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Zhou CM, Jiang ZZ, Liu N, Yu XJ. Current insights into human pathogenic phenuiviruses and the host immune system. Virulence 2024; 15:2384563. [PMID: 39072499 PMCID: PMC11290763 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2384563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenuiviruses are a class of segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, typically consisting of three RNA segments that encode four distinct proteins. The emergence of pathogenic phenuivirus strains, such as Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) in sub-Saharan Africa, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) in East and Southeast Asia, and Heartland Virus (HRTV) in the United States has presented considerable challenges to global public health in recent years. The innate immune system plays a crucial role as the initial defense mechanism of the host against invading pathogens. In addition to continued research aimed at elucidating the epidemiological characteristics of phenuivirus, significant advancements have been made in investigating its viral virulence factors (glycoprotein, non-structural protein, and nucleoprotein) and potential host-pathogen interactions. Specifically, efforts have focused on understanding mechanisms of viral immune evasion, viral assembly and egress, and host immune networks involving immune cells, programmed cell death, inflammation, nucleic acid receptors, etc. Furthermore, a plethora of technological advancements, including metagenomics, metabolomics, single-cell transcriptomics, proteomics, gene editing, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, have been utilized to further our understanding of phenuivirus pathogenesis and host immune responses. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms of host recognition, viral immune evasion, and potential therapeutic approaches during human pathogenic phenuivirus infections focusing particularly on RVFV and SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Min Zhou
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ze-Zheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Quality and Operations Management, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zhang X, Yan LN, Liu BY, Zhou CM, Yu XJ. The hnRNP A2B1 is important for the replication of SFTSV and other RNA viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0082924. [PMID: 39166862 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00829-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP A2B1) is a key component of the hnRNP complex involving RNA modulation in eukaryotic cells and it has also been reported to be involved in the replication of the hepatitis E virus, influenza A virus, and hepatitis B virus. However, it is not clear whether the role of the hnRNP A2B1 in viral replication is conserved among RNA viruses and what is the mechanism of hnRNP A2B1 in RNA virus replication. In this study, we first used severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a tick-borne RNA virus that causes a severe viral hemorrhagic fever as well as other RNA viruses including VSV-GFP, SeV, EV71, and ZIKV to demonstrate that knockout hnRNPA2B1 gene inhibited viral RNA replication and overexpression of hnRNP A2B1 could restore the RNA levels of all tested RNA viruses. These results suggest that hnRNPA2B1 upregulation of viral replication is conserved among RNA viruses. Next, we demonstrated that hnRNP A2B1 was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under RNA virus infection including SFTSV, VSV-GFP, SeV, EV71, and ZIKV, suggesting translocation of hnRNP A2B1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is crucial for RNA virus replication. We then used SFTSV as a model to demonstrate the mechanism of hnRNP A2B1 in the promotion of RNA virus replication. We found that overexpression of SFTSV nucleoprotein can also cause hnRNP A2B1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and that the SFTSV NP interacted with the RNA recognition motif 1 domain of hnRNP A2B1. We further demonstrated that the hnRNP A2B1 interacted with the 5' UTR of SFTSV RNA. In conclusion, we revealed that the hnRNP A2B1 upregulation of viral RNA replication is conserved among RNA viruses; the mechanism of hnRNP A2B1 in promotion of SFTSV viral RNA replication is that SFTSV NP interacted with the hnRNPA2B1 to retain it in the cytoplasm where the hnRNP A2B1 interacted with the 5' UTR of SFTSV RNA to promote the viral RNA replication.IMPORTANCESevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne RNA virus with a high mortality rate of up to 30%. In this study, we first used SFTSV as a model to demonstrate that the role of hnRNPA2B1 in viral replication is conserved in SFTSV. Then we used other RNA viruses, including VSV-GFP, SeV, EV71, and ZIKV, to repeat the experiment and demonstrated the same results as SFTSV in all tested RNA viruses. By knocking out the hnRNPA2B1 gene, SFTSV RNA replication was inhibited, and overexpression of hnRNPA2B1 restored RNA levels of SFTSV and other tested RNA viruses. We revealed a novel mechanism where the SFTSV nucleoprotein interacts with hnRNPA2B1, retaining it in the cytoplasm. This interaction promotes viral RNA replication by binding to the 5' UTR of SFTSV RNA. The findings suggest that targeting hnRNPA2B1 could be a potential strategy for developing broad-spectrum antiviral therapies, given its conserved role across different RNA viruses. This research provides significant insights into the replication mechanisms of RNA viruses and highlights potential targets for antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Na Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin-Yan Liu
