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Sultana S, Logue BA. Determination of biomarkers of chlorine exposure from biological samples: a review of analysis techniques. Biomarkers 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39137916 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2024.2390563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Chlorine gas can be toxic when inhaled or absorbed at high concentrations through the skin. It can cause pulmonary edema, pulmonary inflammation, respiratory failure, and potentially death. Monitoring chlorine exposure helps in determining treatment regimens and may inform safeguards, such as personal protective equipment and ventilation systems. Therefore, verification of chlorine exposure is crucial to protecting human health. This has led to identification of multiple biomarkers of Cl2 exposure with associated innovations in methods of analysis to monitor these markers. Materials and methods: In this review of the last 30 years of literature, biomarkers and associated methods of detection for the determination of chlorine exposure from biological samples are detailed and critically evaluated. Results and discussion: From the 36 included studies, the most useful biomarkers for Cl2 exposure include tyrosine adducts, chlorohydrin, chloro-fatty-acids, chloro-fatty-aldehydes, and chloro-fatty-alcohols. The most common sample preparation methods for these markers are hydrolysis and extraction and the most common analysis techniques are chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection. Conclusion: The findings of this review emphasize the need for continued research into biomarkers and stronger evaluation of proposed analytical methods, including validation, to allow more appropriate comparison, which will ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, & Physics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, & Physics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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Murashevych B, Maslak H, Girenko D, Abraimova O, Netronina O, Shvets V. The effect of hypochlorous acid inhalation on the activity of antioxidant system enzymes in rats of different ages. Free Radic Res 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39073910 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2024.2386688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid HOCl is an effective disinfectant with a broad spectrum and high rate of microbicidal action. Its use for air treatment can be an effective tool for the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases. In this work, the in vivo study was conducted on 110 Wistar Han rats (12 and 72 weeks old) on the effect of a single inhalation of air containing gaseous HOCl on the activity of antioxidant system enzymes. For this, a special installation was designed to uniformly maintain the concentration of HOCl in the air and regulate it over a wide range. Inhalation exposure was carried out for 4 h at total chlorine concentrations in the air of approximately 2.0 mg/m3 and 5.0 mg/m3, after which the animals were observed for 14 days. The effect of inhalation on the antioxidant system activity varied significantly in animals of different ages. Catalase activity in young rats increased approximately 2-fold on days 1-2 after inhalation, regardless of the HOCl concentration, while in old animals a sharp dose-dependent decrease was initially observed. The glutathione peroxidase activity in animals of both ages increased upon inhalation of air with 5.0 mg/m3 HOCl, and in old animals this was more pronounced; when the HOCl concentration decreased to 2.0 mg/m3, this indicator increased slightly in old rats and remained virtually unchanged in young ones. The glutathione reductase activity when exposed to 2.0 mg/m3 HOCl did not change for both age groups, and with increasing HOCl concentration it increased by 1.5-2.0 times in all animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Murashevych
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Hanna Maslak
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Girenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Olha Abraimova
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Olha Netronina
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Shvets
- Department of Biochemistry, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
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Song S, Wang S, Huang W, Li H, Wang W, Li J, Chen C, Bai X, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Cang H, Li H. Selective measurement of Cl 2 and HCl based on dopant-assisted negative photoionization ion mobility spectrometry combined with semiconductor cooling. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 39036928 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00690a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an efficient approach for the precise detection of chlorine gas (Cl2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), harmful pollutants frequently emitted from chlor-alkali and various industrial processes. These substances, even in trace amounts, pose significant health risks. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), known for its sensitivity in pollutant detection, traditionally struggles to differentiate between Cl2 and HCl due to the similarity of their product ions, Cl-. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a novel technique combining dopant-assisted negative photoionization ion mobility spectrometry (DANP-IMS) with an automatic semiconductor cooling system. This unique combination utilizes the differential cryogenic removal efficiencies of Cl2 and HCl to segregate these gases before analysis. By applying DANP-IMS, we achieved selective measurement of Cl- ion signal intensities under both standard and cryogenic conditions, facilitating the accurate quantification of total chlorine and Cl2 levels. We then determined HCl concentrations by deducting the Cl2 signal from the total chlorine readings. Our approach demonstrated detection limits of 2.0 parts per billion (ppb) for Cl2 and 0.8 ppb for HCl, across a linear detection range of 0-200 ppb. Moreover, our method's capability for real-time atmospheric monitoring of Cl2 and HCl near industrial sites underscores its utility for environmental monitoring, offering a robust solution for the separate and precise measurement of these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxu Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiwen Cang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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Palanisamy J, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A. A Pyrazine-Based Chromophore Photophysical Properties and its Detection for Hydrazine and Acid Vapors. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03825-3. [PMID: 38951307 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Designed and synthesized linear pyrazine-based D-π-A-π-A probe is investigated to study the colorimetric and emission properties with different polarity index solvents. Their molar extinction coefficients were estimated for each solvent. This TLP probe was investigated in THF/water binary solution aggregates, and a redshifted AIE was observed reaching a water fraction of 70%. Also, this TLP probe was applied to the multifunctional, rapid, sensitive and selective detection of acid-base (TFA/TEA) and hydrazine (N2H4) in colorimetric and fluorimetric sensors. The pyrazine unit probe demonstrated an acidochromic effect and explored the acid-sensing behavior. The TLP probe containing malononitrile functional groups has extensively detected hazardous hydrazine species due to nucleophilic attack of hydrazine at the α-position of dicyano. This TLP probe allowed the quick and fast-sensitive detection of hydrazine hydride with a low detection limit of 1.08 nM. According to the results, the mechanism was confirmed by UV-Vis, PL, NMR and MS spectra for the detection of hydrazine, and further evidence of the protonation-deprotonation process in added TFA/TEA was made by titration studies by 1H NMR. Therefore, this work can be used for test strip kits for multifunction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasudha Palanisamy
- Department of Chemistry, Subramanya College of Arts and Science, Palani, Tamilnadu, 624618, India.
