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Liu YQ, Wang ZW, Hu CY. Progress in research on the safety of silicone rubber products in food processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2887-2909. [PMID: 37183940 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubber (SR) is widely used in the food processing industry due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. However, due to the differences in SR product production formulas and processes, the quality of commercially available SR products varies greatly, with chemical and biological hazard potentials. Residual chemicals in SR, such as siloxane oligomers and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, are non-intentionally added substances, which may migrate into food during processing so the safe use of SR must be guaranteed. Simultaneously, SR in contact with food is susceptible to pathogenic bacteria growing and biofilm formation, like Cronobacter sakazakii, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, posing a food safety risk. Under severe usage scenarios such as high-temperature, high-pressure, microwave, and freezing environments with long-term use, SR products are more prone to aging, and their degradation products may pose potential food safety hazards. Based on the goal of ensuring food quality and safety to the greatest extent possible, this review suggests that enterprises need to prepare high-quality food-contact SR products by optimizing the manufacturing formula and production process, and developing products with antibacterial and antiaging properties. The government departments should establish quality standards for food-contact SR products and conduct effective supervision. Besides, the reusable SR products should be cleaned by consumers immediately after use, and the deteriorated products should be replaced as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Mezhevikina LM, Reshetnikov DA, Fomkina MG, Appazov NO, Ibadullayeva SZ, Fesenko EE. Growth characteristics of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells at cultivation on synthetic polyelectrolyte nanofilms in vitro. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06517. [PMID: 33817378 PMCID: PMC8010635 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the adhesive properties and cytotoxicity of polyelectrolyte nanofilms from polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) on human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (h-MSCs) and mouse adipose tissue (m-MSC) in vitro. Films are formed on 24- and 96-well culture plates in the combinations: PEI, PAH, PEI-PSS, PEI-PSS-PAH, PEI-PSS-PEI. An analysis of the culture results show that direct contact of h-MSCs with the PEI surface promotes adhesion (93–95% of adhesive cells versus 40% in the control). On the PEI surface, h-MSCs are evenly distributed, form colonies and 80% monolayer after 72 h of culture, as in the control on culture plastic. On nanofilms from PAH and PEI-PSS-PAH, cells grow in the form of rosette-like colonies with long and thin processes similar to neurites. The cytotoxic properties of PSS were revealed in direct contact with h-MSCs (more than 40% of nonviable cells with damaged plasma membranes). On the PSS surface, cells lost their adhesiveness. To culture and stably grow the cell mass of h-MSCs, it is better to use monolayer nanofilms made of highly adhesive and non-toxic PEI polyelectrolyte, which can bind the growth factors of blood serum and platelet lysate, ensuring the growth of h-MSCs under in vitro deprivation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila M Mezhevikina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Reshetnikov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Maria G Fomkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | | | | | - Evgeniy E Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
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3
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Badugu R, Szmacinski H, Reece EA, Jeng BH, Lakowicz JR. Sodium-Sensitive Contact Lens for Diagnostics of Ocular Pathologies. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 331:129434. [PMID: 33551571 PMCID: PMC7861470 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure all the electrolyte concentrations in tears would be valuable in ophthalmology for research and diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED) and other ocular pathologies. However, tear samples are difficult to collect and analyze because the total volume is small and the chemical composition changes rapidly. Measurements of electrolytes in tears is challenging because typical clinical assays for proteins and other biomarkers cannot be used to detect ion concentrations tears. Here, we report the contact lens which is sensitive to sodium ion (Na+), one of the dominant electrolytes in tears. The Na ions in tears is diagnostic for DED. Three sodium-sensitive fluorophores (SG-C16, SG-LPE and SG-PL) were synthesized by derivatizing the sodium green with 1-hexadecyl amine, 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or poly-L-lysine, respectively. These probes were bound to modern silicone hydrogel (SiHG) contact lens, Biofinity from Cooper Vision. Doped lenses were tested for sodium ion dependent spectral properties of probes within the contact lens. The probes displayed changes in intensity and lifetime in response to Na+ concentration, were completely reversible, no significant probe wash-out from the lenses, were not affected by proteins in tears and were not removed after repeated washing. These results are the first step to our long-term goal, which is a lens sensitive to all the electrolytes in tears. We presented design, synthesis and implementation of three new sodium sensitive probes within a silicon hydrogel lens. Contact lenses to measure the other electrolytes in tears can be developed using the same approach by synthesis and testing of new ion-sensitive fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Md 21201, USA
| | - Bennie H Jeng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, Md 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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4
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Badugu R, Szmacinski H, Reece EA, Jeng BH, Lakowicz JR. Fluorescent contact lens for continuous non-invasive measurements of sodium and chloride ion concentrations in tears. Anal Biochem 2020; 608:113902. [PMID: 32800702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and non-invasive measurement of hydration status is medically important because even mild levels of dehydration can have a significant impact on physical and cognitive performance. Despite the potential value of determining whole-body hydration based on the electrolytes found in tears, very few tests are available. An area of intense interest is the development of a contact lens which could measure ion concentrations in tears, specifically that of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions, the dominant electrolytes in blood plasma and tears. Here, we describe a method to make fluorescent contact lenses which allow determination of Na+ and Cl- ion concentrations in tears. Fluorophores known to be sensitive to Na+ and Cl- were derivatized to bind non-covalently to two commercially-available silicone hydrogel (SiHG) contact lenses-the Biofinity (Comfilcon A) or MyDay (Stenfilcon A) lenses. The sodium- and chloride-sensitive fluorophores displayed spectral changes in the physiological range for Na+ and Cl- ions in tears. The lenses for both Na+ and Cl- ions were completely reversible. The sodium responses were not sensitive to protein interference including human lysozyme, human serum albumin and mucin type 2. The chloride sensitivity was similar with both lenses, but the sodium-sensitive range was different in the Biofinity and MyDay lenses. We also fabricated a lens with both the Na+ and Cl- probes in a single MyDay lens resulting in a contact lens that independently measured Na+ and Cl- concentrations without physical separation of the fluorophores. Our findings indicated that a sodium and chloride-sensitive contact lens (NaCl-lens) could be used for rapid non-invasive detection of whole-body hydration, as well as associated diseases or other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Md, 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Md, 21201, USA
