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Moriyón I, Blasco JM, Letesson JJ, De Massis F, Moreno E. Brucellosis and One Health: Inherited and Future Challenges. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2070. [PMID: 37630630 PMCID: PMC10459711 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment, a concept that historically owes much to the study of brucellosis, including recent political and ethical considerations. Brucellosis One Health actors include Public Health and Veterinary Services, microbiologists, medical and veterinary practitioners and breeders. Brucellosis awareness, and the correct use of diagnostic, epidemiological and prophylactic tools is essential. In brucellosis, One Health implementation faces inherited and new challenges, some aggravated by global warming and the intensification of breeding to meet growing food demands. In endemic scenarios, disease awareness, stakeholder sensitization/engagement and the need to build breeder trust are unresolved issues, all made difficult by the protean characteristics of this zoonosis. Extended infrastructural weaknesses, often accentuated by geography and climate, are critically important. Capacity-building faces misconceptions derived from an uncritical adoption of control/eradication strategies applied in countries with suitable means, and requires additional reference laboratories in endemic areas. Challenges for One Health implementation include the lack of research in species other than cattle and small ruminants, the need for a safer small ruminant vaccine, the need to fill in the infrastructure gap, the need for realistic capacity-building, the creation of reference laboratories in critical areas, and the stepwise implementation of measures not directly transposed from the so-called developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moriyón
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José María Blasco
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Jean Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Narilis, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
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Adabi M, Khazaiee S, Sadeghi-Nasab A, Alamian S, Arabestani MR, Valiei Z, Gharekhani J. Brucellosis in livestock: First study on seroepidemiology, risk factors, and preventive strategies to manage the disease in Famenin, Iran. Vet World 2022; 15:2102-2110. [PMID: 36313852 PMCID: PMC9615486 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2102-2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Brucellosis is an infectious disease in humans and livestock. The disease is endemic in many regions of Iran, for example, Hamedan Province. Knowledge of infection rate and associated risk factors is essential to control and prevent the disease. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in cattle, sheep, and goats in Famenin, Hamedan Province, West of Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 1758 animals (1470 sheep, 190 goats, and 98 cattle) were obtained in different rural regions of Famenin. The samples were evaluated to detect of Brucella-antibodies using rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), Wright standard tube agglutination test (SAT), and 2-Mercapto-Ethanol (2-ME) techniques. The risk factors associated with brucellosis such as age, gender, history of vaccination against brucellosis, and abortion history in animals were evaluated. In the sampling process, the critical gaps related to the distribution of brucellosis in the herds and regions are identified for designing the strategies to prevent and control the disease. Results: About 6.88% and 89.31% of animals had a history of abortion and vaccination against brucellosis, respectively. Most of the animals were female (92.49%) and in the range of 2–3 age old (39.8%). The antibodies to the Brucella-infection in animals were 2.73% with RBPT and 1.30% with SAT and 2-ME. The prevalence of brucellosis was detected 1.3% among individual animals and 11% among herds. This rate was 1.43% for sheep and 1.05% for goats, with no significant statistical difference. No seropositive case was detected in cattle samples using RBPT, STAT, and 2-ME. The highest rate of brucellosis (6.25%) was detected in Emamzadeh-Pirnahan region (22.2% goats and 5.6% sheep). In sheep, most cases of the disease were in 3–4 age-old group (1.92%), animals without a history of abortion (1.58%), and without a history of vaccination against brucellosis (2.80%). Furthermore, 5.94% of males and 1.11% of females were detected positive for brucellosis (p < 0.001). The chance of brucellosis in rams was 5.6 folds higher than in others (odds ratio = 5.64). Brucellosis in goats was detected 2.94% and 1.89% in the age groups <1 and 2–3 year-old. Furthermore, 1.22% of females and 1.34% of animals without a history of abortion were positive. Brucellosis was found in 0.61% of vaccinated and 3.85% of non-vaccinated goats. Except for gender in sheep, no significant statistical correlation (p > 0.05) was observed between prevalence of brucellosis and risk factors. In farmers, low level of information about the transmission and also control and preventive methods of the disease was dominant. Consumption of traditional and unpasteurized dairy products is also very common in the studied regions. Conclusion: This is a comprehensive evaluation of animal brucellosis parallel to humans’ cohort study in the Famenin region for the first time. Although the rate of brucellosis in animals is low in the region, explaining the risk factors to farmers, mass vaccination, regular screening of animals, and culling the positive animals are very important for controlling and reducing the disease in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Adabi
- Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaiee
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghi-Nasab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Saeed Alamian
- Department of Brucellosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zahra Valiei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamal Gharekhani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Iranian Veterinary Organization, Hamedan, Iran