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Masjoan Juncos JX, Nadeem F, Shakil S, El-Husari M, Zafar I, Louch WE, Halade GV, Zaky A, Ahmad A, Ahmad S. Myocardial SERCA2 Protects Against Cardiac Damage and Dysfunction Caused by Inhaled Bromine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:146-158. [PMID: 38772719 PMCID: PMC11192580 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) activity is critical for heart function. We have demonstrated that inhaled halogen (chlorine or bromine) gases inactivate SERCA2, impair calcium homeostasis, increase proteolysis, and damage the myocardium ultimately leading to cardiac dysfunction. To further elucidate the mechanistic role of SERCA2 in halogen-induced myocardial damage, we used bromine-exposed cardiac-specific SERCA2 knockout (KO) mice [tamoxifen-administered SERCA2 (flox/flox) Tg (αMHC-MerCreMer) mice] and compared them to the oil-administered controls. We performed echocardiography and hemodynamic analysis to investigate cardiac function 24 hours after bromine (600 ppm for 30 minutes) exposure and measured cardiac injury markers in plasma and proteolytic activity in cardiac tissue and performed electron microscopy of the left ventricle (LV). Cardiac-specific SERCA2 knockout mice demonstrated enhanced toxicity to bromine. Bromine exposure increased ultrastructural damage, perturbed LV shape geometry, and demonstrated acutely increased phosphorylation of phospholamban in the KO mice. Bromine-exposed KO mice revealed significantly enhanced mean arterial pressure and sphericity index and decreased LV end diastolic diameter and LV end systolic pressure when compared with the bromine-exposed control FF mice. Strain analysis showed loss of synchronicity, evidenced by an irregular endocardial shape in systole and irregular vector orientation of contractile motion across different segments of the LV in KO mice, both at baseline and after bromine exposure. These studies underscore the critical role of myocardial SERCA2 in preserving cardiac ultrastructure and function during toxic halogen gas exposures. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Due to their increased industrial production and transportation, halogens such as chlorine and bromine pose an enhanced risk of exposure to the public. Our studies have demonstrated that inhalation of these halogens leads to the inactivation of cardiopulmonary SERCA2 and results in calcium overload. Using cardiac-specific SERCA2 KO mice, these studies further validated the role of SERCA2 in bromine-induced myocardial injury. These studies highlight the increased susceptibility of individuals with pathological loss of cardiac SERCA2 to the effects of bromine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xavier Masjoan Juncos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Fahad Nadeem
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Shazia Shakil
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Malik El-Husari
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Iram Zafar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - William E Louch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Ahmed Zaky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
| | - Shama Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (J.X.M.J., F.N., S.S., M.E.-H., I.Z, A.Z., A.A., S.A.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (W.E.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.V.H.)
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Bhat AA, Afzal M, Goyal A, Gupta G, Thapa R, Almalki WH, Kazmi I, Alzarea SI, Shahwan M, Paudel KR, Ali H, Sahu D, Prasher P, Singh SK, Dua K. The impact of formaldehyde exposure on lung inflammatory disorders: Insights into asthma, bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:111002. [PMID: 38604395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Lung inflammatory disorders are a major global health burden, impacting millions of people and raising rates of morbidity and death across many demographic groups. An industrial chemical and common environmental contaminant, formaldehyde (FA) presents serious health concerns to the respiratory system, including the onset and aggravation of lung inflammatory disorders. Epidemiological studies have shown significant associations between FA exposure levels and the incidence and severity of several respiratory diseases. FA causes inflammation in the respiratory tract via immunological activation, oxidative stress, and airway remodelling, aggravating pre-existing pulmonary inflammation and compromising lung function. Additionally, FA functions as a respiratory sensitizer, causing allergic responses and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in sensitive people. Understanding the complicated processes behind formaldehyde-induced lung inflammation is critical for directing targeted strategies aimed at minimizing environmental exposures and alleviating the burden of formaldehyde-related lung illnesses on global respiratory health. This abstract explores the intricate relationship between FA exposure and lung inflammatory diseases, including asthma, bronchitis, allergic inflammation, lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ahmad Bhat
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, 302017, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248007, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Riya Thapa
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, 302017, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, 72341, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Haider Ali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Department of Pharmacology, Kyrgyz State Medical College, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Dipak Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
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7
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Truicu FN, Damian RO, Butoi MA, Belghiru VI, Rotaru LT, Puticiu M, Văruț RM. How to Personalize General Anesthesia-A Prospective Theoretical Approach to Conformational Changes of Halogenated Anesthetics in Fire Smoke Poisoning. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4701. [PMID: 38731919 PMCID: PMC11083261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Smoke intoxication is a central event in mass burn incidents, and toxic smoke acts at different levels of the body, blocking breathing and oxygenation. The majority of these patients require early induction of anesthesia to preserve vital functions. We studied the influence of hemoglobin (HMG) and myoglobin (MGB) blockade by hydrochloric acid (HCl) in an interaction model with gaseous anesthetics using molecular docking techniques. In the next part of the study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on the top-scoring ligand-receptor complexes to investigate the stability of the ligand-receptor complexes and the interactions between ligands and receptors in more detail. Through docking analysis, we observed that hemoglobin creates more stable complexes with anesthetic gases than myoglobin. Intoxication with gaseous hydrochloric acid produces conformational and binding energy changes of anesthetic gases to the substrate (both the pathway and the binding site), the most significant being recorded in the case of desflurane and sevoflurane, while for halothane and isoflurane, they remain unchanged. According to our theoretical model, the selection of anesthetic agents for patients affected by fire smoke containing hydrochloric acid is critical to ensure optimal anesthetic effects. In this regard, our model suggests that halothane and isoflurane are the most suitable choices for predicting the anesthetic effects in such patients when compared to sevoflurane and desflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavius Nicușor Truicu
- Emergency Medicine and First Aid Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (F.N.T.); (R.O.D.); (M.A.B.); (V.I.B.)
| | - Roni Octavian Damian
- Emergency Medicine and First Aid Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (F.N.T.); (R.O.D.); (M.A.B.); (V.I.B.)
| | - Mihai Alexandru Butoi
- Emergency Medicine and First Aid Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (F.N.T.); (R.O.D.); (M.A.B.); (V.I.B.)
| | - Vlad Ionuț Belghiru
- Emergency Medicine and First Aid Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (F.N.T.); (R.O.D.); (M.A.B.); (V.I.B.)
| | - Luciana Teodora Rotaru
- Emergency Medicine and First Aid Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (F.N.T.); (R.O.D.); (M.A.B.); (V.I.B.)
| | - Monica Puticiu
- Emergency Medicine and First Aid Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Vasile Goldiș” Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Renata Maria Văruț
- Research Methodology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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Galli TT, de Campos EC, do Nascimento Camargo L, Fukuzaki S, Dos Santos TM, Hamaguchi SSS, Bezerra SKM, Silva FJA, Rezende BG, Dos Santos Lopes FTQ, Olivo CR, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Prado CM, Leick EA, Bourotte CLM, Benseñor IJM, Lotufo PA, Righetti RF, Tibério IFLC. Effects of environmental exposure to iron powder on healthy and elastase-exposed mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9134. [PMID: 38644380 PMCID: PMC11033283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to iron powder and other mineral dusts can threaten the health of individuals, especially those with COPD. The goal of this study was to determine how environmental exposure to metal dust from two different mining centers in Brazil affects lung mechanics, inflammation, remodeling and oxidative stress responses in healthy and elastase-exposed mice. This study divided 72 male C57Bl/6 mice into two groups, the summer group and the winter group. These groups were further divided into six groups: control, nonexposed (SAL); nonexposed, given elastase (ELA); exposed to metal powder at a mining company (SAL-L1 and ELA-L1); and exposed to a location three miles away from the mining company (SAL-L2 and ELA-L2) for four weeks. On the 29th day of the protocol, the researchers assessed lung mechanics, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammation, remodeling, oxidative stress, macrophage iron and alveolar wall alterations (mean linear intercept-Lm). The Lm was increased in the ELA, ELA-L1 and ELA-L2 groups compared to the SAL group (p < 0.05). There was an increase in the total number of cells and macrophages in the ELA-L1 and ELA-L2 groups compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the ELA and SAL groups, the exposed groups (ELA-L1, ELA-L2, SAL-L1, and SAL-L2) exhibited increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, neutrophil elastase, TIMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-12, TGF-β, collagen fibers, MUC5AC, iNOS, Gp91phox, NFkB and iron positive macrophages (p < 0.05). Although we did not find differences in lung mechanics across all groups, there were low to moderate correlations between inflammation remodeling, oxidative stress and NFkB with elastance, resistance of lung tissue and iron positive macrophages (p < 0.05). Environmental exposure to iron, confirmed by evaluation of iron in alveolar macrophages and in air, exacerbated inflammation, initiated remodeling, and induced oxidative stress responses in exposed mice with and without emphysema. Activation of the iNOS, Gp91phox and NFkB pathways play a role in these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903 - Laboratory LIM20, Brazil.