| | - Bennie H Jeng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, Md, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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5
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Müller S, Ueda M, Isoshima T, Ushida T, Ito Y. Stretching of fibroblast cells on micropatterned gelatin on silicone elastomer. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:416-425. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterned gelatin was formed on the silicone elastomer surface. The micropattern enabled cell alignment, regulation of the cell shape, and endowed the cells with resistance against mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Müller
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science
- Saitama
- Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Motoki Ueda
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science
- Saitama
- Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory
| | - Takashi Isoshima
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research
- Saitama
- Japan
| | - Takashi Ushida
- Graduate School of Medicine
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science
- Saitama
- Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory
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A Self-Adhesive Elastomeric Wound Scaffold for Sensitive Adhesion to Tissue. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060942. [PMID: 31159156 PMCID: PMC6630294 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure sensitive adhesives based on silicone materials are used particularly for skin adhesion, e.g., the fixation of electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes or wound dressings. However, adhesion to sensitive tissue structures is not sufficiently addressed due to the risk of damage or rupture. We propose an approach in which a poly-(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based soft skin adhesive (SSA) acts as cellular scaffold for wound healing. Due to the intrinsically low surface free energy of silicone elastomers, functionalization strategies are needed to promote the attachment and spreading of eukaryotic cells. In the present work, the effect of physical adsorption of three different proteins on the adhesive properties of the soft skin adhesive was investigated. Fibronectin adsorption slightly affects adhesion but significantly improves the cellular interaction of L929 murine fibroblasts with the polymeric surface. Composite films were successfully attached to explanted tympanic membranes. This demonstrates the potential of protein functionalized SSA to act as an adhesive scaffold in delicate biomedical applications.
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7
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Elizarova IS, Luckham PF. Layer-by-layer adsorption: Factors affecting the choice of substrates and polymers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 262:1-20. [PMID: 30448237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrostatic layer-by-layer technique for fabrication of multi-layered structures of various sizes and shapes using flat and colloidal templates coupled with polyelectrolyte layer-forming materials has attracted significant interest among both academic and industrial researchers due to its versatility and relative simplicity of the procedures involved in its execution. Fabrication of the multi-layered structures using the electrostatic layer-by-layer method involves several distinct stages each of which holds great importance when considering the production of a high-quality product. These stages include selection of materials (both template and a pair of construction polyelectrolytes), adsorption of the first polyelectrolyte layer onto the selected templates, formation of the second layer comprised of the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte and guided by the interactions between the two chosen polyelectrolytes, and multi-layering, where a selected number of layers are produced, and which is conditioned by both intrinsic properties of the involved construction materials and external fabrication conditions such as temperature, pH and ionic strength. The current review summarises the most important aspects of each stage mentioned above and gives examples of the materials suitable for utilization of the technique and describes the underlying physics involved.
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8
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Spencer AR, Primbetova A, Koppes AN, Koppes RA, Fenniri H, Annabi N. Electroconductive Gelatin Methacryloyl-PEDOT:PSS Composite Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis, and Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1558-1567. [PMID: 33445313 PMCID: PMC11150039 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive hydrogels are used in a wide range of biomedical applications, including electrodes for patient monitoring and electrotherapy, or as biosensors and electrochemical actuators. Approaches to design electroconductive hydrogels are often met with low biocompatibility and biodegradability, limiting their potential applications as biomaterials. In this study, composite hydrogels were prepared from a conducting polymer complex, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) dispersed within a photo-crosslinkable naturally derived hydrogel, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). To determine the impact of PEDOT:PSS loading on physical and microstructural properties and cellular responses, the electrical and mechanical properties, electrical properties, and biocompatibility of hydrogels loaded with 0-0.3% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS were evaluated and compared to GelMA control. Our results indicated that the properties of the hydrogels, such as mechanics, degradation, and swelling, could be tuned by changing the concentration of PEDOT:PSS. In particular, the impedance of hydrogels decreased from 449.0 kOhm for control GelMA to 281.2 and 261.0 kOhm for hydrogels containing 0.1% (w/v) and 0.3% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS at 1 Hz frequency, respectively. In addition, an ex vivo experiment demonstrated that the threshold voltage to stimulate contraction in explanted abdominal tissue connected by the composite hydrogels decreased from 9.3 ± 1.2 V for GelMA to 6.7 ± 1.5 V and 4.0 ± 1.0 V for hydrogels containing 0.1% (w/v) and 0.3% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS, respectively. In vitro studies showed that composite hydrogels containing 0.1% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS supported the viability and spreading of C2C12 myoblasts, comparable to GelMA controls. These results indicate the potential of our composite hydrogel as an electroconductive biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Kulikouskaya VI, Pinchuk SV, Hileuskaya KS, Kraskouski AN, Vasilevich IB, Matievski KA, Agabekov VE, Volotovski ID. Layer-by-layer buildup of polysaccharide-containing films: Physico-chemical properties and mesenchymal stem cells adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2093-2104. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoryia I. Kulikouskaya
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 36 Skariny Street; Minsk 220141 Republic of Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Pinchuk
