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Chogtu B, Mariya Elenjickal V, Shetty DU, Asbin M, Guddattu V, Magazine R. Change in Antimicrobial Therapy Based on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Data Improves Outcomes in ICU Patients with Suspected Pneumonia. Crit Care Res Pract 2023; 2023:6928319. [PMID: 37608868 PMCID: PMC10442184 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6928319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is often performed in critically ill patients with suspected pneumonia. It is assumed that there will be an association with improved outcomes when bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) data lead to a change in antimicrobial therapy. Methods. This study included a retrospective cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) patients who underwent FB for a diagnosis of suspected pneumonia. The study compared the outcome of patients in whom antimicrobial modification was carried out based on BAL reports versus those in whom it was not carried out. Cases where the procedure could not be completed or had incomplete records were excluded. The FB reports were accessed from the register maintained in the Department of Respiratory Medicine. The demographic details, clinical symptoms, laboratory investigations, and microbiological and radiology reports were recorded. Data on the antmicrobial therapy that the patients received during treatment and the outcome of the treatment were obtained from the case records and noted in the data collection form. Results. Data from a total of 150 patients admitted to the ICU, who underwent FB, were analyzed. The outcomes in the group where antimicrobial modification based on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid reports was carried out versus the no-change group were as follows: expired 23, improved 82, unchanged 8 versus expired 12, improved 18, and unchanged 7 (p = 0.018); total duration of ICU stay 13.12 ± 10.61 versus 19.43 ± 13.4 days (p = 0.012); and duration from FB to discharge from ICU 6.33 ± 3.76 days versus 8.46 ± 5.99 (p = 0.047). The median total duration of ICU stay and clinical outcomes were significantly better in the nonintubated patients in whom BAL-directed antimicrobial modification was implemented. Distribution of microorganisms based on BAL reports was as follows: Acinetobacter baumanii 45 (30%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 37 (24.66%), Escherichia coli 9 (6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9 (6%). Conclusion. A change in antimicrobial therapy based on BAL data was associated with improved outcomes. The commonest bacterial isolate in the BAL fluid was Acinetobacter baumanii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Chogtu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Vrinda Mariya Elenjickal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Dharma U. Shetty
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Mahsheeba Asbin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vasudeva Guddattu
- Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rahul Magazine
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Ahmad AH, Brown BD, Andersen CR, Mahadeo KM, Petropolous D, Cortes JA, Razvi S, Gardner MK, Ewing LJ, Mejia RE. Retrospective Review of Flexible Bronchoscopy in Pediatric Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 11:770523. [PMID: 34970488 PMCID: PMC8712312 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to diagnose and manage pulmonary complications has been shown to be safe in adult cancer patients, but whether its use is safe in pediatric cancer patients remains unclear. Thus, to describe the landscape of FB outcomes in pediatric cancer patients and to help define the populations most likely to benefit from the procedure, we undertook a retrospective review of FBs performed in patients younger than 21 years treated at our institution from 2002 to 2017. We found that a greater volume of total fluid instilled during BAL was significantly associated with increased probabilities of positive BAL culture (p=0.042), positive bacterial BAL culture (p=0.037), and positive viral BAL culture (p=0.0496). In more than half of the FB cases, findings resulted in alterations in antimicrobial treatment. Our study suggests that for pediatric cancer patients, FB is safe, likely provides diagnostic and/or therapeutic benefits, and has implications for treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Ahmad
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brandon D Brown
- Pediatric Oncology Fellowship Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Clark R Andersen
- Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kris M Mahadeo
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and CARTOX Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Demetrios Petropolous
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and CARTOX Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - José A Cortes
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shehla Razvi
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Gardner
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linette J Ewing
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo E Mejia
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Ewig S, Kolditz M, Pletz M, Altiner A, Albrich W, Drömann D, Flick H, Gatermann S, Krüger S, Nehls W, Panning M, Rademacher J, Rohde G, Rupp J, Schaaf B, Heppner HJ, Krause R, Ott S, Welte T, Witzenrath M. [Management of Adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Prevention - Update 2021 - Guideline of the German Respiratory Society (DGP), the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy (PEG), the German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), the German Society of Medical Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DGIIN), the German Viological Society (DGV), the Competence Network CAPNETZ, the German College of General Practitioneers and Family Physicians (DEGAM), the German Society for Geriatric Medicine (DGG), the German Palliative Society (DGP), the Austrian Society of Pneumology Society (ÖGP), the Austrian Society for Infectious and Tropical Diseases (ÖGIT), the Swiss Respiratory Society (SGP) and the Swiss Society for Infectious Diseases Society (SSI)]. Pneumologie 2021; 75:665-729. [PMID: 34198346 DOI: 10.1055/a-1497-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present guideline provides a new and updated concept of the management of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia. It replaces the previous guideline dating from 2016.The guideline was worked out and agreed on following the standards of methodology of a S3-guideline. This includes a systematic literature search and grading, a structured discussion of recommendations supported by the literature as well as the declaration and assessment of potential conflicts of interests.The guideline has a focus on specific clinical circumstances, an update on severity assessment, and includes recommendations for an individualized selection of antimicrobial treatment.The recommendations aim at the same time at a structured assessment of risk for adverse outcome as well as an early determination of treatment goals in order to reduce mortality in patients with curative treatment goal and to provide palliation for patients with treatment restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ewig
- Thoraxzentrum Ruhrgebiet, Kliniken für Pneumologie und Infektiologie, EVK Herne und Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt Bochum
| | - M Kolditz
- Universitätsklinikum Carl-Gustav Carus, Klinik für Innere Medizin 1, Bereich Pneumologie, Dresden
| | - M Pletz
- Universitätsklinikum Jena, Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Jena
| | - A Altiner
- Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Rostock
| | - W Albrich
- Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Klinik für Infektiologie/Spitalhygiene
| | - D Drömann
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Medizinische Klinik III - Pulmologie, Lübeck
| | - H Flick
- Medizinische Universität Graz, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, Klinische Abteilung für Lungenkrankheiten, Graz
| | - S Gatermann
- Ruhr Universität Bochum, Abteilung für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Bochum
| | - S Krüger
- Kaiserswerther Diakonie, Florence Nightingale Krankenhaus, Klinik für Pneumologie, Kardiologie und internistische Intensivmedizin, Düsseldorf
| | - W Nehls
- Helios Klinikum Erich von Behring, Klinik für Palliativmedizin und Geriatrie, Berlin