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9
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Kameda T, Kondo Y, Fukataki Y, Hinotsu S, Fujimura T, Takayama T. A Safer Method for Disinfection of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Containing Urine: A Prospective, Randomized Study. Urol Int 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38615666 DOI: 10.1159/000538758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to examine whether disinfection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin-containing urine with etaprocohol® (ethanol 76.9-81.4 vol % and isopropanol as an additive) is safer than disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. METHOD In prospective research, safety and efficacy was analyzed in 5 patients in the etaprocohol® disinfection group and 5 patients in the sodium hypochlorite disinfection group. The primary endpoint was the temperature change after disinfection and the secondary endpoint was the unpleasantness of the odor caused by disinfection. Additionally, concentration of gas produced was also examined. Sensory tests were taken from staff who performed urine disinfection and the odor generated by disinfection was evaluated. As a safety protocol, post-BCG-treated urine is cultured to verify the negativity for mycobacteria. RESULTS Mycobacteria were disinfected in all cases. The temperature rise following disinfection was significantly higher in the sodium hypochlorite group. The sensory test outcomes were significantly worse in the group disinfected with sodium hypochlorite. The concentration of gas generated immediately after disinfection in both groups reached the maximum value and declined quickly. CONCLUSIONS Disinfection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin-containing urine with etaprocohol® was safer than disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, and an equivalent disinfection effect was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kameda
- Department of Urology, Haga Red Cross Hospital, Moka, Japan,
- Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan,
| | | | - Yasuko Fukataki
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Management, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Hinotsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Management, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takayama
- Department of Urology, Haga Red Cross Hospital, Moka, Japan
- Department of Urology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan
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10
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Vermillion MS, Saari N, Bray M, Nelson AM, Bullard RL, Rudolph K, Gigliotti AP, Brendler J, Jantzi J, Kuehl PJ, McDonald JD, Burgert ME, Weber W, Sucoloski S, Behm DJ. Effect of TRPV4 Antagonist GSK2798745 on Chlorine Gas-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Swine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3949. [PMID: 38612759 PMCID: PMC11011849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As a regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) antagonism represents a promising strategy for reducing pulmonary edema secondary to chemical inhalation. In an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by exposure of anesthetized swine to chlorine gas by mechanical ventilation, the dose-dependent effects of TRPV4 inhibitor GSK2798745 were evaluated. Pulmonary function and oxygenation were measured hourly; airway responsiveness, wet-to-dry lung weight ratios, airway inflammation, and histopathology were assessed 24 h post-exposure. Exposure to 240 parts per million (ppm) chlorine gas for ≥50 min resulted in acute lung injury characterized by sustained changes in the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to the fraction of inspiratory oxygen concentration (PaO2/FiO2), oxygenation index, peak inspiratory pressure, dynamic lung compliance, and respiratory system resistance over 24 h. Chlorine exposure also heightened airway response to methacholine and increased wet-to-dry lung weight ratios at 24 h. Following 55-min chlorine gas exposure, GSK2798745 marginally improved PaO2/FiO2, but did not impact lung function, airway responsiveness, wet-to-dry lung weight ratios, airway inflammation, or histopathology. In summary, in this swine model of chlorine gas-induced acute lung injury, GSK2798745 did not demonstrate a clinically relevant improvement of key disease endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S. Vermillion
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Nathan Saari
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Mathieu Bray
- GSK, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA; (M.B.); (S.S.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Andrew M. Nelson
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Robert L. Bullard
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Karin Rudolph
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Andrew P. Gigliotti
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Jeffrey Brendler
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Jacob Jantzi
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Philip J. Kuehl
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Jacob D. McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | | | - Waylon Weber
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | | | - David J. Behm
- GSK, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA; (M.B.); (S.S.); (D.J.B.)
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11
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Achanta S, Gentile MA, Albert CJ, Schulte KA, Pantazides BG, Crow BS, Quiñones-González J, Perez JW, Ford DA, Patel RP, Blake TA, Gunn MD, Jordt SE. Recapitulation of human pathophysiology and identification of forensic biomarkers in a translational model of chlorine inhalation injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L482-L495. [PMID: 38318664 PMCID: PMC11281795 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00162.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorine gas (Cl2) has been repeatedly used as a chemical weapon, first in World War I and most recently in Syria. Life-threatening Cl2 exposures frequently occur in domestic and occupational environments, and in transportation accidents. Modeling the human etiology of Cl2-induced acute lung injury (ALI), forensic biomarkers, and targeted countermeasures development have been hampered by inadequate large animal models. The objective of this study was to develop a translational model of Cl2-induced ALI in swine to understand toxico-pathophysiology and evaluate whether it is suitable for screening potential medical countermeasures and to identify biomarkers useful for forensic analysis. Specific pathogen-free Yorkshire swine (30-40 kg) of either sex were exposed to Cl2 (≤240 ppm for 1 h) or filtered air under anesthesia and controlled mechanical ventilation. Exposure to Cl2 resulted in severe hypoxia and hypoxemia, increased airway resistance and peak inspiratory pressure, and decreased dynamic lung compliance. Cl2 exposure resulted in increased total leucocyte and neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, vascular leakage, and pulmonary edema compared with the air-exposed group. The model recapitulated all three key histopathological features of human ALI, such as neutrophilic alveolitis, deposition of hyaline membranes, and formation of microthrombi. Free and lipid-bound 2-chlorofatty acids and chlorotyrosine-modified proteins (3-chloro-l-tyrosine and 3,5-dichloro-l-tyrosine) were detected in plasma and lung tissue after Cl2 exposure. In this study, we developed a translational swine model that recapitulates key features of human Cl2 inhalation injury and is suitable for testing medical countermeasures, and validated chlorinated fatty acids and protein adducts as biomarkers of Cl2 inhalation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We established a swine model of chlorine gas-induced acute lung injury that exhibits several features of human acute lung injury and is suitable for screening potential medical countermeasures. We validated chlorinated fatty acids and protein adducts in plasma and lung samples as forensic biomarkers of chlorine inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael A Gentile
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kevin A Schulte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Brooke G Pantazides
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Brian S Crow
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jennifer Quiñones-González
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jonas W Perez
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Michael D Gunn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sven E Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Integrated Toxicology & Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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12
