses in which remarkably large populations of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are maintained for a lifetime. Hence, CMV has been proposed and investigated as a novel vaccine vector for expressing antigenic peptides or proteins to elicit protective cellular immune responses against numerous pathogens. We generated two recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) vaccine vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus (MCMVHA) or the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (MCMVS). A single injection of MCMVs expressing either viral protein induced potent neutralizing antibody responses, which strengthened over time. Importantly, MCMVHA-vaccinated mice were protected from illness following challenge with the influenza virus, and we excluded that this protection was due to the effects of memory T cells. Conclusively, we show here that MCMV vectors induce not only long-term cellular immunity but also humoral responses that provide long-term immune protection against clinically relevant respiratory pathogens.
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Dangi T, Palacio N, Sanchez S, Park M, Class J, Visvabharathy L, Ciucci T, Koralnik IJ, Richner JM, Penaloza-MacMaster P. Cross-protective immunity following coronavirus vaccination and coronavirus infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:151969. [PMID: 34623973 DOI: 10.1172/jci151969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have shown efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, it is unknown if coronavirus vaccines can also protect against other coronaviruses that may infect humans in the future. Here, we show that coronavirus vaccines elicited cross-protective immune responses against heterologous coronaviruses. In particular, we show that a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) vaccine developed in 2004 and known to protect against SARS-CoV-1 conferred robust heterologous protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Similarly, prior coronavirus infections conferred heterologous protection against distinct coronaviruses. Cross-reactive immunity was also reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and in individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and transfer of plasma from these individuals into mice improved protection against coronavirus challenges. These findings provide the first demonstration to our knowledge that coronavirus vaccines (and prior coronavirus infections) can confer broad protection against heterologous coronaviruses and establish a rationale for universal coronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Dangi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicole Palacio
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mincheol Park
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Class
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin M Richner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Carmen JM, Shrivastava S, Lu Z, Anderson A, Morrison EB, Sankhala RS, Chen WH, Chang WC, Bolton JS, Matyas GR, Michael NL, Joyce MG, Modjarrad K, Currier JR, Bergmann-Leitner E, Malloy AMW, Rao M. SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccine induces robust innate immune activity driving polyfunctional spike-specific T cell responses. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:151. [PMID: 34903722 PMCID: PMC8668928 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of variants of concern, some with reduced susceptibility to COVID-19 vaccines underscores consideration for the understanding of vaccine design that optimizes induction of effective cellular and humoral immune responses. We assessed a SARS-CoV-2 spike-ferritin nanoparticle (SpFN) immunogen paired with two distinct adjuvants, Alhydrogel® or Army Liposome Formulation containing QS-21 (ALFQ) for unique vaccine evoked immune signatures. Recruitment of highly activated multifaceted antigen-presenting cells to the lymph nodes of SpFN+ALFQ vaccinated mice was associated with an increased frequency of polyfunctional spike-specific memory CD4+ T cells and Kb spike-(539-546)-specific long-lived memory CD8+ T cells with effective cytolytic function and distribution to the lungs. The presence of this epitope in SARS-CoV, suggests that generation of cross-reactive T cells may be induced against other coronavirus strains. Our study reveals that a nanoparticle vaccine, combined with a potent adjuvant that effectively engages innate immune cells, enhances SARS-CoV-2-specific durable adaptive immune T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Carmen
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shikha Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Anderson
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Elaine B Morrison
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Chang
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica S Bolton
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Allison M W Malloy
- Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Coperchini F, Ricci G, Croce L, Denegri M, Ruggiero R, Villani L, Magri F, Chiovato L, Rotondi M. Modulation of ACE-2 mRNA by inflammatory cytokines in human thyroid cells: a pilot study. Endocrine 2021; 74:638-645. [PMID: 34224085 PMCID: PMC8256224 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE-2) was demonstrated to be the receptor for cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. ACE-2 mRNA was identified in several human tissues and recently also in thyroid cells in vitro. PURPOSE Aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the ACE-2 mRNA levels in human thyroid cells in primary cultures. METHODS Primary thyroid cell cultures were treated with IFN-γ and TNF-α alone or in combination for 24 h. ACE-2 mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. As a control, the levels of IFN-γ inducible chemokine (CXCL10) were measured in the respective cell culture supernatants. RESULTS The mean levels of ACE-2 mRNA increased after treatment with IFN-γ and TNF-α in all the thyroid cell preparations, while the combination treatment did not consistently synergically increase ACE-2-mRNA. At difference, CXCL10 was consistently increased by IFN-γ and synergically further increased by the combination treatment with IFN-γ + TNF-α, with respect to IFN-γ alone. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show that IFN-γ and, to a lesser extent TNF-α consistently increase ACE-2 mRNA levels in NHT primary cultures. More interestingly, the combined stimulation (proven to be effective according to the synergic effect registered for CXCL10) produces different responses in terms of ACE-2 mRNA modulation. These results would suggest that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines could facilitate the entering of the virus in cells by further increasing ACE-2 expression and/or account for the different degree of severity of SARS-COV-2 infection. This hypothesis deserves to be confirmed by further specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coperchini