| | - M Panning
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Department für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Freiburg
| | - J Rademacher
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Pneumologie, Hannover
| | - G Rohde
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Medizinische Klinik I, Pneumologie und Allergologie, Frankfurt/Main
| | - J Rupp
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Klinik für Infektiologie und Mikrobiologie, Lübeck
| | - B Schaaf
- Klinikum Dortmund, Klinik für Pneumologie, Infektiologie und internistische Intensivmedizin, Dortmund
| | - H-J Heppner
- Lehrstuhl Geriatrie Universität Witten/Herdecke, Helios Klinikum Schwelm, Klinik für Geriatrie, Schwelm
| | - R Krause
- Medizinische Universität Graz, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, Klinische Abteilung für Infektiologie, Graz
| | - S Ott
- St. Claraspital Basel, Pneumologie, Basel, und Universitätsklinik für Pneumologie, Universitätsspital Bern (Inselspital) und Universität Bern
| | - T Welte
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Pneumologie, Hannover
| | - M Witzenrath
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Berlin
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4
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Detection of Viruses by Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Patients with Nonresponding Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Can Respir J 2020; 2020:8715756. [PMID: 33294084 PMCID: PMC7714605 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8715756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonresponding pneumonia is responsible for the most mortality of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, thus far, it is not clear whether viral infection plays an important role in the etiology of nonresponding CAP and whether there is a significant difference in the clinical characteristics between viral and nonviral nonresponding CAP. Methods From 2016 to 2019, nonresponding CAP patients were retrospectively enrolled in our study. All patients received bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and virus detection in BAL fluid by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data were collected. Results A total of 43 patients were included. The median age was 62 years, and 65.1% of patients were male. Overall, 20 patients (46.5%) were identified with viral infection. Of these viruses, influenza virus (n = 8) and adenovirus (n = 7) were more frequently detected, and others included herpes simplex virus, human enterovirus, cytomegalovirus, human coronavirus 229E, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza virus. Compared with nonviral nonresponding CAP, only ground-glass opacity combined with consolidation was a more common imaging manifestation in viral nonresponding CAP. However, no obvious differences were found in clinical and laboratory findings between the presence and the absence of viral infections. Conclusions Viral infections were particularly frequent in adults with nonresponding CAP. The ground-glass opacity combined with consolidation was a specific imaging manifestation for viral nonresponding CAP, while the clinical and laboratory data showed no obvious differences between viral and nonviral nonresponding CAP.
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Harris B, Geyer AI. Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Abnormalities in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Clin Chest Med 2017; 38:317-331. [PMID: 28477642 PMCID: PMC7172342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary complications (PC) of hematologic malignancies and their treatments are common causes of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis is challenging due to host risk factors, clinical instability, and provider preference. Delayed diagnosis impairs targeted treatment and may contribute to poor outcomes. An integrated understanding of clinical risk and radiographic patterns informs a timely approach to diagnosis and treatment. There is little prospective evidence guiding optimal modality and timing of minimally invasive lung sampling; however, a low threshold for diagnostic bronchoscopy during the first 24 to 72 hours after presentation should be a guiding principle in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Harris
- Pulmonary Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Alexander I Geyer
- Pulmonary Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Athlin S, Lidman C, Lundqvist A, Naucler P, Nilsson AC, Spindler C, Strålin K, Hedlund J. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: updated Swedish guidelines 2017. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 50:247-272. [PMID: 29119848 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1399316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on expert group work, Swedish recommendations for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults are here updated. The management of sepsis-induced hypotension is addressed in detail, including monitoring and parenteral therapy. The importance of respiratory support in cases of acute respiratory failure is emphasized. Treatment with high-flow oxygen and non-invasive ventilation is recommended. The use of statins or steroids in general therapy is not found to be fully supported by evidence. In the management of pleural infection, new data show favourable effects of tissue plasminogen activator and deoxyribonuclease installation. Detailed recommendations for the vaccination of risk groups are afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Athlin
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Örebro University Hospital , Örebro , Sweden.,b Faculty of Medicin and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Christer Lidman
- c Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anders Lundqvist
- e Department of Infectious Diseases , Södra Älvsborgs Hospital , Borås , Sweden
| | - Pontus Naucler
- c Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna C Nilsson
- f Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Carl Spindler
- d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- b Faculty of Medicin and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.,g Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jonas Hedlund
- c Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Tsai CM, Wong KS, Lee WJ, Hsieh KS, Hung PL, Niu CK, Yu HR. Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage in children with nonresponding community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Neonatol 2017; 58:430-436. [PMID: 28351556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized children. In CAP, causative agents are seldom identified using noninvasive diagnostic procedures. For those children not responding to empiric antibiotic therapy, it is vital to identify the causative pathogens for further management. METHODS We aimed to determine the usefulness of identifying the causative agents by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in hospitalized children with nonresponding CAP. Ninety children hospitalized for CAP and treated with empiric antibiotics but having persistent fever ≥48 hours were enrolled, and their BAL data were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Aerobic bacteria were isolated from 38 (42%) of 90 cultures, and anaerobic bacteria were isolated from eight (24%) of 33 cultures. The bacteria isolated most frequently were Streptococcus viridians (26.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.7%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.8%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the BALs of only two children, and Haemophilus influenzae from none. For positive aerobic culture results, BAL results guided modifications of antibiotic regimens in 21 episodes (21 of 38, 55.3%). CONCLUSION BAL results guided a change of antimicrobials in 55% of children with positive aerobic cultures (29% of all children in the study) and contributed to a high rate of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Min Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kin-Sun Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Sheng Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Lien Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Kuang Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Integron-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Intensive Care Unit Patients, Babol, North of Iran. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7157923. [PMID: 28804720 PMCID: PMC5540380 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7157923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background We investigated the integron types and their relation with antibiotic resistance among A. baumannii isolates collected from intensive care unit patients, Babol, north of Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 73 bronchoalveolar lavage samples were obtained from patients in ICU. Susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Types of integrons were identified by an integrase gene PCR. Results In total, 47.9% A. baumannii isolates were recovered from the BAL samples. All isolates were resistant to ceftazidime. 91.4% and 58.3% of isolates were MDR and XDR, respectively. The rate of colistin resistance with the E-test was 5.7%. Molecular analysis of class I, II, and III integrons showed that 25.7%, 88.6%, and 28.6% of the isolates carried the intI, intII, and intIII genes, respectively. Discussion Our results show that different classes of integrons are commonly spread among A. baumannii strains and these genomic segments can play an important role in the acquisition of MDR and XDR phenotypes. So monitoring drug resistance in A. baumannii isolates with the use of int gene PCR is very important to plan specific infection control measures to prevent the spread of MDR-AB and XDR-AB in Iran's hospitals.
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Ferrà C, Xicoy B, Castillo N, Morgades M, Juncà J, Andreo F, Millá F, Feliu E, Ribera JM. Usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage and flow cytometry in patients with hematological malignancies and respiratory failure. Med Clin (Barc) 2017; 148:297-302. [PMID: 28143650 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Strategies to improve the efficiency of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are needed. We conducted a study to establish the diagnostic value of BAL in patients with hematological malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates. PATIENTS AND METHODS The correlation of cytologic and flow cytometric study of BAL with the microbiological findings and the clinical evolution was determined. RESULTS Seventy BAL were performed and flow cytometric study was analyzed in 23 of them. Fifty-three patients did not present any adverse event attributable to BAL. Anti-infectious therapy was modified in 64 (91%) patients. T lymphocyte count >0.3×109/l in peripheral blood was associated with longer OS at 3 years (53 vs. 22%, p=.009). Higher CD4 (>20/μL) and CD8 (>35/μL) lymphocyte counts in the BAL were associated with a longer OS at 3 years: 82 vs. 21% (p=.030) and 80 vs. 23% (p=.059). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the clinical value of BAL for treatment decision making in patients with hematological malignancies and acute respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Ferrà
- Servicio de Hematología, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España; Instituto de Investigación contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Blanca Xicoy
- Servicio de Hematología, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España; Instituto de Investigación contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
| | - Nerea Castillo
- Servicio de Hematología, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
| | - Mireia Morgades
- Servicio de Hematología, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
| | - Jordi Juncà
- Instituto de Investigación contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Felipe Andreo
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
| | - Fuensanta Millá
- Servicio de Hematología, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España; Instituto de Investigación contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Evarist Feliu
- Servicio de Hematología, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España; Instituto de Investigación contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Josep-María Ribera
- Servicio de Hematología, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España; Instituto de Investigación contra la Leucemia Josep Carreras, Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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10
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Patterson TF, Thompson GR, Denning DW, Fishman JA, Hadley S, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Morrison VA, Nguyen MH, Segal BH, Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA, Walsh TJ, Wingard JR, Young JAH, Bennett JE. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:e1-e60. [PMID: 27365388 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1635] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. IDSA considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Patterson
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and South Texas Veterans Health Care System
| | | | - David W Denning
- National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | | | - Kieren A Marr
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vicki A Morrison
- Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | - Brahm H Segal
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York
| | | | | | - Thomas J Walsh
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York
| | | | | | - John E Bennett
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and health-care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) are leading causes of death, morbidity, and resource utilization in hospitalized patients, and are associated with a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Here, we discuss the different definitions of HAP and HCAP, review current guidelines regarding the treatment of these conditions, highlight the shortcomings of current therapeutic options, and discuss new antibiotic treatments. To optimize therapeutic outcomes in patients with HAP/HCAP, initial antimicrobial treatment must be appropriate and should be given as soon as possible; inappropriate or delayed therapy greatly increases morbidity and mortality. Selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial agent depends on the causative pathogen(s); initial broad-spectrum therapy is commonly recommended and should cover all pathogens that may be present. Treatment selection should also take into consideration the following factors: knowledge of underlying local risk factors for antimicrobial resistance, disease staging, and risk factors related to specific pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Guidelines consistently emphasize the importance of treating HAP and HCAP with early and appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotics, and recent developments in this field have resulted in the availability of several additional treatment options. Telavancin shows potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA and can be administered once daily; it was approved in the USA and European Union for the treatment of HAP after demonstrating non-inferiority to vancomycin. Ceftobiprole medocaril exhibits rapid antimicrobial activity against a broad range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including MRSA. It was approved for the treatment of HAP (excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia) and community-acquired pneumonia in Europe in 2013. These new treatments may offer effective alternative therapeutic options for the management of HAP. FUNDING Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage in leukemic and bone marrow transplant patients: the impact of antimicrobial therapy. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2015; 7:e2015002. [PMID: 25574361 PMCID: PMC4283926 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2015.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant morbidity and mortality from pneumonia in leukemic and bone marrow transplant patients. We sought to explore the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in these patients with new pulmonary infiltrates. A retrospective chart review of approximately 200 Non- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leukemic and Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients who underwent bronchoscopy at a single academic cancer center was performed. Antimicrobial use for less than 24 hours at the time of BAL was associated with a higher yield in this population (56.8% versus 32.8%, p<0.001). This supports performing bronchoscopy with BAL within 24 hours of antimicrobial therapy in leukemic and HSCT patients.