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 27 Academicheskaya Street; Minsk 220072 Republic of Belarus
| | - Kseniya S. Hileuskaya
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 36 Skariny Street; Minsk 220141 Republic of Belarus
| | - Aliaksandr N. Kraskouski
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 36 Skariny Street; Minsk 220141 Republic of Belarus
| | - Irina B. Vasilevich
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 27 Academicheskaya Street; Minsk 220072 Republic of Belarus
| | - Kirill A. Matievski
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 27 Academicheskaya Street; Minsk 220072 Republic of Belarus
| | - Vladimir E. Agabekov
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 36 Skariny Street; Minsk 220141 Republic of Belarus
| | - Igor D. Volotovski
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 27 Academicheskaya Street; Minsk 220072 Republic of Belarus
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Subhapradha N, Abudhahir M, Aathira A, Srinivasan N, Moorthi A. Polymer coated mesoporous ceramic for drug delivery in bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 110:65-73. [PMID: 29197570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Treatment strategy for various bone fracture and defects the researchers are focusing to develop a new carrier for delivering the drug into injured area with controlled and sustained manner using biomaterials with dynamic architecture orientation. Ceramic materials are resembled with bone compositional architecture and better bioactivity, degradability as well as antimicrobial activity made its enormous application in bone tissue engineering (BTE). Current focus in regenerative medicine were orchestration of biomaterials with the capacity of loading the drugs, growth factors, ionic components to promote better healing of bone tissue. Mesoporous type materials owed a great look towards the delivery of drugs, growth factors, etc in BTE because of its unique geometry. So the guest molecules loaded with geometrically organized ceramics would deliver onto the site of injury in controlled manner also the guiding and regulation of delivery of molecules have been controlled with the polymers response to different stimulation or biochemical factors as either scaffold or encapsulated particles for bone regeneration. Hence the review aims to describing the recent progress in bone tissue engineering using the ceramic based mesoporous materials encapsulated with polymers respond to different physiochemical stimulation for the efficient and controlled delivery of drug/growth factors for better bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Subhapradha
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 103, India
| | - Mohamed Abudhahir
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 103, India
| | - A Aathira
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 103, India
| | - N Srinivasan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 103, India
| | - A Moorthi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 103, India.
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11
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Rodrigues JR, Alves NM, Mano JF. Nacre-inspired nanocomposites produced using layer-by-layer assembly: Design strategies and biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:1263-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Silva JM, Reis RL, Mano JF. Biomimetic Extracellular Environment Based on Natural Origin Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4308-42. [PMID: 27435905 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of biomaterials is a well-known approach to enable an adequate biointerface between the implant and the surrounding tissue, dictating the initial acceptance or rejection of the implantable device. Since its discovery in early 1990s layer-by-layer (LbL) approaches have become a popular and attractive technique to functionalize the biomaterials surface and also engineering various types of objects such as capsules, hollow tubes, and freestanding membranes in a controllable and versatile manner. Such versatility enables the incorporation of different nanostructured building blocks, including natural biopolymers, which appear as promising biomimetic multilayered systems due to their similarity to human tissues. In this review, the potential of natural origin polymer-based multilayers is highlighted in hopes of a better understanding of the mechanisms behind its use as building blocks of LbL assembly. A deep overview on the recent progresses achieved in the design, fabrication, and applications of natural origin multilayered films is provided. Such films may lead to novel biomimetic approaches for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, implantable devices, cell-based biosensors, diagnostic systems, and basic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Silva
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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13
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14
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Yu S, Mao Z, Gao C. Preparation of gelatin density gradient on poly(ε-caprolactone) membrane and its influence on adhesion and migration of endothelial cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 451:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Teuschl AH, Schuh C, Halbweis R, Pajer K, Márton G, Hopf R, Mosia S, Rünzler D, Redl H, Nógrádi A, Hausner T. A New Preparation Method for Anisotropic Silk Fibroin Nerve Guidance Conduits and Its Evaluation In Vitro and in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Defect Model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:945-57. [PMID: 25819471 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, silk fibroin (SF) has been emergently used in peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Current approaches aiming at producing SF-based nerve guidance conduits (SF-NGCs) used dissolved silk based on either aqueous solutions or organic solvents. In this study, we describe a novel procedure to produce SF-NGCs: A braided tubular structure of raw Bombyx mori silk is subsequently processed with the ternary solvent CaCl2/H2O/ethanol, formic acid, and methanol to improve its mechanical and topographical characteristics. Topographically, the combination of the treatments results in a fusion of the outer single silk fibers to a closed layer with a thickness ranging from about 40 to 75 μm. In contrast to the outer wall, the inner lumen (not treated with processing solvents) still represents the braided structure of single fibers. Mechanical stability, elasticity, and kink characteristics were evaluated with a custom-made test system. The modification procedure described here drastically improved the elastic properties of our tubular raw scaffold, favoring its use as a NGC. A cell migration assay with NIH/3T3-fibroblasts revealed the impermeability of the SF-NGC wall for possible invading and scar-forming cells. Moreover, the potential of the SF-NGC to serve as a substratum for Schwann cells has been demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests and live-dead stainings of Schwann cells grown on the inner surface of the SF-NGC. In vivo, the SF-NGC was tested in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. In short-term in vivo studies, it was proved that SF-NGCs are not triggering host inflammatory reactions. After 12 weeks, we could demonstrate morphological and functional reinnervation of the distal targets. Filled with collagen, a higher number of axons could be found in the distal to the graft (1678±303), compared with the empty SF-NGC (1274±146). The novel SF-NGC presented here shows promising results for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. The modification of braided structures to adapt their mechanical and topographical characteristics may support the translation of SF-based scaffolds into the clinical setting. However, further improvements and the use of extracellular matrix molecules and Schwann cells are suggested to enable silk tube based conduits to bridge long-distance nerve gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herbert Teuschl
