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Sadeghinezhad J, Lazzarini G, Bojarzadeh H, Gatta A, Rezai S, Pirone A, Miragliotta V. Three-dimensional morphometry of kidney in New Zealand rabbit using unbiased design-based stereology. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:2053-2062. [PMID: 38655680 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The rabbit is widely used as a laboratory animal in experimental models of kidney diseases. This species is also important from a veterinary perspective as a companion animal. Stereology has been accepted as an accurate approach to kidney morphometry. The objective of the present project was to provide normal quantitative stereological parameters for adult rabbit kidneys. The left kidneys of five adult male New Zealand rabbits were used. Isotropic sections were obtained using the orientation method. Total kidney volume was calculated by the Cavalieri principle. The volume fraction of the renal structures was estimated using the point counting system. The lengths of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) were calculated using counting frames. The total glomerular number was accounted for using the physical/fractionator technique. The mean glomerular volume was obtained by dividing the total volume of glomeruli by their total number. The total volume of rabbit kidneys calculated was 10.39 ± 1.98 cm3. The fractional volume of the kidney cortex and medulla accounted for 57.79 ± 0.65% and 42.2 ± 0.65%, respectively. The total glomerular volume was 2.18 ± 0.32% of the whole kidney. The total number of glomeruli in the rabbit kidney was estimated as 204.68 ± 12 × 103. The mean glomerular volume measured 1.07 ± 0.12 × 106 μm3. The total length of PCT and DCT was 2.96 ± 0.29 km and 1.38 ± 0.24 km, respectively. These findings can be used as a reference in experimental nephrology research and may help to expand the knowledge of nephrology in mammals by comparing with available data on humans and other species. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Three-dimensional morphometry of adult rabbit kidney structures was analyzed using quantitative stereology. Total volume of kidney, fractional volume of cortex and medulla, length of renal tubules and number of nephrons were estimated. These three-dimensional morphometrical data can be used as a reference in experimental nephrology research and may help to expand the knowledge of nephrology in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giulia Lazzarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Hadis Bojarzadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alessandra Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sobhan Rezai
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Laane L, Renner S, Kemter E, Stirm M, Rathkolb B, Blutke A, Bidlingmaier M, de Angelis MH, Wolf E, Hinrichs A. Decreased β-cell volume and insulin secretion but preserved glucose tolerance in a growth hormone insensitive pig model. Pituitary 2024:10.1007/s11102-024-01424-w. [PMID: 38960990 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-024-01424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth hormone (GH) is a central regulator of β-cell proliferation, insulin secretion and sensitivity. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GH insensitivity on pancreatic β-cell histomorphology and consequences for metabolism in vivo. METHODS Pancreata from pigs with growth hormone receptor deficiency (GHR-KO, n = 12) were analyzed by unbiased quantitative stereology in comparison to wild-type controls (WT, n = 12) at 3 and 7-8.5 months of age. In vivo secretion capacity for insulin and glucose tolerance were assessed by intravenous glucose tolerance tests (ivGTTs) in GHR-KO (n = 3) and WT (n = 3) pigs of the respective age groups. RESULTS Unbiased quantitative stereological analyses revealed a significant reduction in total β-cell volume (83% and 73% reduction in young and adult GHR-KO vs. age-matched WT pigs; p < 0.0001) and volume density of β-cells in the pancreas of GHR-KO pigs (42% and 39% reduction in young and adult GHR-KO pigs; p = 0.0018). GHR-KO pigs displayed a significant, age-dependent increase in the proportion of isolated β-cells in the pancreas (28% in young and 97% in adult GHR-KO vs. age-matched WT pigs; p = 0.0009). Despite reduced insulin secretion in ivGTTs, GHR-KO pigs maintained normal glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION GH insensitivity in GHR-KO pigs leads to decreased β-cell volume and volume proportion of β-cells in the pancreas, causing a reduced insulin secretion capacity. The increased proportion of isolated β-cells in the pancreas of GHR-KO pigs highlights the dependency on GH stimulation for proper β-cell maturation. Preserved glucose tolerance accomplished with decreased insulin secretion indicates enhanced sensitivity for insulin in GH insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laeticia Laane
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Stirm
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik Und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum Der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Endocrine and Cardiovascular Disease Network Modelling and Clinical Transfer (ICONLMU), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
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Shashikadze B, Franzmeier S, Hofmann I, Kraetzl M, Flenkenthaler F, Blutke A, Fröhlich T, Wolf E, Hinrichs A. Structural and proteomic repercussions of growth hormone receptor deficiency on the pituitary gland: Lessons from a translational pig model. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13277. [PMID: 37160285 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor deficiency (GHRD) results in low serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and high, but non-functional serum growth hormone (GH) levels in human Laron syndrome (LS) patients and animal models. This study investigated the quantitative histomorphological and molecular alterations associated with GHRD. Pituitary glands from 6 months old growth hormone receptor deficient (GHR-KO) and control pigs were analyzed using a quantitative histomorphological approach in paraffin (9 GHR-KO [5 males, 4 females] vs. 11 controls [5 males, 6 females]), ultrathin sections tissue sections (3 male GHR-KO vs. 3 male controls) and label-free proteomics (4 GHR-KO vs. 4 control pigs [2 per sex]). GHR-KO pigs displayed reduced body weights (60% reduction in comparison to controls; p < .0001) and decreased pituitary volumes (54% reduction in comparison to controls; p < .0001). The volume proportion of the adenohypophysis did not differ in GHR-KO and control pituitaries (65% vs. 71%; p = .0506) and GHR-KO adenohypophyses displayed a reduced absolute volume but an unaltered volume density of somatotrophs in comparison to controls (21% vs. 18%; p = .3164). In GHR-KO pigs, somatotroph cells displayed a significantly reduced volume density of granules (23.5%) as compared to controls (67.7%; p < .0001). Holistic proteome analysis of adenohypophysis samples identified 4660 proteins, of which 592 were differentially abundant between the GHR-KO and control groups. In GHR-KO samples, the abundance of somatotropin precursor was decreased, whereas increased abundances of proteins involved in protein production, transport and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were revealed. Increased protein production and secretion as well as significantly reduced proportion of GH-storing granules in somatotroph cells of the adenohypophysis without an increase in volume density of somatotroph cells in the adenohypophysis could explain elevated serum GH levels in GHR-KO pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachuki Shashikadze