- Center for Environment and Health in Water Source Area of South-to-North Water Diversion, School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chuan-Min Zhou
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Chen J, Qi D, Hu H, Wang X, Lin W. Unconventional posttranslational modification in innate immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:290. [PMID: 38970666 PMCID: PMC11335215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity, and a complex network tightly controls their signaling cascades to maintain immune homeostasis. Within the modification network, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are at the core of signaling cascades. Conventional PTMs, which include phosphorylation and ubiquitination, have been extensively studied. The regulatory role of unconventional PTMs, involving unanchored ubiquitination, ISGylation, SUMOylation, NEDDylation, methylation, acetylation, palmitoylation, glycosylation, and myristylation, in the modulation of innate immune signaling pathways has been increasingly investigated. This comprehensive review delves into the emerging field of unconventional PTMs and highlights their pivotal role in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dejun Qi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haorui Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Wenlong Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Zeng Q, Ren Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Qin Y, Yang L, Zheng X, Huang A, Fan H. The nuclear matrix protein HNRNPU restricts hepatitis B virus transcription by promoting OAS3-based activation of host innate immunity. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29805. [PMID: 39011773 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear protein U (HNRNPU) plays a pivotal role in innate immunity by facilitating chromatin opening to activate immune genes during host defense against viral infection. However, the mechanism by which HNRNPU is involved in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription regulation through mediating antiviral immunity remains unknown. Our study revealed a significant decrease in HNRNPU levels during HBV transcription, which depends on HBx-DDB1-mediated degradation. Overexpression of HNRNPU suppressed HBV transcription, while its knockdown effectively promoted viral transcription, indicating HNRNPU as a novel host restriction factor for HBV transcription. Mechanistically, HNRNPU inhibits HBV transcription by activating innate immunity through primarily the positive regulation of the interferon-stimulating factor 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, which mediates an ribonuclease L-dependent mechanism to enhance innate immune responses. This study offers new insights into the host immune regulation of HBV transcription and proposes potential targets for therapeutic intervention against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinrui Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jiang ZZ, Chu M, Yan LN, Zhang WK, Li B, Xu J, Zhao ZX, Han HJ, Zhou CM, Yu XJ. SFTSV nucleoprotein mediates DNA sensor cGAS degradation to suppress cGAS-dependent antiviral responses. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0379623. [PMID: 38712963 PMCID: PMC11237745 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03796-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an important DNA pattern recognition receptor that senses double-stranded DNA derived from invading pathogens or self DNA in cytoplasm, leading to an antiviral interferon response. A tick-borne Bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), is an RNA virus that causes a severe emerging viral hemorrhagic fever in Asia with a high case fatality rate of up to 30%. However, it is unclear whether cGAS interacts with SFTSV infection. In this study, we found that SFTSV infection upregulated cGAS RNA transcription and protein expression, indicating that cGAS is an important innate immune response against SFTSV infection. The mechanism of cGAS recognizing SFTSV is by cGAS interacting with misplaced mitochondrial DNA in the cytoplasm. Depletion of mitochondrial DNA significantly inhibited cGAS activation under SFTSV infection. Strikingly, we found that SFTSV nucleoprotein (N) induced cGAS degradation in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanically, N interacted with the 161-382 domain of cGAS and linked the cGAS to LC3. The cGAS-N-LC3 trimer was targeted to N-induced autophagy, and the cGAS was degraded in autolysosome. Taken together, our study discovered a novel antagonistic mechanism of RNA viruses, SFTSV is able to suppress the cGAS-dependent antiviral innate immune responses through N-hijacking cGAS into N-induced autophagy. Our results indicated that SFTSV N is an important virulence factor of SFTSV in mediating host antiviral immune responses. IMPORTANCE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne RNA virus that is widespread in East and Southeast Asian countries with a high fatality rate of up to 30%. Up to now, many cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors, such as RIG-I, MDA5, and SAFA, have been reported to recognize SFTSV genomic RNA and trigger interferon-dependent antiviral responses. However, current knowledge is not clear whether SFTSV can be recognized by DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Our study demonstrated that cGAS could recognize SFTSV infection via ectopic mitochondrial DNA, and the activated cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes signaling pathway could significantly inhibit SFTSV replication. Importantly, we further uncovered a novel mechanism of SFTSV to inhibit innate immune responses by the degradation of cGAS. cGAS was degraded in N-induced autophagy. Collectively, this study illustrated a novel virulence factor of SFTSV to suppress innate immune responses through autophagy-dependent cGAS degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-zheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Chu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Li-na Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong-xin Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Ju Han