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13
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Abstract
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients presenting with a range of pulmonary complications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the utility and potential adverse effects of diagnostic bronchoscopy for transplant recipients. Recommendations are offered on the selection of patients, the timing of bronchoscopy, and the samples to be obtained across the spectrum of suspected pulmonary complications of transplantation. Based on review of the literature, the authors recommend early diagnostic bronchoscopy over empiric treatment in transplant recipients with evidence of certain acute, subacute, or chronic pulmonary processes. This approach may be most critical when an underlying infectious etiology is suspected. In the absence of prompt diagnostic information on which to base effective treatment, the risks associated with empiric antimicrobial therapy, including medication side effects and the development of antibiotic resistance, compound the potential harm of delaying targeted management.
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14
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Sialer S, Liapikou A, Torres A. What is the best approach to the nonresponding patient with community-acquired pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27:189-203. [PMID: 23398874 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment failure in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the failure to normalize the clinical features (eg, fever, cough, sputum production), or nonresolving image in chest radiograph, despite antimicrobial therapy. The incidence of treatment failure in CAP has not been clearly established; according to several studies it ranges between 6% and 15%. The rate of mortality increases significantly, especially in those patients with severe CAP. It is important to be able to identify what patients are at risk for progressive or treatment failure pneumonia that may make them candidates for a more careful monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Sialer
- Pneumology Department, Clinic Institute of Thorax (ICT), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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15
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Kantyka T, Pyrc K, Gruca M, Smagur J, Plaza K, Guzik K, Zeglen S, Ochman M, Potempa J. Staphylococcus aureus proteases degrade lung surfactant protein A potentially impairing innate immunity of the lung. J Innate Immun 2012; 5:251-60. [PMID: 23235402 DOI: 10.1159/000345417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that is important for respiratory lung functions, which also provides the first line of innate immune defense. Pulmonary surfactant protein-A (SP-A) is a major surfactant component with immune functions with importance during Staphylococcus aureus infections that has been demonstrated in numerous studies. The current study showed that S. aureus can efficiently cleave the SP-A protein using its arsenal of proteolytic enzymes. This degradation appears to be mediated by cysteine proteases, in particular staphopain A (ScpA). The staphopain-mediated proteolysis of SP-A resulted in a decrease or complete abolishment of SP-A biological activity, including the promotion of S. aureus phagocytosis by neutrophils, aggregation of Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial cell adherence to epithelium. Significantly, ScpA has also efficiently degraded SP-A in complete bronchi-alveolar lavage fluid from human lungs. This indicates that staphopain activity in the lungs is resistant to protease inhibitors, thus suggesting that SP-A can be cleaved in vivo. Collectively, this study showed that the S. aureus protease ScpA is an important virulence factor that may impair innate immunity of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kantyka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Spindler C, Strålin K, Eriksson L, Hjerdt-Goscinski G, Holmberg H, Lidman C, Nilsson A, Ortqvist A, Hedlund J. Swedish guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults--Swedish Society of Infectious Diseases 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 44:885-902. [PMID: 22830356 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2012.700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This document presents the 2012 evidence based guidelines of the Swedish Society of Infectious Diseases for the in- hospital management of adult immunocompetent patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The prognostic score 'CRB-65' is recommended for the initial assessment of all CAP patients, and should be regarded as an aid for decision-making concerning the level of care required, microbiological investigation, and antibiotic treatment. Due to the favourable antibiotic resistance situation in Sweden, an initial narrow-spectrum antibiotic treatment primarily directed at Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended in most situations. The recommended treatment for patients with severe CAP (CRB-65 score 2) is penicillin G in most situations. In critically ill patients (CRB-65 score 3-4), combination therapy with cefotaxime/macrolide or penicillin G/fluoroquinolone is recommended. A thorough microbiological investigation should be undertaken in all patients, including blood cultures, respiratory tract sampling, and urine antigens, with the addition of extensive sampling for more uncommon respiratory pathogens in the case of severe disease. Recommended measures for the prevention of CAP include vaccination for influenza and pneumococci, as well as smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Spindler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm.