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Boles SL, Pantazides BG, Perez JW, Sternberg MR, Crow BS, Blake TA. Establishing Population Values for Chlorine Exposure in the United States (2015-2016) Using 2 Chlorine Biomarkers, 3-Chlorotyrosine and 3,5-Dichlorotyrosine. J Appl Lab Med 2024; 9:342-349. [PMID: 38169366 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, 12 million short tons of chlorine are manufactured and transported each year. Due to the volume of this volatile chemical, large- and small-scale chemical exposures occur frequently. To diagnose and treat potentially exposed individuals, reference range values for confirmatory biomarkers are required to differentiate between normal and abnormal exposure levels. METHODS Serum surplus samples (n = 1780) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 were measured for 2 chlorine biomarkers, 3-chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr) and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine (Cl2-Tyr), by liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. We evaluated demographic factors associated with elevated biomarker levels. RESULTS Participant samples were analyzed for the chlorine biomarkers Cl-Tyr and Cl2-Tyr. In the unweighted analysis of these samples, 1349 (75.8%) were under the limit of detection (< LOD) of 2.50 ng/mL for Cl-Tyr and 1773 (99.6%) were < LOD for Cl2-Tyr. Samples within the method reportable range were 2.50 to 35.6 ng/mL for Cl-Tyr and 2.69 to 11.2 ng/mL for Cl2-Tyr. Since only 7 of the 1780 participants had detectable Cl2-Tyr, statistical analysis was limited to Cl-Tyr. Of the demographic characteristics examined, age, body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and sex exhibited statistically significant differences in the weighted prevalence of detectable Cl-Tyr. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported set of Cl-Tyr and Cl2-Tyr population values for the United States. This population range coupled with NHANES demographic information could help healthcare professionals distinguish between normal and abnormal chlorine biomarker levels in an emergency. With this information, an inference could be made when determining acute chlorine exposure in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Boles
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brooke G Pantazides
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jonas W Perez
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maya R Sternberg
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brian S Crow
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Sultana S, Christeson S, Basiouny M, Rioux J, Veress L, Logue BA. Verification of chlorine exposure via LC-MS/MS analysis of base hydrolyzed chlorophenols from chlorotyrosine-protein adducts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1235:124042. [PMID: 38354459 PMCID: PMC10939755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Inhalation of chlorine gas, with subsequent hydrolysis in the airway and lungs to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), can cause pulmonary edema (i.e., fluid build-up in the lungs), pulmonary inflammation (with or without infection), respiratory failure, and death. The HOCl produced from chlorine is known to react with tyrosine to form adducts via electrophilic aromatic substitution, resulting in 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine adducts. While several analysis methods are available for determining these adducts, each method has significant disadvantages. Hence, a simple and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of chlorotyrosine adducts. The sample preparation involves base hydrolysis of isolated plasma proteins to form 2-chlorophenol (CP) from monochlorotyrosine adducts and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), from dichlorotyrosine adducts, as markers of chlorine exposure. The chlorophenols are extracted with cyclohexane prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The method produced excellent sensitivity for 2,6-DCP with a limit of detection of 2.2 μg/kg, calibration curve linearity extending from 0.054-54 mg/kg (R2 ≥ 0.9997 and %RA > 94), and accuracy and precision of 100 ± 14 %, and <15 % relative standard deviation, respectively. The sensitivity of the method for 2-CP was relatively poor, so it was used only as a secondary marker for severe chlorine exposure. The method successfully detected elevated levels of 2,6-DCP from hypochlorite-spiked plasma protein and plasma protein isolated from chlorine-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Sarah Christeson
- Department of Pediatrics-Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mohamed Basiouny
- Department of Pediatrics-Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rioux
- Department of Pediatrics-Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Livia Veress
- Department of Pediatrics-Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA.
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14
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Baljinnyam T, Niimi Y, Salsbury JR, Fukuda S, Ouellette CM, Andersen CR, Hirasawa Y, Prough DA, Garner CE, Salzman AL, Enkhbaatar P. Dose and gender dependence of chlorine inhalation in a conscious ovine model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22367. [PMID: 38102196 PMCID: PMC10724231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the pathophysiology of ARDS following chlorine gas inhalation in clinically relevant translational large animal models is essential, as the opportunity for clinical trials in this type of trauma is extremely limited. To investigate Cl2 concentration and gender-dependent ARDS severity. Sheep (n = 54) were exposed to air or Cl2 premixed in air at a concentration of 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm for 30 min under anesthesia/analgesia and monitored for an additional 48 h in a conscious state. Cardiopulmonary variables and survival endpoints were compared between male and female sheep. Overall there were no significant differences in the responses of female and male sheep except pulmonary oxygenation tended to be better in the male sheep (300 ppm group), and the pulmonary arterial pressure was lower (200 ppm group). The onset of mild ARDS (200 < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300) was observed at 36 h post exposure in the 50 ppm group, whereas the 100 ppm group developed mild and moderate (100 ≤ PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200) ARDS by 12 and 36 h after injury, respectively. The 200 ppm and 300 ppm groups developed moderate ARDS within 6 and 3 h after injury, respectively. The 300 ppm group progressed to severe (PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 100) ARDS at 18 h after injury. Increases in pPeak and pPlateau were noted in all injured animals. Compared to sham, inhalation of 200 ppm and 300 ppm Cl2 significantly increased lung extravascular water content. The thoracic cavity fluid accumulation dose-dependently increased with the severity of trauma as compared to sham. At necropsy, the lungs were red, heavy, solidified, and fluid filled; the injury severity grew with increasing Cl2 concentration. The severity of ARDS and mortality rate directly correlated to inhaled Cl2 concentrations. No significant sex-dependent differences were found in measured endpoint variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuvshintugs Baljinnyam
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yosuke Niimi
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John R Salsbury
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Satoshi Fukuda
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Casey M Ouellette
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Clark R Andersen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasutaka Hirasawa
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald A Prough
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - C Edwin Garner
- Radikal Therapeutics, Beverly, MA, USA
- Mammoth Preclinical Consulting, Placitas, NM, USA
| | | | - Perenlei Enkhbaatar
- Translational Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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15
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Gustafson Å, Elfsmark L, Karlsson T, Jonasson S. N-acetyl cysteine mitigates lung damage and inflammation after chlorine exposure in vivo and ex vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116714. [PMID: 37820773 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the effects of antioxidant treatments, specifically N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), in a mouse model of chlorine (Cl2)-induced lung injury. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the utility of pig precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) as an ex vivo alternative for studying the short-term effects of Cl2 exposure and evaluating antioxidant treatments. The toxicological responses were analyzed in Cl2-exposed mice (inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR)) and PCLS (viability, cytotoxicity, inflammatory mediators). Airways contractions were assessed using a small ventilator for mice and electric-field stimulation (EFS) for PCLS. Antioxidant treatments were administered to evaluate their effects. In Cl2-exposed mice, NAC treatment did not alleviate AHR, but it did reduce the number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and inflammatory mediators in lung tissue. In PCLS, exposure to Cl2 resulted in concentration-dependent toxicity, impairing the lung tissue's ability to respond to EFS-stimulation. NAC treatment increased viability, mitigated the toxic responses caused by Cl2 exposure, and maintained contractility comparable to unexposed controls. Interestingly, NACA did not provide any additional treatment effect beyond NAC in both models. In conclusion, the establishment of a pig model for Cl2-induced lung damage supports further investigation of NAC as a potential treatment. However, the lack of protective effects on AHR after NAC treatment in mice suggests that NAC alone may not be sufficient as a complete treatment for Cl2 injuries. Optimization of existing medications with a polypharmacy approach may be more successful in addressing the complex sequelae of Cl2-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Gustafson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Elfsmark
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Terese Karlsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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16
