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Chipirliu O, Crăciun MV, Matei MN. Comparative Clinical Study on Periodontal Health Status and Early Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases Quantified through Clinical Periodontal Indices on a Group of Children and Adolescents with and without Cardiovascular Diseases. Pediatr Rep 2023; 16:1-20. [PMID: 38251310 PMCID: PMC10801528 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that bacterial plaque is the main etiological factor that causes the appearance of periodontal diseases and carious disease. Periodontal diseases can affect children and adolescents and are manifested in the form of gingivitis, but also the early form of chronic periodontitis as well as aggressive marginal periodontitis associated with local or general factors. Early periodontitis is frequently undiagnosed by clinicians due to a lack of knowledge of the specific symptoms. Certain systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, can create favorable conditions for the appearance and progression of severe manifestations of periodontal disease; also, recent research highlights that individuals with periodontal disease present an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Children with congenital or acquired cardiovascular diseases are at increased risk for complications resulting from the growth of microorganisms in the oral cavity, presenting a risk of infective endocarditis. The specific aim was to highlight the existing differences between the periodontal health of children with cardiovascular diseases and that of children without these diseases. The analyzed group included 124 patients, represented by children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 17 years, who were divided into four subgroups depending on the presence or absence of cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease. A specialized clinical examination was performed for each patient, and periodontal clinical parameters were quantified (plaque index, gingival bleeding index, gingival index, community periodontal index of treatment needs) and associated with the diagnosis of general condition. Patients diagnosed with periodontal disease underwent specialized treatment and were called to a control visit 3 months after treatment. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between subgroups with much higher values of clinical parameters for patients with cardiovascular disease. Also, the response to the treatment was better in the case of patients in the control subgroup without cardiovascular diseases. The present study highlighted the interaction of three factors in the progression of periodontal diseases: subgingival microbiota, immune system response and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Chipirliu
- Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Str., 800181 Galati, Romania; (M.V.C.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Marian Viorel Crăciun
- Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Str., 800181 Galati, Romania; (M.V.C.); (M.N.M.)
- Research Centre in the Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Str., 800181 Galati, Romania
| | - Madalina Nicoleta Matei
- Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Str., 800181 Galati, Romania; (M.V.C.); (M.N.M.)
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Singer RH, Feaster DJ, Stoutenberg M, Hlaing WM, Pereyra M, Abel S, Pollack H, Gellman MD, Schneiderman N, Metsch LR. Dentists' willingness to screen for cardiovascular disease in the dental care setting: Findings from a nationally representative survey. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2019; 47:299-308. [PMID: 30908721 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental clinics offer an untapped health care setting to expand access to screening and early identification of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study examined the correlates of dentists' willingness to provide CVD screening in the dental care setting. METHODS Private practice and public health general dentists in the U.S. participated in a nationally representative survey from 2010 to 2011. The survey examined dentists' willingness to provide a finger stick test to support CVD screening and agreement that their professional role should include CVD screening. RESULTS Data analysed from 1802 respondents indicated that 46.6% of dentists were willing to provide CVD screening. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of dentists' willingness to screen for CVD was associated with currently screening for hypertension (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.01, 2.20), screening for obesity (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.17, 2.36) and agreement that their role as health care professionals includes CVD screening (AOR = 3.03, 95% CI 2.15, 4.29). Dentists' agreement that their role includes CVD screening was associated with self-rated knowledge of CVD (good vs none or limited) and CVD training during their professional education (5 to 8 hours of training vs none or limited), (AOR = 5.75, 95% CI 2.26, 14.62) and (AOR = 3.84, 95% CI 2.17, 6.80), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights strategies that may be employed to expand future access to early detection of CVD risk. Including CVD screening instruction and clinical screening experiences in dental school curriculum may serve as catalysts to reshape the future scope of dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Singer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mark Stoutenberg
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee
| | - WayWay M Hlaing
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Margaret Pereyra
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephen Abel