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Franzmeier
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Kraetzl
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Hong S, Kim KS, Han K, Park CY. A cohort study found a high risk of end-stage kidney disease associated with acromegaly. Kidney Int 2023; 104:820-827. [PMID: 37490954 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic systemic disease caused by excess levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 and is associated with numerous complications. Significantly, there is a lack of longitudinal data on kidney complications in patients with acromegaly. As such, we investigated the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (stage 5D, 5T) in these patients with nationwide data obtained from the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in Republic of Korea. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 2.187 patients with acromegaly and 10,935 age- and sex-matched (1:5) control subjects without acromegaly over a mean follow-up period of 6.51 years. The study outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis controlling for age, sex, household income, residential area, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, urolithiasis, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. The incidence (per 1,000 person-years) ESKD was 2.00 among patients with acromegaly but only 0.46 among controls, (hazard ratio 4.35 (95% confidence interval 2.63-7.20)) implicating a significantly higher risk. After adjustment for covariates, the risk of ESKD (2.36 (1.36-4.12)) was still significantly higher in patients with acromegaly than that in controls. Among the covariates, diabetes and hypertension were significant facilitators between acromegaly and ESKD in mediation analysis. Pituitary surgery and somatostatin analogues did not significantly change these associations. Thus, acromegaly may be linked with a higher risk for ESKD both independently and through mediators such as diabetes and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guri Hospital, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Cheng Y, Wang H, Li M. The promise of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in diabetes mellitus therapy: How gene editing is revolutionizing diabetes research and treatment. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108524. [PMID: 37295292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by an abnormality in insulin secretion or action. Millions of people across the world are affected by diabetes mellitus which has serious implications for their health. Over the past few decades, diabetes has become a major cause of mortality and morbidity across the world due to its rapid prevalence. Treatment for diabetes that focuses on insulin secretion and sensitization can lead to unwanted side effects and/or poor compliance, as well as treatment failure. A promising way to treat diabetes is through gene-editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9). However, issues such as efficiency and off-target effects have hindered the use of these technologies. In this review, we summarize what we know today about CRISPR/Cas9 technology's therapeutic potential for treating diabetes. We discuss how different strategies are employed, including cell-based therapies (such as stem cells and brown adipocytes), targeting critical genes involved in diabetes pathogenesis, and discussing the challenges and limitations associated with this technology. A novel and powerful treatment approach to diabetes and other diseases can be found with CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and further research should be carried out in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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Jiang S, Qu X, Liu S, Wei J, Yi X, Liu Y, Gao C. Proteomic Identification of Plasma Components in Tachypleus tridentatus and Their Effects on the Longitudinal Bone Growth Rate in Rats. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:111. [PMID: 36827152 PMCID: PMC9961754 DOI: 10.3390/md21020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tachypleus tridentatus (T. tridentatus) is a marine animal and traditional Chinese medicine. T. tridentatus plasma is a valuable resource for important medical and health-based functions. In this experiment, in order to evaluate the effect and mechanism of T. tridentatus plasma with respect to the promotion of bone tissue growth in rats, the processes of ultrafiltration and mass spectrometry were first used to separate and identify the components of T. tridentatus plasma. Then, a comparison of the effects of the T. tridentatus plasma samples, which each possessed different molecular weights, regarding the growth of the long bones of rats was conducted. Finally, transcriptomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics were all used to analyze the biological functions and related signaling pathways of the T. tridentatus plasma in order to promote rat bone growth. The results showed that the contents of amino acid residues in peptides are related to the growth promotion that was contained in the 10-30 kDa plasma group. Moreover, the T. tridentatus plasma samples were found to be higher in this respect than those in the whole plasma group. In addition, the 10-30 kDa plasma group could significantly promote bone growth activity in rats. The proteomic analysis showed that the proteins that were differentially expressed in the 10-30 kDa plasma group were mainly enriched in the PI3K-AKT signal pathway. Our study suggested that the T. tridentatus plasma possesses promising potential for the purposes of clinical use, whereby it can serve the role of a growth-promoting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xinjian Qu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Siping Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiangxi Yi
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Chenghai Gao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Nanning 530200, China
