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Tiwari P, Verma S, Washimkar KR, Nilakanth Mugale M. Immune cells crosstalk Pathways, and metabolic alterations in Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112269. [PMID: 38781610 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) presents a challenging progression characterized by lung tissue scarring and abnormal extracellular matrix deposition. This review examines the influence of immune responses, emphasizing their complex role in initiating and perpetuating fibrosis. It highlights how metabolic pathways modulate immune cell function during IPF. Immune cell modulation holds promise in managing pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and monitoring mast cell levels offer insights into PF progression. Low-dose IL-2 therapy and regulation of fibroblast recruitment present potential therapeutic avenues, while the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in allergic lung inflammation sheds light on disease mechanisms. The review focuses on metabolic reprogramming's role in shaping immune cell function during IPF progression. While some immune cells use glycolysis for pro-inflammatory responses, others favor fatty acid oxidation for regulatory functions. Targeting specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) presents significant potential for managing fibrotic disorders. Additionally, it highlights the pivotal role of amino acid metabolism in synthesizing serine and glycine as crucial regulators of collagen production and exploring the interconnectedness of lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and adipokines in driving fibrotic processes. Moreover, the review discusses the impact of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes on lung fibrosis. Advocating for a holistic approach, it emphasizes the importance of considering this interplay between immune cell function and metabolic pathways in developing effective and personalized treatments for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Tiwari
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Shobhit Verma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Kaveri R Washimkar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow-226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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2
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Pradhan S, Ali SA, Rachamalla M, Niyogi S, Datusalia AK. Oral arsenite exposure induces inflammation and apoptosis in pulmonary tissue: acute and chronic evaluation in young and adult mice. Biometals 2024; 37:587-607. [PMID: 38267778 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant, and exposure to this metalloid is strongly linked with severe and extensive toxic effects in various organs including the lungs. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the acute and chronic effects of arsenite exposure on pulmonary tissue in young and adult mice. In brief, young and adult female Balb/C mice were exposed to 3 and 30 ppm arsenite daily via drinking water for 30 and 90 days. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed and various histological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed using lung tissues. Our findings showed arsenite was found to cause dose-dependent pathological changes such as thickening of the alveolar septum, inflammatory cell infiltrations and lung fibrosis in young and adult mice. In addition, arsenite exposure significantly increased the expression of inflammatory markers NF-κB and TNF-α, indicating that arsenite-exposed mice suffered from severe lung inflammation. Moreover, the IHC analysis of fibrotic proteins demonstrated an increased expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, vimentin and collagen-I in the arsenite-exposed mice compared to the control mice. This was accompanied by apoptosis, which was indicated by the upregulated expression of caspase-3 in arsenite-exposed mice compared to the control. Adult mice were generally found to be more prone to arsenite toxicity during chronic exposure relative to their younger counterparts. Overall, our findings suggest that arsenite in drinking water may induce dose-dependent and age-dependent structural and functional impairment in the lungs through elevating inflammation and fibrotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samata Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India.
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India.
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Ribatti D. Mast cells are at the interface between the external environment and the inner organism. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1332047. [PMID: 38239615 PMCID: PMC10794488 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1332047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells localized at the level of the mucosal barrier in the skin, lung, and gastrointestinal tract, intervene in the modulation of the function of the epithelial cells and are involved in innate and adaptive defensive responses. In this context, mast cells intervene in the recognition and clearance of microbial pathogens. This mini-review article discusses the role of mast cells in these barrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Wismans LV, Lopuhaä B, de Koning W, Moeniralam H, van Oosterhout M, Ambarus C, Hofman FN, Kuiken T, Endeman H, Mustafa DAM, von der Thüsen JH. Increase of mast cells in COVID-19 pneumonia may contribute to pulmonary fibrosis and thrombosis. Histopathology 2023; 82:407-419. [PMID: 36366933 PMCID: PMC9877713 DOI: 10.1111/his.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lung tissue from COVID-19 patients shares similar histomorphological features with chronic lung allograft disease, also suggesting activation of autoimmune-related pathways in COVID-19. To more clearly understand the underlying spectrum of pathophysiology in COVID-19 pneumonia, we analysed mRNA expression of autoimmune-related genes in post-mortem lung tissue from COVID-19 patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples of 18 COVID-19 patients and eight influenza patients were used for targeted gene expression profiling using NanoString technology. Multiplex immunofluorescence for tryptase and chymase was applied for validation. Genes related to mast cells were significantly increased in COVID-19. This finding was strengthened by multiplex immunofluorescence also showing a significant increase of tryptase- and chymase-positive cells in COVID-19. Furthermore, receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP) were up-regulated in COVID-19 compared to influenza. Genes associated with Type I interferon signalling showed a significant correlation to detected SARS-CoV2 pathway-related genes. The comparison of lung tissue samples from both groups based on the presence of histomorphological features indicative of acute respiratory distress syndrome did not result in finding any specific gene or pathways. CONCLUSION Two separate means of measuring show a significant increase of mast cells in SARS-CoV-2-infected lung tissue compared to influenza. Additionally, several genes involved in fibrosis and thrombosis, among which are RAGE and PPBP, are up-regulated in COVID-19. As mast cells are able to induce thrombosis and fibrosis, they may play an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonoor V Wismans
- Present address:
Department of SurgeryErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands,The Tumor Immuno‐Pathology Laboratory, Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Boaz Lopuhaä
- Present address:
Department of SurgeryErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands,Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Willem de Koning
- The Tumor Immuno‐Pathology Laboratory, Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands,Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, Department of PathologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Hazra Moeniralam
- Department of Internal Medicine and Intensive CareSt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | | | - Carmen Ambarus
- Department of Pathology DNASt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Frederik N Hofman
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgerySt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Adult Intensive CareErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dana A M Mustafa
- The Tumor Immuno‐Pathology Laboratory, Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands,Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jan H von der Thüsen
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
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Savage A, Risquez C, Gomi K, Schreiner R, Borczuk AC, Worgall S, Silver RB. The mast cell exosome-fibroblast connection: A novel pro-fibrotic pathway. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1139397. [PMID: 36910476 PMCID: PMC9995661 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1139397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In addition to the traditional activation of resident receptors by release of local mediators, new evidence favors the existence of exosomes in cell-to-cell communication that mediates delivery of specific cargo to modulate recipient cell function. We report that mast cell exosomes are an additional source of pro-fibrotic substances and constitute a unique pathway for the generation of excess collagen. Methods We use primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) to demonstrate the uptake of labeled exosomes isolated from the human mast cell line HMC-1 (MC-EXOs), previously shown to contain protein cargo in common with human mast cell exosomes. Results The MC-EXO uptake by HLF is to the cytosol and increases both proline hydroxylation in HLF lysate and secreted collagen, within 24 h, which is sustained over 72 h, the same time required for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) to activate collagen synthesis in the HLFs. Unlike TGF-β, MC-EXO uptake does not induce fibrillar gene activation or invoke the Smad-nuclear transcription pathway. We show that MC-EXO uptake and TGF-β have an additive effect on collagen synthesis in HLF and postulate that MC-EXO uptake by HLFs is a contributing factor to excess collagen synthesis and represents a unique paradigm for understanding fibrosis. Discussion It is known that, in the lungs, mast cells are more activated and increase in number with inflammation, injury and viral infection associated with fibrosis. With the reported increased incidence of post-COVID-pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF), data from patients with severe COVID-19 are presented that show an increase in the mast cell number in lung parenchyma, the site of PCPF. Our findings provide a rationale for targeting multiple fibrogenic pathways in the management of lung fibrosis and the use of mast cell exosomes as a biomarker for the prognostic and diagnostic management of evolving fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Savage
- Silver Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cristobal Risquez
- Silver Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kazunori Gomi
- Silver Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ryan Schreiner
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hartman Institute for Therapeutic Organ Regeneration, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alain C Borczuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Worgall
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Randi B Silver
- Silver Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Torres-Atencio I, Campble A, Goodridge A, Martin M. Uncovering the Mast Cell Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886044. [PMID: 35720353 PMCID: PMC9201906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunologic mechanisms that contribute to the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection still represent a challenge in the clinical management and scientific understanding of tuberculosis disease. In this scenario, the role of the different cells involved in the host response, either in terms of innate or adaptive immunity, remains key for defeating this disease. Among this coordinated cell response, mast cells remain key for defeating tuberculosis infection and disease. Together with its effector’s molecules, membrane receptors as well as its anatomical locations, mast cells play a crucial role in the establishment and perpetuation of the inflammatory response that leads to the generation of the granuloma during tuberculosis. This review highlights the current evidences that support the notion of mast cells as key link to reinforce the advancements in tuberculosis diagnosis, disease progression, and novel therapeutic strategies. Special focus on mast cells capacity for the modulation of the inflammatory response among patients suffering multidrug resistant tuberculosis or in co-infections such as current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Torres-Atencio
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Panama.,Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades (CBCME) - Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad Del Saber, Panama
| | - Ariadne Campble
- Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades (CBCME) - Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad Del Saber, Panama