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Moreno E, Blasco JM, Moriyón I. Facing the Human and Animal Brucellosis Conundrums: The Forgotten Lessons. Microorganisms 2022; 10:942. [PMID: 35630386 PMCID: PMC9144488 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease caused by Brucella species. Historically, the disease received over fifty names until it was recognized as a single entity, illustrating its protean manifestations and intricacies, traits that generated conundrums that have remained or re-emerged since they were first described. Here, we examine confusions concerning the clinical picture, serological diagnosis, and incidence of human brucellosis. We also discuss knowledge gaps and prevalent confusions about animal brucellosis, including brucellosis control strategies, the so-called confirmatory tests, and assumptions about the primary-binding assays and DNA detection methods. We describe how doubtfully characterized vaccines have failed to control brucellosis and emphasize how the requisites of controlled safety and protection experiments are generally overlooked. Finally, we briefly discuss the experience demonstrating that S19 remains the best cattle vaccine, while RB51 fails to validate its claimed properties (protection, differentiating infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), and safety), offering a strong argument against its current widespread use. These conundrums show that knowledge dealing with brucellosis is lost, and previous experience is overlooked or misinterpreted, as illustrated in a significant number of misguided meta-analyses. In a global context of intensifying livestock breeding, such recurrent oversights threaten to increase the impact of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Moreno
- Tropical Disease Research Program, National University, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
| | | | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Institute for Tropical Health and Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical School, University of Navarra and IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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ZareBidaki M, Allahyari E, Zeinali T, Asgharzadeh M. Occurrence and risk factors of brucellosis among domestic animals: an artificial neural network approach. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:62. [PMID: 35037143 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the occurrence of Brucella in milk and blood samples of ruminants and the importance factors associated with animal brucellosis in Eastern Iran. A total of 200 paired samples, including blood (100) and milk (100), were obtained from the goats, sheep, and cows in Eastern Iran. Serum agglutination (SAT) and 2-mercapto ethanol (2-ME) tests were performed on the sera. A multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) assay was performed to identify the following species of Brucella, including B. abortus biovar 1, 2, 4, 3b, 5, 6, and 9, B. abortus S19, B. melitensis, and B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine strain. B. abortus RB51 vaccine strain was also investigated in a second PCR assay. Risk factors for infection with Brucella spp. including the effect of abortion, contact with the wild animals, herd type, age, and previous vaccination in predicting blood contamination with B. abortus biovar 1, 2, and 4 were modeled by use of the artificial neural network. A total of 23 samples were seropositive regarding SAT and 2-ME tests. In total, B. abortus was detected in 35% and 15% of blood and milk samples, respectively, by the m-PCR assay. One sample of each of milk and blood was detected to have B. melitensis. Some samples were simultaneously contaminated with two Brucella species or two biovars of B. abortus. B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine strains were also detected in milk and blood samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the ANN model were 81% and 62%, respectively. In conclusion, B. abortus had higher frequency than B. melitensis in blood and milk samples. ANN determined herd type, previous vaccination, and age of the animal as the largest predictors of blood contamination with B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid ZareBidaki
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Elaheh Allahyari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Zeinali
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Cao LT, Liu HH, Li J, Yin XD, Duan Y, Wang J. Relationship of meteorological factors and human brucellosis in Hebei province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135491. [PMID: 31740063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis has always been one of the major public health problems in China. Investigating the influencing factors of brucellosis is conducive to its prevention and control. The incidence trend of brucellosis shows an obvious seasonality, suggesting that there may be a correlation between brucellosis and meteorological factors, but related studies were few. We aimed to use the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to analyze the relationship between meteorological factors and brucellosis. METHODS The data of monthly incidence of brucellosis and meteorological factors in Hebei province from January 2004 to December 2015 were collected from the Chinese Public Health Science Data Center and Chinese meteorological data website. An ARIMA model incorporated with covariables was conducted to estimate the effects of meteorological variables on brucellosis. RESULTS There was a highest peak from May to July every year and an upward trend during the study period. Atmospheric pressure, wind speed, mean temperature, and relative humidity had significant effects on brucellosis. The ARIMA(1,0,0)(1,1,0)12 model with the covariates of atmospheric pressure, wind speed and mean temperature was the optimal model. The results showed that the atmospheric pressure with a 2-month lag (β = -0.004, p = 0.037), the wind speed with a 1-month lag (β = 0.030, p = 0.035), and the mean temperature with a 2-month lag (β = -0.003, p = 0.034) were significant predictors. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that atmospheric pressure, wind speed, mean temperature, and relative humidity have a significant impact on brucellosis. Further understanding of its mechanism would help facilitate the monitoring and early warning of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ting Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Hong-Hui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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