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ricci
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Marco Denegri
- Unit of Molecular Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rubina Ruggiero
- Department of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Laura Villani
- Unit of Pathology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
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El-Mageed HRA, Abdelrheem DA, Rafi MO, Sarker MT, Al-Khafaji K, Hossain MJ, Capasso R, Emran TB. In Silico Evaluation of Different Flavonoids from Medicinal Plants for Their Potency against SARS-CoV-2. BIOLOGICS 2021; 1:416-434. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic situation of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global threat to both the world economy and public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover effective vaccines or drugs to fight against this virus. The flavonoids and their medicinal plant sources have already exhibited various biological effects, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. This study was designed to evaluate different flavonoids from medicinal plants as potential inhibitors against the spike protein (Sp) and main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using various computational approaches such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics. The binding affinity and inhibitory effects of all studied flavonoids were discussed and compared with some antiviral drugs that are currently being used in COVID-19 treatment namely favipiravir, lopinavir, and hydroxychloroquine, respectively. Among all studies flavonoids and proposed antiviral drugs, luteolin and mundulinol exhibited the highest binding affinity toward Mpro and Sp. Drug-likeness and ADMET studies revealed that the chosen flavonoids are safe and non-toxic. One hundred ns-MD simulations were implemented for luteolin-Mpro, mundulinol-Mpro, luteolin-Sp, and mundulinol-Sp complexes and the results revealed strong stability of these flavonoid-protein complexes. Furthermore, MM/PBSA confirms the stability of luteolin and mundulinol interactions within the active sites of this protein. In conclusion, our findings reveal that the promising activity of luteolin and mundulinol as inhibitors against COVID-19 via inhibiting the spike protein and major protease of SARS CoV-2, and we urge further research to achieve the clinical significance of our proposed molecular-based efficacy.
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15
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Cooper DM, Zulu MZ, Jankeel A, Ibraim IC, Ardo J, Kasper K, Stephens D, Meyer A, Stehli A, Condon C, Londoño ME, Schreiber CM, Lopez NV, Camplain RL, Weiss M, Golden C, Radom-Aizik S, Boden-Albala B, Chau C, Messaoudi I, Ulloa ER. SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and immune pathogenesis among school-aged learners in four diverse schools. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:1073-1080. [PMID: 34304252 PMCID: PMC8308070 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely. METHODS We measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.1 (sd); 7-17 y.o.] at four diverse schools with either remote or on-site learning. Schools A and B served low-income Hispanic learners; school C served many special-needs learners, and all provided predominantly remote instruction. School D served middle- and upper-income learners, with predominantly on-site instruction. Testing occurred in the fall (2020), and 6-8 weeks later during the fall-winter surge (notable for a tenfold increase in COVID-19 cases). Immune responses and mitigation fidelity were also measured. RESULTS We found SARS-CoV-2 infections in 17 learners only during the surge. School A (97% remote learners) had the highest infection (10/70, 14.3%, p < 0.01) and IgG positivity rates (13/66, 19.7%). School D (93% on-site learners) had the lowest infection and IgG positivity rates (1/63, 1.6%). Mitigation compliance [physical distancing (mean 87.4%) and face-covering (91.3%)] was remarkably high at all schools. Documented SARS-CoV-2-infected learners had neutralizing antibodies (94.7%), robust IFN-γ + T cell responses, and reduced monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Schools can implement successful mitigation strategies across a wide range of student diversity. Despite asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, children generate robust humoral and cellular immune responses. IMPACT Successful COVID-19 mitigation was implemented across a diverse range of schools. School-associated SARS-CoV-2 infections reflect regional rates rather than remote or on-site learning. Seropositive school-aged children with asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infections generate robust humoral and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Cooper
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael Z Zulu
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Izabela Coimbra Ibraim
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Ardo
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Diana Stephens
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andria Meyer
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Annamarie Stehli
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Curt Condon
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Mary E Londoño
- University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Casey M Schreiber
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Nanette V Lopez
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ricky L Camplain
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Weiss
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Clayton Chau
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erlinda R Ulloa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA.