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan-min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhang D, Li L, Li M, Cao X. Biological functions and clinic significance of SAF‑A (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:88. [PMID: 38665420 PMCID: PMC11040223 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As one member of the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family, scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) or hnRNP U, is an abundant nuclear protein. With RNA and DNA binding activities, SAF-A has multiple functions. The present review focused on the biological structure and different roles of SAF-A and SAF-A-related diseases. It was found that SAF-A maintains the higher-order chromatin organization via RNA and DNA, and regulates transcription at the initiation and elongation stages. In addition to regulating pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA transportation and stabilization, SAF-A participates in double-strand breaks and mitosis repair. Therefore, the aberrant expression and mutation of SAF-A results in tumors and impaired neurodevelopment. Moreover, SAF-A may play a role in the anti-virus system. In conclusion, due to its essential biological functions, SAF-A may be a valuable clinical prediction factor or therapeutic target. Since the role of SAF-A in tumors and viral infections may be controversial, more animal experiments and clinical assays are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiquan Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Mengni Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xinmei Cao
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Pastor F, Charles E, Belmudes L, Chabrolles H, Cescato M, Rivoire M, Burger T, Passot G, Durantel D, Lucifora J, Couté Y, Salvetti A. Deciphering the phospho-signature induced by hepatitis B virus in primary human hepatocytes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1415449. [PMID: 38841065 PMCID: PMC11150682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1415449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a major post-translation modification (PTM) of proteins which is finely tuned by the activity of several hundred kinases and phosphatases. It controls most if not all cellular pathways including anti-viral responses. Accordingly, viruses often induce important changes in the phosphorylation of host factors that can either promote or counteract viral replication. Among more than 500 kinases constituting the human kinome only few have been described as important for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infectious cycle, and most of them intervene during early or late infectious steps by phosphorylating the viral Core (HBc) protein. In addition, little is known on the consequences of HBV infection on the activity of cellular kinases. The objective of this study was to investigate the global impact of HBV infection on the cellular phosphorylation landscape early after infection. For this, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were challenged or not with HBV, and a mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was conducted 2- and 7-days post-infection. The results indicated that while, as expected, HBV infection only minimally modified the cell proteome, significant changes were observed in the phosphorylation state of several host proteins at both time points. Gene enrichment and ontology analyses of up- and down-phosphorylated proteins revealed common and distinct signatures induced by infection. In particular, HBV infection resulted in up-phosphorylation of proteins involved in DNA damage signaling and repair, RNA metabolism, in particular splicing, and cytoplasmic cell-signaling. Down-phosphorylated proteins were mostly involved in cell signaling and communication. Validation studies carried out on selected up-phosphorylated proteins, revealed that HBV infection induced a DNA damage response characterized by the appearance of 53BP1 foci, the inactivation of which by siRNA increased cccDNA levels. In addition, among up-phosphorylated RNA binding proteins (RBPs), SRRM2, a major scaffold of nuclear speckles behaved as an antiviral factor. In accordance with these findings, kinase prediction analysis indicated that HBV infection upregulates the activity of major kinases involved in DNA repair. These results strongly suggest that HBV infection triggers an intrinsic anti-viral response involving DNA repair factors and RBPs that contribute to reduce HBV replication in cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Pastor
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Charles
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CEA, CNRS, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Chabrolles
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Marion Cescato
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | | | - Thomas Burger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CEA, CNRS, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Passot
- Service de Chirurgie Générale et Oncologique, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon Et CICLY, EA3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CEA, CNRS, FR2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Salvetti
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