- School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Harold Pollack
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc D Gellman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Neil Schneiderman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Lisa R Metsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Kline N, Vamos C, Thompson E, Catalanotto F, Petrila J, DeBate R, Griner S, Vázquez-Otero C, Merrell L, Daley E. Are dental providers the next line of HPV-related prevention? Providers' perceived role and needs. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018. [PMID: 29524676 PMCID: PMC5887011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rise in HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer incidence necessitates novel prevention efforts including multiple provider types. Although dental providers screen for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers, little is known about their needs to advance “primordial prevention,” or interventions at the earliest possible stage, to prevent HPV-related cancers. This study assessed dentists' and dental hygienists’ perceived roles and needs regarding HPV-related primordial prevention. We conducted a mixed-method study with data from focus groups with dentists (n= 33) and dental hygienists (n= 48) and surveys from both provider types (n= 203) among providers from a diverse set of practice settings and geographic communities. Data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis and chi square tests. Participants affirmed dental professionals’ roles in preventing HPV-related cancers and identified needs to overcome barriers to fulfilling prevention objectives. Barriers included: (1) practice environment and patient characteristics, and (2) the sensitive topic of HPV. Further, participants identified needs to improve HPV-related cancer prevention. Findings from this study suggest that dental providers may become the next line of prevention for HPV-related cancers. Dental providers’ professional associations have provided guidance on HPV and oropharyngeal cancers, but our study reveals dental providers’ needs for following professional organizations’ guidance to advance prevention efforts and reduce HPV-related cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Kline
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Cheryl Vamos
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Erika Thompson
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Frank Catalanotto
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, P.O. Box 103628, 329 SW 16th St., Gainesville, FL 3261, USA.
| | - John Petrila
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; The Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute, 2800 Swiss Avenue, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
| | - Rita DeBate
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Stacey Griner
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Coralia Vázquez-Otero
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Laura Merrell
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Ellen Daley
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Glick M, Greenberg BL. The Role of Oral Health Care Professionals in Providing Medical Services. J Dent Educ 2017; 81:eS180-eS185. [DOI: 10.21815/jde.017.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara L. Greenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health; School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College
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Maryam A, Atessa P, Mozafari Pegah M, Zahra S, Hanieh G, Davood A, Yeganeh K. Medical Risk Assessment in Patients Referred to Dental Clinics, Mashhad, Iran (2011-2012). Open Dent J 2015; 9:420-5. [PMID: 26966468 PMCID: PMC4765512 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Advances in medical and dental techniques have led to a growing aged population living with complex medical conditions. This study focuses on the detection of medically compromised dental patients by means of a validated patient-administered medical risk-related history questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the questionnaire EMRRH (European Risk Related Medical History) in order to study the prevalence as well as the risk assessment of past medical problems in a population who visited dental centers (dental university, dental offices and clinics) for treatment in Mashhad, Iran. RESULTS A total number of 1,188 patients were registered, 871 of whom had a medical history that was of some interest to us. From the population with medical problems which was 30.6% of the total (N=219), 26.7% of the patients were classified as risk ASA I; 37.3% as ASA II, 16.9% as ASA III; and 19.1% as ASA IV. Among the diverse pathologies, the highest percentage was hypertension (11.6%), followed by allergies to different drugs (8.37%). CONCLUSION It seems absolutely essential for dental practitioners to take a detailed medical history prior to any therapeutic procedure, as certain medical conditions, if unnoticed, will lead to unfavorable consequences and/or repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirchaghmaghi Maryam
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pakfetrat Atessa
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mosannen Mozafari Pegah
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shafiee Zahra
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Aghasizadeh Davood
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khazaei Yeganeh