- 1 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien , Vienna, Austria
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schuh
- 1 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien , Vienna, Austria
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Halbweis
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
| | - Krisztián Pajer
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Márton
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Hopf
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
| | - Shorena Mosia
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- 1 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien , Vienna, Austria
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
- 4 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas Hausner
- 2 The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center , Vienna, Austria
- 5 Department of Traumatology, Lorenz Böhler Hospital , Austrian Workers' Compensation Board, Vienna, Austria
- 6 Department for Trauma Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg, Austria
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16
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Vellayappan MV, Balaji A, Subramanian AP, John AA, Jaganathan SK, Murugesan S, Supriyanto E, Yusof M. Multifaceted prospects of nanocomposites for cardiovascular grafts and stents. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2785-803. [PMID: 25897223 PMCID: PMC4396644 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s80121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death across the globe. The use of synthetic materials is indispensable in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Major drawbacks related to the use of biomaterials are their mechanical properties and biocompatibility, and these have to be circumvented before promoting the material to the market or clinical setting. Revolutionary advancements in nanotechnology have introduced a novel class of materials called nanocomposites which have superior properties for biomedical applications. Recently, there has been a widespread recognition of the nanocomposites utilizing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, bacterial cellulose, silk fibroin, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes in cardiovascular grafts and stents. The unique characteristics of these nanocomposites have led to the development of a wide range of nanostructured copolymers with appreciably enhanced properties, such as improved mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics suitable for cardiovascular implants. The incorporation of advanced nanocomposite materials in cardiovascular grafts and stents improves hemocompatibility, enhances antithrombogenicity, improves mechanical and surface properties, and decreases the microbial response to the cardiovascular implants. A thorough attempt is made to summarize the various applications of nanocomposites for cardiovascular graft and stent applications. This review will highlight the recent advances in nanocomposites and also address the need of future research in promoting nanocomposites as plausible candidates in a campaign against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Vignesh Vellayappan
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Arunpandian Balaji
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Aruna Priyadarshini Subramanian
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Agnes Aruna John
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Saravana Kumar Jaganathan
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | | | - Eko Supriyanto
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Mustafa Yusof
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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17
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Qiu Y, Bayomy AF, Gomez MV, Bauer M, Du P, Yang Y, Zhang X, Liao R. A role for matrix stiffness in the regulation of cardiac side population cell function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H990-7. [PMID: 25724498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00935.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the local microenvironment may have important influence on the fate and function of adult tissue progenitor cells, altering the regenerative process. This is particularly critical following a myocardial infarction, in which the normal, compliant myocardial tissue is replaced with fibrotic, stiff scar tissue. In this study, we examined the effects of matrix stiffness on adult cardiac side population (CSP) progenitor cell behavior. Ovine and murine CSP cells were isolated and cultured on polydimethylsiloxane substrates, replicating the elastic moduli of normal and fibrotic myocardium. Proliferation capacity and cell cycling were increased in CSP cells cultured on the stiff substrate with an associated reduction in cardiomyogeneic differentiation and accelerated cell ageing. In addition, culture on stiff substrate stimulated upregulation of extracellular matrix and adhesion proteins gene expression in CSP cells. Collectively, we demonstrate that microenvironment properties, including matrix stiffness, play a critical role in regulating progenitor cell functions of endogenous resident CSP cells. Understanding the effects of the tissue microenvironment on resident cardiac progenitor cells is a critical step toward achieving functional cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Qiu
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmad F Bayomy
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Marcus V Gomez
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Bauer
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ping Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanfei Yang
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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18
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Burchardt M, Wittstock G. Micropatterned multienzyme devices with adjustable amounts of immobilized enzymes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15090-15099. [PMID: 24200032 DOI: 10.1021/la402561g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multienzyme microstructures of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were prepared by layer-by-layer deposition inside microfluidic networks on glass substrates in order to allow both site-specific deposition and control of the amount of immobilized enzymes. The obtained microstructures were characterized by scanning force microscopy for the topography of the deposited layers. The local enzyme activity was characterized by the substrate-generation/tip-collection mode and the enzyme-mediated feedback mode of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). These measurements provided quantitative information about the immobilized enzyme activity as a basis for adjusting enzyme loading for multienzyme structures that realize logical operations based on enzymatic conversions. Information about local HRP activity can also be obtained by optical readout using an Amplex UltraRed fluorgenic substrate and reading with a confocal laser scanning microscope with a much higher repetition rate for image acquisition. Using these principles, a layout with HRP and GOx microstructures was realized that showed the functionality of an OR Boolean logic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Burchardt
