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Pearson AB, Hückstädt LA, Kinsey ST, Schmitt TL, Robeck TR, St Leger J, Ponganis PJ, Tift MS. Relationship between red blood cell lifespan and endogenous carbon monoxide in the common bottlenose dolphin and beluga. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R134-R146. [PMID: 37982188 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00172.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain deep-diving marine mammals [i.e., northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)] have blood carbon monoxide (CO) levels that are comparable with those of chronic cigarette smokers. Most CO produced in humans is a byproduct of heme degradation, which is released when red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed. Elevated CO can occur in humans when RBC lifespan decreases. The contribution of RBC turnover to CO concentrations in marine mammals is unknown. Here, we report the first RBC lifespans in two healthy marine mammal species with different diving capacities and heme stores, the shallow-diving bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and deep-diving beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and we relate the lifespans to the levels of CO in blood and breath. The belugas, with high blood heme stores, had the longest mean RBC lifespan compared with humans and bottlenose dolphins. Both cetacean species were found to have three times higher blood CO content compared with humans. The estimated CO production rate from heme degradation indicates some marine mammals may have additional mechanisms for CO production, or delay CO removal from the body, potentially from long-duration breath-holds.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to determine the red blood cell lifespan in a marine mammal species. High concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) were found in the blood of bottlenose dolphins and in the blood and breath of belugas compared with healthy humans. Red blood cell turnover accounted for these high levels in bottlenose dolphins, but there may be alternative mechanisms of endogenous CO production that are contributing to the CO concentrations observed in belugas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Pearson
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
| | - Luis A Hückstädt
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T Kinsey
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
| | - Todd L Schmitt
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Todd R Robeck
- SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Judy St Leger
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Paul J Ponganis
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Michael S Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
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Jiang S, Chen H, Shen P, Zhou Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Chen Y. Gasotransmitter Research Advances in Respiratory Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:168-185. [PMID: 37917094 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Gasotransmitters are small gas molecules that are endogenously generated and have well-defined physiological functions. The most well-defined gasotransmitters currently are nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), while other potent gasotransmitters include ammonia, methane, cyanide, hydrogen gas, and sulfur dioxide. Gasotransmitters play a role in various respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, lung infection, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and COVID-19. Recent Advances: Gasotransmitters can act as biomarkers that facilitate disease diagnosis, indicate disease severity, predict disease exacerbation, and evaluate disease outcomes. They also have cell-protective properties, and many studies have been conducted to explore their pharmacological applications. Innovative drug donors and drug delivery methods have been invented to amplify their therapeutic effects. Critical Issues: In this article, we briefly reviewed the physiological and pathophysiological functions of some gasotransmitters in the respiratory system, the progress in detecting exhaled gasotransmitters, as well as innovative drugs derived from these molecules. Future Directions: The current challenge for gasotransmitter research includes further exploring their physiological and pathological functions, clarifying their complicated interactions, exploring suitable drug donors and delivery devices, and characterizing new members of gasotransmitters. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 168-185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haijie Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Shen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yumou Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mahan VL. Effects of lactate and carbon monoxide interactions on neuroprotection and neuropreservation. Med Gas Res 2021; 11:158-173. [PMID: 34213499 PMCID: PMC8374456 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.318862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate, historically considered a waste product of anerobic metabolism, is a metabolite in whole-body metabolism needed for normal central nervous system (CNS) functions and a potent signaling molecule and hormone in the CNS. Neuronal activity signals normally induce its formation primarily in astrocytes and production is dependent on anerobic and aerobic metabolisms. Functions are dependent on normal dynamic, expansive, and evolving CNS functions. Levels can change under normal physiologic conditions and with CNS pathology. A readily combusted fuel that is sshuttled throughout the body, lactate is used as an energy source and is needed for CNS hemostasis, plasticity, memory, and excitability. Diffusion beyond the neuron active zone impacts activity of neurons and astrocytes in other areas of the brain. Barriergenesis, function of the blood-brain barrier, and buffering between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis and brain metabolism are affected by lactate. Important to neuroprotection, presence or absence is associated with L-lactate and heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide (a gasotransmitter) neuroprotective systems. Effects of carbon monoxide on L-lactate affect neuroprotection - interactions of the gasotransmitter with L-lactate are important to CNS stability, which will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Tift