- Faculty of Dentistry, Member of student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Nasseh K, Greenberg B, Vujicic M, Glick M. The effect of chairside chronic disease screenings by oral health professionals on health care costs. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:744-50. [PMID: 24524531 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We estimated short-term health care cost savings that would result from oral health professionals performing chronic disease screenings. METHODS We used population data, estimates of chronic disease prevalence, and rates of medication adherence from the literature to estimate cost savings that would result from screening individuals aged 40 years and older who have seen a dentist but not a physician in the last 12 months. We estimated 1-year savings if patients identified during screening in a dental setting were referred to a physician, completed their referral, and started pharmacological treatment. RESULTS We estimated that medical screenings for diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia in dental offices could save the health care system from $42.4 million ($13.51 per person screened) to $102.6 million ($32.72 per person screened) over 1 year, dependent on the rate of referral completion from the dental clinic to the physician's office. CONCLUSIONS Oral health professionals can potentially play a bigger role in detecting chronic disease in the US population. Additional prevention and monitoring activities over the long term could achieve even greater savings and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Nasseh
- Kamyar Nasseh and Marko Vujicic are with the Health Policy Resources Center, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL. At the time of this study, Barbara Greenberg was with the Center for Global Health, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA. Michael Glick is with the School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo
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Shintaku WH, Enciso R, Covington JS, Migliorati CA. Can Dental Students Be Taught to Use Dental Radiographs for Osteoporosis Screening? J Dent Educ 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2013.77.5.tb05508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reyes Enciso
- Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California
| | | | - Cesar Augusto Migliorati
- Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Medicine; College of Dentistry University of Tennessee Health Science Center
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Axon RN, Cousineau L, Egan BM. Prevalence and management of hypertension in the inpatient setting: a systematic review. J Hosp Med 2011; 6:417-22. [PMID: 20652961 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) is a major cardiovascular risk factor yet control rates remain suboptimal. Thus, improving recognition, treatment, and control of HTN by focusing on novel populations such as hospitalized patients is warranted. Current consensus guidelines do not address inpatient HTN, and little is known about HTN prevalence or patterns of care in this setting. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of English-language studies published in 1976 or later that reported on HTN prevalence and care patterns among adult inpatients. We included MEDLINE-indexed randomized-controlled trials, meta-analyses, and observational studies that: (1) reported estimates of the prevalence of HTN in the inpatient setting, and (2) used HTN diagnosis or treatment as a primary focus. We excluded randomized, controlled trials that recorded measures of inpatient blood pressure but whose focus was not HTN. RESULTS We identified 9 studies meeting inclusion criteria, and in those studies, HTN was highly prevalent among inpatients, ranging from 50.5% to 72%. Intensification of antihypertensive treatment was inconsistent, and 37% to 77% of hypertensive patients remained hypertensive at the time of discharge. Most patients with inpatient HTN continued to have elevated blood pressures at outpatient follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Inpatient HTN is prevalent and a large percentage of those with this condition remain hypertensive at the time of discharge and at follow-up. The potential exists for improved recognition and treatment of newly diagnosed and known, but uncontrolled, HTN observed in the inpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neal Axon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Silveira ML, Chattopadhyay A. Need for an Ethical Framework for Testing for Systemic Diseases in Dental Clinics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:115-136. [PMID: 24600534 DOI: 10.1615/ethicsbiologyengmed.2012004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Testing for systemic diseases in dental clinics is a potentially attractive avenue for oral health professionals and may be viewed as an opportunity to increase professional reach, expand practice, and improve financial returns. However, several ethical questions arise that must be addressed before such activities are adopted. (1) What should be the level of training dentists must acquire to deal with challenges associated with testing? (2) How well are dental practices aware of and compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and procedures related to informed consent? (3) What is the evidence regarding acceptability and effectiveness of testing? (4) What should be the acceptable standard of practice for conduct of invasive and noninvasive tests? (5) What is the boundary delineating "testing" and "reporting" vis-à-vis counseling? (6) What is the value of testing without counseling? (7) What assurances need to be in place to ensure voluntariness of testing? (8) How would data from testing be used in "research," especially with the growth of practice based research networks? and (9) Does the American Dental Association Code of Ethics need to incorporate guidance for practicing dentists? We discuss how ethical principles can be used to develop a framework of guidelines for potential testing for systemic diseases in dental clinics..