| | - Amador Goodridge
- Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades (CBCME) - Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad Del Saber, Panama
| | - Margarita Martin
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Willems M, Seβenhausen P, Gies I, Vloeberghs V, Tournaye H, Goossens E, Van Saen D. To graft or not to graft? Intratesticular xenografting of (pre)pubertal testicular tissue from Klinefelter patients as potential ex vivo model to study testicular fibrosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 44:896-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mace EL, Zhao S, Lipscomb B, Wootten CT, Belcher RH. Clinical Significance of Mast Cells in the Supraglottic Larynx of Children With Aerodigestive Disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 167:375-381. [PMID: 34699295 DOI: 10.1177/01945998211055139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of mast cells found on supraglottic biopsy of pediatric patients with common aerodigestive diseases. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary care children's hospital. METHODS A total of 461 pediatric patients undergoing otolaryngology aerodigestive procedures provided consent between 2014 and 2019, and biopsies of the supraglottic larynx were collected at the time of their surgery. Pathologists reviewed biopsies for the presence and number of mast cells per high-power field. The patients' electronic health records were reviewed for relevant demographic data and clinical diagnoses present at the time of biopsy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship of mast cells with odds of aerodigestive disease. RESULTS Patients with mast cells in their biopsy had significantly higher odds of asthma (odds ratio [OR], 2.02; 95% CI, 1.17-3.46), gastroesophageal reflux disease (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.47-3.77), laryngomalacia (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.80-4.94), laryngeal anomalies (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.52-3.55), and obstructive sleep apnea (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.35-3.45). When mast cells were evaluated as a continuous variable, there was a nonlinear relationship between increasing mast cell count and odds of disease. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells are known to be associated with inflammatory conditions, though little is known about their presence in laryngeal inflammation. Results from our study demonstrate an association between mast cells in the pediatric larynx and asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, laryngomalacia, laryngeal anomalies, and obstructive sleep apnea. Our study also showed a nonlinear relationship between number of mast cells and odds of disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Mace
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brittany Lipscomb
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher T Wootten
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ryan H Belcher
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Salonen J, Kreus M, Lehtonen S, Vähänikkilä H, Purokivi M, Kaarteenaho R. Decline in Mast Cell Density During Diffuse Alveolar Damage in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Inflammation 2021; 45:768-779. [PMID: 34686945 PMCID: PMC8956519 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), although their role in acute exacerbations of IPF has not been investigated. The aims of the study were to evaluate the numbers of MCs in fibrotic and non-fibrotic areas of lung tissue specimens of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients with or without an acute exacerbation of IPF, and to correlate the MC density with clinical parameters. MCs of IPF patients were quantified from surgical lung biopsy (SLB) specimens (n = 47) and lung tissue specimens taken at autopsy (n = 7). MC density was higher in the fibrotic areas of lung tissue compared with spared alveolar areas or in controls. Female gender, low diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, diffuse alveolar damage, and smoking were associated with a low MC density. MC densities of fibrotic areas had declined significantly in five subjects in whom both SLB in the stable phase and autopsy after an acute exacerbation of IPF had been performed. There were no correlations of MC densities with survival time or future acute exacerbations. The MC density in fibrotic areas was associated with several clinical parameters. An acute exacerbation of IPF was associated with a significant decline in MC counts. Further investigations will be needed to clarify the role of these cells in IPF and in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbation as this may help to identify some potential targets for medical treatment for this serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Salonen
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center (MRC) Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
| | - Mervi Kreus
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center (MRC) Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
| | - Siri Lehtonen
- Medical Research Center (MRC) Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital, University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 23, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
| | - Hannu Vähänikkilä
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, University of Oulu, Arctic Biobank, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Purokivi
- The Center of Medicine and Clinical Research, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Kaarteenaho
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center (MRC) Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage Lymphocytes in the Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis among Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 17:1455-1467. [PMID: 32757946 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202005-420oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis in response to an inhalational exposure.Objectives: To determine the value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid lymphocyte cellular analysis in the detection of HP among patients with newly detected ILD.Methods: This systematic review was undertaken in the context of development of an American Thoracic Society, Japanese Respiratory Society, and Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax clinical practice guideline. The clinical question was, "should patients with newly detected ILD undergo BAL fluid lymphocyte analysis to diagnose HP?" MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the gray literature were searched through October 2019. Studies that reported the percentage of BAL fluid lymphocytes for various ILDs were selected for inclusion. Meta-analyses compared the mean percentage of BAL fluid lymphocytes among patients with HP with that among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or sarcoidosis. The sensitivity and specificity by which various percentages of BAL fluid lymphocytes distinguish HP from IPF and sarcoidosis were also evaluated.Results: Eighty-four articles were selected. No randomized trials or observational studies were identified that compared BAL fluid lymphocyte analysis with no BAL fluid lymphocyte analysis in patients with ILD. Included studies were case series describing BAL fluid cell differentials in patients with various ILDs. The percentage of BAL fluid lymphocytes was significantly higher in both fibrotic and nonfibrotic HP compared with IPF. Similarly, the percentage of BAL fluid lymphocytes was significantly higher in both fibrotic and nonfibrotic HP compared with sarcoidosis. A threshold of 20% BAL fluid lymphocytes distinguished fibrotic HP from IPF with a sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 61%, respectively, and nonfibrotic HP from IPF with a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 61%, respectively. It distinguished fibrotic HP from sarcoidosis with a sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 26%, respectively, and nonfibrotic HP from sarcoidosis with a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 26%, respectively.Conclusions: The percentage of BAL fluid lymphocytes is higher in HP than IPF or sarcoidosis. However, a threshold that distinguishes HP from IPF or sarcoidosis with both high sensitivity and high specificity was not identified.
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Abo Al Hayja M, Wahlström J, Kullberg S, Darlington P, Eklund A, Grunewald J. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell subsets associate with the disease course in Löfgren's and non-Löfgren's sarcoidosis patients. Respir Med 2021; 186:106521. [PMID: 34198166 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous inflammatory disorder, that predominantly involves the lungs. Patients with Löfgren's syndrome (LS) are characterized by acute onset and usually have the HLA-DRB1*03 (DR3positive) allele and a good prognosis. Non-LS patients are usually DR3negative and are more likely to develop chronic disease. The study aimed to identify bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells that could associate with disease severity (reduced pulmonary function tests (PFTs), advanced chest radiographs, need for treatment) and/or chronicity (duration >2 years) in newly diagnosed LS and non-LS patients, respectively. METHODS We retrospectively included data from 955 non-LS patients, 477 LS patients, and 295 healthy controls (HC) in this study. Intra-group comparison of patients with resolving versus chronic disease was performed in LS and non-LS, respectively. Non-LS patients were divided into two subgroups according to the binary BALF cell concentrations for intra-group comparison (i.e. higher or lower than the 95th percentile of the BALF cells references in healthy individuals). RESULTS LS patients with a non-resolving disease course had higher BALF lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils than LS with a favourable outcome. In non-LS subjects increased BALF of the same cells and in addition also of basophils and mast cells were more likely associated with more severe disease course. CONCLUSION Increased BALF cells display prognostic significance in sarcoidosis. Certain BALF profiles should promote the clinician to monitor these patients more closely as they may associate non-resolving disease, in turn, resulting in future irreversible functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Abo Al Hayja
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Wahlström
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kullberg
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Darlington
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine Solna, And Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet; and Respiratory Medicine, Theme Inflammation and Infection, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Wu Q, Liu Y, Xie Y, Wei S, Liu Y. Identification of Potential ceRNA Network and Patterns of Immune Cell Infiltration in Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622021. [PMID: 34222222 PMCID: PMC8248550 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is one of the most severe complications of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is the leading cause of SSc-related deaths. However, the precise pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in SSc-ILD remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network and immune cell infiltration patterns in SSc-ILD. Methods One microRNA (miRNA) and three messenger RNA (mRNA) microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then, the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and mRNAs (DEMs) between SSc-ILD patients and normal controls were identified, respectively, followed by the prediction of the target genes and target lncRNAs of DEmiRs. The overlapping genes between DEmiRs target genes and DEMs were identified as core mRNAs to construct the ceRNA network. In addition, the “Cell Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of Known RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT)” algorithm was used to analyze the composition of infiltrating immune cells in lung tissues of SSc-ILD patients and controls, and differentially expressed immune cells were recognized. The correlation between immune cells and core mRNAs was evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis. Results Totally, 42 SSc-ILD lung tissues and 18 normal lung tissues were included in this study. We identified 35 DEmiRs and 142 DEMs and predicted 1,265 target genes of DEmiRs. Then, 9 core mRNAs related to SSc-ILD were recognized, which were the overlapping genes between DEmiRs target genes and DEMs. Meanwhile, 9 DEmiRs related to core mRNAs were identified reversely, and their target lncRNAs were predicted. In total, 9 DEmiRs, 9 core mRNAs, and 51 predicted lncRNAs were integrated to construct the ceRNA regulatory network of SSc-ILD. In addition, 9 types of immune cells were differentially expressed in lung tissues between SSc-ILD patients and controls. Some core mRNAs, such as COL1A1, FOS, and EDN1, were positively or negatively correlated with the number of infiltrating immune cells. Conclusion This is the first comprehensive study to construct the potential ceRNA regulatory network and analyze the composition of infiltrating immune cells in lung tissues of SSc-ILD patients, which improves our understanding of the pathogenesis of SSc-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixiong Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Garcia-Rodriguez KM, Bini EI, Gamboa-Domínguez A, Espitia-Pinzón CI, Huerta-Yepez S, Bulfone-Paus S, Hernández-Pando R. Differential mast cell numbers and characteristics in human tuberculosis pulmonary lesions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10687. [PMID: 34021178 PMCID: PMC8140073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major worldwide health threat and primarily a lung disease. The innate immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is orchestrated by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells and apparently mast cells (MCs). MCs are located at mucosal sites including the lungs and contribute in host-defence against pathogens, but little is known about their role during Mtb infection. This study investigates the location and characteristics of MCs in TB lesions to assess their contribution to TB pathology. To this purpose, number, location and phenotype of MCs was studied in 11 necropsies of pulmonary TB and 3 necropsies of non-TB infected lungs that were used as controls. MCs were localised at pneumonic areas, in the granuloma periphery and particularly abundant in fibrotic tissue. Furthermore, MCs displayed intracellular Mtb and IL-17A and TGF-β immunostaining. These findings were validated by analysing, post-mortem lung tissue microarrays from 44 individuals with pulmonary TB and 25 control subjects. In affected lungs, increased numbers of MCs expressing intracellularly both tryptase and chymase were found at fibrotic sites. Altogether, our data suggest that MCs are recruited at the inflammatory site and that actively produce immune mediators such as proteases and TGF-β that may be contributing to late fibrosis in TB lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Magdalena Garcia-Rodriguez
