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Eastman AJ, Noble KN, Pensabene V, Aronoff DM. Leveraging bioengineering to assess cellular functions and communication within human fetal membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:2795-2807. [PMID: 32787482 PMCID: PMC7878582 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1802716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The fetal membranes enclose the growing fetus and amniotic fluid. Preterm prelabor rupture of fetal membranes is a leading cause of preterm birth. Fetal membranes are composed of many different cell types, both structural and immune. These cells must coordinate functions for tensile strength and membrane integrity to contain the growing fetus and amniotic fluid. They must also balance immune responses to pathogens with maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance. Perturbation of this equilibrium can lead to preterm premature rupture of membranes without labor. In this review, we describe the formation of the fetal membranes to orient the reader, discuss some of the common forms of communication between the cell types of the fetal membranes, and delve into the methods used to tease apart this paracrine signaling within the membranes, including emerging technologies such as organ-on-chip models of membrane immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Eastman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen N. Noble
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37202 USA
| | - Virginia Pensabene
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK,School of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Corresponding author: David M. Aronoff, MD, 1161 21st Ave South, A-2200 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2582, (615) 322-8972 (tel),
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2
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Espino A, El Costa H, Tabiasco J, Al-Daccak R, Jabrane-Ferrat N. Innate Immune Response to Viral Infections at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:674645. [PMID: 34368184 PMCID: PMC8339430 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.674645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta, the first and largest organ to develop after conception, not only nurtures and promotes the development of the conceptus, but, it also functions as a barrier against invading pathogens. Early phases of pregnancy are associated with expansion of specific subsets of Natural Killer cells (dNK) and macrophages (dMφ) at the maternal uterine mucosa, the basal decidua. In concert with cells of fetal origin, dNK cells, and dMφ orchestrate all steps of placenta and fetus development, and provide the first line of defense to limit vertical transmission. However, some pathogens that infect the mother can overcome this protective barrier and jeopardize the fetus health. In this review, we will discuss how members of the classical TORCH family (Toxoplasma, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus) and some emerging viruses (Hepatitis E virus, Zika virus, and SARS-CoV2) can afford access to the placental fortress. We will also discuss how changes in the intrauterine environment as a consequence of maternal immune cell activation contribute to placental diseases and devastating pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Espino
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Inserm, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Hicham El Costa
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Inserm, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Tabiasco
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Inserm, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Reem Al-Daccak
- Inserm UMRS976 - Université de Paris - Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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3
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Gudisa R, Goyal K, Gupta P, Singh MP. Localized and Systemic Immune Response in Human Reproductive Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:649893. [PMID: 33859953 PMCID: PMC8042290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescents and adults across the globe and encompass all the infections transmitted via person-to-person sexual contact. In spite of the widespread approach being used, STIs remain under-reported and many infections have taken an epidemic turn. The biggest roadblock in this is the unraveled basis of immunopathology of these infections, hindering the discovery of potential targets for immunization. Thereby, it is of utmost significance to decipher the hidden basis of these STIs to control the increasing epidemic of less commonly studied STIs. A complex interplay between innate immune defenses, with resident microbiota and mucosal immune response serves as the basis of therapeutic approaches, by targeting the vital steps of this dynamic interaction. The characterization of pathogen-specific antibodies to significant immunogenic molecules may divulge the conceivable protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mini P. Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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4
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Cornish EF, Filipovic I, Åsenius F, Williams DJ, McDonnell T. Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572567. [PMID: 33101294 PMCID: PMC7556209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells—principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells—which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Cornish
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Åsenius
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Williams
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas McDonnell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Rasheed ZBM, Lee YS, Kim SH, Rai RK, Ruano CSM, Anucha E, Sullivan MHF, MacIntyre DA, Bennett PR, Sykes L. Differential Response of Gestational Tissues to TLR3 Viral Priming Prior to Exposure to Bacterial TLR2 and TLR2/6 Agonists. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1899. [PMID: 32983111 PMCID: PMC7477080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infection/inflammation is an important causal factor in spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Most mechanistic studies have concentrated on the role of bacteria, with limited focus on the role of viruses in sPTB. Murine studies support a potential multi-pathogen aetiology in which a double or sequential hit of both viral and bacterial pathogens leads to a higher risk preterm labour. This study aimed to determine the effect of viral priming on bacterial induced inflammation in human in vitro models of ascending and haematogenous infection. Methods: Vaginal epithelial cells, and primary amnion epithelial cells and myocytes were used to represent cell targets of ascending infection while interactions between peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and placental explants were used to model systemic infection. To model the effect of viral priming upon the subsequent response to bacterial stimuli, each cell type was stimulated first with a TLR3 viral agonist, and then with either a TLR2 or TLR2/6 agonist, and responses compared to those of each agonist alone. Immunoblotting was used to detect cellular NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF-3 activation. Cellular TLR3, TLR2, and TLR6 mRNA was quantified by RT-qPCR. Immunoassays were used to measure supernatant cytokine, chemokine and PGE2 concentrations. Results: TLR3 (“viral”) priming prior to TLR2/6 agonist (“bacterial”) exposure augmented the pro-inflammatory, pro-labour response in VECs, AECs, myocytes and PBMCs when compared to the effects of agonists alone. In contrast, enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-10) was observed in placental explants. Culturing placental explants in conditioned media derived from PBMCs primed with a TLR3 agonist enhanced TLR2/6 agonist stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-8, suggesting a differential response by the placenta to systemic inflammation compared to direct infection as a result of haematogenous spread. TLR3 agonism generally caused increased mRNA expression of TLR3 and TLR2 but not TLR6. Conclusion: This study provides human in vitro evidence that viral infection may increase the susceptibility of women to bacterial-induced sPTB. Improved understanding of interactions between viral and bacterial components of the maternal microbiome and host immune response may offer new therapeutic options, such as antivirals for the prevention of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahirrah B M Rasheed
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yun S Lee
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sung H Kim
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjit K Rai
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camino S M Ruano
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,INSERM U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eberechi Anucha
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H F Sullivan
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Sykes