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg , School of Mathematics and Sciences, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Department of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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19
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Genchi GG, Ciofani G, Liakos I, Ricotti L, Ceseracciu L, Athanassiou A, Mazzolai B, Menciassi A, Mattoli V. Bio/non-bio interfaces: A straightforward method for obtaining long term PDMS/muscle cell biohybrid constructs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 105:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Shaik J, Shaikh Mohammed J, McShane MJ, Mills DK. In vitro evaluation of chondrosarcoma cells and canine chondrocytes on layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled multilayer nanofilms. Biofabrication 2012; 5:015004. [PMID: 23220789 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/1/015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Short-term cell-substrate interactions of two secondary chondrocyte cell lines (human chondrosarcoma cells, canine chondrocytes) with layer-by-layer self-assembled multilayer nanofilms were investigated for a better understanding of cellular-behaviour dependence on a number of nanofilm layers. Cell-substrate interactions were studied on polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms (PMNs) of eleven different biomaterials. Surface characterization of PMNs performed using AFM showed increasing surface roughness with increasing number of layers for most of the biomaterials. LDH-L and MTT assays were performed on chondrosarcoma cells and canine chondrocytes, respectively. A major observation was that 10-bilayer nanofilms exhibited lesser cytotoxicity towards human chondrosarcoma cells than their 5-bilayer counterparts. In the case of canine chondrocytes, BSA enhanced cell metabolic activity with increasing number of layers, underscoring the importance of the multilayer nanofilm architecture on cellular behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shaik
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA
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21
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DAVEREY AMITA, MYTTY AUSTINC, KIDAMBI SRIVATSAN. TOPOGRAPHY MEDIATED REGULATION OF HER-2 EXPRESSION IN BREAST CANCER CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984412410097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This article demonstrates that the surface micro-topography regulates the biology of breast cancer cells, including the expression of HER-2 gene and protein. The breast tumor microenvironment is made up of heterogenous mixture of pores, ridges and collagen fibers with well defined topographical features. Although, significant progress has been achieved towards elucidating the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that underlie breast cancer progression, quantitative characterization of the associated mechanical/topographical properties and their role in breast tumor progression remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of topography on the adhesion and biology of breast cancer cells in in vitro cultures. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces containing different topographies were coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) to improve cell adhesion and maintain cell culture. HER-2 expressing breast cancer cells, BT-474 and SKBr3, were cultured on these PDMS surfaces. We demonstrate that micro-topography affects the cell adhesion and distribution depending on the topography on the PDMS surfaces. We also report for the first time that surface topography down-regulates the HER-2 gene transcription and protein expression in breast cancer cells when cultured on PDMS surfaces with micro-topographies compared to the tissue culture polystyrene surface (TCPS) control. Results from this study indicate that micro-topography modulates morphology of cells, their distribution and expression of HER-2 gene and protein in breast cancer cells. This study provides a novel platform for studying the role of native topography in the progression of breast cancer and has immense potential for understanding the breast cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- AMITA DAVEREY
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE-68588-0643, United States
| | - AUSTIN C. MYTTY
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE-68588-0643, United States
| | - SRIVATSAN KIDAMBI
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE-68588-0643, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE-68512, United States
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22
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Stoianov SV, Daengngam C, Borhani M, Zhang Y, Morris JR, Robinson HD. Amine-rich polyelectrolyte multilayers for patterned surface fixation of nanostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2348-2357. [PMID: 22475030 DOI: 10.1021/am300117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe a lithographic method for directly patterning the adhesive properties of amine-rich layer-by-layer assembled polymer films, useful for positioning metal and other nanostructures. The adhesive properties of the films are sufficiently robust that the films can be patterned with standard as opposed to soft lithographic methods. We perform the patterning with a lithographically defined evaporated aluminum mask which protects selected regions of the substrate, passivating adhesion in the exposed regions with acetic anhydride. When the aluminum is removed with a HCl etch, the protected regions retain their adhesion, whereas particle adsorption is almost completely eliminated in the passivated areas, making it possible to guide adsorption to the protected areas. The high degree of adhesion comes about because of uncoordinated amine groups that pervade the film. Cycling the pH from high values to low and back causes the amines to be rearranged, rejuvenating the adhesive properties of the surface, which is the likely origin of the robustness of the adhesive properties to processing. pH adjustment also causes reversible swelling and deswelling of the film, so that the vertical position and dielectric environment of the nanostructure can be dynamically adjusted, which can be particularly beneficial for tuning the plasmonic resonances of metallic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan V Stoianov
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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23
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Gribova V, Auzely-Velty R, Picart C. Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assemblies on Materials Surfaces: From Cell Adhesion to Tissue Engineering. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:854-869. [PMID: 25076811 PMCID: PMC4112380 DOI: 10.1021/cm2032459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the bulk and surface properties of materials is a real challenge for bioengineers working in the fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering and biophysics. The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method, introduced 20 years ago, consists in the alternate adsorption of polyelectrolytes that self-organize on the material's surface, leading to the formation of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films.1 Because of its simplicity and versatility, the procedure has led to considerable developments of biological applications within the past 5 years. In this review, we focus our attention on the design of PEM films as surface coatings for applications in the field of physical properties that have emerged as being key points in relation to biological processes. The numerous possibilities for adjusting the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of PEM films have fostered studies on the influence of these parameters on cellular behaviors. Importantly, PEM have emerged as a powerful tool for the immobilization of biomolecules with preserved bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gribova