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
| | - Estela Isabel Bini
- Seccion de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion "Salvador Zubiran", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Gamboa-Domínguez
- Seccion de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion "Salvador Zubiran", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clara Inés Espitia-Pinzón
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester, UK.,Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Seccion de Patologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion "Salvador Zubiran", Mexico City, Mexico.
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14
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Willems M, Vloeberghs V, Gies I, De Schepper J, Tournaye H, Goossens E, Van Saen D. Testicular immune cells and vasculature in Klinefelter syndrome from childhood up to adulthood. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:1753-1764. [PMID: 32649748 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is the distribution of immune cells and the testicular vasculature altered in testicular biopsies from patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Increased numbers of macrophages and mast cells, an increased expression of decorin and an increased blood vessel density were found in KS samples compared to controls. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Most KS patients are infertile due to an early germ cell loss. From puberty onwards, testicular fibrosis can be detected. How this fibrotic process is initiated remains unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In this study, the number of macrophages, mast cells and their secretory products were evaluated in KS, Sertoli cell only (SCO) and control patient samples. The association between immune cell numbers and level of fibrosis in KS tissue was examined. In addition, the vascularization within these testicular tissue biopsies was studied. For immunohistochemical evaluation, KS patients at different stages of testicular development were included: prepubertal (aged 4-7 years; n = 4), peripubertal (aged 11-17 years; n = 21) and adult (aged >18 years; n = 37) patients. In addition, testicular tissue biopsies of adult SCO (n = 33) and control samples for the three KS age groups (prepubertal n = 9; peripubertal n = 5; adult n = 25) were analysed. Gene expression analysis was performed on adult testicular tissue from KS (n = 5), SCO (n = 5) and control (n = 5) patients. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Adult (>18 years) KS, SCO and control testicular tissue biopsies were obtained during a testicular sperm extraction procedure. KS peripubertal (11-18 years), prepubertal (<11 years) and age-matched control biopsies were obtained from the biobank of the university hospital. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the tubular structure (H/PAS), the number of spermatogonia (MAGE-A4), macrophages (CD68) and mast cells (tryptase) and the blood vessel density (Von Willebrand factor). In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of secretory products of macrophages and mast cells (tryptase, tumour necrosis factor alpha and decorin). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A significant increase in the number of macrophages (P < 0.0001) and mast cells (P = 0.0008) was found in the peritubular compartment of testes of adult KS patients compared to control samples. However, no association between the number of immune cells and the degree of fibrosis was observed. In adult SCO samples, a significant increase was seen for peritubular macrophage (P < 0.0001) and mast cell (P < 0.0001) numbers compared to control samples. In the interstitial compartment, a significant increase in mast cell number was found in adult SCO samples compared to KS (P < 0.0001) and control (P < 0.0001) tissue. A significant difference (P = 0.0431) in decorin expression could be detected in adult KS compared to control patients. Decorin expression was mostly seen in the walls of the seminiferous tubules. When comparing the vascularization between KS patients and age-matched controls, a significant increase (P = 0.0081) in blood vessel density could be observed only in prepubertal KS testicular tissue. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION As controls for this study, testicular tissue biopsies of men who underwent a vasectomy reversal or orchiectomy were used, but these men may not represent fertile controls. In addition, a high variability in immune cell numbers, secretory products expression and number of blood vessels could be observed amongst all patient samples. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Increased numbers of macrophages and mast cells have previously been described in non-KS infertile men. Our results show that these increased numbers can also be detected in KS testicular tissue. However, no association between the number of macrophages or mast cells and the degree of fibrosis in KS samples could be detected. Decorin has previously been described in relation to fibrosis, but it has not yet been associated with testicular fibrosis in KS. Our results suggest a role for this proteoglycan in the fibrotic process since an increased expression was observed in adult KS tissue compared to controls. Impaired vascularization in KS men was suggested to be responsible for the KS-related disturbed hormone levels. Our results show a significant difference in blood vessel density, especially for the smallest blood vessels, between prepubertal KS samples and age-matched controls. This is the first study to report differences between KS and control testicular tissue at prepubertal age. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The project was funded by grants from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (E.G.) and the scientific Fund Willy Gepts from the UZ Brussel (D.V.S.). D.V.S. is a post-doctoral fellow of the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO; 12M2819N). No conflict of interest is declared for this research project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Willems
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vloeberghs
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Gies
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean De Schepper
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Tournaye
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Goossens
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Saen
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Inoue Y, Okamoto T, Honda T, Nukui Y, Akashi T, Takemura T, Tozuka M, Miyazaki Y. Disruption in the balance between apolipoprotein A-I and mast cell chymase in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:659-671. [PMID: 33016012 PMCID: PMC7654418 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) has an antifibrotic effect in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although pulmonary fibrosis is associated with poor prognosis of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), little is known regarding the role of apoA‐I in the pathogenesis of HP. Methods Two‐dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed for the identification and quantification of apoA‐I in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with acute and chronic HP. To investigate the degradation of apoA‐I, apoA‐I was incubated with BALF. Moreover, the role of apoA‐I in TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition of A549 cells was examined. Results The concentration of apoA‐I in the BALF was significantly lower in chronic HP (n = 56) compared with acute HP (n = 31). The expression level of apoA‐I was also low in the lung tissues of chronic HP. ApoA‐I was degraded by BALF from HP patients. The number of chymase‐positive mast cells in the alveolar parenchyma was inversely correlated with apoA‐I levels in the BALF of chronic HP patients. In vitro experiment using A549 cells, untreated apoA‐I inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition, although this trend was not observed in the chymase‐treated apoA‐I. Conclusions A decrease of apoA‐I was associated with the pathogenesis of chronic HP in terms of pulmonary fibrosis and mast cell chymase attenuated the protective effect of apoA‐I against pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, apoA‐I could be a crucial molecule associated with lung fibrogenesis of HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Inoue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Okamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nukui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Takemura
- Department of Pathology, Japan Red Cross Centre, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tozuka
- Department of Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Lan Y, Liu Y, He Y, Liu F, Xv H, Feng K, Zhang Z, Shi Z, Zhang X, Zhang L. A single injection of bleomycin reduces glycosaminoglycan sulfation up to 30 days in the C57BL/6 mouse model of lung fibrosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:319-327. [PMID: 32422263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a clinically used anticancer drug, but it induces lung fibrosis in certain cancer patients with unknown mechanism. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are required for lung morphogenesis during animal development. In current study, GAG disaccharides including heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) from bleomycin-induced and control lung tissues in lung fibrosis mouse model were tagged with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) and deuterated PMP, respectively. The differentially isotope-tagged disaccharides were quantitatively compared by LC-MS. At day 10, the amount of CS disaccharides (U0a0, U0a6, and U0a4) and non-sulfated HS disaccharide (U0A0) were increased by 1.3-, 1.6-, 11.7-, and 2.2-fold, respectively, whereas the amount of CS disaccharide (U0a2), hyaluranan disaccharide (UβA0), and six HS disaccharides (U0A6, U2A0, U0H6, U0S0, U2S0, and U2S6) were decreased from1.1- to 14.3-fold compared to that of the controls. At day 15, under-sulfation of both HS and CS disaccharides was persisted. At day 30, the CS disaccharide compositions were recovered to that of the control levels whereas the HS were still remarkably under-sulfated. In conclusion, GAGs, especially HS, from fibrotic lungs induced by a single injection of bleomycin were significantly under-sulfated up to 30 days, suggesting GAGs might be another class of defective signaling molecules involved in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lan
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Food Science and engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanli He
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261031, China
| | - Huixin Xv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kun Feng
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Shi
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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17