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17
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Young TR, Buckalew R, May AK, Boczko EM. A low dimensional dynamical model of the initial pulmonary innate response to infection. Math Biosci 2012; 235:189-200. [PMID: 22233972 PMCID: PMC3272130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain a deeper understanding of the onset and progression of pulmonary infections we present and analyze a low dimensional, phenomenological model of infection and the innate immune response in the lungs. Because pulmonary innate immunity has features unique to itself, general mathematical models of the immune system may not be appropriate. The differential equations model that we propose is based on current knowledge of the biology of pulmonary innate immunity and accurately reproduces known features of the initial phase of the dynamics of pulmonary innate system as exhibited in recent experiments. Further, we propose to use the model as a starting point for interrogation with clinical data from a new noninvasive technique for sampling alveolar lining fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Young
- Mathematics, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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18
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Kuehnhardt D, Hannemann M, Schmidt B, Heider U, Possinger K, Eucker J. Therapeutic implication of BAL in patients with neutropenia. Ann Hematol 2009; 88:1249-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-009-0747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective. Intensive Care Med 2008; 35:9-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Treatment failure (TF) is defined as a clinical condition with inadequate response to antimicrobial therapy. Clinical response should be evaluated within the first 72 h of treatment, whereas infiltrate images may take up to 6 weeks to resolve. Early failure is considered when ventilatory support and/or septic shock appear within the first 72 h. The incidence of treatment failure in community-acquired pneumonia is 10 to 15%, and the mortality is increased nearly fivefold. Resistant and unusual microorganisms and noninfectious causes are responsible for TF. Risk factors are related to the initial severity of the disease, the presence of comorbidity, the microorganism involved, and the antimicrobial treatment implemented. Characteristics of patients and factors related to inflammatory response have been associated with delayed resolution and poor prognosis. The diagnostic approach to TF depends on the degree of clinical impact, host factors, and the possible cause. Initial reevaluation should include a confirmation of the diagnosis of pneumonia, noninvasive microbiological samples, and new radiographic studies. A conservative approach of clinical monitoring and serial radiographs may be recommended in elderly patients with comorbid conditions that justify a delayed response. Invasive studies with bronchoscopy to obtain protected brush specimen and BAL are indicated in the presence of clinical deterioration or failure to stabilize. BAL processing should include the study of cell patterns to rule out other noninfectious diseases and complete microbiological studies. The diagnostic yield of imaging procedures with noninvasive and invasive samples is up to 70%. After obtaining microbiological samples, an empirical change in antibiotic therapy is required to cover a wider microbial spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Menendez
- Servicio de Neumologia, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. de Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain.
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21
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del Mar García-Suárez M, Cima-Cabal MD, Villaverde R, Espinosa E, Falguera M, de Los Toyos JR, Vázquez F, Méndez FJ. Performance of a pneumolysin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of pneumococcal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3549-54. [PMID: 17728474 PMCID: PMC2168496 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01030-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A pneumolysin-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PLY-ELISA) for the detection of pneumolysin in urine was developed and evaluated in comparison with the commercially available Binax Now Streptococcus pneumoniae test (Binax, Portland, ME) for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infections. Assay sensitivity was evaluated using urine from 108 patients with culture-confirmed pneumococcal infections. In adults, the sensitivity and specificity of the PLY-ELISA were 56.6% and 92.2%, respectively. In children with nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage, PLY-ELISA and Binax Now S. pneumoniae test sensitivities were 62.5% and 87.5%, respectively, while specificities were 94.4% and 27.8%, respectively. In children with nonnasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage, PLY-ELISA and Binax Now S. pneumoniae test sensitivities were 68.7% and 93.7%, respectively, and test specificities were 94.1% and 41.2%, respectively. The persistence of pneumolysin in urine of pneumococcal pneumonia patients decreased significantly after 4 to 6 days of treatment. Our data suggest that combining the high specificity of the PLY-ELISA with the high sensitivity of the Binax Now S. pneumoniae test would enable pneumococcal infections to be accurately diagnosed in children.
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22
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Kim JY, Kim CH, Park SH, Ko YS, Kim MJ, Kang HR, Hwang YI, Park YB, Jang SH, Woo H, Kim DG, Lee MG, Hyun IG, Jung KS. Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in Patients with Lung Infiltrations in Burn and Non-Burn Intensive Care Unit. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2007.62.6.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yeop Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Sang Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Il Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heungjeong Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Goo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Hyun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Suck Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Huchon G. [Follow-up criteria for community acquired pneumonias and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Med Mal Infect 2006; 36:636-49. [PMID: 17137739 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The follow-up of Community Acquired Pneumonias (CAP) and Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (AECOPD) differs with the setting of care, but overall calls upon the same investigations as the initial evaluations. In the event of initial ambulatory care, the evaluation is carried out primarily on clinical data, at the 2 or 3rd day for the CAP, at the 2nd to 5th day for the AECOPD. In the event of unfavourable evolution, or from the start in the most severe cases, the follow-up is carried out in hospital; clinical evaluation is readily daily, and all the more frequent that the clinical condition is worrying because of the severity or risk factors. The investigations will be limited to those initially abnormal in the event of favourable evolution; on the contrary, unfavourable evolution can justify new investigations which depend on clinical characteristics. Remotely, i.e. 4 to 8 weeks later, must be checked the return at the baseline clinical state, a chest X-ray (CAP), spirometry and arterial blood gas (AECOPD), even bronchoscopy and thoracic CT-scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Huchon
- Service de pneumologie et réanimation, université de Paris-Descartes, hôpital de l'Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place du Parvis-de-Notre-Dame, 75004 Paris, France.