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Firmal P, Shah VK, Chattopadhyay S. Insight Into TLR4-Mediated Immunomodulation in Normal Pregnancy and Related Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:807. [PMID: 32508811 PMCID: PMC7248557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike organ transplants where an immunosuppressive environment is required, a successful pregnancy involves an extremely robust, dynamic, and responsive maternal immune system to maintain the development of the fetus. A specific set of hormones and cytokines are associated with a particular stage of pregnancy. Any disturbance that alters this fine balance could compromise the development and function of the placenta. Although there are numerous underlying causes of pregnancy-related complications, untimely activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR), primarily TLR4, by intrauterine microbes poses the greatest risk. TLR4 is an important Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR), which activates both innate and adaptive immune cells. TLR4 activation by LPS or DAMPs leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the MyD88 dependent or independent pathway. Immune cells modulate the materno–fetal interface by TLR4-mediated cytokine production, which changes at different stages of pregnancy. In most pregnancy disorders, such as PTB, PE, or placental malaria, the TLR4 expression is upregulated in immune cells or in maternal derived cells, leading to the aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the materno–fetal interface. Lack of functional TLR4 in mice has reduced the pro-inflammatory responses, leading to an improved pregnancy, which further strengthens the fact that abnormal TLR4 activation creates a hostile environment for the developing fetus. A recent study proposed that endothelial and perivascular stromal cells should interact with each other in order to maintain a homeostatic balance during TLR4-mediated inflammation. It has been reported that depleting immune cells or supplying anti-inflammatory cytokines can prevent PTB, PE, or fetal death. Blocking TLR4 signaling or its downstream molecule by inhibitors or antagonists has proven to improve pregnancy-related complications to some extent in clinical and animal models. To date, there has been a lack of knowledge regarding whether TLR4 accessories such as CD14 and MD-2 are important in pregnancy and whether these accessory molecules could be promising drug targets for combinatorial treatment of various pregnancy disorders. This review mainly focuses on the activation of TLR4 during pregnancy, its immunomodulatory functions, and the upcoming advancement in this field regarding the improvement of pregnancy-related issues by various therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Firmal
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Vibhuti Kumar Shah
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India.,Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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7
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Pavlidis I, Spiller OB, Sammut Demarco G, MacPherson H, Howie SEM, Norman JE, Stock SJ. Cervical epithelial damage promotes Ureaplasma parvum ascending infection, intrauterine inflammation and preterm birth induction in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 31924800 PMCID: PMC6954262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 40% of preterm births are attributed to ascending intrauterine infection, and Ureaplasma parvum (UP) is commonly isolated in these cases. Here we present a mouse model of ascending UP infection that resembles human disease, using vaginal inoculation combined with mild cervical injury induced by a common spermicide (Nonoxynol-9, as a surrogate for any mechanism of cervical epithelial damage). We measure bacterial load in a non-invasive manner using a luciferase-expressing UP strain, and post-mortem by qPCR and bacterial titration. Cervical exposure to Nonoxynol-9, 24 h pre-inoculation, facilitates intrauterine UP infection, upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increases preterm birth rates from 13 to 28%. Our results highlight the crucial role of the cervical epithelium as a barrier against ascending infection. In addition, we expect the mouse model will facilitate further research on the potential links between UP infection and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Pavlidis
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health at the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Cresent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Owen B Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, 6th floor University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Gabriella Sammut Demarco
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health at the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Cresent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Heather MacPherson
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health at the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Cresent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah E M Howie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Cresent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jane E Norman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sarah J Stock
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health at the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Cresent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, NINE Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK.
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8
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Kaminski VDL, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Extracellular vesicles in host-pathogen interactions and immune regulation - exosomes as emerging actors in the immunological theater of pregnancy. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02355. [PMID: 31592031 PMCID: PMC6771614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review correlates and summarizes the role of the maternal-fetal interface in the immune tolerance of the fetus and the processes that lead to infection avoidance, emphasizing the participation of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in both situations. Exosomes are released into the extracellular medium by several cell types and are excellent carriers of biomolecules. Host-derived exosomes and the transport of pathogen-derived molecules by exosomes impact infections in different ways. The interactions of exosomes with the maternal immune system are pivotal to a favorable gestational outcome. In this review, we highlight the potential role of exosomes in the establishment of an adequate milieu that enables embryo implantation and discuss the participation of exosomes released at the maternal-fetal interface during the establishment of an immune-privileged compartment for fetal development. The placenta is a component where important strategies are used to minimize the risk of infection. To present a contrast, we also discuss possible mechanisms used by pathogens to cross the maternal-fetal interface. We review the processes, mechanisms, and potential consequences of dysregulation in all of the abovementioned phenomena. Basic information about exosomes and their roles in viral immune evasion is also presented. The interactions between extracellular vesicles and bacteria, fungi, parasites and proteinaceous infectious agents are addressed. The discovery of the placental microbiota and the implications of this new microbiota are also discussed, and current proposals that explain fetal/placental colonization by both pathogenic and commensal microbes are addressed. The comprehension of such interactions will help us to understand the immune dynamics of human pregnancy and the mechanisms of immune evasion used by different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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9
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Olmos-Ortiz A, Flores-Espinosa P, Mancilla-Herrera I, Vega-Sánchez R, Díaz L, Zaga-Clavellina V. Innate Immune Cells and Toll-like Receptor-Dependent Responses at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153654. [PMID: 31357391 PMCID: PMC6695670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the placenta, the mother and the fetus exploit several mechanisms in order to avoid fetal rejection and to maintain an immunotolerant environment throughout nine months. During this time, immune cells from the fetal and maternal compartments interact to provide an adequate defense in case of an infection and to promote a tolerogenic milieu for the fetus to develop peacefully. Trophoblasts and decidual cells, together with resident natural killer cells, dendritic cells, Hofbauer cells and other macrophages, among other cell types, contribute to the modulation of the uterine environment to sustain a successful pregnancy. In this review, the authors outlined some of the various roles that the innate immune system plays at the maternal-fetal interface. First, the cell populations that are recruited into gestational tissues and their immune mechanisms were examined. In the second part, the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface was summarized, in terms of their specific cytokine/chemokine/antimicrobial peptide expression profiles throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Pilar Flores-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico.