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Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Ryerson CJ, Myers JL, Kreuter M, Vasakova M, Bargagli E, Chung JH, Collins BF, Bendstrup E, Chami HA, Chua AT, Corte TJ, Dalphin JC, Danoff SK, Diaz-Mendoza J, Duggal A, Egashira R, Ewing T, Gulati M, Inoue Y, Jenkins AR, Johannson KA, Johkoh T, Tamae-Kakazu M, Kitaichi M, Knight SL, Koschel D, Lederer DJ, Mageto Y, Maier LA, Matiz C, Morell F, Nicholson AG, Patolia S, Pereira CA, Renzoni EA, Salisbury ML, Selman M, Walsh SLF, Wuyts WA, Wilson KC. Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Adults. An Official ATS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:e36-e69. [PMID: 32706311 PMCID: PMC7397797 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-2032st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This guideline addresses the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). It represents a collaborative effort among the American Thoracic Society, Japanese Respiratory Society, and Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax.Methods: Systematic reviews were performed for six questions. The evidence was discussed, and then recommendations were formulated by a multidisciplinary committee of experts in the field of interstitial lung disease and HP using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.Results: The guideline committee defined HP, and clinical, radiographic, and pathological features were described. HP was classified into nonfibrotic and fibrotic phenotypes. There was limited evidence that was directly applicable to all questions. The need for a thorough history and a validated questionnaire to identify potential exposures was agreed on. Serum IgG testing against potential antigens associated with HP was suggested to identify potential exposures. For patients with nonfibrotic HP, a recommendation was made in favor of obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for lymphocyte cellular analysis, and suggestions for transbronchial lung biopsy and surgical lung biopsy were also made. For patients with fibrotic HP, suggestions were made in favor of obtaining BAL for lymphocyte cellular analysis, transbronchial lung cryobiopsy, and surgical lung biopsy. Diagnostic criteria were established, and a diagnostic algorithm was created by expert consensus. Knowledge gaps were identified as future research directions.Conclusions: The guideline committee developed a systematic approach to the diagnosis of HP. The approach should be reevaluated as new evidence accumulates.
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18
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Roach KM, Bradding P. Ca 2+ signalling in fibroblasts and the therapeutic potential of K Ca3.1 channel blockers in fibrotic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1003-1024. [PMID: 31758702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Ca2+ signalling in fibroblasts is of great interest in fibrosis-related diseases. Intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ) is a ubiquitous secondary messenger, regulating a number of cellular functions such as secretion, metabolism, differentiation, proliferation and contraction. The intermediate conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channel KCa 3.1 is pivotal in Ca2+ signalling and plays a central role in fibroblast processes including cell activation, migration and proliferation through the regulation of cell membrane potential. Evidence from a number of approaches demonstrates that KCa 3.1 plays an important role in the development of many fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary, renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and cardiovascular disease. The KCa 3.1 selective blocker senicapoc was well tolerated in clinical trials for sickle cell disease, raising the possibility of rapid translation to the clinic for people suffering from pathological fibrosis. This review after analysing all the data, concludes that targeting KCa 3.1 should be a high priority for human fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy M Roach
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Peter Bradding
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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19
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Tew XN, Xin Lau NJ, Chellappan DK, Madheswaran T, Zeeshan F, Tambuwala MM, Aljabali AA, Balusamy SR, Perumalsamy H, Gupta G, Oliver BG, Hsu A, Wark P, Reddy K, Wadhwa R, Hansbro PM, Dua K. Immunological axis of berberine in managing inflammation underlying chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 317:108947. [PMID: 31968208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a remarkable role in the mechanisms of acute and chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. Currently, there is a resurgence in the use of drugs from natural sources for various ailments as potent therapeutics. Berberine, an alkaloid prominent in the Chinese traditional system of medicine has been reported to exert therapeutic properties in various diseases. Nevertheless, the number of studies focusing on the curative potential of berberine in inflammatory diseases involving the respiratory system is limited. In this review, we have attempted to discuss the reported anti-inflammatory properties of berberine that function through several pathways such as, the NF-κB, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways which affect several pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiological processes involved in chronic respiratory diseases. This review would serve to provide valuable information to researchers who work in this field and a new direction in the field of drug discovery with respect to respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Nee Tew
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Natalie Jia Xin Lau
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Farrukh Zeeshan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County, Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa Aa Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Sri Renukadevi Balusamy
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, 302017, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alan Hsu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Peter Wark
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Karosham Reddy
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Philip Michael Hansbro
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Sultanpur, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India.
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20
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Usher KM, Zhu S, Mavropalias G, Carrino JA, Zhao J, Xu J. Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis. Bone Res 2019; 7:9. [PMID: 30937213 PMCID: PMC6433953 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthrofibrosis is a fibrotic joint disorder that begins with an inflammatory reaction to insults such as injury, surgery and infection. Excessive extracellular matrix and adhesions contract pouches, bursae and tendons, cause pain and prevent a normal range of joint motion, with devastating consequences for patient quality of life. Arthrofibrosis affects people of all ages, with published rates varying. The risk factors and best management strategies are largely unknown due to a poor understanding of the pathology and lack of diagnostic biomarkers. However, current research into the pathogenesis of fibrosis in organs now informs the understanding of arthrofibrosis. The process begins when stress signals stimulate immune cells. The resulting cascade of cytokines and mediators drives fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which secrete fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Positive feedback networks then dysregulate processes that normally terminate healing processes. We propose two subtypes of arthrofibrosis occur: active arthrofibrosis and residual arthrofibrosis. In the latter the fibrogenic processes have resolved but the joint remains stiff. The best therapeutic approach for each subtype may differ significantly. Treatment typically involves surgery, however, a pharmacological approach to correct dysregulated cell signalling could be more effective. Recent research shows that myofibroblasts are capable of reversing differentiation, and understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and resolution will be essential for the development of cell-based treatments. Therapies with significant promise are currently available, with more in development, including those that inhibit TGF-β signalling and epigenetic modifications. This review focuses on pathogenesis of sterile arthrofibrosis and therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley M. Usher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia Australia
| | - Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Georgios Mavropalias
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia Australia
| | | | - Jinmin Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia Australia
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi China
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Abstract
Fibrosis is a medical condition characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix compounds such as collagen in tissues. Fibrotic lesions are present in many diseases and can affect all organs. The excessive extracellular matrix accumulation in these conditions can often have serious consequences and in many cases be life-threatening. A typical event seen in many fibrotic conditions is a profound accumulation of mast cells (MCs), suggesting that these cells can contribute to the pathology. Indeed, there is now substantialv evidence pointing to an important role of MCs in fibrotic disease. However, investigations from various clinical settings and different animal models have arrived at partly contradictory conclusions as to how MCs affect fibrosis, with many studies suggesting a detrimental role of MCs whereas others suggest that MCs can be protective. Here, we review the current knowledge of how MCs can affect fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Andersson CK, Weitoft M, Rydell-Törmänen K, Bjermer L, Westergren-Thorsson G, Erjefält JS. Uncontrolled asthmatics have increased FceRI+
and TGF-β-positive MCTC
mast cells and collagen VI in the alveolar parenchyma. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:266-277. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Andersson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Weitoft
- Department Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - L. Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - J. S. Erjefält
- Department Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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23
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Virk H, Arthur G, Bradding P. Mast cells and their activation in lung disease. Transl Res 2016; 174:60-76. [PMID: 26845625 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and their activation contribute to lung health via innate and adaptive immune responses to respiratory pathogens. They are also involved in the normal response to tissue injury. However, mast cells are involved in disease processes characterized by inflammation and remodeling of tissue structure. In these diseases mast cells are often inappropriately and chronically activated. There is evidence for activation of mast cells contributing to the pathophysiology of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. They may also play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and lung cancer. The diverse mechanisms through which mast cells sense and interact with the external and internal microenvironment account for their role in these diseases. Newly discovered mechanisms of redistribution and interaction between mast cells, airway structural cells, and other inflammatory cells may offer novel therapeutic targets in these disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Virk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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24
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Lucarini L, Pini A, Rosa AC, Lanzi C, Durante M, Chazot PL, Krief S, Schreeb A, Stark H, Masini E. Role of histamine H4 receptor ligands in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:740-748. [PMID: 27475884 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis of lung tissue is a disease where a chronic inflammatory process determines a pathological remodelling of lung parenchyma. The animal model obtained by intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin in C57BL/6 mice is one of the most validated murine model. Bleomycin stimulates oxidative stress and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Histamine H4R have recently been implicated in inflammation and immune diseases. This study was focused to investigate the effects of H4R ligands in the modulation of inflammation and in the reduction of lung fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice treated with bleomycin. C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle, JNJ7777120 (JNJ, selective H4R antagonist) or ST-1006 (partial H4R agonist), ST-994 (H4R neutral antagonist) and ST-1012 (inverse H4R agonist) at equimolar doses, released by micro-osmotic pumps for 21days. Airway resistance to inflation was assayed and lung samples were processed to measure malondialdehyde (TBARS); 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG); myeloperoxidase (MPO); COX-2 expression and activity as markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Fibrosis and airway remodelling were evaluated throughout transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), percentage of positive Goblet cells, smooth muscle layer thickness determination. Our results indicated that JNJ, ST-994 and ST-1012 decreased inflammation and oxidative stress markers, i.e. the number of infiltrating leukocytes evaluated as lung tissue MPO, COX-2 expression and activity, TBARS and 8OHdG production. They also reduced the level of TGF-β, a pro-fibrotic cytokine, collagen deposition, thickness of smooth muscle layer, Goblet cells hyperplasia; resulting in a decrease of airway functional impairment. The results here reported clearly demonstrated that H4R ligands have a beneficial effect in a model of lung fibrosis in the mouse, thus indicating that H4R antagonists or inverse agonists could be a novel therapeutic strategy for lung inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lucarini