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Li M. Innate immune response against vector-borne bunyavirus infection and viral countermeasures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1365221. [PMID: 38711929 PMCID: PMC11070517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1365221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are a large group of important viral pathogens that cause significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Bunyaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts. Upon entry into host cells, the components of viruses are recognized by host innate immune system, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades to induce interferons (IFNs) and other proinflammatory cytokines. IFNs bind to their receptors and upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISGs have antiviral activities and confer an antiviral state to host cells. For efficient replication and spread, viruses have evolved different strategies to antagonize IFN-mediated restriction. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between bunyaviruses and host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Jia Y, Li F, Liu Z, Liu S, Huang M, Gao X, Su X, Wang Z, Wang T. Interaction between the SFTSV envelope glycoprotein Gn and STING inhibits the formation of the STING-TBK1 complex and suppresses the NF-κB signaling pathway. J Virol 2024; 98:e0181523. [PMID: 38421179 PMCID: PMC10949458 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01815-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne bunyavirus with high pathogenicity. There has been a gradual increase in the number of reported cases in recent years, with high morbidity and mortality rates. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immune defense activated by viral infection; however, the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway during SFTSV infection is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SFTSV infection and cGAS-STING signaling. We found that SFTSV infection caused the release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm and inhibits downstream innate immune signaling pathways by activating the cytoplasmic DNA receptor cGAS. We found that the SFTSV envelope glycoprotein Gn was a potent inhibitor of the cGAS-STING pathway and blocked the nuclear accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and p65 to inhibit downstream innate immune signaling. Gn of SFTSV interacted with STING to inhibit STING dimerization and inhibited K27-ubiquitin modification of STING to disrupt the assembly of the STING-TANK-binding kinase 1 complex and downstream signaling. In addition, Gn was found to be involved in inducing STING degradation, further inhibiting the downstream immune response. In conclusion, this study identified the important role of the glycoprotein Gn in the antiviral innate immune response and revealed a novel mechanism of immune escape for SFTSV. Moreover, this study increases the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of SFTSV and provides new insights for further treatment of SFTS. IMPORTANCE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly discovered virus associated with severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. However, the role of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway during SFTSV infection is still unclear. We found that SFTSV infection inhibits downstream innate immune signaling pathways by activating the cytoplasmic DNA receptor cGAS. In addition, SFTSV Gn blocked the nuclear accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and p65 to inhibit downstream innate immune signaling. Moreover, we determined that Gn of SFTSV inhibited K27-ubiquitin modification of STING to disrupt the assembly of the STING-TANK-binding kinase 1 complex and downstream signaling. We found that the SFTSV envelope glycoprotein Gn is a potent inhibitor of the cGAS-STING pathway. In conclusion, this study highlights the crucial function of the glycoprotein Gn in the antiviral innate immune response and reveals a new method of immune escape of SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixiang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoning Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Zeng Q, Cao J, Xie F, Zhu L, Wu X, Hu X, Chen Z, Chen X, Li X, Chiang CM, Wu H. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated chicken prmt5 gene knockout and its critical role in interferon regulation. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103344. [PMID: 38277892 PMCID: PMC10840345 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a type II arginine methyltransferase, controls arginine dimethylation of a variety of substrates. While many papers have reported the function of mammalian PRMT5, it remains unclear how PRMT5 functions in chicken cells. In this study, we found that chicken (ch) PRMT5 is widely expressed in a variety of chicken tissues and is distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Ectopic expression of chPRMT5 significantly suppresses chIFN-β activation induced by chMDA5. In addition, a prmt5 gene-deficient DF-1 cell line was constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. In comparison with the wild-type cells, the prmt5-/- DF-1 cells displays normal morphology and maintain proliferative capacity. Luciferase reporter assay and overexpression showed that prmt5-/- DF-1 cells had increased IFN-β production. With identified chicken PRMT5 and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout performed in DF-1 cells, we uncovered a functional link of chPRMT5 in suppression of IFN-β production and interferon-stimulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zeng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xifeng Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China.