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Hamzah N, Höjer Holmgren K, Åstot C, van der Schans MJ, de Reuver L, Vanninen P. Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete as specific markers for chlorine gas exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132332. [PMID: 37598516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation of chlorinated organic compounds in concrete debris exposed to reactive chlorine was studied to search for markers specific to chlorine gas exposure. Concrete materials of different origins were exposed to a range of species of reactive chlorine including bleach, humid and dry chlorine gas at different concentrations. Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete extracts were analysed by targeted gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) and by non-targeted screening using the corresponding high-resolution techniques (GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS). Overall, different levels and species of chlorinated organic compounds namely chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes, chloromethoxyphenols, chloromethylbenzenes and chloral hydrate were identified in these chlorinated concrete extracts; two examples of diagnostic markers for neat chlorine exposure were trichloromethylbenzene and tetrachlorophenol. The old concrete samples from the 1930s and 1950s had the most chlorinated organic compounds after exposure to neat chlorine gas. Lignin or lignin degradation products were identified as probable candidates for phenolic precursor molecules in the concrete samples. Multivariate data analysis (OPLS-DA) shows distinct patterns for bleach and chlorine exposure. The chlorinated chemicals and specific markers for chlorine gas discovered in our research assist other laboratories in forensic investigations of chlorine gas attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhazlina Hamzah
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karin Höjer Holmgren
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcel J van der Schans
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Leo de Reuver
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Paula Vanninen
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Li Q, Meidan D, Hess P, Añel JA, Cuevas CA, Doney S, Fernandez RP, van Herpen M, Höglund-Isaksson L, Johnson MS, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Röckmann T, Mahowald NM, Saiz-Lopez A. Global environmental implications of atmospheric methane removal through chlorine-mediated chemistry-climate interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4045. [PMID: 37422475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric methane is both a potent greenhouse gas and photochemically active, with approximately equal anthropogenic and natural sources. The addition of chlorine to the atmosphere has been proposed to mitigate global warming through methane reduction by increasing its chemical loss. However, the potential environmental impacts of such climate mitigation remain unexplored. Here, sensitivity studies are conducted to evaluate the possible effects of increasing reactive chlorine emissions on the methane budget, atmospheric composition and radiative forcing. Because of non-linear chemistry, in order to achieve a reduction in methane burden (instead of an increase), the chlorine atom burden needs to be a minimum of three times the estimated present-day burden. If the methane removal target is set to 20%, 45%, or 70% less global methane by 2050 compared to the levels in the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario (RCP8.5), our modeling results suggest that additional chlorine fluxes of 630, 1250, and 1880 Tg Cl/year, respectively, are needed. The results show that increasing chlorine emissions also induces significant changes in other important climate forcers. Remarkably, the tropospheric ozone decrease is large enough that the magnitude of radiative forcing decrease is similar to that of methane. Adding 630, 1250, and 1880 Tg Cl/year to the RCP8.5 scenario, chosen to have the most consistent current-day trends of methane, will decrease the surface temperature by 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 °C by 2050, respectively. The quantity and method in which the chlorine is added, its interactions with climate pathways, and the potential environmental impacts on air quality and ocean acidity, must be carefully considered before any action is taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daphne Meidan
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peter Hess
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Juan A Añel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- EPhysLab, CIM-Uvigo, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Scott Doney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Maarten van Herpen
- Acacia Impact Innovation BV, Acacialaan 9, 5384 BB, Heesch, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Höglund-Isaksson
- Pollution Management group (PM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Matthew S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie M Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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18
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Tapak M, Sadeghi S, Ghazanfari T, Mosaffa N. Chemical exposure and alveolar macrophages responses: 'the role of pulmonary defense mechanism in inhalation injuries'. BMJ Open Respir Res 2023; 10:e001589. [PMID: 37479504 PMCID: PMC10364189 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated an association between particulate matter (PM) exposure and acute and chronic pulmonary inflammation, which may be registered as increased mortality and morbidity. Despite the increasing evidence, the pathophysiology mechanism of these PMs is still not fully characterised. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), as a predominant cell in the lung, play a critically important role in these pathological mechanisms. Toxin exposure triggers events associated with macrophage activation, including oxidative stress, acute damage, tissue disruption, remodelling and fibrosis. Targeting macrophage may potentially be employed to treat these types of lung inflammation without affecting the natural immune response to bacterial infections. Biological toxins, their sources of exposure, physical and other properties, and their effects on the individuals are summarised in this article. Inhaled particulates from air pollution and toxic gases containing chemicals can interact with alveolar epithelial cells and immune cells in the airways. PAMs can sense ambient pollutants and be stimulated, triggering cellular signalling pathways. These cells are highly adaptable and can change their function and phenotype in response to inhaled agents. PAMs also have the ability to polarise and undergo plasticity in response to tissue damage, while maintaining resistance to exposure to inhaled agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Tapak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Alinasab Hospital, Labratory Department, Iranian Social Security Organization (ISSO), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somaye Sadeghi
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Centre, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Mosaffa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Kim SY, Kim SH, Park SH. Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogen Biofilm Cells Using a Combination Treatment with Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide and Aerosolized Sanitizers. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100105. [PMID: 37196846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A biofilm is a three-dimensional microbial community, which is difficult to completely control with a typical sanitizer owing to its complex structure. The aim of this study was to establish a system for the combined treatment of biofilms with 10 ppmv gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and antimicrobial agents (2% citric acid, 2% hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and 100 ppm peracetic acid [PAA]), and to investigate the synergistic microbicidal efficacy of the combination treatments to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in biofilms. The antimicrobial agents were aerosolized using a humidifier on top of a chamber to achieve a relative humidity of 90% (within a range of ±2%). While biofilm treatment with the aerosolized antimicrobial agents for 20 min inactivated approximately 1 log CFU/cm2 (0.72-1.26 log CFU/cm2) of the pathogens and the gaseous ClO2 gas treatment for 20 min inactivated <3 log CFU/cm2 (2.19-2.77 log CFU/cm2), combination treatment with citric acid, H2O2, and PAA for 20 min achieved microbial reductions of 2.71-3.79, 4.56-5.12, and 4.45-4.67 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Our study demonstrates that foodborne pathogens in biofilms can be inactivated by combining gaseous ClO2 treatment with aerosolized antimicrobial agents. The results of this study provide baseline data for the food industry to help control foodborne pathogens in biofilms on inaccessible surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam 32439, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Souza PAF, Zhou S, Kahan TF. Hydrogen peroxide emissions from surface cleaning in a single-family residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:781-790. [PMID: 37005869 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00434h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