- Departments of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Departments of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Durante
- Departments of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paul Louis Chazot
- School of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Stéphane Krief
- Bioproject BIOTECH, 4, rue du Chesnay Beauregard 35760 Saint-Grégoire, France
| | - Annemarie Schreeb
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Emanuela Masini
- Departments of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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25
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Arthur G, Bradding P. New Developments in Mast Cell Biology: Clinical Implications. Chest 2016; 150:680-93. [PMID: 27316557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are present in connective tissue and at mucosal surfaces in all classes of vertebrates. In health, they contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defense, and tissue repair via multiple receptors regulating the release of a vast stockpile of proinflammatory mediators, proteases, and cytokines. However, these potentially protective cells are a double-edged sword. When there is a repeated or long-term stimulus, MC activation leads to tissue damage and dysfunction. Accordingly, MCs are implicated in the pathophysiologic aspects of numerous diseases covering all organs. Understanding the biology of MCs, their heterogeneity, mechanisms of activation, and signaling cascades may lead to the development of novel therapies for many diseases for which current treatments are lacking or are of poor efficacy. This review will focus on updates and developments in MC biology and their clinical implications, with a particular focus on their role in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England.
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26
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Zhuravskii S, Yukina G, Kulikova O, Panevin A, Tomson V, Korolev D, Galagudza M. Mast cell accumulation precedes tissue fibrosis induced by intravenously administered amorphous silica nanoparticles. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:260-9. [PMID: 27055490 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1169341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use of amorphous silica nanoparticles (SNPs) in biomedical applications, their toxicity after intravenous administration remains a major concern. We investigated the effects of single 7 mg/kg intravenous infusions of 13 nm SNPs on hemodynamic parameters in rats. Hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed at 7, 30, and 60 d post treatment. Silicon content in the liver, lungs, heart, and kidney was analyzed, as well as tissue histology with special emphasis on mast cell (MC) content. SNP infusion had no effect on hemodynamics, nor did it alter hematological or biochemical parameters. SNP retention in the liver was conspicuous for up to 60 d. Among the other organs analyzed, silicon content was significantly increased only in the lung at 1-h post infusion. Despite the relatively low dose, SNP administration caused extensive liver remodeling, including the formation of multiple foreign body-type granulomas starting 7 d post treatment, and subsequent development of fibrosis. Histopathological changes in the liver were not preceded by hepatocyte necrosis. We found increased MC abundance in the liver, lungs, and heart starting on day 30 post treatment. MC recruitment in the liver preceded fibrosis, suggesting that MCs are involved in liver tissue remodeling elicited by intravenously administered SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Zhuravskii
- a Institute of Experimental Medicine , Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,b Laboratory of Hearing and Speech, Core Research Centre , First I. P. Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Galina Yukina
- c Division of Pathomorphology, Core Research Centre , First I. P. Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Olga Kulikova
- a Institute of Experimental Medicine , Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,b Laboratory of Hearing and Speech, Core Research Centre , First I. P. Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Alexey Panevin
- a Institute of Experimental Medicine , Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,b Laboratory of Hearing and Speech, Core Research Centre , First I. P. Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Vladimir Tomson
- c Division of Pathomorphology, Core Research Centre , First I. P. Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Dmitry Korolev
- a Institute of Experimental Medicine , Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,d Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technology, ITMO University , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Michael Galagudza
- a Institute of Experimental Medicine , Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre , St. Petersburg , Russia ;,d Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technology, ITMO University , St. Petersburg , Russia
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27
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Khan M, Sherbini N, AL-Jahdali H. Role of broncho: alveolar lavage in approaching interstitial lung diseases. CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13665-015-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Mast cells in airway diseases and interstitial lung disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:125-38. [PMID: 25959386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are major effector cells of inflammation and there is strong evidence that mast cells play a significant role in asthma pathophysiology. There is also a growing body of evidence that mast cells contribute to other inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This review discusses the role that mast cells play in airway diseases and highlights how mast cell microlocalisation within specific lung compartments and their cellular interactions are likely to be critical for their effector function in disease.
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29
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Bauer Y, Tedrow J, de Bernard S, Birker-Robaczewska M, Gibson KF, Guardela BJ, Hess P, Klenk A, Lindell KO, Poirey S, Renault B, Rey M, Weber E, Nayler O, Kaminski N. A novel genomic signature with translational significance for human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:217-31. [PMID: 25029475 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0310oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The bleomycin-induced rodent lung fibrosis model is commonly used to study mechanisms of lung fibrosis and to test potential therapeutic interventions, despite the well recognized dissimilarities to human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Therefore, in this study, we sought to identify genomic commonalities between the gene expression profiles from 100 IPF lungs and 108 control lungs that were obtained from the Lung Tissue Research Consortium, and rat lungs harvested at Days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 after bleomycin instillation. Surprisingly, the highest gene expression similarity between bleomycin-treated rat and IPF lungs was observed at Day 7. At this point of maximal rat-human commonality, we identified a novel set of 12 disease-relevant translational gene markers (C6, CTHRC1, CTSE, FHL2, GAL, GREM1, LCN2, MMP7, NELL1, PCSK1, PLA2G2A, and SLC2A5) that was able to separate almost all patients with IPF from control subjects in our cohort and in two additional IPF/control cohorts (GSE10667 and GSE24206). Furthermore, in combination with diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide measurements, four members of the translational gene marker set contributed to stratify patients with IPF according to disease severity. Significantly, pirfenidone attenuated the expression change of one (CTHRC1) translational gene marker in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, in transforming growth factor-β1-treated primary human lung fibroblasts and transforming growth factor-β1-treated human epithelial A549 cells. Our results suggest that a strategy focused on rodent model-human disease commonalities may identify genes that could be used to predict the pharmacological impact of therapeutic interventions, and thus facilitate the development of novel treatments for this devastating lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Bauer
- 1 Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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30
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Arafa MH, Mohamed DA, Atteia HH. Ameliorative effect of N-acetyl cysteine on alpha-cypermethrin-induced pulmonary toxicity in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:26-43. [PMID: 23900960 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-cypermethrin (α-CYP) is one of the most widely used insecticides. It may become an air pollutant and adversely affect the health. The present study was designed to determine whether treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant, can be useful for the management of the deleterious effects of α-CYP on lung tissues. For this purpose, thirty two male rats were divided into four different groups (eight rats for each). Group (I) gavaged with corn oil (control group), group (II) gavaged daily with NAC (150 mg kg(-1) body weight), group (III) gavaged with α-CYP (14.5 mg kg(-1) body weight/day, dissolved in corn oil), group (IV) gavaged with NAC then with α-CYP 2 h later for 12 weeks. α-CYP significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pulmonary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, while decreased the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) content in lung. It also provoked higher levels of serum nitric oxide (NO), lung interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), hydroxyproline (Hyp) as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-К B) gene expression in lung tissues. Histopathological alterations in lung with congestion, cellular infiltration, necrotic changes and thickening of inter-alveolar septa were observed following α-CYP administration. NAC reduced the adverse effects of α-CYP on lung tissues and improved the histological architecture of lung since it showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects on lung tissues. Our results indicate that NAC exerts a potent protective effect against α-CYP-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in lung tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Hamed Arafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Government, Egypt
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31
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Daidzein exhibits anti-fibrotic effect by reducing the expressions of Proteinase activated receptor 2 and TGFβ1/smad mediated inflammation and apoptosis in Bleomycin-induced experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Biochimie 2014; 103:23-36. [PMID: 24769130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive lethal disorder. In this study, the effect of daidzein, a soyisoflavone against Bleomycin (BLM) induced PF in rats was elucidated. A single intratracheal instillation of BLM (3 U/kg.bw) was administered in rats to induce PF. Daidzein (0.2 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously, twice a week for a period of 28 days. Daidzein restored the histological alteration and aberrant collagen deposition, suppressed the mast cells, and reduced the expressions of Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and Nuclear factor kappa B (Nf-kB) in lung tissue of BLM-induced rats. Treatment with daidzein reduced the expression of Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and increased the expression of Tissue inhibitor of matrixmetalloproteinases 1 (TIMP 1). Recently, Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been reported to play a major role in the progression of PF. Confocal microscopic and immunoblot analysis revealed that BLM injured rat lungs exhibited increased expression of PAR2 that was reduced upon treatment with daidzein. During BLM induction, Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1) was found to be up-regulated along with p-smad2/3, a mediator of TGFβ signaling. Further, daidzein regulated the apoptosis by modulating the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3. This study provides evidence on the anti-fibrotic role of daidzein in BLM-induced experimental fibrosis.