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Nishad R, Mukhi D, Kethavath S, Raviraj S, Paturi ASV, Motrapu M, Kurukuti S, Pasupulati AK. Podocyte derived TNF-α mediates monocyte differentiation and contributes to glomerular injury. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22622. [PMID: 36421039 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200923r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes shortens the life expectancy by more than a decade, and the excess mortality in diabetes is correlated with the incidence of kidney disease. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Macrophage accumulation predicts the severity of kidney injury in human biopsies and experimental models of DKD. However, the mechanism underlying macrophage recruitment in diabetes glomeruli is unclear. Elevated plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in type I diabetes and acromegalic individuals impaired glomerular biology. In this study, we examined whether GH-stimulated podocytes contribute to macrophage accumulation. RNA-seq analysis revealed elevated TNF-α signaling in GH-treated human podocytes. Conditioned media from GH-treated podocytes (GH-CM) induced differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. On the other hand, neutralization of GH-CM with the TNF-α antibody diminished GH-CM's action on monocytes. The treatment of mice with GH resulted in increased macrophage recruitment, podocyte injury, and proteinuria. Furthermore, we noticed the activation of TNF-α signaling, macrophage accumulation, and fibrosis in DKD patients' kidney biopsies. Our findings suggest that podocytes could secrete TNF-α and contribute to macrophage migration, resulting in DKD-related renal inflammation. Inhibition of either GH action or TNF-α expression in podocytes could be a novel therapeutic approach for DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkishor Nishad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Kethavath
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumathi Raviraj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Atreya S V Paturi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manga Motrapu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Kurukuti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Gurevich E, Segev Y, Landau D. Growth Hormone and IGF1 Actions in Kidney Development and Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123371. [PMID: 34943879 PMCID: PMC8699155 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) exerts multiple effects on different organs including the kidneys, either directly or via its main mediator, insulin-like-growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The GH/IGF1 system plays a key role in normal kidney development, glomerular hemodynamic regulation, as well as tubular water, sodium, phosphate, and calcium handling. Transgenic animal models demonstrated that GH excess (and not IGF1) may lead to hyperfiltration, albuminuria, and glomerulosclerosis. GH and IGF-1 play a significant role in the early development of diabetic nephropathy, as well as in compensatory kidney hypertrophy after unilateral nephrectomy. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications in children are associated with alterations in the GH/IGF1 axis, including growth retardation, related to a GH-resistant state, attributed to impaired kidney postreceptor GH-signaling and chronic inflammation. This may explain the safety of prolonged rhGH-treatment of short stature in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Gurevich
- Department of Nephrology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel;
| | - Yael Segev
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Daniel Landau
- Department of Nephrology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel;
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3925-3651
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Haffner D, Grund A, Leifheit-Nestler M. Renal effects of growth hormone in health and in kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2511-2530. [PMID: 34143299 PMCID: PMC8260426 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have manifold effects on the kidneys. GH and IGF receptors are abundantly expressed in the kidney, including the glomerular and tubular cells. GH can act either directly on the kidneys or via circulating or paracrine-synthesized IGF-1. The GH/IGF-1 system regulates glomerular hemodynamics, renal gluconeogenesis, tubular sodium and water, phosphate, and calcium handling, as well as renal synthesis of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 and the antiaging hormone Klotho. The latter also acts as a coreceptor of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast-growth factor 23 in the proximal tubule. Recombinant human GH (rhGH) is widely used in the treatment of short stature in children, including those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal studies and observations in acromegalic patients demonstrate that GH-excess can have deleterious effects on kidney health, including glomerular hyperfiltration, renal hypertrophy, and glomerulosclerosis. In addition, elevated GH in patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus was thought to induce podocyte injury and thereby contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. This manuscript gives an overview of the physiological actions of GH/IGF-1 on the kidneys and the multiple alterations of the GH/IGF-1 system and its consequences in patients with acromegaly, CKD, nephrotic syndrome, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Finally, the impact of short- and long-term treatment with rhGH/rhIGF-1 on kidney function in patients with kidney diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Grund
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Hofmann I, Kemter E, Fiedler S, Theobalt N, Fonteyne L, Wolf E, Wanke R, Blutke A. A new method for physical disector analyses of numbers and mean volumes of immunohistochemically labeled cells in paraffin sections. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 361:109272. [PMID: 34216707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the neurosciences, the physical disector method represents an established quantitative stereological method for unbiased sampling and counting of cells in histological tissue sections of known thickness. Physical disector analyses are conventionally performed using plastic-embedded tissue samples, because plastic-embedding causes a comparably low and definable shrinkage of the embedded tissue, and the thickness of thin plastic sections can be determined adequately. However, immunohistochemistry protocols often don't work satisfactorily in sections of plastic-embedded tissue. NEW METHOD Here, a new methodological approach is presented, allowing for physical disector analyses of immunohistochemically labeled cells in paraffin sections. The embedding-related tissue shrinkage is standardized by using defined tissue sample volumes and paraffin volumes, and the extent of tissue shrinkage can be determined accurately from the sample volumes prior to and after embedding. Co-embedding of polyethylene section thickness standards together with the tissue samples allows the precise determination of individual paraffin section thicknesses by spectral reflectance measurements. RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The applicability of the new method is demonstrated by physical disector analysis of immunohistochemically identified somatotroph cells in paraffin sections of porcine pituitary gland tissue. With consideration of individual shrinkage factors and section thicknesses, the cell numbers and mean volumes estimated in paraffin disector sections do not significantly differ from the results obtained by analyses of plastic-embedded pituitary tissue samples of the identical animals (2.4% average difference). CONCLUSIONS The featured method enables combination of paraffin section immunohistochemistry and physical disector analyses for unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Natalie Theobalt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Lina Fonteyne