High levels of reactive chemicals may be emitted to the indoor air during household surface cleaning, leading to poorer air quality and potential health hazards. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based cleaners have gained popularity in recent years, especially in times of COVID-19. Still, little is known regarding the effects of H2O2 cleaning on indoor air composition. In this work we monitored time-resolved H2O2 concentrations during a cleaning campaign in an occupied single-family residence using a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) H2O2 analyzer. During the cleaning experiments, we investigated how unconstrained (i.e., "real-life") surface cleaning with a hydrogen peroxide solution influenced the indoor air quality of the house, and performed controlled experiments to investigate factors that could influence H2O2 levels including surface area and surface material, ventilation, and dwell time of the cleaning solution. Mean peak H2O2 concentrations observed following all surface cleaning events were 135 ppbv. The factors with the greatest effect on H2O2 levels were distance of the cleaned surface from the detector inlet, type of surface cleaned, and solution dwell time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A F Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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21
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Bhattacharyya N, Tang M, Blomdahl DC, Jahn LG, Abue P, Allen DT, Corsi RL, Novoselac A, Misztal PK, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Bleach Emissions Interact Substantially with Surgical and KN95 Mask Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6589-6598. [PMID: 37061949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mask wearing and bleach disinfectants became commonplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bleach generates toxic species including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorine (Cl2), and chloramines. Their reaction with organic species can generate additional toxic compounds. To understand interactions between masks and bleach disinfection, bleach was injected into a ventilated chamber containing a manikin with a breathing system and wearing a surgical or KN95 mask. Concentrations inside the chamber and behind the mask were measured by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) and a Vocus proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (Vocus PTRMS). HOCl, Cl2, and chloramines were observed during disinfection and concentrations inside the chamber are 2-20 times greater than those behind the mask, driven by losses to the mask surface. After bleach injection, many species decay more slowly behind the mask by a factor of 0.5-0.7 as they desorb or form on the mask. Mass transfer modeling confirms the transition of the mask from a sink during disinfection to a source persisting >4 h after disinfection. Humidifying the mask increases reactive formation of chloramines, likely related to uptake of ammonia and HOCl. These experiments indicate that masks are a source of chemical exposure after cleaning events occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvan Bhattacharyya
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mengjia Tang
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Daniel C Blomdahl
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Leif G Jahn
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pearl Abue
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David T Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Richard L Corsi
- College of Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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22
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Al-Kassab-Córdova A, Silva-Perez C, Robles-Valcarcel P, Bendezu-Quispe G, Ortiz AI, Benites-Zapata VA. Spatial and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to safe drinking water in Peruvian households. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:525-535. [PMID: 37119152 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Access to safe drinking water has increased in Peru over the last decades, from 47% (2008) to 52% (2018). Nevertheless, such access would differ according to socioeconomic and regional factors. Thus, this study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequality in the access to safe drinking water and identify its spatial distribution. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the secondary data analysis of the 2021 Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey. Access to safe drinking water was a dummy variable categorised as safe if the residual chlorine concentration was ≥0.5 mg/L. Nationwide, 29.22% of households had access to safe drinking water. A pro-rich inequality in access to safe drinking water was observed. The spatial distribution was clustered. Significant hotspots were found in the south and centre of the country; however, cold spots were found in most areas. SaTScan analysis identified 32 and 63 significant clusters at high and low risks of having access to safe drinking water, respectively. In conclusion, approximately one out of four Peruvian households has access to safe drinking water, which was mostly concentrated among the wealthier households. Intra- and interdepartmental inequalities in access to safe drinking water were found, with several high-risk clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Kassab-Córdova
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru E-mail:
| | - Claudia Silva-Perez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Guido Bendezu-Quispe
- Centro de Investigación Epidemiológica en Salud Global, Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
| | - Amado Insfrán Ortiz
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo University Campus, km 10, Asunción 1618, Paraguay; Forest Ecology and Restoration (FORECO) Group, Life Sciences Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
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23
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Stojanovic N, Boskovic B, Petrovic M, Grujic I, Abdullah OI. The impact of accidents during the transport of dangerous good, on people, the environment, and infrastructure and measures for their reduction: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32288-32300. [PMID: 36738415 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Road transport is one of the most dangerous methods of goods transport. Driver errors and poor traffic conditions can cause traffic accidents, which can have a negative impact on people's health, the environment, and infrastructure. The main influence on the level of the consequences is the chemical composition and amount of the transported substance. This paper presents the causes of traffic accidents during the transport of dangerous goods. In addition, how traffic accidents during the transport of dangerous goods affect people's health, the environment, and infrastructure was shown. After that, measures for accidents avoidance and the alleviation and reduction of dangerous goods were given. From the review of studies from the subject field, it can be concluded that the dangerous goods are very harmful to people, the environment, and infrastructure when transport accidents occur. Lessons should be learned from the history of accidents involving the transport of dangerous goods to avoid repeating the same mistakes. The review conclusions indicate that a routes optimization and investment in road infrastructure are needed to reduce risk during the transport of dangerous goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadica Stojanovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Boskovic
- Department in Trstenik, Academy of Professional Studies Šumadija, Trstenik, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Petrovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Grujic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Oday I Abdullah
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- Department of Mechanics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050038, Kazakhstan
- System Technologies and Engineering Design Methodology, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Quantification of cyanide metabolite 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in postmortem dried blood spot samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123580. [PMID: 36580818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), which is produced by the reaction of cyanide with endogenous cystine, is a promising biomarker of cyanide exposure because of its physicochemical stability. Analysis of more stable metabolite than the toxic gas itself is sometimes useful for postmortem diagnosis of gas poisoning. Here, we developed and validated an approach that uses liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for quantifying ATCA in dried blood spot (DBS) samples. The linearity of the calibration curve was good in the concentration range of 20-1500 ng/mL. Our method allows for repeatable and the accurate quantification of ATCA, with intra- and inter assay coefficients of variation of below 7.8 % and below 9.3 %, respectively. In addition, the concentration of ATCA in DBSs remained stable for at least one month when stored at -20°C. Our results indicated that our analytical approach can be used to determine past exposure to higher doses of cyanide. In a comparison of ATCA concentrations in DBSs obtained from cadavers with various causes of death, significantly higher ATCA concentrations were observed in fire victims than in non-fire victims, confirming that fire victims inhale large amounts of cyanide gas. Thus, here we extended the possible uses of DBS for quantification of ATCA to forensic toxicological testing for cyanide poisoning.