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16
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Stamatakis G, Samiotaki M, Temponeras I, Panayotou G, Stratikos E. Allotypic variation in antigen processing controls antigenic peptide generation from SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101329. [PMID: 34688668 PMCID: PMC8530767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic variability in immune system genes can often underlie variability in immune responses to pathogens. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are emerging as critical determinants of both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection severity and long-term immunity, after either recovery or vaccination. A hallmark of coronavirus disease 2019 is its highly variable severity and breadth of immune responses between individuals. To address the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon, we analyzed the proteolytic processing of S1 spike glycoprotein precursor antigenic peptides across ten common allotypes of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), a polymorphic intracellular enzyme that can regulate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by generating or destroying antigenic peptides. We utilized a systematic proteomic approach that allows the concurrent analysis of hundreds of trimming reactions in parallel, thus better emulating antigen processing in the cell. While all ERAP1 allotypes were capable of producing optimal ligands for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, including known severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 epitopes, they presented significant differences in peptide sequences produced, suggesting allotype-dependent sequence biases. Allotype 10, previously suggested to be enzymatically deficient, was rather found to be functionally distinct from other allotypes. Our findings suggest that common ERAP1 allotypes can be a major source of heterogeneity in antigen processing and through this mechanism contribute to variable immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Stamatakis
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Ioannis Temponeras
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece; Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Shou S, Liu M, Yang Y, Kang N, Song Y, Tan D, Liu N, Wang F, Liu J, Xie Y. Animal Models for COVID-19: Hamsters, Mouse, Ferret, Mink, Tree Shrew, and Non-human Primates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:626553. [PMID: 34531831 PMCID: PMC8438334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.626553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus causing acute respiratory tract infection in humans. The virus has the characteristics of rapid transmission, long incubation period and strong pathogenicity, and has spread all over the world. Therefore, it is of great significance to select appropriate animal models for antiviral drug development and therapeutic effect evaluation. Here, we review and compare the current animal models of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Shou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Grifoni A, Sidney J, Vita R, Peters B, Crotty S, Weiskopf D, Sette A. SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1076-1092. [PMID: 34237248 PMCID: PMC8139264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past year, numerous studies in the peer reviewed and preprint literature have reported on the virological, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. To date, 25 studies have investigated and identified SARS-CoV-2-derived T cell epitopes in humans. Here, we review these recent studies, how they were performed, and their findings. We review how epitopes identified throughout the SARS-CoV2 proteome reveal significant correlation between number of epitopes defined and size of the antigen provenance. We also report additional analysis of SARS-CoV-2 human CD4 and CD8 T cell epitope data compiled from these studies, identifying 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and revealing discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and epitopes that are more prevalently recognized. This remarkable breadth of epitope repertoire has implications for vaccine design, cross-reactivity, and immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Randi Vita
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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19
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Cooper DM, Zulu MZ, Jankeel A, Ibraim IC, Ardo J, Kasper K, Stephens D, Meyer A, Stehli A, Condon C, Londoño ME, Schreiber CM, Lopez NV, Camplain RL, Weiss M, Golden C, Aizik S, Boden-Albala B, Chau C, Messaoudi I, Ulloa ER. SARS-CoV-2 Acquisition and Immune Pathogenesis Among School-Aged Learners in Four Diverse Schools. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33791712 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.20.21254035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely. Methods We measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.1(sd); 7-17 y.o.] at four diverse schools with either remote or on-site learning. Schools A and B served low-income Hispanic learners; school C served many special-needs learners; and all provided predominantly remote instruction. School D served middle- and upper-income learners, with predominantly on-site instruction. Testing occurred in the fall (2020), and 6-8 weeks later during the fall-winter surge (notable for a tenfold increase in COVID-19 cases). Immune responses and mitigation fidelity were also measured. Results We found SARS-CoV-2 infections in 17 learners only during the surge. School A (97% remote learners) had the highest infection (10/70, 14.3%, p<0.01) and IgG positivity rates (13/66, 19.7%). School D (93% on-site learners) had the lowest infection and IgG positivity rates (1/63, 1.6%). Mitigation compliance [physical distancing (mean 87.4%) and face covering (91.3%)] was remarkably high at all schools. Documented SARS-CoV-2-infected learners had neutralizing antibodies (94.7%), robust IFN-γ+ T cell responses, and reduced monocytes. Conclusion Schools can implement successful mitigation strategies across a wide range of student diversity. Despite asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, children generate robust humoral and cellular immune responses. Key Points Successful COVID-19 mitigation was implemented across a diverse range of schools.School-associated SARS-CoV-2 infections reflect regional rates rather than remote or on-site learning.Seropositive school-aged children with asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infections generate robust humoral and cellular immunity.
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