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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11
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Theobalt N, Hofmann I, Fiedler S, Renner S, Dhom G, Feuchtinger A, Walch A, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Wolf E, Wanke R, Blutke A. Unbiased analysis of obesity related, fat depot specific changes of adipocyte volumes and numbers using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248594. [PMID: 33725017 PMCID: PMC7963095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In translational obesity research, objective assessment of adipocyte sizes and numbers is essential to characterize histomorphological alterations linked to obesity, and to evaluate the efficacies of experimental medicinal or dietetic interventions. Design-based quantitative stereological techniques based on the analysis of 2D-histological sections provide unbiased estimates of relevant 3D-parameters of adipocyte morphology, but often involve complex and time-consuming tissue processing and analysis steps. Here we report the application of direct 3D light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) for effective and accurate analysis of adipocyte volumes and numbers in optically cleared adipose tissue samples from a porcine model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples from DIO-minipigs and lean controls were systematically randomly sampled, optically cleared with 3DISCO (3-dimensional imaging of solvent cleared organs), stained with eosin, and subjected to LSFM for detection of adipocyte cell membrane autofluorescence. Individual adipocytes were unbiasedly sampled in digital 3D reconstructions of the adipose tissue samples, and their individual cell volumes were directly measured by automated digital image analysis. Adipocyte numbers and mean volumes obtained by LSFM analysis did not significantly differ from the corresponding values obtained by unbiased quantitative stereological analysis techniques performed on the same samples, thus proving the applicability of LSFM for efficient analysis of relevant morphological adipocyte parameters. The results of the present study demonstrate an adipose tissue depot specific plasticity of adipocyte growth responses to nutrient oversupply. This was characterized by an exclusively hypertrophic growth of visceral adipocytes, whereas adipocytes in subcutaneous fat tissue depots also displayed a marked (hyperplastic) increase in cell number. LSFM allows for accurate and efficient determination of relevant quantitative morphological adipocyte parameters. The applied stereological methods and LSFM protocols are described in detail and can serve as a guideline for unbiased quantitative morphological analyses of adipocytes in other studies and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Theobalt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Dhom
- Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Fiedler S, Wünnemann H, Hofmann I, Theobalt N, Feuchtinger A, Walch A, Schwaiger J, Wanke R, Blutke A. A practical guide to unbiased quantitative morphological analyses of the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in ecotoxicological studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243462. [PMID: 33296424 PMCID: PMC7725368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are frequently used as experimental animals in ecotoxicological studies, in which they are experimentally exposed to defined concentrations of test substances, such as heavy metals, pesticides, or pharmaceuticals. Following exposure to a broad variety of aquatic pollutants, early morphologically detectable toxic effects often manifest in alterations of the gills. Suitable methods for an accurate and unbiased quantitative characterization of the type and the extent of morphological gill alterations are therefore essential prerequisites for recognition, objective evaluation and comparison of the severity of gill lesions. The aim of the present guidelines is to provide practicable, standardized and detailed protocols for the application of unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of relevant morphological parameters of the gills of rainbow trout. These gill parameters inter alia include the total volume of the primary and secondary gill lamellae, the surface area of the secondary gill lamellae epithelium (i.e., the respiratory surface) and the thickness of the diffusion barrier. The featured protocols are adapted to fish of frequently used body size classes (300-2000 g). They include well-established, conventional sampling methods, probes and test systems for unbiased quantitative stereological analyses of light- and electron microscopic 2-D gill sections, as well as the application of modern 3-D light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) of optically cleared gill samples as an innovative, fast and efficient quantitative morphological analysis approach. The methods shown here provide a basis for standardized and representative state-of-the-art quantitative morphological analyses of trout gills, ensuring the unbiasedness and reproducibility, as well as the intra- and inter-study comparability of analyses results. Their broad implementation will therefore significantly contribute to the reliable identification of no observed effect concentration (NOEC) limits in ecotoxicological studies and, moreover, to limit the number of experimental animals by reduction of unnecessary repetition of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Wünnemann