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32
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Obiri DD, Osafo N, Oppong-Sarfo J, Prah JK. Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark extract attenuates allergy and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rodents. Pharmacognosy Res 2014; 6:163-71. [PMID: 24761122 PMCID: PMC3996754 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.129039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Various parts of Margaritaria discoidea find use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and oedema. This study evaluated the anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of a 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of the stem bark of Margaritaria discoidea, MDE in rodents. Materials and Methods: Systemic anaphylaxis was induced by the injection of compound 48/80 into mice and their survival rate was monitored to evaluate the anti-allergic action of the extract. The effect of MDE assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the mouse carrageenan-induced paw oedema was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the extract while the Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis model was employed to study the anti-arthritic effects of MDE. Results: MDE dose-dependently increased the time for compound 48/80-induced mortality in mice. MDE suppressed the mean maximal swelling and the total paw swellings induced over 6 h in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. MDE caused a reduction in serum levels of TNFα and IL-6 and significantly suppressed Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis. Conclusion: Margaritaria discoidea suppresses allergy and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in mice. In addition it attenuates Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis through a reduction in serum levels of TNFα and IL-6 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Obiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharm. Sciences, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Newman Osafo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharm. Sciences, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Joshua Oppong-Sarfo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharm. Sciences, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jude K Prah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharm. Sciences, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
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33
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Overed-Sayer C, Rapley L, Mustelin T, Clarke DL. Are mast cells instrumental for fibrotic diseases? Front Pharmacol 2014; 4:174. [PMID: 24478701 PMCID: PMC3896884 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disorder of unknown etiology characterized by accumulation of lung fibroblasts and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to compromised tissue architecture and lung function capacity. IPF has a heterogeneous clinical course; however the median survival after diagnosis is only 3–5 years. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry has made many attempts to find effective treatments for IPF, but the disease has so far defied all attempts at therapeutic intervention. Clinical trial failures may arise for many reasons, including disease heterogeneity, lack of readily measurable clinical end points other than overall survival, and, perhaps most of all, a lack of understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the progression of IPF. The precise link between inflammation and fibrosis remains unclear, but it appears that immune cells can promote fibrosis by releasing fibrogenic factors. So far, however, therapeutic approaches targeting macrophages, neutrophils, or lymphocytes have failed to alter disease pathogenesis. A new cell to garner research interest in fibrosis is the mast cell. Increased numbers of mast cells have long been known to be present in pulmonary fibrosis and clinically correlations between mast cells and fibrosis have been reported. More recent data suggests that mast cells may contribute to the fibrotic process by stimulating fibroblasts resident in the lung, thus driving the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the mast cell and its physiological role in tissue repair and remodeling, as well as its pathological role in fibrotic diseases such as IPF, where the process of tissue repair and remodeling is thought to be dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Rapley
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah L Clarke
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd Cambridge, UK
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Sheyn D, Cohn Yakubovich D, Kallai I, Su S, Da X, Pelled G, Tawackoli W, Cook-Weins G, Schwarz EM, Gazit D, Gazit Z. PTH promotes allograft integration in a calvarial bone defect. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4462-71. [PMID: 24131143 DOI: 10.1021/mp400292p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Allografts may be useful in craniofacial bone repair, although they often fail to integrate with the host bone. We hypothesized that intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) would enhance mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and differentiation, resulting in allograft osseointegration in cranial membranous bones. Calvarial bone defects were created in transgenic mice, in which luciferase is expressed under the control of the osteocalcin promoter. The mice were given implants of allografts with or without daily PTH treatment. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed to monitor host osteprogenitor differentiation at the implantation site. Bone formation was evaluated with the aid of fluorescence imaging (FLI) and microcomputed tomography (μCT) as well as histological analyses. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the expression of key osteogenic and angiogenic genes. Osteoprogenitor differentiation, as detected by BLI, in mice treated with an allograft implant and PTH was over 2-fold higher than those in mice treated with an allograft implant without PTH. FLI also demonstrated that the bone mineralization process in PTH-treated allografts was significantly higher than that in untreated allografts. The μCT scans revealed a significant increase in bone formation in allograft + PTH treated mice comparing to allograft + PBS treated mice. The osteogenic genes osteocalcin (Oc/Bglap) and integrin binding sialoprotein (Ibsp) were upregulated in the allograft + PTH treated animals. In summary, PTH treatment enhances osteoprogenitor differentiation and augments bone formation around structural allografts. The precise mechanism is not clear, but we show that infiltration pattern of mast cells, associated with the formation of fibrotic tissue, in the defect site is significantly affected by the PTH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Sheyn
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
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Moiseeva EP, Roach KM, Leyland ML, Bradding P. CADM1 is a key receptor mediating human mast cell adhesion to human lung fibroblasts and airway smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61579. [PMID: 23620770 PMCID: PMC3631237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells (MCs) play a central role in the development of many diseases including asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Interactions of human lung mast cells (HLMCs) with human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) are partially dependent on adhesion mediated by cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1), but the adhesion mechanism through which HLMCs interact with human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) is not known. CADM1 is expressed as several isoforms (SP4, SP1, SP6) in HLMCs, with SP4 dominant. These isoforms differentially regulate HLMC homotypic adhesion and survival. Objective In this study we have investigated the role of CADM1 isoforms in the adhesion of HLMCs and HMC-1 cells to primary HASMCs and HLFs. Methods CADM1 overexpression or downregulation was achieved using adenoviral delivery of CADM1 short hairpin RNAs or isoform-specific cDNAs respectively. Results Downregulation of CADM1 attenuated both HLMC and HMC-1 adhesion to both primary HASMCs and HLFs. Overexpression of either SP1 or SP4 isoforms did not alter MC adhesion to HASMCs, whereas overexpression of SP4, but not SP1, significantly increased both HMC-1 cell and HLMC adhesion to HLFs. The expression level of CADM1 SP4 strongly predicted the extent of MC adhesion; linear regression indicated that CADM1 accounts for up to 67% and 32% of adhesion to HLFs for HMC-1 cells and HLMCs, respectively. HLFs supported HLMC proliferation and survival through a CADM1-dependent mechanism. With respect to CADM1 counter-receptor expression, HLFs expressed both CADM1 and nectin-3, whereas HASMCs expressed only nectin-3. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Collectively these data indicate that the CADM1 SP4 isoform is a key receptor mediating human MC adhesion to HASMCs and HLFs. The differential expression of CADM1 counter-receptors on HLFs compared to HASMCs may allow the specific targeting of either HLMC-HLF or HLMC-HASMC interactions in the lung parenchyma and airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P. Moiseeva
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Katy M. Roach