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10
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Beck S, Buhimschi IA, Summerfield TL, Ackerman WE, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Kayisli UA, Zhao G, Schatz F, Lockwood CJ, Buhimschi CS. Toll-like receptor 9, maternal cell-free DNA and myometrial cell response to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13100. [PMID: 30758898 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Among mechanisms triggering onset of parturition, it has been recently postulated that Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)9 engagement by cell-free DNA (cfDNA) triggers inflammation, myometrial contractions, and labor in absence of infection. The current study evaluated whether direct (myometrial) or indirect (decidual) TLR9 engagement enhances human myometrial contractility. METHOD OF STUDY Toll-like receptor 9 expression and cellular localization were surveyed by immunohistochemistry of placenta, fetal membranes, and myometrium in term (gestational age [GA]: >37 weeks) labor (TL, n = 7) or term non-labor (TNL, n = 7) tissues. Non-pregnant myometrium (n = 4) served as reference. TLR9 mRNA expression relative to other TLRs was evaluated through the mining of an RNA-seq dataset and confirmed by RT-PCR. Immortalized human myometrial cells (hTERT-HM) were treated with incremental concentrations of TLR9 agonist ODN2395, TNF-α, or LPS. Secreted cytokines were quantified by multiplex immunoassay, and contractility was assessed by an in-gel cell contraction assay (n = 9). Induction of hTERT-HM contractility was also evaluated indirectly following exposure to conditioned media from primary term decidual cells (n = 4) previously stimulated with ODN2395. RESULTS Toll-like receptor 9 immunostaining in placenta and amniochorion was strongest in decidual cells, but unrelated to labor. TLR9 staining intensity was significantly decreased in TL compared with TNL myometrium (P = 0.002). Although total cfDNA in maternal circulation increased in TL (P = 0.025 vs TNL), difference in cffDNA was non-significant. Myometrial TLR9 mRNA levels were unaffected by contractile status and far less abundant than other pro-inflammatory TLRs. hTERT-HM contractility was enhanced by LPS (P = 0.002) and TNF-α (P = 0.003), but not by ODN2395 (P = 0.345) or supernatant of TLR9-stimulated decidual cells. CONCLUSION Myometrial and decidual TLR9 are unlikely to directly regulate human parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Beck
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina A Buhimschi
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Taryn L Summerfield
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William E Ackerman
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Umit A Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Guomao Zhao
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Frederick Schatz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Charles J Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Catalin S Buhimschi
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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11
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Angiogenic Properties of Menstrual Stem Cells Are Impaired in Women with a History of Preeclampsia. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1916542. [PMID: 30809262 PMCID: PMC6369467 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1916542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder defined by the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Although its precise etiology is still unknown, there is evidence suggesting that it may be a consequence of impaired decidual and stromal cell function. Recently, a stem cell population derived from endometrial tissue and isolated from menstrual effluent called menstrual stem cells (MenSCs) has been identified. MenSCs exhibit important angiogenic and inflammatory properties that may contribute to both normal and pathological complications of implantation and placentation, including preeclampsia. We hypothesized that the angiogenic and inflammatory activity of MenSCs is altered in women who have a past history of preeclampsia and that this phenotype persists postpartum. The primary outcome measures were stromal progenitor cell formation, in vitro induction of endothelial tube formation, and release of proinflammatory cytokines. MenSCs obtained from women with a previous normal or preeclamptic pregnancy displayed similar phenotypic characteristics, tri-differentiation capacity, and proliferation. MenSCs derived from women who had preeclampsia on their previous pregnancy had reduced angiogenic capacity (~30% fewer junctions and nodes, p < 0.05) and stromal progenitor cell formation (<50% measured at a serial dilution of 1 : 10.000, p < 0.05) when compared to controls. In vitro, MenSCs obtained from patients with a history of preeclampsia expressed less endoglin and secreted less VEGF but more IL-6 than controls did. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the angiogenic and inflammatory properties of MenSCs of women with a previous pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia have reduced angiogenic capacity and are more proinflammatory than those of MenSCs of women with a previous normal pregnancy. This altered phenotype of MenSCs observed following preeclampsia could either be present before the development of the pathology, predisposing the endometrial milieu to and consequently leading to limited vascular remodeling, or be a consequence of preeclampsia itself. The former may afford opportunity for targeted therapeutic intervention; the latter, a putative biomarker for future risk of pregnancy complications.
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Rogers LM, Anders AP, Doster RS, Gill EA, Gnecco JS, Holley JM, Randis TM, Ratner AJ, Gaddy JA, Osteen K, Aronoff DM. Decidual stromal cell-derived PGE 2 regulates macrophage responses to microbial threat. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13032. [PMID: 30084522 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Bacterial chorioamnionitis causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet host-microbial interactions are not well characterized within gestational membranes. The decidua, the outermost region of the membranes, is a potential point of entry for bacteria ascending from the vagina to cause chorioamnionitis. We sought to determine whether paracrine communication between decidual stromal cells and macrophages shaped immune responses to microbial sensing. METHOD OF STUDY Decidual cell-macrophage interactions were modeled in vitro utilizing decidualized, telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (dTHESCs) and phorbol ester-differentiated THP-1 macrophage-like cells. The production of inflammatory mediators in response to LPS was monitored by ELISA for both cell types, while phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli and Group B Streptococcus (GBS)) was measured in THP-1 cells or primary human placental macrophages. Diclofenac, a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) were utilized to interrogate prostaglandins as decidual cell-derived paracrine immunomodulators. A mouse model of ascending chorioamnionitis caused by GBS was utilized to assess the colocalization of bacteria and macrophages in vivo and assess PGE2 production. RESULTS In response to LPS, dTHESC and THP-1 coculture demonstrated enhancement of most inflammatory mediators, but a potent suppression of macrophage TNF-α generation was observed. This appeared to reflect a paracrine-mediated effect of decidual cell-derived PGE2 . In mice with GBS chorioamnionitis, macrophages accumulated at sites of bacterial invasion with increased PGE2 in amniotic fluid, suggesting such paracrine effects might hold relevance in vivo. CONCLUSION These data suggest key roles for decidual stromal cells in modulating tissue responses to microbial threat through release of PGE2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anjali P Anders
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan S Doster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Juan S Gnecco
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jacob M Holley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tara M Randis