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25
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Li Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhou H, Lin B, Peng Z, Yuan Y. Investigation on the effectiveness of ventilation dilution on mitigating COVID-19 patients' secondary airway damage due to exposure to disinfectants. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2023; 228:109787. [PMID: 36407877 PMCID: PMC9652096 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-containing disinfectants are widely used in hospitals to prevent hospital-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Meanwhile, ventilation is a simple but effective means to maintain clean air. It is essential to explore the exposure level and health effects of coronavirus disease 2019 patients' inhalation exposure to by-products of chloride-containing disinfectants under frequent surface disinfection and understand the role of ventilation in mitigating subsequent airway damage. We determined ventilation dilution performance and indoor air quality of two intensive care unit wards of the largest temporary hospital constructed in China, Leishenshan Hospital. The chloride inhalation exposure levels, and health risks indicated by interleukin-6 and D-dimer test results of 32 patients were analysed. The mean ± standard deviation values of the outdoor air change rate in the two intensive care unit wards were 8.8 ± 1.5 h-1 (Intensive care unit 1) and 4.1 ± 1.4 h-1 (Intensive care unit 2). The median carbon dioxide and fine particulate matter concentrations were 480 ppm and 19 μg/m3 for intensive care unit 1, and 567 ppm and 21 μg/m3 for intensive care unit 2, all of which were around the average levels of those in permanent hospitals (579 ppm and 21 μg/m3). Of these patients, the median (lower quartile, upper quartile) chloride exposure time and calculated dose were 26.66 (2.89, 57.21) h and 0.357 (0.008, 1.317) mg, respectively. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between interleukin-6 and D-dimer concentrations. To conclude, ventilation helped maintain ward air cleanliness and health risks were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiran Lu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Infection Management, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Urban Governance and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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26
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Clark GC, Elfsmark L, Armstrong S, Essex-Lopresti A, Gustafsson Å, Ryan Y, Moore K, Paszkiewicz K, Green AC, Hiscox JA, David J, Jonasson S. From "crisis to recovery": A complete insight into the mechanisms of chlorine injury in the lung. Life Sci 2022; 312:121252. [PMID: 36460096 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) gas is a toxic industrial chemical (TIC) that poses a hazard to human health following accidental and/or intentional (e.g. terrorist) release. By using a murine model of sub-lethal Cl2 exposure we have examined the airway hyper responsiveness, cellular infiltrates, transcriptomic and proteomic responses of the lung. In the "crisis" phase at 2 h and 6 h there is a significant decreases in leukocytes within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid accompanied by an upregulation within the proteome of immune pathways ultimately resulting in neutrophil influx at 24 h. A flip towards "repair" in the transcriptome and proteome occurs at 24 h, neutrophil influx and an associated drop in the lung function persisting until 14 d post-exposure and subsequent "recovery" after 28 days. Collectively, this research provides new insights into the mechanisms of damage, early global responses and processes of repair induced in the lung following the inhalation of Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme C Clark
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Linda Elfsmark
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Angela Essex-Lopresti
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yan Ryan
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Karen Moore
- University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Konrad Paszkiewicz
- University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jonathan David
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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Martz SV, Wittwer M, Tan-Lin CW, Bochet CG, Brackmann M, Curty C. Influence of Chlorinating Agents on the Formation of Stable Biomarkers in Hair for the Retrospective Verification of Exposure. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16579-16586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Severin V. Martz
- Chemistry Division, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wittwer
- Biology Division, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Tan-Lin
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University & ETH Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Maximilian Brackmann
- Biology Division, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Curty
- Chemistry Division, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
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28
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Muscetta M, Portarapillo M, Di Benedetto A, Andreozzi R. Risk analysis of the sodium hypochlorite production process: Focus on the chlorine line. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Li T, Wang Z, Wang C, Huang J, Zhou M. Chlorination in the pandemic times: The current state of the art for monitoring chlorine residual in water and chlorine exposure in air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156193. [PMID: 35613644 PMCID: PMC9124365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of chlorine-based disinfectants has surged due to their excellent performance and cost-effectiveness in intercepting the spread of the virus and bacteria in water and air. Many authorities have demanded strict chlorine dosage for disinfection to ensure sufficient chlorine residual for inactivating viruses and bacteria while not posing harmful effects to humans as well as the environment. Reliable chlorine sensing techniques have therefore become the keys to ensure a balance between chlorine disinfection efficiency and disinfection safety. Up to now, there is still a lack of comprehensive review that collates and appraises the recently available techniques from a practical point of view. In this work, we intend to present a detailed overview of the recent advances in monitoring chlorine in both dissolved and gaseous forms aiming to present valuable information in terms of method accuracy, sensitivity, stability, reliability, and applicability, which in turn guides future sensor development. Data on the analytical performance of different techniques and environmental impacts associated with the dominated chemical-based techniques are thus discussed. Finally, this study concludes with highlights of gaps in knowledge and trends for future chlorine sensing development. Due to the increasing use of chlorine in disinfection and chemical synthesis, we believe the information present in this review is a relevant and timely resource for the water treatment industry, healthcare sector, and environmental organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianling Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, PR China; Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Zhengguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, PR China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, PR China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
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30
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Balasubramanian B, Shah T, Allen J, Rankin K, Xue J, Luo Y, Mancini R, Upadhyay A. Eugenol nanoemulsion inactivates Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cantaloupes without affecting rind color. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.984391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are the major foodborne pathogens that have been implicated in outbreaks related to consumption of contaminated cantaloupes. Current chlorine-based decontamination strategies are not completely effective for inactivating the aforementioned pathogens on cantaloupes, especially in the presence of organic matter. This study investigated the efficacy of eugenol nanoemulsion (EGNE) wash treatments in inactivating L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157:H7 on the surface of cantaloupes. In addition, the efficacy of EGNE in inhibiting the growth of the three pathogens on cantaloupes during refrigerated and room temperature storage of 5 days was investigated. Moreover, the effect of EGNE wash treatment on cantaloupe color was assessed using a Miniscan® XE Plus. The EGNE was prepared with either Tween 80 (TW) or a combination of Gum arabic and Lecithin (GA) as emulsifiers. The cantaloupe rind was washed with EGNE (0.3, 0.6, and 1.25%), in presence or absence of 5% organic load, for 1, 5, or 10 min at 25°C. Enumeration of surviving pathogens on cantaloupe was performed by serial dilution and plating on Oxford, XLD or SMA agar followed by incubation at 37°C for 24–48 h. EGNE-GA and EGNE-TW wash significantly reduced all three pathogens by at least 3.5 log CFU/cm2 as early as 5 min after treatment. EGNE-GA at 1.25% inactivated L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis on cantaloupes to below the detectable limit within 5 and 10 min of treatment, respectively (~4 log CFU/cm2, P < 0.05). EGNE treatments significantly reduced the survival of L. monocytogenes, S. Enteritidis, and E. coli O157:H7 on cantaloupe by at least 6 log CFU/cm2 at day 5 of storage at 25 and 4°C (P < 0.05). Presence of organic matter did not modulate the antimicrobial efficacy of nanoemulsion treatments (P > 0.05). EGNE treatments did not affect the rind color of cantaloupes (P > 0.05). In conclusion, eugenol nanoemulsions could potentially be used as a natural sanitizer to inactivate foodborne pathogens on cantaloupes. Further investigations in an industry setting are warranted.