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Hedlund J, Strålin K, Ortqvist A, Holmberg H. Swedish guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 37:791-805. [PMID: 16358446 DOI: 10.1080/00365540500264050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This document presents the evidence-based guidelines of the Swedish Society of Infectious Diseases for the management of adult immunocompetent patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), who are assessed at hospital. The prognostic score 'CURB-65' is recommended for all CAP patients in the emergency room. The score provides an assessment tool for the decision regarding outpatient treatment or level of hospital supervision, the choice of microbiological investigations, and empirical antibiotic treatment. In patients with non-severe CAP (CURB-65 score 0-2) we recommend initial narrow-spectrum antibiotic treatment, orally or intravenously, primarily directed at Streptococcus pneumoniae. In those with CURB-65 score 3, penicillin G or a cephalosporin intravenously is recommended. For CURB-65 score 0-3 atypical pathogens should be covered only when they are suspected on clinical or epidemiological grounds. In patients with CURB-65 score 4-5 intravenous combination therapy with either cephalosporin/macrolide or penicillin G/fluoroquinolone is recommended. Efforts should be made to identify the CAP aetiology in order to support the ongoing antibiotic treatment or to suggest treatment alterations. Recommended measures for prevention of CAP include influenza -- and pneumococcal -- vaccination to risk groups and efforts for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hedlund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Luna CM, Monteverde A, Rodríguez A, Apezteguia C, Zabert G, Ilutovich S, Menga G, Vasen W, Díez AR, Mera J. [Clinical guidelines for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in Latin America: an interdisciplinary consensus document. Recommendations of the Latin American Thoracic Society]. Arch Bronconeumol 2005; 41:439-56. [PMID: 16117950 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Luna
- Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Swiatecka-Urban A, Moreau-Marquis S, Maceachran DP, Connolly JP, Stanton CR, Su JR, Barnaby R, O'toole GA, Stanton BA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits endocytic recycling of CFTR in polarized human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 290:C862-72. [PMID: 16236828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00108.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most common mutation in the CFTR gene in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), DeltaF508, leads to the absence of CFTR Cl(-) channels in the apical plasma membrane, which in turn results in impairment of mucociliary clearance, the first line of defense against inhaled bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is particularly successful at colonizing and chronically infecting the lungs and is responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in patients with CF. Rescue of DeltaF508-CFTR by reduced temperature or chemical means reveals that the protein is at least partially functional as a Cl(-) channel. Thus current research efforts have focused on identification of drugs that restore the presence of CFTR in the apical membrane to alleviate the symptoms of CF. Because little is known about the effects of P. aeruginosa on CFTR in the apical membrane, whether P. aeruginosa will affect the efficacy of new drugs designed to restore the plasma membrane expression of CFTR is unknown. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to determine whether P. aeruginosa affects CFTR-mediated Cl(-) secretion in polarized human airway epithelial cells. We report herein that a cell-free filtrate of P. aeruginosa reduced CFTR-mediated transepithelial Cl(-) secretion by inhibiting the endocytic recycling of CFTR and thus the number of WT-CFTR and DeltaF508-CFTR Cl(-) channels in the apical membrane in polarized human airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that chronic infection with P. aeruginosa may interfere with therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing the apical membrane expression of DeltaF508-CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Swiatecka-Urban
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Rope Ferry Road, HB 7701, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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27
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Luna C, Monteverde A, Rodríguez A, Apezteguia C, Zabert G, Ilutovich S, Menga G, Vasen W, Díez A, Mera J. Neumonía intrahospitalaria: guía clínica aplicable a Latinoamérica preparada en común por diferentes especialistas. Arch Bronconeumol 2005. [DOI: 10.1157/13077956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Uncertainty over the expected clinical course of a community-acquired or nosocomial pneumonia is a common reason for pulmonary consultation. Determining which patients with prolonged pneumonia and at what point during therapy they should undergo further evaluation can be challenging. This article reviews "normal" resolution times for the most common pneumonias, risk factors for delayed resolution, and infectious and noninfectious conditions that can cause nonresolving pneumonia. An approach to the evaluation of the patient with this common problem is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Weyers
- Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, 550 Peachtree Street Northeast, MOT 6th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon C Scales
- Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Teixeira PJZ, Hertz FT, Cruz DB, Caraver F, Hallal RC, Moreira JDS. Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: impacto da multirresistência bacteriana na morbidade e mortalidade. J Bras Pneumol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132004000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica é a infecção hospitalar mais comum nas unidades de terapia intensiva. OBJETIVO: Determinar o impacto da multirresistência dos microorganismos na morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes com pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Em 40 meses consecutivos, 91 pacientes sob ventilação mecânica tiveram o diagnóstico de pneumonia. Os casos foram divididos entre causados por microorganismo multirresistente e causados por microorganismo sensível à antibioticoterapia. RESULTADOS: Pneumonia foi causada por microorganismo multirresistente em 75 casos (82,4%) e por microorganismo sensível 16 (17,6%) deles. As características clínicas e epidemiológicas não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos. O Staphylococcus aureus foi responsável por 27,5% dos episódios de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica e a Pseudomonas aeruginosa por 17,6%. A doença foi de início recente em 33 pacientes (36,3%) e de início tardio em 58 deles (63,7%). Os tempos de ventilação mecânica, de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva e de internação hospitalar total não diferiram. O tratamento empírico foi considerado inadequado em 42 pacientes com pneumonia por microorganismo multirresistente (56%) e em 4 com pneumonia por microorganismo sensível (25%) (p = 0,02). Óbito ocorreu em 46 pacientes com a pneumonia por microorganismo multirresistente (61,3%), e em 4 daqueles com pneumonia por microorganismo sensível (25%) (p = 0,008). CONCLUSÃO: A multirresistência bacteriana não determinou nenhum impacto na morbidade, mas esteve associada à maior mortalidade.