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Adam J Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin Osteen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David M Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Günther V, Alkatout I, Junkers W, Maass N, Ziemann M, Görg S, von Otte S. Active Immunisation with Partner Lymphocytes in Female Patients Who Want to Become Pregnant - Current Status. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78:260-273. [PMID: 29576631 PMCID: PMC5862550 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 1 – 3% of all couples who try to have a child are affected by recurrent miscarriage. According to the WHO, recurrent miscarriage is defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages up to the 20th week of pregnancy. There are various causes of recurrent miscarriage; in many cases, the causes remain unclear, with the result that immunological factors are one of the possible causes discussed. For the motherʼs immune system, the embryo represents a semi-allogeneic transplant, as half of the embryoʼs genes are of paternal origin. In place of a conventional immune response, the embryo induces a secondary protection mechanism, which contributes to the successful implantation. When performing immunisation with partner lymphocytes, the patient receives an intradermal injection of her partnerʼs prepared lymphocytes into the volar side of the forearm in order to induce immunomodulation with a consequently increased rate of pregnancy and live birth. A prerequisite for this procedure is that all other possible causes of sterility have been ruled out in advance. Due to the highly heterogeneous nature of the data, a significant benefit as a result of the immunisation cannot yet be clearly proven. However, there are signs that the therapy may be effective when using lymphocytes that have been extracted as short a time beforehand as possible. Overall, the treatment represents a safe, low-risk procedure. Following a detailed informative discussion with the couple regarding the chances of success and following a detailed review of the indication and contraindications, immunisation with partner lymphocytes can be discussed with the couple on a case-by-case basis – provided that all other possible causes of sterility have been ruled out in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Günther
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Alkatout
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebe Junkers
- Universitäres Kinderwunschzentrum, MVZ, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolai Maass
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Malte Ziemann
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, UKSH Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Siegfried Görg
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, UKSH Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sören von Otte
- Universitäres Kinderwunschzentrum, MVZ, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Piechowski J. Hypothesis about Transdifferentiation As Backbone of Malignancy. Front Oncol 2017; 7:126. [PMID: 28674676 PMCID: PMC5474902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is mainly watched through the prism of random mutations and related corruption of signaling pathways. However, it would seem puzzling to explain the tumor organization, pugnacity and steady evolution of the tumorous disease and, moreover, a systematic ascendancy over the healthy tissues, only through stochastic genomic alterations. Malignancy specific properties Considering the core characteristics of cancer cells, it appears that two major sets of properties are emerging, corresponding to well-identified physiological phenotypes, i.e., (1) the trophoblastic logistical functions for cell survival, protection, expansion, migration, and host-tissue conditioning for angiogenesis and immune tolerance and (2) the sexual functions for genome maintenance. To explain the resurgence of these trophoblastic and sexual phenotypes, a particular cell reprogramming, to be called “malignant transdifferentiation” in view of its key role in the precancer-to-cancer shift, appears to be a convincing hypothesis. Perspectives The concept of malignant transdifferentiation, in addition to oncogenic mutations, would determine a more rational approach of oncogenesis and would open so far unexplored ways of therapeutic actions. Indeed, the trophoblastic phenotype would be a good candidate for therapeutic purposes because, on the one hand, it covers numerous properties that all are vital for the tumor, and on the other hand, it can be targeted with potentially no risk of affecting the healthy tissues as it is not expressed there after birth.
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Kadam L, Gomez-Lopez N, Mial TN, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Drewlo S. Rosiglitazone Regulates TLR4 and Rescues HO-1 and NRF2 Expression in Myometrial and Decidual Macrophages in Inflammation-Induced Preterm Birth. Reprod Sci 2017; 24:1590-1599. [PMID: 28322133 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117697128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated inflammation accounts for approximately 30% of preterm birth (PTB) cases. We previously reported that targeting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) pathway reduced the incidence of PTB in the mouse model of endotoxin-induced PTB. The PPARγ has proven anti-inflammatory functions and its activation via rosiglitazone significantly downregulated the systemic inflammatory response and reduced PTB and stillbirth rate by 30% and 41%, respectively, in our model. Oxidative stress is inseparable from inflammation, and rosiglitazone has a reported antioxidative activity. In the current study, we therefore aimed to evaluate whether rosiglitazone treatment had effects outside of inflammatory pathway, specifically on the antioxidation pathway in our model. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6J mice (E16.5) were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), rosiglitazone (Rosi), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10µg in 200µL 1XPBS), or LPS + Rosi (6 hours after the LPS injection). The myometrial and decidual tissues were collected and processed for macrophage isolation using magnetic cell sorting and F4/80+ antibody. Expression levels of antioxidative factors- Nrf2 and Ho-1-along with the LPS receptor Tlr4 were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Both the decidual and myometrial macrophages from the LPS-treated animals showed significantly lowered expression of Ho-1 and Nrf2 and higher expression of Tlr4 when compared to the PBS control group. The macrophages from the animals in the LPS + Rosi group had significantly elevated expression of Ho-1 and Nrf2 and downregulated expression of Tlr4 when compared to the LPS group. CONCLUSION Rosiglitazone administration prevents PTB by downregulating inflammation and upregulating antioxidative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Kadam
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,3 Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.,4 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tara N Mial
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,3 Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sascha Drewlo
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Anders AP, Gaddy JA, Doster RS, Aronoff DM. Current concepts in maternal-fetal immunology: Recognition and response to microbial pathogens by decidual stromal cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 77. [PMID: 28044385 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is an acute inflammation of the gestational (extraplacental) membranes, most commonly caused by ascending microbial infection. It is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes including preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and cerebral palsy. The decidua is the outermost layer of the gestational membranes and is likely an important initial site of contact with microbes during ascending infection. However, little is known about how decidual stromal cells (DSCs) respond to microbial threat. Defining the contributions of individual cell types to the complex medley of inflammatory signals during chorioamnionitis could lead to improved interventions aimed at halting this disease. We review available published data supporting the role for DSCs in responding to microbial infection, with a special focus on their expression of pattern recognition receptors and evidence of their responsiveness to pathogen sensing. While DSCs likely play an important role in sensing and responding to infection during the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis, important knowledge gaps and areas for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali P Anders
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan S Doster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Mori M, Bogdan A, Balassa T, Csabai T, Szekeres-Bartho J. The decidua-the maternal bed embracing the embryo-maintains the pregnancy. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:635-649. [PMID: 27287066 PMCID: PMC5065593 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The decidua has been known as maternal uterine tissue, which plays essential roles in protecting the embryo from being attacked by maternal immune cells and provides nutritional support for the developing embryo prior to placenta formation. However, there are questions that still remain to be answered: (1) How does the decidua supply nutrition and provide a physical scaffold for the growing embryo, before placental vascular connection is established? (2) How is the balance between preventing an anti-embryo immune response and protecting both embryo and mother from infections established? To understand basic personas in decidual tissues, we review the structure of the decidua composed of terminally differentiated uterine stromal cells, blood vessels, and a number of repertoire of uterine local immune cells, including the well-known uterine natural killer (uNK) cells and recently discovered innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Decidual macrophages and uterine dendritic cells (DCs) are supposed to modulate adaptive immunity via balancing cytokines and promoting generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. During decidualization, vascular and tissue remodeling in the uterus provide nutritional and physical support for the developing embryo. Secretion of various cytokines and chemokines from both the embryo and the decidual cells activates multiple signaling network between the mother and the embryo upon implantation. Defects in the decidual development during early pregnancy result in loss of pregnancy or complications in later gestational stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Agnes Bogdan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Pécs University, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, H-7643, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Balassa