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Theobalt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Landau D, Assadi MH, Abu Hilal R, Chen Y, Rabkin R, Segev Y. SOCS2 Silencing Improves Somatic Growth without Worsening Kidney Function in CKD. Am J Nephrol 2020; 51:520-526. [PMID: 32541140 DOI: 10.1159/000508224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone (GH) resistance in CKD is partly due to increased expression of SOCS2, a GH signaling negative regulator. In SOCS2 absence, body growth is exaggerated. However, GH overexpression in mice causes glomerulosclerosis. Accordingly, we tested whether lack of SOCS2 improves body growth, but accelerates kidney damage in CKD. METHODS Eight-week-old mutant SOCS2-deficient high growth (HG) and normal wild-type mice (N) underwent 5/6 nephrectomy (CKD) or sham operation (C) and were sacrificed after 12 weeks, generating 4 groups: C-N, C-HG, CKD-N, CKD-HG. RESULTS Somatic growth, inhibited in CKD-N, increased significantly in CKD-HG. Liver p-STAT5, a key intracellular signal of GH receptor (GHR) activation, was decreased in CKD-N but not in CKD-HG. Serum Cr as well as histopathological scores of renal fibrosis were similar in both CKD groups. Kidney fibrogenic (TGF-β and collagen type IV mRNA) and inflammatory precursors (IL6, STAT3, and SOCS3 mRNA) were similarly increased in C-HG, CKD-HG, and CKD-N versus C-N. Renal GHR mRNA was decreased in C-HG, CKD-HG, and CKD-N versus C-N. Kidney p-STAT5 was decreased in CKD-N but not elevated in CKD-HG. CONCLUSIONS CKD-related growth retardation is overcome by SOCS2 silencing, in association with increased hepatic STAT5 phosphorylation. Renal insufficiency is not worsened by SOCS2 absence, as kidney GHR and STAT5 are not upregulated. This may be due to elevated kidney proinflammatory cytokines and their mediators, phospho-STAT3 and SOCS3, which may counteract for the absence in SOCS2 and explain the renal safety of prolonged GH therapy in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Landau
- Schneider Children's Medical Center, Institute of Nephrology, Petach Tikva, Israel,
- Sackler School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tel Aviv, Israel,
| | - Muhammad H Assadi
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rawan Abu Hilal
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ralph Rabkin
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Yael Segev
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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14
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Porcine models for studying complications and organ crosstalk in diabetes mellitus. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:341-378. [PMID: 31932949 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity is rapidly increasing not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Diabetes is associated with macrovascular complications increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke, as well as microvascular complications leading to diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Animal models are essential for studying disease mechanisms and for developing and testing diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies. Rodent models are most widely used but have limitations in translational research. Porcine models have the potential to bridge the gap between basic studies and clinical trials in human patients. This article provides an overview of concepts for the development of porcine models for diabetes and obesity research, with a focus on genetically engineered models. Diabetes-associated ocular, cardiovascular and renal alterations observed in diabetic pig models are summarized and their similarities with complications in diabetic patients are discussed. Systematic multi-organ biobanking of porcine models of diabetes and obesity and molecular profiling of representative tissue samples on different levels, e.g., on the transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome level, is proposed as a strategy for discovering tissue-specific pathomechanisms and their molecular key drivers using systems biology tools. This is exemplified by a recent study providing multi-omics insights into functional changes of the liver in a transgenic pig model for insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus. Collectively, these approaches will provide a better understanding of organ crosstalk in diabetes mellitus and eventually reveal new molecular targets for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.
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15
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Ansermet C, Centeno G, Nikolaeva S, Maillard MP, Pradervand S, Firsov D. The intrinsic circadian clock in podocytes controls glomerular filtration rate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16089. [PMID: 31695128 PMCID: PMC6838779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or the rate of primary urine formation, is the key indicator of renal function. Studies have demonstrated that GFR exhibits significant circadian rhythmicity and, that these rhythms are disrupted in a number of pathologies. Here, we tested a hypothesis that the circadian rhythm of GFR is driven by intrinsic glomerular circadian clocks. We used mice lacking the circadian clock protein BMAL1 specifically in podocytes, highly specialized glomerular cells critically involved in the process of glomerular filtration (Bmal1lox/lox/Nphs2-rtTA/LC1 or, cKO mice). Circadian transcriptome profiling performed on isolated glomeruli from control and cKO mice revealed that the circadian clock controls expression of multiple genes encoding proteins essential for normal podocyte function. Direct assessment of glomerular filtration by inulin clearance demonstrated that circadian rhythmicity in GFR was lost in cKO mice that displayed an ultradian rhythm of GFR with 12-h periodicity. The disruption of circadian rhythmicity in GFR was paralleled by significant changes in circadian patterns of urinary creatinine, sodium, potassium and water excretion and by alteration in the diurnal pattern of plasma aldosterone levels. Collectively, these results indicate that the intrinsic circadian clock in podocytes participate in circadian rhythmicity of GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ansermet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Centeno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Nikolaeva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marc P Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Genomic Technologies Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitri Firsov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Dong R, Yu J, Yu F, Yang S, Qian Q, Zha Y. IGF-1/IGF-1R blockade ameliorates diabetic kidney disease through normalizing Snail1 expression in a mouse model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E686-E698. [PMID: 31361542 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00071.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1/IGF-1R) in the genesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse diabetes model. We showed elevated IGF-1 expression in the DKD kidneys after 16 wk of diabetic onset. Intraperitoneal administration of IGF-1R inhibitor (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK4529) from week 8 to week 16 postdiabetes induction ameliorated urinary albumin excretion and kidney histological changes due to diabetes, including amelioration of glomerulomegaly, inflammatory infiltration, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The GSK4529 treatment also attenuated alterations in renal tubular expression of E-cad and matrix protein fibronectin. Moreover, renal fibrosis in DKD (without treatment) was associated with Snail1 overexpression that was effectively prevented by IGF-1R inhibition. Further experiments in cultured renal epithelial cells (NRK) showed that IGF-1 silencing reproduced in vivo effects of IGF-1R inhibition with markedly attenuated Snail1 expression and near normalization of the Ecad1 and fibronectin expression pattern. Further Snail1 silencing prevented high-glucose-induced changes without affecting IGF-1 expression, consistent with Snail1 acting downstream to IGF-1. The antifibrotic effects were also shown with benazepril or insulin treatment but to a much lesser degree. In summary, in STZ-induced diabetic mice, activation of IGF-1 in diabetic kidneys induces fibrogenesis through Snail1 upregulation. The diabetes-related histological and functional changes, as well as fibrogenesis, can be attenuated by IGF-1/IGF-1R inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Dong