- LMGP-MINATEC, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with University Joseph Fourier, and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, France
| | - Rachel Auzely-Velty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with University Joseph Fourier, and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- LMGP-MINATEC, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
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24
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Isenberg BC, Backman DE, Kinahan ME, Jesudason R, Suki B, Stone PJ, Davis EC, Wong JY. Micropatterned cell sheets with defined cell and extracellular matrix orientation exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties. J Biomech 2011; 45:756-61. [PMID: 22177672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For an arterial replacement graft to be effective, it must possess the appropriate strength in order to withstand long-term hemodynamic stress without failure, yet be compliant enough that the mismatch between the stiffness of the graft and the native vessel wall is minimized. The native vessel wall is a structurally complex tissue characterized by circumferentially oriented collagen fibers/cells and lamellar elastin. Besides the biochemical composition, the functional properties of the wall, including stiffness, depend critically on the structural organization. Therefore, it will be crucial to develop methods of producing tissues with defined structures in order to more closely mimic the properties of a native vessel. To this end, we sought to generate cell sheets that have specific ECM/cell organization using micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates to guide cell organization and tissue growth. The patterns consisted of large arrays of alternating grooves and ridges. Adult bovine aortic smooth muscle cells cultured on these substrates in the presence of ascorbic acid produced ECM-rich sheets several cell layers thick in which both the cells and ECM exhibited strong alignment in the direction of the micropattern. Moreover, mechanical testing revealed that the sheets exhibited mechanical anisotropy similar to that of native vessels with both the stiffness and strength being significantly larger in the direction of alignment, demonstrating that the microscale control of ECM organization results in functional changes in macroscale material behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C Isenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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25
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Pluripotency factors in embryonic stem cells regulate differentiation into germ layers. Cell 2011; 145:875-89. [PMID: 21663792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate decisions are fundamental for development, but we do not know how transcriptional networks reorganize during the transition from a pluripotent to a differentiated cell state. Here, we asked how mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) leave the pluripotent state and choose between germ layer fates. By analyzing the dynamics of the transcriptional circuit that maintains pluripotency, we found that Oct4 and Sox2, proteins that maintain ESC identity, also orchestrate germ layer fate selection. Oct4 suppresses neural ectodermal differentiation and promotes mesendodermal differentiation; Sox2 inhibits mesendodermal differentiation and promotes neural ectodermal differentiation. Differentiation signals continuously and asymmetrically modulate Oct4 and Sox2 protein levels, altering their binding pattern in the genome, and leading to cell fate choice. The same factors that maintain pluripotency thus also integrate external signals and control lineage selection. Our study provides a framework for understanding how complex transcription factor networks control cell fate decisions in progenitor cells.
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26
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Jorda J, Kajava AV. Protein homorepeats sequences, structures, evolution, and functions. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 79:59-88. [PMID: 20621281 DOI: 10.1016/s1876-1623(10)79002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of protein sequences are aperiodic; they do not have any strong bias in the amino acid composition, and they use a subtle mixture of all or most of the 20 amino acid residues to code a great number of various structures and functions. In this context, homorepeats, runs of a single amino acid residue, represent unusual, eye-catching motifs in proteins. Despite the sequence simplicity and relatively small size, the homorepeat runs have a strong potential for molecular interactions due to the excessively high local concentration of a certain physico-chemical property. Appearance of such runs within proteins may give them new structural and functional features. An increasing number of studies demonstrate the abundance of these motifs in proteins, their important roles in biological processes, and their link to a number of hereditary and age-related diseases. In this chapter, we summarize data on the distribution of homorepeats in proteomes and on their structural properties, evolution, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Jorda
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire UMR 5237, CNRS, University of Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
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27
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Ghanbari H, de Mel A, Seifalian AM. Cardiovascular application of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanomaterials: a glimpse into prospective horizons. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:775-86. [PMID: 21589645 PMCID: PMC3090274 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Revolutionary advances in nanotechnology propose novel materials with superior properties for biomedical application. One of the most promising nanomaterials for biomedical application is polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), an amazing nanocage consisting of an inner inorganic framework of silicon and oxygen atoms and an outer shell of organic groups. The unique properties of this nanoparticle has led to the development of a wide range of nanostructured copolymers with significantly enhanced properties including improved mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics. Since POSS nanomaterials are highly biocompatible, biomedical application of POSS nanostructures has been intensely explored. One of the most promising areas of application of POSS nanomaterials is the development of cardiovascular implants. The incorporation of POSS into biocompatible polymers has resulted in advanced nanocomposite materials with improved hemocompatibility, antithrombogenicity, enhanced mechanical and surface properties, calcification resistance, and reduced inflammatory response, which make these materials the material of choice for cardiovascular implants. These highly versatile POSS derivatives have opened new horizons to the field of cardiovascular implant. Currently, application of POSS containing polymers in the development of new generation cardiovascular implants including heart valve prostheses, bypass grafts, and coronary stents is under intensive investigation, with encouraging outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghanbari
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, England, UK
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28