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Pécs University, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, H-7643, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Csabai
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Pécs University, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, H-7643, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Júlia Szekeres-Bartho
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Pécs University, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, H-7643, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA - PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
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18
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Mhatre MV, Potter JA, Lockwood CJ, Krikun G, Abrahams VM. Thrombin Augments LPS-Induced Human Endometrial Endothelial Cell Inflammation via PAR1 Activation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:29-37. [PMID: 27108773 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Risk factors for preterm birth include placental abruption, giving rise to excessive decidual thrombin, and intrauterine bacterial infection. Human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and infection-derived agonists trigger HEECs to generate specific inflammatory responses. As thrombin, in addition to inducing coagulation, can contribute to inflammation, its effect on HEEC inflammatory responses to the TLR4 agonist, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was investigated. METHOD OF STUDY HEECs were pre-treated with or without thrombin or specific protease-activated receptor (PAR) agonists, followed by treatment with or without LPS. Supernatants were measured for cytokines and chemokines by ELISA and multiplex analysis. RESULTS Thrombin significantly and synergistically augmented LPS-induced HEEC secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-α), and significantly augmented monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion additively. Similar to thrombin, a PAR1 agonist synergistically augmented the LPS-induced HEEC secretion of inflammatory IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, and GRO-α. CONCLUSION Thrombin, via PAR1 activation, synergistically augments LPS-induced HEEC production of chemokines involved in immune cell recruitment and survival, suggesting a mechanism by which intrauterine abruption and bacterial infection may together be associated with an aggravated uterine inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohak V Mhatre
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julie A Potter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles J Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Maneta E, Warren AY, Hay DP, Khan RN. Caspase-1-mediated cytokine release from gestational tissues, placental, and cord blood. Front Physiol 2015; 6:186. [PMID: 26157394 PMCID: PMC4477139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing between fetal and maternal inflammatory responses is necessary for understanding the immune interplay either side of the placenta. Fetal immunity reaches maturity during extrauterine life and while basic inflammatory responses afford a certain degree of protection, fetuses are vulnerable to infection. With the discovery of inflammasomes—intracellular scaffolds that facilitate the elaboration of reactions resulting in the release of mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β)—it is necessary to consider how inflammatory stimuli are processed. The purinergic P2X7 receptor located on haematopoietic cells is a key intermediary in signal transduction initiated at Toll-like receptors (TLR) terminating in release of the mature IL-1β product. We demonstrate herein that IL-1β release from fetal membranes and mononuclear cells isolated from cord, placental, and maternal blood, obtained at term, is P2X7- and caspase-1 dependent. The P2X7-dependent release of the cytokine, which was highest from choriodecidua, was attenuated by progesterone (P4), prolactin and an NFkB inhibitor. The NLRP3 inflammasome appears necessary for the processing of IL-1β in gestational tissues and leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehaj Maneta
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, The Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Averil Y Warren
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, The Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Daniel P Hay
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, The Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Raheela N Khan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, The Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
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20
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Lei W, Ni H, Herington J, Reese J, Paria BC. Alkaline phosphatase protects lipopolysaccharide-induced early pregnancy defects in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123243. [PMID: 25910276 PMCID: PMC4409290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive cytokine inflammatory response due to chronic or superphysiological level of microbial infection during pregnancy leads to pregnancy complications such as early pregnancy defects/loss and preterm birth. Bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), long recognized as a potent proinflammatory mediator, has been identified as a risk factor for pregnancy complications. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes have been shown to detoxify LPS by dephosphorylation. In this study, we examined the role of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in mitigating LPS-induced early pregnancy complications in mice. We found that 1) the uterus prior to implantation and implantation sites following embryo implantation produce LPS recognition and dephosphorylation molecules TLR4 and tissue non-specific AP (TNAP) isozyme, respectively; 2) uterine TNAP isozyme dephosphorylates LPS at its sites of production; 3) while LPS administration following embryo implantation elicits proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels at the embryo implantation sites (EISs) and causes early pregnancy loss, dephosphorylated LPS neither triggers proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels at the EISs nor induces pregnancy complications; 4) AP isozyme supplementation to accelerate LPS detoxification attenuates LPS-induced pregnancy complications following embryo implantation. These findings suggest that a LPS dephosphorylation strategy using AP isozyme may have a unique therapeutic potential to mitigate LPS- or Gram-negative bacteria-induced pregnancy complications in at-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hua Ni
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jennifer Herington
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeff Reese
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bibhash C. Paria
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ju J, Li L, Xie J, Wu Y, Wu X, Li W. Toll-like receptor-4 pathway is required for the pathogenesis of human chronic endometritis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1896-1900. [PMID: 25371751 PMCID: PMC4217777 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction is a central component of the primary innate immune response to pathogenic challenge. TLR4, a member of the TLR family, is highly expressed in the endometrial cells of the uterus and could thus be a key link between human chronic endometritis (CE) and the immune system. However, the exact biological function of TLR4 in human CE remains largely unexplored. The present study aimed to examine the role of TLR4 in human CE. A comprehensive expression and activation analysis of TLR4 in the endometrial cells of the uterus from patients with human CE (n=25) and normal endometrial (NE) tissue (n=15) was performed. Western blot analyses demonstrated that compared with NE, the protein expression TLR4 markedly increased in human CE. Endometrial tissue scrapings were also used for total RNA extraction and were transcribed and amplified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that significant upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and downregulation of IL-10 mRNA was observed in CE compared with the NE group. Furthermore, the protein of the signaling adapter myeloid differentiation factor-88 and the accessory molecules (TNF receptor associated factor 6 and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1) were also detected in all the assayed tissues. Of note, differential expression (CE versus NE) was observed by immunoblotting at each level of the nuclear factor-κB signaling cascade, including inhibitor κBα and P65 (all P<0.05). The altered TLR4 and its corresponding downstream signaling molecules in CE cells may be of relevance for the progression of the human CE. These findings indicate that the evaluation of expression patterns of TLR4 holds promise for the treatment of human CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfen Ju