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11
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Chen K, Luo M, Lv Y, Luo Z, Yang H. Undervalued and novel roles of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in autoimmune diseases: Resurgence as potential biomarkers and targets. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1806. [PMID: 37365887 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are mainly characterized by the abnormal autoreactivity due to the loss of tolerance to specific autoantigens, though multiple pathways associated with the homeostasis of immune responses are involved in initiating or aggravating the conditions. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a major category of RNA-binding proteins ubiquitously expressed in a multitude of cells and have attracted great attentions especially with their distinctive roles in nucleic acid metabolisms and the pathogenesis in diseases like neurodegenerative disorders and cancers. Nevertheless, the interplay between hnRNPs and autoimmune disorders has not been fully elucidated. Virtually various family members of hnRNPs are increasingly identified as immune players and are pertinent to all kinds of immune-related processes including immune system development and innate or adaptive immune responses. Specifically, hnRNPs have been extensively recognized as autoantigens within and even beyond a myriad of autoimmune diseases, yet their diagnostic and prognostic values are seemingly underestimated. Molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation may represent major putative mechanisms underlying the presence of autoantibodies to hnRNPs. Besides, hnRNPs play critical parts in regulating linchpin genes expressions that control genetic susceptibility, disease-linked functional pathways, or immune responses by interacting with other components particularly like microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, thereby contributing to inflammation and autoimmunity as well as specific disease phenotypes. Therefore, comprehensive unraveling of the roles of hnRNPs is conducive to establishing potential biomarkers and developing better intervention strategies by targeting these hnRNPs in the corresponding disorders. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengchuan Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lv
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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12
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Wang L, Sun F, Hu J, Zuo W, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Kwok HF, Cao Z. The tick saliva peptide HIDfsin2 promotes the tick-borne virus SFTSV replication in vitro by enhancing p38 signal pathway. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1783-1794. [PMID: 37148319 PMCID: PMC10163292 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens co-evolved with ticks to facilitate blood collection and pathogen transmission. Although tick saliva was recently found to be rich in bioactive peptides, it is still elusive which saliva peptide promotes virus transmission and which pathways are invovled. Here, we used a saliva peptide HIDfsin2 and a severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) both carried by the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis to elucidate the relationship between tick saliva components and tick-borne viruses. HIDfsin2 was found to promote the replication of SFTSV in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. HIDfsin2 was further revealed to MKK3/6-dependently magnify the activation of p38 MAPK. The overexpression, knockdown and phosphorylation site mutation of p38α indicated that p38 MAPK activation facilitated SFTSV infection in A549 cells. Moreover, the blockade of p38 MAPK activation significantly suppressed SFTSV replication. Differently, HIDfsin2 or pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK activation had no effect on a mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV). All these results showed that HIDfsin2 specifically promoted SFTSV replication through the MKK3/6-dependent enhancement of p38 MAPK activation. Our study provides a new perspective on the transmission of tick-borne viruses under natural conditions, and supports that the blockade of p38 MAPK activation can be a promising strategy against the mortal tick-borne virus SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Weimin Zuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Center for Medical Experiments (CME), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518106, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Chen L, Chen T, Li R, Xu Y, Xiong Y. Recent Advances in the Study of the Immune Escape Mechanism of SFTSV and Its Therapeutic Agents. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040940. [PMID: 37112920 PMCID: PMC10142331 DOI: 10.3390/v15040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sever fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a new infectious disease that has emerged in recent years and is widely distributed, highly contagious, and lethal, with a mortality rate of up to 30%, especially in people with immune system deficiencies and elderly patients. SFTS is an insidious, negative-stranded RNA virus that has a major public health impact worldwide. The development of a vaccine and the hunt for potent therapeutic drugs are crucial to the prevention and treatment of Bunyavirus infection because there is no particular treatment for SFTS. In this respect, investigating the mechanics of SFTS-host cell interactions is crucial for creating antiviral medications. In the present paper, we summarized the mechanism of interaction between SFTS and pattern recognition receptors, endogenous antiviral factors, inflammatory factors, and immune cells. Furthermore, we summarized the current therapeutic drugs used for SFTS treatment, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development of targets and drugs against SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yingshu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yongai Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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14
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Amurri L, Horvat B, Iampietro M. Interplay between RNA viruses and cGAS/STING axis in innate immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1172739. [PMID: 37077526 PMCID: PMC10106766 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While the function of cGAS/STING signalling axis in the innate immune response to DNA viruses is well deciphered, increasing evidence demonstrates its significant contribution in the control of RNA virus infections. After the first evidence of cGAS/STING antagonism by flaviviruses, STING activation has been detected following infection by various enveloped RNA viruses. It has been discovered that numerous viral families have implemented advanced strategies to antagonize STING pathway through their evolutionary path. This review summarizes the characterized cGAS/STING escape strategies to date, together with the proposed mechanisms of STING signalling activation perpetrated by RNA viruses and discusses possible therapeutic approaches. Further studies regarding the interaction between RNA viruses and cGAS/STING-mediated immunity could lead to major discoveries important for the understanding of immunopathogenesis and for the treatment of RNA viral infections.
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15
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Zhou H, Yan Y, Gao J, Ma M, Liu Y, Shi X, Zhang Q, Xu X. Heterogeneous Nuclear Protein U Degraded the m 6A Methylated TRAF3 Transcript by YTHDF2 To Promote Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0175122. [PMID: 36752613 PMCID: PMC9973030 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01751-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus of the Coronaviridae family and can cause fatal watery diarrhea in piglets, causing significant economic losses. Heterogeneous nuclear protein U (HNRNPU) is a novel RNA sensor involved in sensing viral RNA in the nucleus and mediating antiviral immunity. However, it remains elusive whether and how cytoplasmic PEDV can be sensed by the RNA sensor HNRNPU. In this study we determined that HNRNPU was the binding partner of Nsp13 by immunoprecipitation-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IP/LC-MS/MS) analysis. The interaction between Nsp13 and HNRNPU was demonstrated by using coimmunoprecipitation and confocal immunofluorescence. Next, we identified that HNRNPU expression is significantly increased during PEDV infection, whereas the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1A) could negatively regulate HNRNPU expression. HNRNPU was retained in the cytoplasm by interaction with PEDV Nsp13. We found that HNRNPU overexpression effectively facilitated PEDV replication, while knockdown of HNRNPU impaired viral replication, suggesting a promoting function of HNRNPU to PEDV infection. Additionally, HNRNPU was found to promote PEDV replication by affecting TRAF3 degradation at the transcriptional level to inhibit PEDV-induced beta interferon (IFN-β) production. Mechanistically, HNRNPU downregulates TRAF3 mRNA levels via the METTL3-METTL14/YTHDF2 axis and regulates immune responses through YTHDF2-dependent mRNA decay. Together, our