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31
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Machado MA, Magalhães A, Hespanhol V. [Difficulties on diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia]. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2004; 9:503-14. [PMID: 15190435 DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilator associated pneumonia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important a correct diagnosis in way to guide the antibiotic therapy in the most appropriate way. However, its diagnosis is difficult, because clinical and radiologic features are not specific and approaches to standard diagnosis, that allow its confirmation, are very invasive or not very frequent. Protected techniques and quantitative cultures have been trying to outline the problem of the contamination of the samples obtained by routine methods and to allow the distinction between colonization and infection. The author makes a revision on the different methods of diagnosis of this clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Machado
- Interna Complementar de Pneumologia, Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital de São Joao, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a major medical problem in the very old. The increased frequency and severity of pneumonia in the elderly is largely explained by the ageing of organ systems (in particular the respiratory tract, immune system, and digestive tract) and the presence of comorbidities due to age-associated diseases. The most striking characteristic of pneumonia in the very old is its clinical presentation: falls and confusion are frequently encountered, while classic symptoms of pneumonia are often absent. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and nursing-home acquired pneumonia (NHAP) have to be distinguished. Although there are no fundamental differences in pathophysiology and microbiology of the two entities, NHAP tends to be much more severe, because milder cases are not referred to the hospital, and residents of nursing homes often suffer from dementia, multiple comorbidities, and decreased functional status. The immune response decays with age, yet pneumococcal and influenza vaccines have their place for the prevention of pneumonia in the very old. Pneumonia in older individuals without terminal disease has to be distinguished from end-of-life pneumonia. In the latter setting, the attributable mortality of pneumonia is low and antibiotics have little effect on life expectancy and should be used only if they provide the best means to alleviate suffering. In this review, we focus on recent publications relative to CAP and NHAP in the very old, and discuss predisposing factors, microorganisms, diagnostic procedures, specific aspects of treatment, prevention, and ethical issues concerning end-of-life pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Janssens
- Division of Lung Diseases and Department of Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Carvalho MVCFD, Winkeler GFP, Costa FAM, Bandeira TDJG, Pereira EDB, Holanda MA. Concordância entre o aspirado traqueal e o lavado broncoalveolar no diagnóstico das pneumonias associadas à ventilação mecânica. J Bras Pneumol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132004000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Os exames de cultura e o exame bacterioscópico pelo método de coloração de Gram (GRAM) do aspirado traqueal ainda são objeto de controvérsias com relação ao diagnóstico etiológico na pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre os resultados do GRAM e da cultura quantitativa do aspirado traqueal e do lavado broncoalveolar nos pacientes com PAV. MÉTODO: Foram estudados de modo prospectivo os pacientes internados no período de outubro de 2001 a agosto de 2002, que estavam há mais de 48hs sob ventilação mecânica, e que apresentavam suspeita clínica de PAV. No momento da suspeita clínica foi realizado o aspirado traqueal seguido do lavado broncoalveolar. O diagnóstico de PAV foi confirmado com a suspeita clínica associada à cultura quantitativa do lavado broncoalveolar 10(4)ufc/ml. RESULTADOS: Dos 119 pacientes sob ventilação mecânica, 32 (26,8%) tiveram suspeita clínica de PAV, com confirmação diagnóstica em 25 (78%) deles. A comparação entre o GRAM do aspirado traqueal e a cultura do lavado broncoalveolar mostrou uma moderada concordância (coeficiente de Kappa de 0,56). Houve concordância entre a cultura quantitativa do aspirado traqueal e do lavado broncoalveolar em 22/25 (88%) e discordância em 3/25 (12%) casos (coeficiente de Kappa de 0,71). A sensibilidade e a especificidade do aspirado traqueal para o diagnóstico de PAV com o ponto de corte 10 6 ufc/ml foram de 71% e 72%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A combinação do GRAM com a cultura quantitativa do aspirado traqueal pode contribuir para a avaliação diagnóstica da PAV.
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Leroy O, Meybeck A, d'Escrivan T, Devos P, Kipnis E, Gonin X, Georges H. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 3:123-31. [PMID: 15182213 DOI: 10.2165/00151829-200403020-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To identify, in patients experiencing hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), prognostic factors present at disease onset and build an algorithm capable of stratifying mortality risk upon HAP onset. DESIGN Observational cohort from January 1994 to December 2001. SETTING One intensive care unit (ICU) from a university-affiliated, urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS All consecutive patients exhibiting bacteriologically documented HAP either on ICU admission or during ICU stay. INTERVENTIONS Data collection and multivariate analysis using Chi-Square Automatic Interaction and Detection technique. RESULTS 168 patients were studied. The overall mean mortality rate was 49.4%. Upon onset of HAP, five independent variables allowed binary stratification of mortality risk. These consisted of underlying diseases (nonfatal versus ultimately and rapidly fatal diseases), Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (less than versus > or =37), platelet count (less than versus > or =150,000/mm3), chest x-ray involvement (1 versus >1 lobe), and PaO2/FiO2 (less than versus > or =167 mm Hg). A branching algorithm consisting of these five variables identified patients with HAP at both low (<35%) and high (>75%) risk of mortality. CONCLUSION Mortality in ICU patients with HAP may be predicted early, upon onset of HAP, by the cumulative use of prognostic factors in an algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Leroy
- Service de Réanimation Médicale et Maladies Infectieuses, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier, Tourcoing, France.