- Guizhou University School of medicine, Gui Yang, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Gui Yang, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Gui Yang, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Gui Yang, China
| | - Funxun Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Gui Yang, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Gui Yang, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yan Zha
- Guizhou University School of medicine, Gui Yang, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Gui Yang, China
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elevated circulating levels of growth hormone (GH) and/or increased expression of the GH receptor in the kidney are associated with the development of nephropathy in type1 diabetes and acromegaly. Conditions of GH excess are characterized by hyperfiltration, glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis and albuminuria, whereas states of decreased GH secretion or action are protected against glomerulopathy. The direct role of GH's action on glomerular cells, particularly podocytes, has been the focus of recent studies. In this review, the emerging role of GH on the biological function of podocytes and its implications in the pathogenesis of diabetic and chronic kidney disease will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Elevated GH levels impair glomerular permselectivity by altering the expression of podocyte slit-diaphragm proteins. GH stimulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of podocytes and decreases podocyte count. GH also induces the expression of prosclerotic molecules transforming growth factor beta, and TGFBIp. SUMMARY Our understanding of the cellular and molecular effects of GH in the pathogenesis of renal complications of diabetes and acromegaly has significantly progressed in recent years. These observations open up new possibilities in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ram K Menon
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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18
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Lu M, Flanagan JU, Langley RJ, Hay MP, Perry JK. Targeting growth hormone function: strategies and therapeutic applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30775002 PMCID: PMC6367471 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) is a classical pituitary endocrine hormone that is essential for normal postnatal growth and has pleiotropic effects across multiple physiological systems. GH is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues and has localized autocrine/paracrine effects at these sites. In adults, hypersecretion of GH causes acromegaly, and strategies that block the release of GH or that inhibit GH receptor (GHR) activation are the primary forms of medical therapy for this disease. Overproduction of GH has also been linked to cancer and the microvascular complications that are associated with diabetes. However, studies to investigate the therapeutic potential of GHR antagonism in these diseases have been limited, most likely due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools to study the pharmacology of the receptor in vivo. This review will discuss current and emerging strategies for antagonizing GH function and the potential disease indications. Emerging therapies are offering an expanded toolkit for combatting the effects of human growth hormone overproduction. Human growth hormone (GH) is a major driver of postnatal growth; however, systemic or localized overproduction is implicated in the aberrant growth disease acromegaly, cancer, and diabetes. In this review, researchers led by Jo Perry, from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, discuss strategies that either inhibit GH production, block its systemic receptor, or interrupt its downstream signaling pathways. The only licensed GH receptor blocker is pegvisomant, but therapies are in development that include long-acting protein and antibody-based blockers, and nucleotide complexes that degrade GHR production have also shown promise. Studies investigating GHR antagonism are limited, partly due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools which block GHR function, but overcoming these obstacles may yield advances in alleviating chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Lu
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- 3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,4Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Renner S, Blutke A, Dobenecker B, Dhom G, Müller TD, Finan B, Clemmensen C, Bernau M, Novak I, Rathkolb B, Senf S, Zöls S, Roth M, Götz A, Hofmann SM, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Wanke R, Kienzle E, Scholz AM, DiMarchi R, Ritzmann M, Tschöp MH, Wolf E. Metabolic syndrome and extensive adipose tissue inflammation in morbidly obese Göttingen minipigs. Mol Metab 2018; 16:180-190. [PMID: 30017782 PMCID: PMC6157610 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased to 10% in men and 15% in women and is associated with severe comorbidities such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Animal models of obesity are central to experimental studies of disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) models in rodents have provided important insights into the pathophysiology of obesity and, in most instances, are the first in line for exploratory pharmacology studies. To deepen the relevance towards translation to human patients, we established a corresponding DIO model in Göttingen minipigs (GM). METHODS Young adult female ovariectomized GM were fed a high-fat/high-energy diet for a period of 70 weeks. The ration was calculated to meet the requirements and maintain body weight (BW) of lean adult minipigs (L-GM group) or increased stepwise to achieve an obese state (DIO-GM group). Body composition, blood parameters and intravenous glucose tolerance were determined at regular intervals. A pilot chronic treatment trial with a GLP1 