MS, Alves de Souza RW, Weber J, Heinrich EC, Villafuerte FC, Malhotra A, Otterbein LE, Simonson TS. Adaptive Potential of the Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide Pathway During Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:886. [PMID: 32792988 PMCID: PMC7387684 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes catalyze heme into biliverdin, releasing carbon monoxide (CO) and iron into circulation. These byproducts of heme degradation can have potent cytoprotective effects in the face of stressors such as hypoxia and ischemia-reperfusion events. The potential for exogenous use of CO as a therapeutic agent has received increasing attention throughout the past few decades. Further, HO and CO are noted as putatively adaptive in diving mammals and certain high-altitude human populations that are frequently exposed to hypoxia and/or ischemia-reperfusion events, suggesting that HO and endogenous CO afford an evolutionary advantage for hypoxia tolerance and are critical in cell survival and injury avoidance. Our goal is to describe the importance of examining HO and CO in several systems, the physiological links, and the genetic factors that underlie variation in the HO/CO pathway. Finally, we emphasize the ways in which evolutionary perspectives may enhance our understanding of the HO/CO pathway in the context of diverse clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Rodrigo W. Alves de Souza
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Janick Weber
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erica C. Heinrich
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Francisco C. Villafuerte
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Leo E. Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
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Kis A, Meszaros M, Tarnoki DL, Tarnoki AD, Lazar Z, Horvath P, Kunos L, Bikov A. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels in obstructive sleep apnoea. J Breath Res 2019; 13:036012. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Tirado R, Masdeu MJ, Vigil L, Rigla M, Luna A, Rebasa P, Pareja R, Hurtado M, Caixàs A. Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Heme Oxygenase-1, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Morbid Obesity with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Obes Surg 2018; 27:2338-2346. [PMID: 28283920 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Morbid obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interact at an inflammatory level. Bariatric surgery reduces inflammatory responses associated with obesity. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties, which might be increased in morbid obesity or OSA. We studied morbidly obese patients with OSA to determine: (a) HO-1 plasma concentrations according to OSA severity and their relationship with insulin resistance and inflammation and (b) the impact of bariatric surgery on HO-1 and parameters of insulin resistance and inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed the homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA) and plasma concentrations of HO-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1-beta, C reactive protein (CRP), and adiponectin according to polysomnography findings in 66 morbidly obese patients before bariatric surgery and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Before surgery, HO-1 plasma concentrations were similar in three groups of patients with mild, moderate, and severe OSA, and correlated with HOMA (r = 0.27, p = 0.02). Twelve months after surgery, low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance had decreased in all the groups, but HO-1 plasma concentration had decreased only in the severe OSA group (p = 0.02). In this group, the reduction in HO-1 correlated with a reduction in CRP concentrations (r = 0.43, p = 0.04) and with improved HOMA score (r = 0.37, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery decreases HO-1 concentrations in morbid obesity with severe OSA, and this decrease is associated with decreases in insulin resistance and in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Tirado
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Masdeu
- Pneumology Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vigil
- Pneumology Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias-Ciberes, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rigla
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Luna
- Surgery Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Rebasa
- Surgery Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Pareja
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Hurtado
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Assumpta Caixàs
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/ Parc Taulí no 1, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.
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Goldstein AO, Gans SP, Ripley-Moffitt C, Kotsen C, Bars M. Use of Expired Air Carbon Monoxide Testing in Clinical Tobacco Treatment Settings. Chest 2017; 153:554-562. [PMID: 29137909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) testing is considered an easy, noninvasive, and objective contribution to the assessment of smoking behavior, as CO is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream when lit cigarettes or cigars are inhaled. CO testing is a medically important billable outpatient service that can contribute to sustainability of face to face tobacco use treatment services by clinicians. This article reviews research on the clinical use of CO testing to provide biomedical feedback in assessing smoking behavior, educating smokers on tobacco health effects, assisting with treatment planning, and as a motivational tool to encourage people to become tobacco free. Further research can focus on how to best incorporate CO testing into clinical practice, including more research on outcomes and methods to ensure that insurers reimburse for testing and improved ways to use CO testing to initiate attempts to quit tobacco use, to maintain cessation, and to prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O Goldstein
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Stephanie P Gans
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Chris Kotsen
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, Somerville, NJ
| | - Matthew Bars
- IQuit Smoking Program, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, NJ