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Municipal Organ Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210018, P.R. China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Xie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Municipal Organ Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210018, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Municipal Organ Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210018, P.R. China
| | - Weihon Li
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Municipal Organ Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210018, P.R. China
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Duriez M, Quillay H, Madec Y, El Costa H, Cannou C, Marlin R, de Truchis C, Rahmati M, Barré-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre MT, Menu E. Human decidual macrophages and NK cells differentially express Toll-like receptors and display distinct cytokine profiles upon TLR stimulation. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:316. [PMID: 25071732 PMCID: PMC4076550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternofetal pathogen transmission is partially controlled at the level of the maternal uterine mucosa at the fetal implantation site (the decidua basalis), where maternal and fetal cells are in close contact. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play an important role in initiating rapid immune responses against pathogens in the decidua basalis, however the tolerant microenvironment should be preserved in order to allow fetal development. Here we investigated the expression and functionality of TLRs expressed by decidual macrophages (dMs) and NK cells (dNKs), the major decidual immune cell populations. We report for the first time that both human dMs and dNK cells express mRNAs encoding TLRs 1-9, albeit with a higher expression level in dMs. TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 protein expression checked by flow cytometry was positive for both dMs and dNK cells. In vitro treatment of primary dMs and dNK cells with specific TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 agonists enhanced their secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as cytokines and chemokines involved in immune cell crosstalk. Only dNK cells released IFN-γ, whereas only dMs released IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12. TLR9 activation of dMs resulted in a distinct pattern of cytokine expression compared to the other TLRs. The cytokine profiles expressed by dMs and dNK cells upon TLR activation are compatible with maintenance of the fetotolerant immune environment during initiation of immune responses to pathogens at the maternofetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Duriez
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France ; Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Quillay
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France ; Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Hicham El Costa
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Claude Cannou
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Romain Marlin
- UMR-CNRS-5164-CIRID, Université Bordeaux 2 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire de Truchis
- Gynecology-Obstetrics Service, A. Béclère Hospital, AP-HP Clamart, France
| | - Mona Rahmati
- Gynecology-Obstetrics Service, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Nugeyre
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
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Zhang YY, Chen H, Sun C, Wang HZ, Liu ML, Li YY, Nie XL, Du MR, Li DJ, Zhang JP. Expression and functional characterization of NOD2 in decidual stromal cells isolated during the first trimester of pregnancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99612. [PMID: 24932916 PMCID: PMC4059701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD2, one of the cytosolic proteins that contain a nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD), is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) involved in innate immune responses to intracellular pathogens. Little is known, however, about the effect of NOD2 expression on the maternal–fetal relationship. Our aim was to elucidate the functions of NOD2 in normal decidual stromal cells (DSCs) from the first trimester. Tissues and DSCs were isolated from 26 patients with normal pregnancies that required abortion. The expression of NOD2 in deciduas/decidual stromal cells (DSCs) was examined by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and In-cell western. DSCs containing NOD2 were stimulated by its ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The secretion of various cytokines and chemokines were measured by ELISA and the apoptotic rate was determined by flow cytometry. Treatment with MDP significantly elevated the expression of both NOD2 mRNA and protein levels in DSCs. In addition, MDP activation of NOD2 significantly increased IL-1β and MCP-1 cytokine expression in a dose dependent manner but had no effect on IL-12 expression. IL-1β and TNF-α also significantly increased the expression of NOD2 in DSCs, suggesting a positive feedback loop mechanism. Moreover, MDP stimulation augmented DSC apoptosis. In summary, the results suggest that NOD2 expression in DSCs plays an important role in protecting the embryo and preventing infection in the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Sun
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-zhao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-lan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi- yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The first Hospital of JiLin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-lu Nie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei- Rong Du
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (DL)
| | - Jian-ping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (DL)
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Buhimschi IA, Nayeri UA, Laky CA, Razeq SA, Dulay AT, Buhimschi CS. Advances in medical diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:5-16. [PMID: 23530840 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2012.709232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intrauterine infection is a global problem and a significant contributor to morbidity and perinatal death. The host response to infection causes an inflammatory state that acts synergistically with microbial insult to induce preterm birth and fetal damage. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection in the asymptomatic stage of the disease is critical for improved maternal and neonatal outcomes. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of the most recent progress, challenges, and opportunities for discovery and clinical implementation of various maternal serum, cervicovaginal, and amniotic fluid biomarkers in pregnancies complicated by intra-amniotic infection. EXPERT OPINION Clinically relevant biomarkers are critical to the accurate diagnostic of intrauterine infection. Front-end implementation of such biomarkers will also translate in lower incidence of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) which is an important determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with prematurity. However, of the hundreds of differentially expressed proteins, only few may have clinical utility and thus function as biomarkers. The small number of validation studies along with barriers to implementation of technological innovations in the clinical setting are current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Buhimschi
- Yale University, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reprod. Science, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Xu X, Wang Q, Deng B, Wang H, Dong Z, Qu X, Kong B. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secreted by decidual stromal cells inhibits NK cells cytotoxicity by up-regulating expression of SOCS3. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41869. [PMID: 22848642 PMCID: PMC3407114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decidual stromal cells (DSCs) are of particular importance due to their pleiotropic functions during pregnancy. Although previous research has demonstrated that DSCs participated in the regulation of immune cells during pregnancy, the crosstalk between DSCs and NK cells has not been fully elucidated. To address this issue, we investigated the effect of DSCs on perforin expression in CD56(+) NK cells and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Flow cytometry analysis showed perforin production in NK cells was attenuated by DSC media, and it was further suppressed by media from DSCs pretreated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the expression of granzyme A and apoptosis of NK cells were not influenced by DSC media. ELISA assays to detect cytokine production indicated that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the supernatant of DSCs conditioned culture significantly increased after LPS stimulation. The inhibitory effect of DSC media on perforin was abolished by the administration of anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody. Notably, reduced perforin expression attenuated the cytotoxic potential of CD56(+) NK cells to K562 cells. Moreover, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression in NK cells was enhanced by treatment with MCP-1, as measured by RT-PCR and western blot. Interestingly, MCP-1-induced perforin expression was partly abolished by the siRNA induced SOCS3 knockdown. Western blot analysis suggested that both NF-κB and ERK/MAPKs pathway were involved in the LPS-induced upregulation of MCP-1 in DSCs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that LPS induces upregulation of MCP-1 in DSCs, which may play a critical role in inhibiting the cytotoxicity of NK cells partly by promoting SOCS3 expression. These findings suggest that the crosstalk between DSCs and NK cells may be crucial to maintain pregnancy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Biping Deng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huayang Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xun Qu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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26