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Ghanbari H, Marashi SM, Rafiei Y, Chaloupka K, Seifalian AM. Biomedical Application of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN SILICON SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3787-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Wang L, Sun B, Ziemer KS, Barabino GA, Carrier RL. Chemical and physical modifications to poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces affect adhesion of Caco-2 cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93:1260-71. [PMID: 19827104 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone elastomer is extensively used in soft lithography processes to fabricate microscale or nano scale systems for microfluidic or cell culture applications. Though PDMS is biocompatible, it is not an ideal material for cell culture due to its poor cell adhesion properties. In this study, PDMS surfaces were modified to promote intestinal cell adhesion, in the interest of testing feasibility of using microfabricated PDMS systems for high throughput drug screening. Modification techniques included changing chemical composition of PDMS (i.e., varying curing to mixing agent ratio, and oxidization of PDMS surface by oxygen plasma), surface treatment of PDMS by coating with charged molecules (i.e., poly-D-lysine, L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, and a layer bylayer coating), and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (i.e., laminin, fibronectin, and collagen). The influence of these modifications on PDMS properties, including elastic modulus and surface properties (wettability, chemical composition, topography, and protein adsorption) were characterized. Modification techniques were all found to change PDMS properties and influence the attachment and proliferation of Caco-2 cells over three days of culture to varying degrees. Generally, Caco-2 cells preferred to attach on collagen-coated, fibronectin-coated, and fibronectin-coated oxygen-plasma treated PDMS. The results highlight the importance of considering multiple physical and chemical factors that may be influenced by biomaterial modification and result in altered cell attachment to microfabricated systems, including surface hydrophobicity, chemical composition, stiffness, and topography. This study provides a foundation for further miniaturization, utilizing soft lithography techniques, of Caco-2 cell-based system for high-throughput screening of drug intestinal absorption during lead optimization in drug discovery. The understanding of different surface modifications on adjusting cell adhesion on PDMS allows systemic design of Biomicroelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) with tunable cell adhesion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Zheng Y, Dai W, Ryan D, Wu H. Fabrication of freestanding, microperforated membranes and their applications in microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:36504. [PMID: 21045933 PMCID: PMC2967244 DOI: 10.1063/1.3491474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a convenient method for the fabrication of freestanding, microperforated membranes in photocurable polymers using only one step of photolithography. We used photosensitive prepolymers to make the membranes and photolithography to define the micropatterns. We demonstrated the fabrication of single- and multilayer microperforated membranes in SU-8 photoresist and Norland Optical Adhesive prepolymer. These membranes can be used to pattern surfaces in various materials and to fabricate complex three-dimensional microfluidic channel structures.
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31
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Lichter JA, Van Vliet KJ, Rubner MF. Design of Antibacterial Surfaces and Interfaces: Polyelectrolyte Multilayers as a Multifunctional Platform. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901356s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A. Lichter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Krystyn J. Van Vliet
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Michael F. Rubner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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32
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Yang SY, Seo JY. Cellular interactions on nano-structured polyelectrolyte multilayers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Kidambi S, Udpa N, Schroeder SA, Findlan R, Lee I, Chan C. Cell adhesion on polyelectrolyte multilayer coated polydimethylsiloxane surfaces with varying topographies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:2105-17. [PMID: 17518734 PMCID: PMC4059019 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article demonstrates that the micro-topography of the surface with respect to the pattern size and pitch influences cell adhesion and proliferation. Extensive research has shown the dependence of cell proliferation on substrate chemistry, but the influence of substrate topography on cell attachment has only recently been appreciated. To evaluate the effect of substrate physical properties (i.e., periodic microstructures) on cell attachment and morphology, we compared the response of several cell types (fibroblasts, HeLa, and primary hepatocytes) cultured on various polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) patterns. PDMS has been used as an artificial construct to mimic biological structures. Although PDMS is widely used in biomedical applications, membrane technology, and microlithography, it is difficult to maintain cells on PDMS for long periods, and the polymer has proved to be a relatively inefficient substrate for cell adhesion. To improve adhesion, we built polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) on PDMS surfaces to increase surface wettability, thereby improving attachment and spreading of the cells. Micrographs demonstrate the cellular response to physical parameters, such as pattern size and pitch, and suggest that surface topography, in part, regulates cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, varying the surface topography may provide a method to influence cell attachment and proliferation for tissue-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Germain M, Balaguer P, Nicolas JC, Lopez F, Esteve JP, Sukhorukov GB, Winterhalter M, Richard-Foy H, Fournier D. Protection of mammalian cell used in biosensors by coating with a polyelectrolyte shell. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1566-73. [PMID: 16099641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to detect xenoestrogens which induce perturbations of mammalian cells, design of biosensor using a mammalian cell line enable to detect these compounds is necessary. MELN cell line is suitable to detect estrogen activity, since they are stably transfect with an estrogen regulated luciferase gene. To realize this biosensor, it appeared necessary to add a protection to the mamalian cell, which is devoided, of the wall protecting yeasts or plant cells. With this aim in view, MELN cells have been isolated with a polyelectrolyte shell using the layer-by-layer technique. Among several polyelectrolyte-couples, the best cell survival (>80%) was obtained by alternating the polycation poly-diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride layer and the negatively charged poly-styrene sulfonate. We observed that the composition of the buffer used for layer-deposition was crucial to preserving cell viability, e.g. potassium ions were preferred to sodium ions during the coating. Furthermore, viability was increased when cells were allowed to recover for 2 h between each bilayer deposition. The use of engineered mammalian cells that synthesize luciferase as a response to exposure to estradiol, demonstrated that coating not only permits cell survival, but also allows essential metabolic functions, such as RNA and protein synthesis to take place. Capsule formation allows free diffusion of small molecules, while it prevents internalization in the cells of proteins larger than 60 kDa.