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L. Leyland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Chitra P, Saiprasad G, Manikandan R, Sudhandiran G. Berberine attenuates bleomycin induced pulmonary toxicity and fibrosis via suppressing NF-κB dependant TGF-β activation: a biphasic experimental study. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:178-93. [PMID: 23523906 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, debilitating and fatal lung disorder with high mortality rate. Unfortunately, to date the treatment for IPF remains unsatisfying and in severe cases lung transplantations are performed as a therapeutic measure. Thus, it becomes great interest to find novel agents to treat IPF. Berberine, a plant alkaloid known for its broad pharmacological activities remains a remedy against multiple diseases. This study was hypothesized to investigate the antifibrotic potential of berberine against bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis, a tentative animal model. Male wistar rats were subjected to single intratracheal instillation of 2.5 U/kg of bleomycin on day 0. Berberine treatments were either provided in preventive or therapeutic mode respectively. Berberine administration significantly ameliorated the bleomycin mediated histological alterations and reduced the inflammatory cell infiltrate in BALF. Berberine significantly blocked collagen accumulations with parallel reduction in the hydroxyproline level. The immunological sign of bleomycin stimulated mast cell deposition and histamine release were considerably reduced by berberine. Berberine enhanced the antioxidant status, through upregulating the redox sensing transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Berberine inhibited the bleomycin mediated activation of inflammatory mediator nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and suppressed its downstream target inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Strikingly, berberine exhibited target attenuation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and key pro-fibrotic mediator, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Taken together, this study reveals the beneficial effects of berberine against bleomycin mediated fibrotic challenge through activating Nrf2 and suppressing NF-κB dependent inflammatory and TGF-β1 mediated fibrotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Chitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fathabadie FF, Bayat M, Amini A, Bayat M, Rezaie F. Effects of pulsed infra-red low level-laser irradiation on mast cells number and degranulation in open skin wound healing of healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J COSMET LASER THER 2013; 15:294-304. [DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2013.764435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Andersson CK, Andersson-Sjöland A, Mori M, Hallgren O, Pardo A, Eriksson L, Bjermer L, Löfdahl CG, Selman M, Westergren-Thorsson G, Erjefält JS. Activated MCTC mast cells infiltrate diseased lung areas in cystic fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2011; 12:139. [PMID: 22014187 PMCID: PMC3209449 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although mast cells are regarded as important regulators of inflammation and tissue remodelling, their role in cystic fibrosis (CF) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has remained less studied. This study investigates the densities and phenotypes of mast cell populations in multiple lung compartments from patients with CF, IPF and never smoking controls. Methods Small airways, pulmonary vessels, and lung parenchyma were subjected to detailed immunohistochemical analyses using lungs from patients with CF (20 lung regions; 5 patients), IPF (21 regions; 7 patients) and controls (16 regions; 8 subjects). In each compartment the densities and distribution of MCT and MCTC mast cell populations were studied as well as the mast cell expression of IL-6 and TGF-β. Results In the alveolar parenchyma in lungs from patients with CF, MCTC numbers increased in areas showing cellular inflammation or fibrosis compared to controls. Apart from an altered balance between MCTC and MCT cells, mast cell in CF lungs showed elevated expression of IL-6. In CF, a decrease in total mast cell numbers was observed in small airways and pulmonary vessels. In patients with IPF, a significantly elevated MCTC density was present in fibrotic areas of the alveolar parenchyma with increased mast cell expression of TGF-β. The total mast cell density was unchanged in small airways and decreased in pulmonary vessels in IPF. Both the density, as well as the percentage, of MCTC correlated positively with the degree of fibrosis. The increased density of MCTC, as well as MCTC expression of TGF-β, correlated negatively with patient lung function. Conclusions The present study reveals that altered mast cell populations, with increased numbers of MCTC in diseased alveolar parenchyma, represents a significant component of the histopathology in CF and IPF. The mast cell alterations correlated to the degree of tissue remodelling and to lung function parameters. Further investigations of mast cells in these diseases may open for new therapeutic strategies.
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Immunoglobulin free light chains are increased in hypersensitivity pneumonitis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25392. [PMID: 21980441 PMCID: PMC3182208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a devastating lung disorder of unknown aetiology, and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), a disease provoked by an immunopathologic reaction to inhaled antigens, are two common interstitial lung diseases with uncertain pathogenic mechanisms. Previously, we have shown in other upper and lower airway diseases that immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) are increased and may be involved in initiating a local inflammation. In this study we explored if such a mechanism may also apply to HP and IPF. Methods In this study we examined the presence of FLC in serum and BAL fluid from 21 IPF and 22 HP patients and controls. IgG, IgE and tryptase concentrations were measured in BAL fluid only. The presence of FLCs, plasma cells, B cells and mast cells in lung tissue of 3 HP and 3 IPF patients and 1 control was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results FLC concentrations in serum and BAL fluid were increased in IPF and HP patients as compared to control subjects. IgG concentrations were only increased in HP patients, whereas IgE concentrations were comparable to controls in both patient groups. FLC-positive cells, B cells, plasma cells, and large numbers of activated mast cells were all detected in the lungs of HP and IPF patients, not in control lung. Conclusion These results show that FLC concentrations are increased in serum and BAL fluid of IPF and HP patients and that FLCs are present within affected lung tissue. This suggests that FLCs may be involved in mediating pathology in both diseases.
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Mast cells in lung inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 716:235-69. [PMID: 21713660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9533-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in the lung in both health and disease. Their primary role is to initiate an appropriate program of inflammation and repair in response to tissue damage initiated by a variety of diverse stimuli. They are important for host immunity against bacterial infection and potentially in the host immune response to non small cell lung cancer. In situations of ongoing tissue damage, the sustained release of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators, proteases and cytokines, contributes to the pathophysiology of lung diseases such as asthma and interstitial lung disease. A key goal is the development of treatments which attenuate adverse mast cell function when administered chronically to humans in vivo. Such therapies may offer a novel approach to the treatment of many life-threatening diseases.
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Kearley J, Erjefalt JS, Andersson C, Benjamin E, Jones CP, Robichaud A, Pegorier S, Brewah Y, Burwell TJ, Bjermer L, Kiener PA, Kolbeck R, Lloyd CM, Coyle AJ, Humbles AA. IL-9 governs allergen-induced mast cell numbers in the lung and chronic remodeling of the airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:865-75. [PMID: 20971830 PMCID: PMC3385369 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200909-1462oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has multiple effects on structural as well as numerous hematopoietic cells, which are central to the pathogenesis of asthma. OBJECTIVES The contribution of IL-9 to asthma pathogenesis has thus far been unclear, due to conflicting reports in the literature. These earlier studies focused on the role of IL-9 in acute inflammatory models; here we have investigated the effects of IL-9 blockade during chronic allergic inflammation. METHODS Mice were exposed to either prolonged ovalbumin or house dust mite allergen challenge to induce chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that IL-9 governs allergen-induced mast cell (MC) numbers in the lung and has pronounced effects on chronic allergic inflammation. Anti-IL-9 antibody-treated mice were protected from airway remodeling with a concomitant reduction in mature MC numbers and activation, in addition to decreased expression of the profibrotic mediators transforming growth factor-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor-2 in the lung. Airway remodeling was associated with impaired lung function in the peripheral airways and this was reversed by IL-9 neutralization. In human asthmatic lung tissue, we identified MCs as the main IL-9 receptor expressing population and found them to be sources of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an important role for an IL-9-MC axis in the pathology associated with chronic asthma and demonstrate that an impact on this axis could lead to a reduction in chronic inflammation and improved lung function in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kearley
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Khoshvaghti A, Zibamanzarmofrad M, Bayat M. Effect of low-level treatment with an 80-Hz pulsed infrared diode laser on mast-cell numbers and degranulation in a rat model of third-degree burn. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:597-604. [PMID: 21456947 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DATA Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to be capable of changing mast cell numbers and degranulation in experimental burns in rats. OBJECTIVE We conducted a study of the influence of LLLT on mast cells in a rat model of third-degree burn. METHODS In this study we divided 48 rats equally into two groups of 24 rats each. Third-degree burns were inflicted at three different locations on each rat in each group. The first burn site on rats in group I was treated with 890-nm pulsed laser, 75W peak, 80 Hz, 180 ns, average power 1mW, illuminated area 1 cm(2), 1 mW/cm(2), 856 sec, 0.924 J/cm(2). The second burn site on both groups of rats was treated with 0.2% nitrofurazone cream. Mast cell numbers and degranulation at each burn site on each group of rats were then assessed at 4, 8, 13, and 20 days after the infliction of burns. RESULTS Analysis of variance on day 4 showed that the total numbers of mast cells were significantly lower at the laser-treated burn sites than at other burn sites on both groups of rats. On day 8 the total numbers of mast cells were again significantly lower at the laser-treated burn sites than at other burn sites, and on day 13, the numbers of both types 1 and 2 mast cells were significantly lower at the laser-treated burn sites than at other burn sites. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that LLLT can significantly decrease total numbers of mast cells during the proliferation and remodeling phases of healing in a rat model of third-degree burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khoshvaghti
- Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Artesh University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Takato H, Yasui M, Ichikawa Y, Waseda Y, Inuzuka K, Nishizawa Y, Tagami A, Fujimura M, Nakao S. The specific chymase inhibitor TY-51469 suppresses the accumulation of neutrophils in the lung and reduces silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Exp Lung Res 2010; 37:101-8. [PMID: 21128860 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.520815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chymase is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease that is present in mast cells. Its activities include various effects associated with inflammatory responses. But little is known about the effects of chymase in pulmonary fibrosis. The mouse silicosis model was induced by intratracheal injection of 10 mg silica. The Ashcroft pathological score and the hydroxyproline content of lungs were measured to evaluate the effect of a chymase inhibitor, 2-[4-(5-fluoro-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)sulfonamido-3-methanesulfonylphenyl] thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (TY-51469). The cellular composition and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also examined. Following TY-51469 treatment, the lung fibrosis score and hydroxyproline level were significantly reduced, and the number of neutrophils and the levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and transforming growth factor-β₁ in BALF were reduced on day 21. The administration of TY-51469 at an early stage showed a greater reduction of fibrosis compared to administration at a later stage. The neutrophil number in BALF in mice treated with TY-51469 both at an early stage and late stage was significantly reduced. The level of mouse mast cell proteinase-4 mRNA increased with time in silica-induced fibrosing lung tissue. These results show that the chymase inhibitor TY51469 suppresses the migration of neutrophils, which results in the suppression of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Takato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Fuehrer NE, Marchevsky AM, Jagirdar J. Presence of c-KIT-positive mast cells in obliterative bronchiolitis from diverse causes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:1420-5. [PMID: 19722748 DOI: 10.5858/133.9.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanism of fibrosis is not clear in patients with obliterative bronchiolitis after a remote injury. Immune-mediated progression may be a reason. c-KIT (CD117)-positive mast cells have been associated with chronic fibrosing diseases and may potentially be treated with imatinib (Gleevec), a c-KIT blocker. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of mast cells in fibrosis associated with obliterative bronchiolitis. DESIGN Four cases of obliterative bronchiolitis (household cleaner exposure, ammonia exposure, idiopathic, and posttransplantation) were compared with asthma/emphysema. Small and large airways were stained for CD20, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD117, CD34, CD25, stem cell factor (c-KIT ligand) and with toluidine blue, hematoxylin-eosin, and trichrome. c-KIT (CD117)-stained slides were digitally scanned with Aperio ScanScope and stained cells within the epithelium and subepithelium of small and large airways were counted (per millimeter of basement membrane). RESULTS Mast cells were concentrated within the involved subepithelium of small airways in obliterative bronchiolitis (122 cells/mm), unlike asthma/emphysema (25 cells/mm). Conversely, there were more mast cells in the epithelium in cases of asthma/emphysema than in obliterative bronchiolitis (7 cells/mm and 2 cells/mm, respectively). Mast cells were significantly increased around involved airways versus uninvolved airways (52 cells/mm vs 14 cells/mm). Large airways in either group had similar c-KIT (CD117) expression. Stem cell factor was not increased. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells appear to be concentrated in the lesional small-airway subepithelium in obliterative bronchiolitis. The possible role of c-KIT inhibitors such as imatinib (Gleevec) in the progression of fibrosis preceding the development of obliterative bronchiolitis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Fuehrer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Granata F, Nardicchi V, Loffredo S, Frattini A, Ilaria Staiano R, Agostini C, Triggiani M. Secreted phospholipases A(2): A proinflammatory connection between macrophages and mast cells in the human lung. Immunobiology 2009; 214:811-21. [PMID: 19628294 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)) are an emerging class of mediators of inflammation. These enzymes accumulate in plasma and other biological fluids of patients with inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic diseases. sPLA(2)s are secreted at low levels in the normal airways and tend to increase during inflammatory lung diseases (e.g. bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung fibrosis, and sarcoidosis) as the result of plasma extravasation and/or local production. Such immune resident cells as macrophages and mast cells can be a source of sPLA(2)s in the lung. However, these cells are also targets for sPLA(2)s that sustain the activation programs of macrophages and mast cells with mechanism related to their enzymatic activity as well as to their capacity to interact with surface molecules (e.g., heparan sulfate proteoglycans, M-type receptor, mannose receptor). Recent evidence suggests that mast cells are a better source of extracellular sPLA(2)s than macrophages. On the other hand, macrophages appear to be a preferential target for sPLA(2)s. Anatomical association between macrophages and mast cells in the airways suggest that sPLA(2)s released by mast cells may activate in a paracrine fashion several macrophage functions relevant to the modulation of lung inflammation. Thus, sPLA(2)s may play a major role in inflammatory lung diseases by acting as a proinflammatory connection between macrophages and mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Margulis A, Nocka KH, Wood NL, Wolf SF, Goldman SJ, Kasaian MT. MMP dependence of fibroblast contraction and collagen production induced by human mast cell activation in a three-dimensional collagen lattice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L236-47. [PMID: 19060229 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90462.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell-fibroblast interactions may contribute to fibrosis in asthma and other disease states. Fibroblast contraction is known to be stimulated by coculture with the human mast cell line, HMC-1, or by mast cell-derived agents. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can also mediate contraction, but the MMP-dependence of mast cell-induced fibroblast contractility is not established, and the consequences of mast cell activation within the coculture system have not been fully explored. We demonstrate that activation of primary human mast cells (pHMC) with IgE receptor cross-linking, or activation of HMC-1 with C5a, enhanced contractility of human lung fibroblasts in a three-dimensional collagen lattice system. This enhanced contractility was inhibited by the pan-MMP antagonist, batimastat, and was transferrable in the conditioned medium of activated mast cells. Exogenously added MMPs promoted gel contraction by mediating the proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Consistent with this, fibroblast contraction induced by mast cell activation was enhanced by addition of excess latent TGF-beta to the cultures. Batimastat inhibited this response, suggesting that MMPs capable of activating latent TGF-beta were released following mast cell activation in coculture with fibroblasts. Collagen production was also stimulated by activated mast cells in an MMP-dependent manner. MMP-2 and MMP-3 content of the gels increased in the presence of activated mast cells, and inhibition of these enzymes blocked the contractile response. These findings demonstrate the MMP dependence of mast cell-induced fibroblast contraction and collagen production.
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van der Veer WM, Bloemen MCT, Ulrich MMW, Molema G, van Zuijlen PP, Middelkoop E, Niessen FB. Potential cellular and molecular causes of hypertrophic scar formation. Burns 2008; 35:15-29. [PMID: 18952381 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A scar is an expected result of wound healing. However, in some individuals, and particularly in burn victims, the wound healing processes may lead to a fibrotic hypertrophic scar, which is raised, red, inflexible and responsible for serious functional and cosmetic problems. It seems that a wide array of subsequent processes are involved in hypertrophic scar formation, like an affected haemostasis, exaggerated inflammation, prolonged reepithelialization, overabundant extracellular matrix production, augmented neovascularization, atypical extracellular matrix remodeling and reduced apoptosis. Platelets, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, Langerhans cells and keratinocytes are directly and indirectly involved in the activation of fibroblasts, which in turn produce excess extracellular matrix. Following the chronology of normal wound healing, we unravel, clarify and reorganize the complex molecular and cellular key processes that may be responsible for hypertrophic scars. It remains unclear whether these processes are a cause or a consequence of unusual scar tissue formation, but raising evidence exists that immunological responses early following wounding play an important role. Therefore, when developing preventive treatment modalities, one should aim to put the early affected wound healing processes back on track as quickly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M van der Veer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nagarjun Rao R, Chang CC, Tomashefski JF. Lymphocyte sub-populations and non-Langerhans’ cell monocytoid cells in pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:315-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gao F, Kinnula VL, Myllärniemi M, Oury TD. Extracellular superoxide dismutase in pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:343-54. [PMID: 17999630 PMCID: PMC2290736 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the lung is thought to be a key step in the development of many airway pathologies. Hence, antioxidant enzymes play key roles in controlling or preventing pulmonary diseases related to oxidative stress. The superoxide dismutases (SOD) are a family of enzymes that play a pivotal role protecting tissues from damage by oxidant stress by scavenging superoxide anion, which prevents the formation of other more potent oxidants such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. Extracellular SOD (EC-SOD) is found predominantly in the extracellular matrix of tissues and is ideally situated to prevent cell and tissue damage initiated by extracellularly produced ROS. EC-SOD has been shown to be protective in several models of interstitial lung disease, including pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, alterations in EC-SOD expression are also present in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This review discusses EC-SOD regulation in response to pulmonary fibrosis in animals and humans and reviews possible mechanisms by which EC-SOD may protect against fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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