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Chatterjee P, Weaver LE, Doersch KM, Kopriva SE, Chiasson VL, Allen SJ, Narayanan AM, Young KJ, Jones KA, Kuehl TJ, Mitchell BM. Placental Toll-like receptor 3 and Toll-like receptor 7/8 activation contributes to preeclampsia in humans and mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41884. [PMID: 22848646 PMCID: PMC3407075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive syndrome characterized by excessive maternal immune system activation, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 activation by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and TLR7/8 activation by single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) expressed by viruses and/or released from necrotic cells initiates a pro-inflammatory immune response; however it is unknown whether viral/endogenous RNA is a key initiating signal that contributes to the development of PE. We hypothesized that TLR3/7/8 activation will be evident in placentas of women with PE, and sufficient to induce PE-like symptoms in mice. Placental immunoreactivity and mRNA levels of TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 were increased significantly in women with PE compared to normotensive women. Treatment of human trophoblasts with the TLR3 agonist polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), the TLR7-specific agonist imiquimod (R-837), or the TLR7/8 agonist CLO97 significantly increased TLR3/7/8 levels. Treatment of mice with poly I:C, R-837, or CLO97 caused pregnancy-dependent hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, splenomegaly, and placental inflammation. These data demonstrate that RNA-mediated activation of TLR3 and TLR7/8 plays a key role in the development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Chatterjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Weaver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Doersch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shelley E. Kopriva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Valorie L. Chiasson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. Allen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ajay M. Narayanan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristina J. Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Jones
- Department of Pathology, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Kuehl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brett M. Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) manifested by hypertension and proteinuria complicates 3% to 8% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of fetal-maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It may lead to intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and long-term sequelae in women and fetuses, and consequently cause socioeconomic burden to the affected families and society as a whole. Balanced immune responses are required for the maintenance of successful pregnancy. Although not a focus of most studies, decidual cells, the major resident cell type at the fetal-maternal interface, have been shown to modulate the local immune balance by interacting with other cell types, such as bone marrow derived-immune cells, endothelial cells, and invading extravillous trophoblasts. Accumulating evidence suggests that an imbalanced innate immunity, facilitated by decidual cells, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PE. Thus, this review will discuss the role of innate immunity and the potential contribution of decidual cells in the pathogenesis of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ching Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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Krikun G, Trezza J, Shaw J, Rahman M, Guller S, Abrahams VM, Lockwood CJ. Lipopolysaccharide appears to activate human endometrial endothelial cells through TLR-4-dependent and TLR-4-independent mechanisms. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 68:233-7. [PMID: 22672000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Uterine innate immunity remains poorly characterized, and while endometrial endothelial cells are known to express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), little is known about their function in these cells. The present study evaluated the effect of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on human endometrial endothelial cell (HEECs) cytokine secretion and tissue factor expression, and the role of TLR-4 in these responses. METHODS Human endometrial endothelial cells were treated with or without LPS ± LPS-RS, a TLR-4 antagonist, via the binding of MD-2. After 24 hr, cell-free supernatants were evaluated for cytokines by multiplex analysis and cell lysates were analyzed for tissue factor expression by Western blot. RESULTS Treatment of HEECs with LPS significantly upregulated the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and G-CSF, and this was prevented by LPS-RS. LPS also induced tissue factor expression by the HEECs; however, this was unaffected by LPS-RS. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TLR-4 is functional in HEECs and its activation by bacterial LPS induces a specific cytokine/chemokine response. However, bacterial LPS also induced tissue factor expression in what seemed to be a TLR-4-independent fashion, suggesting that this bacterial component can act on the HEECs through TLR-4-dependent and TLR-4-independent pathways. These findings indicate that endometrial endothelial cells may play an active role in uterine innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Schatz F, Kayisli UA, Vatandaslar E, Ocak N, Guller S, Abrahams VM, Krikun G, Lockwood CJ. Toll-like receptor 4 expression in decidual cells and interstitial trophoblasts across human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 68:146-53. [PMID: 22564191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) protects against Gram-negative bacteria expressed lipopolysaccharide and 'danger signals' from injured or dying cells. Although decidual cells (DCs) and interstitial trophoblasts (ITs) are in close contact, TLR-4 has been studied extensively only in ITs. METHOD OF STUDY Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded serial sections of endometrium in follicular and luteal phases and deciduas from first and second trimester elective terminations and third trimester normal deliveries were immunostained for TLR-4, trophoblast-specific cytokeratin, and DC-specific vimentin. HSCORE assessed TLR-4 immunostaining in DCs versus ITs. RESULTS TLR-4 HSCORES were significantly higher in: (i) first trimester DCs than luteal phase pre-decidual stromal cells; (ii) first and third versus second trimester DCs, but similar between third trimester deciduas parietalis and basalis; (iii) first versus second trimester ITs; (iv) DCs versus ITs across gestation. CONCLUSION Higher TLR-4 in DCs than ITs suggests DCs as primary targets for Gram-negative bacteria and/or inflammation-related danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Schatz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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30
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Novel insights into molecular mechanisms of abruption-induced preterm birth. Expert Rev Mol Med 2010; 12:e35. [PMID: 21040617 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399410001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) complicates more than 12% of all deliveries. Despite significant research, the aetiology of most cases of PTB remains elusive. Two major antecedents of PTB, intra-amniotic infection and decidual haemorrhage (abruption), can exhibit dissimilar demographic and genetic predispositions, despite sharing common molecular and cellular pathways. The use of high-throughput, high-dimensional technologies reveals substantial crosstalk between the coagulation and inflammation pathways. Tissue factor, thrombin and cytokines are key mediators of this crosstalk. Abruptions are associated with excess thrombin generated from decidual-cell-expressed tissue factor. Although thrombin is a primary mediator of the coagulation cascade, it can also promote inflammation-associated PTB by enhancing expression of matrix metalloproteinase and neutrophil-chemoattracting and -activating chemokines. Here, we provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms and pathways leading to PTB in the setting of placental abruption.