receptor agonist was conducted in DIO-GM. At the end of the study, the animals were necropsied and a biobank of selected tissues was established. RESULTS DIO-GM developed severe subcutaneous and visceral adiposity (body fat >50% of body mass vs. 22% in L-GM), increased plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >5 vs. 2 in L-GM), impaired glucose tolerance and increased heart rate when resting and active. However, fasting glucose concentrations stayed within normal range throughout the study. Treatment with a long-acting GLP1 receptor agonist revealed substantial reduction of food intake and body weight within four weeks, with increased drug sensitivity relative to observations in other DIO animal models. Extensive adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte necrosis was observed in visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue of DIO-GM. CONCLUSIONS The Munich DIO-GM model resembles hallmarks of the human metabolic syndrome with extensive adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte necrosis reported for the first time. DIO-GM may be used for evaluating novel treatments of obesity and associated comorbidities. They may help to identify triggers and mechanisms of fat tissue inflammation and mechanisms preventing complete metabolic decompensation despite morbid obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Renner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Georg Dhom
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian Finan
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Bernau
- Livestock Center of the Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, St.-Hubertus-Str. 12, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Istvan Novak
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany; German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Steffanie Senf
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Zöls
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mirjam Roth
- Animal aspects, 88400, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anna Götz
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research (IDR), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, Ziemssenstr, 180336, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (GAC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Armin M Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, St.-Hubertus-Str. 12, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
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20
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Blutke A, Wanke R. Sampling Strategies and Processing of Biobank Tissue Samples from Porcine Biomedical Models. J Vis Exp 2018:57276. [PMID: 29578524 PMCID: PMC5931442 DOI: 10.3791/57276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In translational medical research, porcine models have steadily become more popular. Considering the high value of individual animals, particularly of genetically modified pig models, and the often-limited number of available animals of these models, establishment of (biobank) collections of adequately processed tissue samples suited for a broad spectrum of subsequent analyses methods, including analyses not specified at the time point of sampling, represent meaningful approaches to take full advantage of the translational value of the model. With respect to the peculiarities of porcine anatomy, comprehensive guidelines have recently been established for standardized generation of representative, high-quality samples from different porcine organs and tissues. These guidelines are essential prerequisites for the reproducibility of results and their comparability between different studies and investigators. The recording of basic data, such as organ weights and volumes, the determination of the sampling locations and of the numbers of tissue samples to be generated, as well as their orientation, size, processing and trimming directions, are relevant factors determining the generalizability and usability of the specimen for molecular, qualitative, and quantitative morphological analyses. Here, an illustrative, practical, step-by-step demonstration of the most important techniques for generation of representative, multi-purpose biobank specimen from porcine tissues is presented. The methods described here include determination of organ/tissue volumes and densities, the application of a volume-weighted systematic random sampling procedure for parenchymal organs by point-counting, determination of the extent of tissue shrinkage related to histological embedding of samples, and generation of randomly oriented samples for quantitative stereological analyses, such as isotropic uniform random (IUR) sections generated by the "Orientator" and "Isector" methods, and vertical uniform random (VUR) sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich;
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich
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21
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Matenaers C, Popper B, Rieger A, Wanke R, Blutke A. Practicable methods for histological section thickness measurement in quantitative stereological analyses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192879. [PMID: 29444158 PMCID: PMC5812658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of quantitative stereological analysis tools such as the (physical) disector method substantially depends on the precise determination of the thickness of the analyzed histological sections. One conventional method for measurement of histological section thickness is to re-embed the section of interest vertically to its original section plane. The section thickness is then measured in a subsequently prepared histological section of this orthogonally re-embedded sample. However, the orthogonal re-embedding (ORE) technique is quite work- and time-intensive and may produce inaccurate section thickness measurement values due to unintentional slightly oblique (non-orthogonal) positioning of the re-embedded sample-section. Here, an improved ORE method is presented, allowing for determination of the factual section plane angle of the re-embedded section, and correction of measured section thickness values for oblique (non-orthogonal) sectioning. For this, the analyzed section is mounted flat on a foil of known thickness (calibration foil) and both the section and the calibration foil are then vertically (re-)embedded. The section angle of the re-embedded section is then calculated from the deviation of the measured section thickness of the calibration foil and its factual thickness, using basic geometry. To find a practicable, fast, and accurate alternative to ORE, the suitability of spectral reflectance (SR) measurement for determination of plastic section thicknesses was evaluated. Using a commercially available optical reflectometer (F20, Filmetrics®, USA), the thicknesses of 0.5 μm thick semi-thin Epon (glycid ether)-sections and of 1–3 μm thick plastic sections (glycolmethacrylate/ methylmethacrylate, GMA/MMA), as regularly used in physical disector analyses, could precisely be measured within few seconds. Compared to the measured section thicknesses determined by ORE, SR measures displayed less than 1% deviation. Our results prove the applicability of SR to efficiently provide accurate section thickness measurements as a prerequisite for reliable estimates of dependent quantitative stereological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrill Matenaers