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van den Beucken JJJP, Walboomers XF, Vos MRJ, Sommerdijk NAJM, Nolte RJM, Jansen JA. Cyto- and histocompatibility of multilayered DNA-coatings on titanium. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 77:202-11. [PMID: 16392121 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DNA-containing biomaterial coatings offer potential beneficial effects for both soft and hard tissue implants because of the structural properties of DNA. In the current study, the aim was to assess the in vitro cyto- and in vivo histocompatibility of multilayered DNA-coatings generated using the electrostatic self-assembly technique, with poly-D-lysine or poly(allylamine hydrochloride) as the cationic counterparts of anionic DNA. Multilayered DNA-coatings were fabricated on titanium substrates. Noncoated titanium substrates served as controls. In vitro experiments with rat primary dermal fibroblasts (RDF) assessing their viability were performed using a Live/Dead assay and an MTT-based assay. The presence of multilayered DNA-coatings did not affect RDF cell viability. On the other hand, an increased proliferation was demonstrated on both types of multilayered DNA-coatings. An in vivo rat model was used to study the soft tissue histocompatibility of subcutaneously inserted implants during implantation periods of 4 and 12 weeks. Light microscopic analysis revealed that all implants were surrounded by a fibrous capsule containing alpha-smooth muscle actin, and that the presence of a multilayered DNA-coating did not induce any adverse effects in terms of inflammation and wound healing. Histomorphometrically, no significant differences in capsule quality or thickness were observed dependent on multilayered DNA-coating or implantation period. The cyto- and histocompatibility of multilayered DNA-coatings demonstrated in this study allows their use and functionalization with appropriate compounds to modulate cell and tissue responses in dental and medical implantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J J P van den Beucken
- Department of Periodontology and Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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O'Neill C, Beving DE, Chen W, Yan Y. Durability of hydrophilic and antimicrobial zeolite coatings under water immersion. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Glawe JD, Hill JB, Mills DK, McShane MJ. Influence of channel width on alignment of smooth muscle cells by high-aspect-ratio microfabricated elastomeric cell culture scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 75:106-14. [PMID: 16052500 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Engineered smooth muscle tissue requires ordered configurations of cells to reproduce native function, and microtechnology offers possibilities for physically and chemically controlling cell organization with high spatial resolution. In this work, poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel scaffolds, modified by layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyelectrolytes to promote cell adhesion, were evaluated for use as substrates for the culture of aligned smooth muscle cells. The hypothesis that narrower channels would result in better alignment was tested using channel width dimensions of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 microm, in addition to flat (control) surfaces. Alignment of cells was assessed by two different methods, each sensitive to a different aspect of cell alignment from fluorescence micrographs. Two-dimensional fast Fourier transform analysis was performed to analyze the orientation distribution of actin filaments in cells. This was complemented by connectivity analysis of stained nuclei to obtain nuclear orientation distributions. Both methods produced consistent data that support the hypothesis that narrow microchannels promote a highly aligned culture of smooth muscle cells, and the degree of alignment is dependent on the microchannel width. Precise replication of in vivo cell alignment in engineered tissue, with the ability to tailor specific surface chemistries of the scaffold to the desired application, will potentially allow the production of artificial tissue that more closely duplicates the structure and function of native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Glawe
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
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Brown XQ, Ookawa K, Wong JY. Evaluation of polydimethylsiloxane scaffolds with physiologically-relevant elastic moduli: interplay of substrate mechanics and surface chemistry effects on vascular smooth muscle cell response. Biomaterials 2005; 26:3123-9. [PMID: 15603807 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used extensively to study cell-substrate interactions because its mechanical properties are easily tuned in physiologically relevant ranges. However, changes in mechanical properties also modulate surface chemistry and cell response. Here, we correlate the mechanical and surface properties of PDMS to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) behavior. We find that a 5-fold increase in base:crosslinker ratio leads to approximately 40-fold decrease in elastic modulus but no significant differences in surface wettability. However, when polyelectrolyte multilayers are adsorbed to promote cell adhesion, wettability varies inversely with substrate stiffness. Despite these differences in hydrophobicity, the amount of adsorbed protein remains the same. In the absence of serum, there is a 39% decrease in cell attachment and a 42% decrease in spreading as the elastic modulus decreases from 1.79 to 0.05 MPa. In the presence of serum or adsorbed fibronectin, the differences in attachment and spreading are diminished. This is not the case for the rate of serum-stimulated cell proliferation, which remains inversely dependent on crosslinker concentration. We conclude that for the range of crosslinker concentrations investigated, the surface properties dominate the initial cell attachment and spreading, whereas the mechanical properties influence the long-term cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Q Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Street, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Ai H, Meng H, Ichinose I, Jones SA, Mills DK, Lvov YM, Qiao X. Biocompatibility of layer-by-layer self-assembled nanofilm on silicone rubber for neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2003; 128:1-8. [PMID: 12948543 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly, a novel method for ultrathin film coating has been applied to silicone rubber to encourage nerve cell adhesion. The surfaces studied consisted of precursor layers, with alternating cationic poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and anionic sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) followed by alternating laminin and poly-D-lysine (PDL) layers or fibronectin and PDL layers. Film growth increased linearly with the number of layers. Every fibronectin/PDL and laminin/PDL bilayer was 4.4 and 3.5 nm thick, respectively. All layers were more hydrophilic than the unmodified silicone rubber surface, as determined from contact angle measurements. Of the coatings studied, a PDL layer was the most hydrophilic. A multilayer film with composition [PSS/PEI]3+[fibronectin/PDL]4 or [PSS/PEI]3+[laminin/PDL]4 was highly favorable for neuron adhesion, in contrast to bare silicone rubber substrate. The film coated on silicone rubber is biocompatible for cerebellar neurons with active viability, as shown by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and fluorescence cellular metabolism observations. These results demonstrate that LbL self-assembly provides an effective approach to apply films with nanometer thickness to silicone rubber. Such only few nanometer thick films are biocompatible with neurons, and may be used to coat devises for long-term implant in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
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