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Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the risk of schizophrenia and other brain disorders of neurodevelopmental origin in the offspring. A multitude of infectious agents seem to be involved in this association. Therefore, it has been proposed that factors common to the immune response to a wide variety of bacterial and viral pathogens may be the critical link between prenatal infection and postnatal brain and behavioral pathology. More specifically, it has been suggested that the maternal induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines may mediate the neurodevelopmental effects of maternal infections. Here, we review recent findings from in vitro and in vivo investigations supporting this hypothesis and further emphasize the influence of enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling on early brain development. Disruption of the fetal brain balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling may thus represent a key mechanism involved in the precipitation of schizophrenia-related pathology following prenatal maternal infection and innate immune imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joram Feldon
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +41 44 655 7448, fax: 41 44 655 7203, e-mail:
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Thaxton JE, Romero R, Sharma S. TLR9 activation coupled to IL-10 deficiency induces adverse pregnancy outcomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1144-54. [PMID: 19561095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy outcome is severely compromised by intrauterine infections and inflammation. Although the pregnant uterine microenvironment is replete with innate immune cells and TLR expression, the mechanisms that facilitate adverse effects of their activation are largely unknown. In this study, we mimic the activation of TLR9 with its pathogenic ligand hypomethylated CpG and demonstrate that IL-10 proficiency protects against CpG-induced pregnancy complications. We show that fetal resorption and preterm birth are rapidly induced in IL-10(-/-) mice by low doses of CpG (approximately 25 microg/mouse) when injected i.p. on gestational day 6 or gestational day 14, respectively. In contrast, wild-type mice failed to experience such effects at comparable doses, but pups born at term displayed craniofacial/limb defects in response to higher doses (approximately 400 microg/mouse). Pregnancy complications in IL-10(-/-) mice were associated with unexpected and robust TLR9-triggered activation and amplification of uterine neutrophil and macrophage subpopulations followed by their migration to the placental zone. Furthermore, a dramatic increase in serum levels of mouse KC and TNF-alpha production by uterine F4/80(+) cells, but not uterine NK or Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) cells, was observed. Depletion of F4/80(+) macrophages or neutralization of TNF-alpha rescued pregnancy to term. Our results have important implications for IL-10-mediated "uterine tolerance" against CpG-driven innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Thaxton
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905 USA
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Increased TLR4 expression in murine placentas after oral infection with periodontal pathogens. Placenta 2008; 30:156-62. [PMID: 19101032 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Maternal periodontitis has emerged as a putative risk factor for preterm births in humans. The periodontitis-associated dental biofilm is thought to serve as an important source of oral bacteria and related virulence factors that hematogenously disseminate and affect the fetoplacental unit; however the underlying biological mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. This study hypothesized that an oral infection with the human periodontal pathogens Campylobacter rectus and Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to induce fetal growth restriction, placental inflammation and enhance Toll-like receptors type 4 (TLR4) expression in a murine pregnancy model. Female Balb/C mice (n = 40) were orally infected with C. rectus and/or P. gingivalis over a 16-week period and mated once/week. Pregnant mice were sacrificed at embryonic day (E) 16.5 and placentas were collected and analyzed for TLR4 mRNA levels and qualitative protein expression by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. TLR4 mRNA expression was found to be increased in the C. rectus-infected group (1.98 +/- 0.886-fold difference, P < 0.01, ANOVA) compared to controls. Microscopic analysis of murine placentas showed enhanced immunofluorescence of TLR4 in trophoblasts, mainly in the placental labyrinth layer. Also, combined oral infection with C. rectus and P. gingivalis significantly reduced the overall fecundity compared to controls (16.7% vs. 75%, infected vs. non-infected mice respectively, P = 0.03, Kaplan-Meier). The results supported an enhanced placental TLR4 expression after oral infection with periodontal pathogens. The TLR4 pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of preterm births; therefore the abnormal regulation of placental TLR4 may give new insights into how maternal periodontitis and periodontal pathogens might be linked to placental inflammation and preterm birth pathogenesis.
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Colony-stimulating factor-1-dependent macrophage functions regulate the maternal decidua immune responses against Listeria monocytogenes infections during early gestation in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 77:85-97. [PMID: 18852237 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01022-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between extreme-prematurity births and intrauterine infection emphasizes the importance of understanding the host immune responses against uterine-invading microbes during early pregnancy to the prevention of preterm births. Listeria monocytogenes, a clinically relevant intracellular bacterium, has a predilection for replication at the maternofetal interface during pregnancy. Here, using mice carrying the recessive null osteopetrotic mutation in the colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) gene, we show that CSF-1-dependent macrophage functions are required for the maternal decidua immune responses against L. monocytogenes infections during early gestation in mice. In the absence of CSF-1, pregnant mice were more susceptible to uterine infection by L. monocytogenes; their inability to control the expansion of colonized bacteria in the pregnant uterus led to decidual cell death, tissue disintegration, and resorption of the developing embryo. However, CSF-1-deficient mice were able to produce significant levels of both Th1 cytokines and neutrophil chemoattractants and to recruit neutrophils to the decidual tissue in response to Listeria infection. Depletion of macrophages in hormonally induced pseudopregnant mice resulted in higher uterine bacterial levels after L. monocytogenes infection. These data suggest that the anti-Listeria responses in the maternal decidual tissue are dependent on CSF-1-regulated macrophages.
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