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Azuma M, Murase K, Tachikawa R, Hamada S, Matsumoto T, Minami T, Inouchi M, Tanizawa K, Handa T, Oga T, Mishima M, Chin K. Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and endogenous carbon monoxide. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:104-111. [PMID: 27856716 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00658.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) levels are recognized as a surrogate marker for activity of heme oxygenase-1, which is induced by various factors, including hypoxia and oxidative stress. Few reports have evaluated endogenous CO in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Whether OSA more greatly affects exhaled or blood CO is not known. Sixty-nine patients with suspected OSA were prospectively included in this study. Exhaled and blood CO were evaluated at night and morning. Blood and exhaled CO levels were well correlated both at night and morning (r = 0.52, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.61, P < 0.0001, respectively). Although exhaled CO levels both at night and morning significantly correlated with total sleep time with arterial oxygen saturation < 90% (ρ = 0.41, P = 0.0005 and ρ = 0.27, P = 0.024, respectively), blood CO levels did not correlate with any sleep parameter. Seventeen patients with an apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) < 15 (control group) were compared with 52 patients with AHI ≥ 15 (OSA group). Exhaled CO levels at night in the OSA group were significantly higher than in the control group (3.64 ± 1.2 vs. 2.99 ± 0.70 ppm, P < 0.05). Exhaled CO levels at night decreased after 3 mo of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in OSA patients (n = 36; P = 0.016) to become nearly the same level as in the control group (P = 0.21). Blood CO levels did not significantly change after CPAP therapy. Exhaled CO was positively related to hypoxia during sleep in OSA patients, but blood CO was not. Exhaled CO might better correlate with oxidative stress associated with OSA than blood CO. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) levels are recognized to be a surrogate marker of oxidative stress. No study has evaluated both exhaled and blood CO at the same time in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Here we provide evidence that exhaled CO levels positively correlated with hypoxia during sleep in OSA patients, but blood CO levels did not, and that continuous positive airway pressure therapy significantly decreased exhaled CO levels in the OSA group, but did not significantly affect blood CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Azuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Kimihiko Murase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Ryo Tachikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Satoshi Hamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Takeshi Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Takuma Minami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Morito Inouchi
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminobu Tanizawa
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Handa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Toru Oga
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Mishima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Kazuo Chin
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Left Ventricular Assist Device-Associated Carbon Monoxide and Iron-Enhanced Hypercoagulation: Impact of Concurrent Disease. ASAIO J 2016; 61:417-23. [PMID: 25710774 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy is associated with thrombophilia despite anticoagulation. Of interest, LVAD patients have increased carboxyhemoglobin, a measure of upregulated heme oxygenase (Hmox) activity that releases carbon monoxide (CO) and iron. Given that CO and iron enhance plasmatic coagulation, we determined if LVAD patients had hypercoagulability and decreased fibrinolytic vulnerability with measurable CO and iron-mediated effects. Blood samples were obtained a month or more after implantation of the LVAD. Thrombelastographic methods to assess coagulation kinetics, fibrinolytic kinetics, formation of carboxyhemefibrinogen, and iron-mediated enhancement of clot growth were utilized. Coagulation and fibrinolytic parameter normal individual (n = 30) plasma values were determined. Sixteen LVAD patients were studied. CO and iron enhancement of coagulation were observed in the majority of LVAD patients, contributing to hypercoagulation. However, most patients demonstrated abnormally increased rates of clot lysis. Critically, hemolysis as assessed by circulating lactate dehydrogenase activity was small in this cohort, and only four patients without comorbid states (e.g., obesity, diabetes, sleep apnea) were hypercoagulable with evidence of Hmox upregulation. However, seven patients with comorbidities were hypercoagulable with Hmox upregulation. Future investigation of CO and iron-related thrombophilia and comorbid disease is warranted to define its role in LVAD-related thrombosis.
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Bariatric patients have plasmatic hypercoagulability and systemic upregulation of heme oxygenase activity. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2015; 26:200-4. [PMID: 25101516 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Morbid obesity is associated with significant thrombophilia. Of interest, adipocytes obtained from obese patients have increased heme oxygenase (Hmox) activity, the endogenous enzyme responsible for carbon monoxide (CO) production. Given that CO enhances plasmatic coagulation, we determined whether morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery had an increase in endogenous CO and plasmatic hypercoagulability. CO was determined by noninvasive pulse oximetry measurement of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). A thrombelastographic method to assess plasma coagulation kinetics and formation of carboxyhemefibrinogen (COHF) was utilized. Nonsmoking bariatric patients (n = 20, BMI 47 ± 8 kg/m, mean ± SD) had abnormally increased COHb concentrations of 2.7 ± 1.9%, indicative of Hmox upregulation. When coagulation kinetics of these bariatric patients were compared with values obtained from normal individuals' (n = 30) plasma, 70% (95% confidence interval 45.7-88.1%) had abnormally great velocity of clot formation, abnormally large clot strength, and COHF formation. Future investigation of Hmox-derived CO in the pathogenesis of obesity-related thrombophilia is warranted.