findings reveal that HNRNPU serves as a negative regulator of innate immunity by degrading TRAF3 mRNA in a YTHDF2-dependent manner and consequently facilitating PEDV propagation. Our findings provide new insights into the immune escape of PEDV. IMPORTANCE PEDV, a highly infectious enteric coronavirus, has spread rapidly worldwide and caused severe economic losses. During virus infection, the host regulates innate immunity to inhibit virus infection. However, PEDV has evolved a variety of different strategies to suppress host IFN-mediated antiviral responses. Here, we identified that HNRNPU interacted with viral protein Nsp13. HNRNPU protein expression was upregulated, and the transcription factor HNF1A could negatively regulate HNRNPU expression during PEDV infection. HNRNPU also downregulated TRAF3 mRNA through the METTL3-METTL14/YTHDF2 axis to inhibit the production of IFN-β and downstream antiviral genes in PEDV-infected cells, thereby promoting viral replication. Our findings reveal a new mechanism with which PEDV suppresses the host antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingrui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Hu X, Wu X, Ding Z, Chen Z, Wu H. Characterization and functional analysis of chicken dsRNA binding protein hnRNPU. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104521. [PMID: 36044969 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNPU), also named as nuclear matrix protein-nuclear scaffold attachment factor (SAFA), was originally identified as a DNA/RNA interactor protein. It has been reported that human hnRNPU facilitates IFN-β generation after vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Nevertheless, the role of chicken hnRNPU (chhnRNPU) in IFN-β regulation as well as in infectious bursal diseases virus (IBDV) replication is still unclear. Here, we found that chhnRNPU inhibits IFN-β production via interacting with MDA5 and MAVS, and facilitates IBDV replication via associating with genomic dsRNA of IBDV. Firstly, chicken hnRNPU (chhnRNPU) was widely expressed in different tissues of chickens and was distributed in the nucleus of DF-1 cells. Overexpression of chhnRNPU significantly suppresses IFN-β promoter activities induced by MDA5 and MAVS. Additionally, immunoprecipitated by dsRNA antibodies, which followed LC-MS analysis demonstrate that chhnRNPU is a partner of viral genomic dsRNA. chhnRNPU is translocated from nucleus to cytosol to co-localize with replication complex of IBDV after IBDV infection. Over-expression of chhnRNPU significantly promotes IBDV replication, which was determined by western blotting, qRT-PCR and TCID50 assay. Furthermore, knock down chhnRNPU by siRNA remarkably facilitates IFN-β production, and inhibits IBDV proliferation. These data collectively reveal that chhnRNPU positively regulates IBDV replication via negatively regulating IFN-β response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China.
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17
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Bhattarai K, Holcik M. Diverse roles of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in viral life cycle. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.1044652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the host-virus interactions helps to decipher the viral replication strategies and pathogenesis. Viruses have limited genetic content and rely significantly on their host cell to establish a successful infection. Viruses depend on the host for a broad spectrum of cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) throughout their life cycle. One of the major RBP families is the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) family. hnRNPs are typically localized in the nucleus, where they are forming complexes with pre-mRNAs and contribute to many aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. hnRNPs contain RNA binding motifs and frequently function as RNA chaperones involved in pre-mRNA processing, RNA splicing, and export. Many hnRNPs shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and influence cytoplasmic processes such as mRNA stability, localization, and translation. The interactions between the hnRNPs and viral components are well-known. They are critical for processing viral nucleic acids and proteins and, therefore, impact the success of the viral infection. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which hnRNPs interact with and regulate each stage of the viral life cycle, such as replication, splicing, translation, and assembly of virus progeny. In addition, we expand on the role of hnRNPs in the antiviral response and as potential targets for antiviral drug research and development.