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Menéndez R, Torres A. Evaluation of Non-Resolving and Progressive Pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5548-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Wu CL, Yang DI, Wang NY, Kuo HT, Chen PZ. Quantitative culture of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with treatment failure. Chest 2002; 122:662-8. [PMID: 12171848 DOI: 10.1378/chest.122.2.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To study the correlation of bacteriology between quantitative cultures of protected specimen brush (PSB), BAL, and quantitative endotracheal aspirate (QEA) in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) patients with treatment failure. DESIGN Prospective observational clinical study. SETTING A 15-bed medical ICU of tertiary medical center. PATIENTS Forty-eight patients receiving mechanical ventilation with clinical suspected VAP who had been treated with antibiotics for at least 72 h without improvement. INTERVENTION QEA, PSB, and BAL were performed with patients receiving antibiotics. The diagnostic thresholds for QEA, PSB, and BAL were 10(5), 10(3), and 10(4) cfu/mL, respectively. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Microbial culture findings were positive in 24 BAL samples (50%), in 23 PSB samples (48%), and in 28 QEA samples (58%). The correlations between of QEA vs PSB and QEA vs BAL were significant (rho = 0.567 and rho = 0.620, p < 0.01, respectively). The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Acinetobacter baumannii (27%), Staphylococcus aureus (24%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (15%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%). Using the predetermined criteria, bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 28 of 48 suspected VAP episodes based on PSB and/or BAL results. The diagnostic efficiency of QEA at threshold of 10(5) cfu/mL had a sensitivity of 92.8% and a specificity of 80%. CONCLUSIONS QEA correlated with PSB and BAL in patients with suspected VAP who responded poorly to the existent antibiotic treatment. QEA missed only two cases of bacterial pneumonia diagnosed by invasive PSB and/or BAL with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. More importantly, QEA is noninvasive and easily repeatable. Early use of QEA is helpful to clinical physicians in decision making with regard to antibiotics use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Liang Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hasan R, Babar SI. Nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonias: developing country perspective. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2002; 8:188-94. [PMID: 11981307 DOI: 10.1097/00063198-200205000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial pneumonias are recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized nations. Emerging data show that they play a similar role in the developing world. A host of extrinsic and intrinsic factors predispose individuals to the development of pneumonias, and a modification of some of these factors provides a low cost solution to prevention of pneumonias. The ideal modality for microbiologic diagnosis of pneumonia remains to be determined. Recent data suggest that there is no difference in outcome when noninvasive techniques are compared with invasive techniques. Antimicrobial resistance is a rapidly increasing problem globally, and combating this with appropriate antibiotic policies, close surveillance, and physician education is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumina Hasan
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Abstract
Worldwide, the increasing rates of microbial resistance represent a serious public health problem. Therefore, measures to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia gain increasing importance. Because antimicrobial treatment in the ICU is a major source of microbial resistance, prevention should be understood not only as the sum of preventive measures but also as part of any management strategy. In this year of review, several important contributions have been made to a better understanding of the relative role of preventive measures. This is particularly true of noninvasive ventilation, continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions, and closed endotracheal suctioning. Management strategies for ventilator-assisted pneumonia remain highly controversial. Despite two decades of vigorous research, there is still no evidence that invasive bronchoscopic techniques should form part of a routine approach to suspected ventilator-assisted pneumonia. Moreover, an impact in terms of important outcome variables could not be consistently demonstrated. In the authors' view, the controversy regarding the relative validity of diagnostic tools should end, and the focus should shift to strategies that define low-risk patients with suspected ventilator-assisted pneumonia who can safely be treated by short-term monotherapy. Finally, several contributions have refined the established treatment regimen. Several new drugs for the treatment of ventilator-assisted pneumonia caused by Gram-positive multiresistant pathogens have been evaluated with promising results.
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Rodriguez RM, Fancher ML, Phelps M, Hawkins K, Johnson J, Stacks K, Rossini T, Way M, Holland D. An emergency department-based randomized trial of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage for early pathogen identification in severe community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38:357-63. [PMID: 11574790 DOI: 10.1067/mem.2001.118014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Many patients with community-acquired pneumonia are treated empirically without an aggressive search for causative pathogens, an approach adopted largely because of the costs and difficulties encountered during efforts to identify the causative organisms. Blood and sputum cultures are not sensitive, and the more invasive techniques of bronchoscopy and lung biopsy are generally time consuming and not cost-effective. The technique of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has been shown to accurately diagnose the causes of nosocomial pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an emergency department-based BAL protocol would lead to more frequent isolation of pneumonia pathogens and result in more changes to tailored antibiotic therapy in comparison with standard care. METHODS We studied all adult patients admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia who were tracheally intubated and who had obtainable familial consent in the ED of an urban county hospital from March 1998 to October 1999. Exclusions included antibiotic use within the past 5 days, pneumothorax, hemoptysis, or persistent hypoxia using 100% oxygen. Patients were randomized to standard care versus standard care plus BAL. Blood culture specimens were drawn from all patients before the initiation of antibiotics. All other diagnostic tests were ordered at the discretion of treating physicians. BAL fluid, sputum, and blood culture specimens were tracked, and patient antibiotic course was followed to assess any change in regimen. RESULTS Twenty-six of 64 patients evaluated for study participation met all eligibility criteria; 14 patients received standard care, and 12 patients received standard care plus BAL. Pneumonia pathogens were identified in 10 (83.3%) of 12 patients in the BAL group and in 4 (28.6%) of 14 patients in the standard care group (P =.007). Comparing BAL versus non-BAL groups, there was no significant difference in the likelihood of overall antibiotic regimen changes (P =.149), but there was a difference with regard to antibiotic changes made in patients with positive culture test results (P =.026). No major complications occurred with BAL catheterizations. CONCLUSION ED-based BAL catheterization allows for early identification of pathogens in severe community-acquired pneumonia, which leads to changes in antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Rodriguez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Highland Hospital Campus, Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, CA, 94602, USA.
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