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Xu H, Zheng X, Jia W, Yin S. Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Biomarkers in the Field of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1541. [PMID: 26448002 PMCID: PMC4616745 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker assessment is based on quantifying several proteins and metabolites. Recent developments in proteomics and metabolomics have enabled detection of these small molecules in biological samples and exploration of the underlying disease mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This systemic review was performed to identify biomarkers, which were only detected by chromatography and/or mass spectrometry (MS) and to discuss the role of these biomarkers in the field of OSA. We systemically reviewed relevant articles from PubMed and EMBASE referring to proteins and metabolite profiles of biological samples in patients with OSA. The analytical platforms in this review were focused on chromatography and/or MS. In total, 30 studies evaluating biomarkers in patients with OSA using chromatography and/or MS methods were included. Numerous proteins and metabolites, including lipid profiles, adrenergic/dopaminergic biomarkers and derivatives, amino acids, oxidative stress biomarkers, and other micromolecules were identified in patients with OSA. Applying chromatography and/or MS methods to detect biomarkers helps develop an understanding of OSA mechanisms. More proteomic and metabolomic studies are warranted to develop potential diagnostic and clinical monitoring methods for OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Xu
- From the Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (HX, XZ, SY); and Center for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (HX, XZ, WJ)
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Han Q, Yeung SC, Ip MSM, Mak JCW. Cellular mechanisms in intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiac damage in vivo. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:201-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced NF-κB and HO-1 Regulation in Human Endothelial EA.hy926 Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 66:431-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Activation of heme oxygenase and suppression of cGMP are associated with impaired endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:854-61. [PMID: 22647785 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder that increases the risk of systemic hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Heme oxygenase (HO) has been shown to be upregulated in patients with OSA and its overexpression in mice causes hypertension. End products of HO are carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin. CO exerts a pleiotropic action on vasoregulation. Despite high prevalence and incident of hypertension in OSA, its pathophysiology is not well-understood, particularly in regard to varying susceptibility of patients to hypertension. We investigated the role of HO in endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in OSA. METHODS We determined flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) as a measure of endothelial-dependent vasodilatory capacity, exhaled CO, bilirubin, and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in 63 subjects with OSA (normotensive 27, hypertensive 36) and in 32 subjects without OSA (normotensive 19, hypertensive 13). RESULTS Hypertensive OSA demonstrated marked impairment in FMD (8.0 ± 0.5% vasodilatation) compared to 10.5 ± 0.8% in hypertensives non-OSA (P < 0.01) and 13.5 ± 0.5% in normotensive OSA (P < 0.001) and 16.1 ± 1.1% in normotensive non-OSA (P < 0.0001). HO was upregulated and plasma nitric oxide (NO) was significantly increased in hypertensive OSA compared to normotensive OSA and hypertensive non-OSA. Conversely, serum cGMP was markedly decreased in hypertensive OSA (12.9 ± 1.8 pmol/ml vs. 20.6 ± 3.7 in normotensive OSA, P = 0.032). There was an inverse relationship between FMD and CO and bilirubin concentrations (r = 0.43, P = 0.0001 and r = 0.28, P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data show that increased CO in the setting of elevated NO concentrations is associated with decreased cGMP, impaired FMD, and hypertension in patient with OSA.
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Chen L, Zhang J, He Y, Pan J, Zhou H, Li H, Tang Y, Zheng Y. Contribution of BK(Ca) channels of neurons in rostral ventrolateral medulla to CO-mediated central regulation of respiratory rhythm in medullary slices of neonatal rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 182:93-9. [PMID: 22633934 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently described that carbon monoxide (CO) participated in the regulation of rhythmic respiration in medullary slices. The present study was undertaken to further assess whether the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK(Ca) channels) are involved in the CO-mediated central regulation of respiratory rhythm in medullary slices. The rhythmic discharge of hypoglossal rootlets of medullary slices of neonatal rats was recorded. We observed that blocking BK(Ca) channels could partially abolish the effects of CO on the rhythmic bursts of hypoglossal rootlets. With whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique, we further observed that CO could reversibly augment potassium current density of the neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The CO-induced increase in potassium current was entirely blocked by the pretreatment of slices with BK(Ca) channels blocker; whereas blockade of CO generation with zinc protoporphyrin-IX produced an opposite response. Altogether, these data indicate that BK(Ca) channels of the neurons in neonatal rostral ventrolateral medulla could be activated by CO and involved in CO-mediated central regulation of respiratory rhythm in medullary slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Owens RL, Yim-Yeh S, Malhotra A. Carbon monoxide poisoning, or carbon monoxide protection? Chest 2008; 134:895-896. [PMID: 18988771 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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