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Mukhi D, Nishad R, Menon RK, Pasupulati AK. Novel Actions of Growth Hormone in Podocytes: Implications for Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:102. [PMID: 28748185 PMCID: PMC5506074 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and thus maintains body homeostasis. The kidney’s potential to ensure ultrafiltered and almost protein-free urine is compromised in various metabolic and hormonal disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic nephropathy (DN) accounts for ~20–40% of mortality in DM. Proteinuria, a hallmark of renal glomerular diseases, indicates injury to the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). The GFB is composed of glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes. Podocytes are terminally differentiated epithelial cells with limited ability to replicate. Podocyte shape and number are both critical for the integrity and function of the GFB. Podocytes are vulnerable to various noxious stimuli prevalent in a diabetic milieu that could provoke podocytes to undergo changes to their unique architecture and function. Effacement of podocyte foot process is a typical morphological alteration associated with proteinuria. The dedifferentiation of podocytes from epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotype and consequential loss results in proteinuria. Poorly controlled type 1 DM is associated with elevated levels of circulating growth hormone (GH), which is implicated in the pathophysiology of various diabetic complications including DN. Recent studies demonstrate that functional GH receptors are expressed in podocytes and that GH may exert detrimental effects on the podocyte. In this review, we summarize recent advances that shed light on actions of GH on the podocyte that could play a role in the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajkishor Nishad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ram K Menon
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anil Kumar Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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23
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Blutke A, Schneider MR, Wolf E, Wanke R. Growth hormone (GH)-transgenic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-deficient mice allow dissociation of excess GH and IGF1 effects on glomerular and tubular growth. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/5/e12709. [PMID: 26997624 PMCID: PMC4823598 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH)‐transgenic mice with permanently elevated systemic levels of GH and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) reproducibly develop renal and glomerular hypertrophy and subsequent progressive glomerulosclerosis, finally leading to terminal renal failure. To dissociate IGF1‐dependent and ‐independent effects of GH excess on renal growth and lesion development in vivo, the kidneys of 75 days old IGF1‐deficient (I−/−) and of IGF1‐deficient GH‐transgenic mice (I−/−/G), as well as of GH‐transgenic (G) and nontransgenic wild‐type control mice (I+/+) were examined by quantitative stereological and functional analyses. Both G and I−/−/G mice developed glomerular hypertrophy, hyperplasia of glomerular mesangial and endothelial cells, podocyte hypertrophy and foot process effacement, albuminuria, and glomerulosclerosis. However, I−/−/G mice exhibited less severe glomerular alterations, as compared to G mice. Compared to I+/+ mice, G mice exhibited renal hypertrophy with a significant increase in the number without a change in the size of proximal tubular epithelial (PTE) cells. In contrast, I−/−/G mice did not display significant PTE cell hyperplasia, as compared to I−/− mice. These findings indicate that GH excess stimulates glomerular growth and induces lesions progressing to glomerulosclerosis in the absence of IGF1. In contrast, IGF1 represents an important mediator of GH‐dependent proximal tubular growth in GH‐transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Centre Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Centre Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
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24
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Rieger A, Kemter E, Kumar S, Popper B, Aigner B, Wolf E, Wanke R, Blutke A. Missense Mutation of POU Domain Class 3 Transcription Factor 3 in Pou3f3L423P Mice Causes Reduced Nephron Number and Impaired Development of the Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158977. [PMID: 27420727 PMCID: PMC4946790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During nephrogenesis, POU domain class 3 transcription factor 3 (POU3F3 aka BRN1) is critically involved in development of distinct nephron segments, including the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL). Deficiency of POU3F3 in knock-out mice leads to underdevelopment of the TAL, lack of differentiation of TAL cells, and perinatal death due to renal failure. Pou3f3L423P mutant mice, which were established in the Munich ENU Mouse Mutagenesis Project, carry a recessive point mutation in the homeobox domain of POU3F3. Homozygous Pou3f3L423P mutants are viable and fertile. The present study used functional, as well as qualitative and quantitative morphological analyses to characterize the renal phenotype of juvenile (12 days) and aged (60 weeks) homo- and heterozygous Pou3f3L423P mutant mice and age-matched wild-type controls. In both age groups, homozygous mutants vs. control mice displayed significantly smaller kidney volumes, decreased nephron numbers and mean glomerular volumes, smaller TAL volumes, as well as lower volume densities of the TAL in the kidney. No histological or ultrastructural lesions of TAL cells or glomerular cells were observed in homozygous mutant mice. Aged homozygous mutants displayed increased serum urea concentrations and reduced specific urine gravity, but no evidence of glomerular dysfunction. These results confirm the role of POU3F3 in development and function of the TAL and provide new evidence for its involvement in regulation of the nephron number in the kidney. Therefore, Pou3f3L423P mutant mice represent a valuable research model for further analyses of POU3F3 functions, or for nephrological studies examining the role of congenital low nephron numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rieger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Aigner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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