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Chattopadhyay
- Office of Science Policy and Analysis National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Goe LC, Baysac MAS, Todd KH, Linton JA. Assessing the prevalence of dental caries among elementary school children in North Korea: a cross-sectional survey in the Kangwon province. Int J Dent Hyg 2006; 3:112-6. [PMID: 16451361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2005.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The lack of epidemiological studies has made it difficult to assess the extent of public health problems in North Korea. In the absence of empirical data, less intrusive study designs acceptable to the North Korean government could be developed to gauge the public's health. To this end we developed a basic oral health survey in order to assess the prevalence of untreated dental caries among children. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 854 elementary school students was conducted in the city of Wonsan, North Korea. Students were screened and classified into one of three states of oral health: no caries, minor caries or severe dental caries. Verbal surveys were concurrently administered on children to collect basic information on oral health behaviours and demographic characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed to determine if any variables were significant predictors of oral health status category. RESULTS Among the 854 students screened, we found 255 students with no caries (29.9%), 316 students with minor caries (37.0%), and 283 students with severe caries (33.1%). The majority of students (70.1%) screened had dental caries. Almost all of the students (98.5%) claimed to brush their teeth daily and 71.2% of students visited a dentist in the past year. There were no significant predictors of oral health status. CONCLUSIONS The oral health of children in Wonsan, North Korea is comparable if not slightly better than the oral health status of children of similar age in countries with similar Social-Economic Status (SES). Basic oral health screens are useful to produce a snapshot of general oral health status among children in North Korea and may provide insight as to the general health of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C Goe
- University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
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Monajem S. Integration of oral health into primary health care: the role of dental hygienists and the WHO stewardship. Int J Dent Hyg 2006; 4:47-51. [PMID: 16451440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2006.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interest in addressing the unmet oral health needs of the citizens of the world has manifested itself, lately, in noteworthy expressions of commitment. Oral health is integrated with general health and support for community programmes offering 'essential oral health' within primary health care (PHC) is increasing. The WHO Global Goals for Oral Health 2020 has assumed a more directed public health orientation, and the Global Oral Health Programme has its focus on modifiable oral risk behaviours. Last, but not the least, opportunities are being created, under the 'stewardship' of the World Health Organization (WHO), for the expansion of oral disease prevention and health promotion knowledge and practices in communities. A review of the literature on community-oriented oral health primary care reveals one dominant and disease-oriented practice model with dental practitioners being the principal and exclusive actors. One alternative to this biomedical model of care that may be better suited to translate health promotion principles into action at community levels is the practice that involves hygienists serving as primary oral health care providers. The WHO 'stewardship' should include the support of dental hygiene practice within PHC, many legislative restrictions and regulatory barriers would be relaxed, thus enabling dental hygienists to respond to the WHO's call for community-based demonstration projects. With their focus on preventive oral care, hygienists are 'best poised' to help accelerate the integration of oral health with primary care, particularly in the light of the compelling evidence confirming the cost-effectiveness of the care delivered by intermediate providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monajem
- MIHMEP Program, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
There is a dynamic, two-way relationship between nutrition status and local oral health/systemic disease. Functional alterations in the oral cavity can impact the ability to ingest and swallow a typical diet. Nutrition status may influence disease progression and recovery from infection and surgery. Malnutrition and individual nutrient deficiencies can affect tissue integrity and muscle function. The benefits of a nutrition screening program in dental practice are many. First and foremost, it provides another critical component of the comprehensive health evaluation of the patient. Other positive outcomes are numerous and include improved oral and overall health, early detection of diet and nutrition problems, improved probability of successful treatment, improved wound healing and tissue resistance, and increased communication with patients. The extent to which practitioners provide oral health-related diet information in their practices or refer patients to a registered dietitian for medical nutrition therapy varies. Registered dietitians provide comprehensive nutrition care as a component of medical nutrition therapy. The American Dietetic Association (www.eatright.org) provides a nationwide nutrition network available at their Web site to locate a registered dietitian in a particular geographic area. As the primary care provider for the oral cavity (the entry point to the gastrointestinal track), the dental professional should screen patients to determine nutrition risk, integrate the finding into the patient s treatment plan, offer appropriate guidance to manage nutrition issues related to dental sequellae, and provide the necessary referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riva Touger-Decker
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 65 Bergen Street, Room 158, Newark, NJ 07107-3001, USA.
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