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18
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Hu X, Wu X, Xue M, Chen Y, Zhou B, Wan T, You H, Wu H. Chicken TAX1BP1 suppresses type I interferon production via degrading chicken MAVS and facilitates infectious bursal diseases virus replication. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104490. [PMID: 35793720 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian TAX1BP1 (TAX1 binding protein 1), originally identified as a partner of the HTLV-1 viral oncoprotein, functions in regulation of cellular cytokine production. TAX1BP1 plays an important signal transduction regulator, specifically modulating innate immune signaling pathways including NF-B and IRF3. The function of TAX1BP1, which regulates the innate immune response in mammals, has been well studied in previous reports, but the role of chicken TAX1BP1 (chTAX1) in IFN regulation and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) replication is still unclear. In this report, chTAX1 was successfully cloned and sub-inserted into a eukaryotic expression vector. The critical regions of chTAX1, such as LC3 binding motif, ubiquitin binding motif, are highly conserved compared to other organisms. We also found that chTAX1 inhibits IFN expression by promoting degradation of chicken MAVS (chMAVS). In addition, the distribution of chTAX1 altered and translocated to co-localize with both VP1 and VP3 after IBDV infection. Overexpression of chTAX1 promotes IBDV replication and knockdown of chTAX1 by RNA interference suppresses IBDV replication. In summary, our data initially indicate that chTAX1 is a suppressor of IFN expression as well as a promoter of IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Meijia Xue
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Yiting Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Beiyi Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Tong Wan
- College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Hongnan You
- College of Foreign Languages, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China.
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Post-Translational Modifications of cGAS-STING: A Critical Switch for Immune Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193043. [PMID: 36231006 PMCID: PMC9563579 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms initiate immune responses via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a member of the PRRs, senses diverse pathogenic or endogenous DNA and activates innate immune signaling pathways, including the expression of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), type I interferon, and other inflammatory cytokines, which, in turn, instructs the adaptive immune response development. This groundbreaking discovery has rapidly advanced research on host defense, cancer biology, and autoimmune disorders. Since cGAS/STING has enormous potential in eliciting an innate immune response, understanding its functional regulation is critical. As the most widespread and efficient regulatory mode of the cGAS-STING pathway, post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are generally considered a regulatory mechanism for protein destruction or renewal. In this review, we discuss cGAS-STING signaling transduction and its mechanism in related diseases and focus on the current different regulatory modalities of PTMs in the control of the cGAS-STING-triggered innate immune and inflammatory responses.
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20
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Yang T, Huang H, Jiang L, Li J. Overview of the immunological mechanism underlying severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:118. [PMID: 35856413 PMCID: PMC9333902 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has been acknowledged as an emerging infectious disease that is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). The main clinical features of SFTS on presentation include fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia and gastrointestinal symptoms. The mortality rate is estimated to range between 5-30% in East Asia. However, SFTSV infection is increasing on an annual basis globally and is becoming a public health problem. The transmission cycle of SFTSV remains poorly understood, which is compounded by the pathogenesis of SFTS not being fully elucidated. Since the mechanism underlying the host immune response towards SFTSV is also unclear, there are no effective vaccines or specific therapeutic agents against SFTS, with supportive care being the only realistic option. Therefore, it is now crucial to understand all aspects of the host-virus interaction following SFTSV infection, including the antiviral states and viral evasion mechanisms. In the present review, recent research progress into the possible host immune responses against SFTSV was summarized, which may be useful in designing novel therapeutics against SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Huaying Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Longfeng Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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21
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Chan CP, Jin DY. Cytoplasmic RNA sensors and their interplay with RNA-binding partners in innate antiviral response: theme and variations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:449-477. [PMID: 35031583 PMCID: PMC8925969 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including viral RNA by innate immunity represents the first line of defense against viral infection. In addition to RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, several other RNA sensors are known to mediate innate antiviral response in the cytoplasm. Double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT interacts with prototypic RNA sensor RIG-I to facilitate its recognition of viral RNA and induction of host interferon response, but variations of this theme are seen when the functions of RNA sensors are modulated by other RNA-binding proteins to impinge on antiviral defense, proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death programs. Their discrete and coordinated actions are crucial to protect the host from infection. In this review, we will focus on cytoplasmic RNA sensors with an emphasis on their interplay with RNA-binding partners. Classical sensors such as RIG-I will be briefly reviewed. More attention will be brought to new insights on how RNA-binding partners of RNA sensors modulate innate RNA sensing and how viruses perturb the functions of RNA-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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22
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Fan YM, Zhang YL, Luo H, Mohamud Y. Crosstalk between RNA viruses and DNA sensors: Role of the cGAS‐STING signalling pathway. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2343. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Michelle Fan
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Yizhuo Lyanne Zhang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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