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Trushna T, Dhiman V, Aher SB, Raj D, Ahirwar R, Shubham S, Nandi SS, Tiwari RR. Environmental monitoring and health assessment in an industrial town in central India: A cross-sectional study protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264154. [PMID: 35709216 PMCID: PMC9202949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Textile industry has been widely implicated in environmental pollution. The health effects of residing near manufacturing industries are not well documented in India, especially in central India. Hence, a cross-sectional environmental monitoring and health assessment study was initiated as per directions of the local authorities. Methods Comprehensive exposure data about the concentrations of relevant pollutants in the ambient air and ground water samples in the study area will be collected over one year. Using stratified random sampling, 3003 apparently healthy adults will be selected from the study area. Sociodemographic and anthropometric information, relevant medical and family history, and investigations including spirometry, electrocardiogram, neurobehavioral tests, and laboratory investigations (complete blood count, lipid profile and random blood glucose) will be conducted. Finally Iodine azide test and heavy metal level detection in urine and blood samples respectively will be conducted in a subset of selected participants to assess individual pollution exposure. Ethics approval has been obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (No: NIREH/IEC-7-II/1027, dated 07/01/2021). Discussion This manuscript describes the protocol for a multi-disciplinary study that aims to conduct environmental monitoring and health assessment in residential areas near viscose rayon and associated chemical manufacturing industries. Although India is the second largest manufacturer of rayon, next only to China, and viscose rayon manufacturing has been documented to be a source of multiple toxic pollutants, there is a lack of comprehensive information about the health effects of residing near such manufacturing units in India. Therefore implementing this study protocol will aid in filling in this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwi Trushna
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- * E-mail: (SSN); (TT)
| | - Vikas Dhiman
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Satish Bhagwatrao Aher
- Department of Environmental Monitoring and Exposure Assessment (Air), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dharma Raj
- Department of Environmental Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Ahirwar
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Swasti Shubham
- Department of Environmental Pathology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Subroto Shambhu Nandi
- Department of Environmental Monitoring and Exposure Assessment (Air), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- * E-mail: (SSN); (TT)
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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32
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de Bruin-Hoegée M, van Damme IM, van Groningen T, van der Riet-van Oeveren D, Noort D, van Asten AC. Elucidation of in Vitro Chlorinated Tyrosine Adducts in Blood Plasma as Selective Biomarkers of Chlorine Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1070-1079. [PMID: 35622957 PMCID: PMC9214762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine is a widely available industrial chemical and involved in a substantial number of cases of poisoning. It has also been used as a chemical warfare agent in military conflicts. To enable forensic verification, the persistent biomarkers 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine in biomedical samples could be detected. An important shortfall of these biomarkers, however, is the relatively high incidence of elevated levels of chlorinated tyrosine residues in individuals with inflammatory diseases who have not been exposed to chlorine. Therefore, more reliable biomarkers are necessary to distinguish between endogenous formation and exogeneous exposure. The present study aims to develop a novel diagnostic tool for identifying site-specific chlorinated peptides as a more unambiguous indicator of exogeneous chlorine exposure. Human blood plasma was exposed in vitro to various chlorine concentrations, and the plasma proteins were subsequently digested by pronase, trypsin, or pepsin. After sample preparation, the digests were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). In line with other studies, low levels of 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine were found in blank plasma samples in this study. Therefore, 50 site-specific biomarkers were identified, which could be used as more unambiguous biomarkers for chlorine exposure. Chlorination of the peptides TY*ETTLEK, Y*KPGQTVK, Y*QQKPGQAPR, HY*EGSTVPEK, and Y*LY*EIAR could already be detected at moderate in vitro chlorine exposure levels. In addition, the latter two peptides were found to have dichlorinated fragments. Especially, Y*LY*EIAR, with a distinct chlorination pattern in the MS spectra, could potentially be used to differentiate exogeneous exposure from endogenous causes as other studies reported that this part of human serum albumin is nitrated rather than chlorinated under physiological conditions. In conclusion, trypsin digestion combined with high-resolution MS analysis of chlorinated peptides could constitute a valuable technique for the forensic verification of exposure to chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam de Bruin-Hoegée
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam 1090GD, The Netherlands.,TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Irene M van Damme
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam 1090GD, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas van Groningen
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daan Noort
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam 1090GD, The Netherlands.,CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam 1090GD, The Netherlands
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33
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Elwekeel FNM, Cui X, Abdala AMM. Effects of chlorine particle concentration on the human airway. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 24:105. [PMID: 35611356 PMCID: PMC9119845 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-022-05493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For COVID-19, chlorine has lately been utilised as a home disinfectant. Given that chlorine is hazardous to the human airway, the current research investigates the effects of chlorine mass fraction and droplet size on the human airway. The effects are investigated at chlorine mass ratios of 2% (24 ppm), 10% (120 ppm), 15% (180 ppm), and 20% (240 ppm), as well as chlorine particle diameters of 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, and 50 nm, and three inhalation rates (15 l/min, 30 l/min, and 60 l/min). The results reveal that when the chlorine mass fraction is 2% and the inhalation rate is low, the chlorine volume fraction decreases. Furthermore, at 2% chlorine and a rapid breathing rate, chlorine particles are accelerated to escape into the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinguang Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, China
| | - Antar M. M. Abdala
- Faculty of Engineering, Matareya Branch, Helwan University, Cairo, 11718 Egypt
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34
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Fröhlich E. Non-Cellular Layers of the Respiratory Tract: Protection against Pathogens and Target for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050992. [PMID: 35631578 PMCID: PMC9143813 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barriers separate the human body from the environment to maintain homeostasis. Compared to the skin and gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory barrier is the thinnest and least protective. The properties of the epithelial cells (height, number of layers, intercellular junctions) and non-cellular layers, mucus in the conducting airways and surfactant in the respiratory parts determine the permeability of the barrier. The review focuses on the non-cellular layers and describes the architecture of the mucus and surfactant followed by interaction with gases and pathogens. While the penetration of gases into the respiratory tract is mainly determined by their hydrophobicity, pathogens use different mechanisms to invade the respiratory tract. Often, the combination of mucus adhesion and subsequent permeation of the mucus mesh is used. Similar mechanisms are also employed to improve drug delivery across the respiratory barrier. Depending on the payload and target region, various mucus-targeting delivery systems have been developed. It appears that the mucus-targeting strategy has to be selected according to the planned application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; ; Tel.: +43-316-38573011
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
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35
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Fishwick D, Carder M, Iskandar I, Fishwick BC, van Tongeren M. Occupational inhalational accidents: analysis of cases from the UK SWORD reporting scheme from 1999 to 2018. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:oemed-2021-107947. [PMID: 35383119 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the reported UK incidence of occupational inhalation accidents, and to consider changes of incidence and potential causes over time. METHODS Cases of occupational inhalation accident reported to Surveillance of Work Related Occupational Respiratory Diseases (SWORD) over 20 years were grouped into four 5-year time periods. Cases were characterised by causative exposure, occupation and industrial sector. Incidence rates were calculated using Office of National Statistics employment data. RESULTS The 172 actual cases reported to SWORD equated to an estimated 502 cases after adjusting for reporting frequency. Their mean age was 41.3 years (SD 12.3); 77% were male. The annual incidence fell from 1.7 per million employed in the first 5-year period, to 0.5 in the most recent. The most common occupations, responsible for 35% of all cases, were in descending order (number, % of total cases): Labourers in process and plant operations (8, 4.7), welding trades (8, 4.7), fire service officers (8, 4.7), heavy goods vehicle drivers (7, 4.1), metal working production and maintenance fitters (7, 4.1), civil service administrative officers and assistants (7, 4.1), food, drink and tobacco process operatives (6, 3.5), and three summated categories of elementary and service occupations including cleaners and domestics (10, 5.8).Three of 40 exposure categories were common to all time periods; acids (19.6% of all cases 1999-2004, 2.3% 2005-2009, 6.3% 2010-2013, 6.3% 2014-2018), chlorine/hypochlorites (7.2%, 7.0%, 2.5%, 6.3%, respectively) and solvents (14.4%, 11.6%, 12.5%, 6.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of inhalation accidents appears to have fallen, although certain exposures appear to be persistently linked to cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fishwick
- Centre for Workplace Health, Health and Safety Executive Bootle Headquarters, Bootle, UK
| | - Melanie Carder
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ireny Iskandar
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Martie van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Chung I, Ryu H, Yoon SY, Ha JC. Health effects of sodium hypochlorite: review of published case reports. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2022; 37:e2022006-0. [PMID: 35500889 PMCID: PMC9058106 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite is widely used as the main component of cleaners and has an excellent bleaching and sterilizing effect in living and medical environments. In addition to bleaching, it is used for wastewater treatment and for sterilization in food factories, and also for disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzed reports of the health effects of sodium hypochlorite and classified them by toxicity along the exposure pathway. Most case reports described the health effects of acute high-concentration exposure, with a common case being dental exposure, mainly during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insung Chung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - Hyeseung Ryu
- Department of Occupational and Environment Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu,
Korea
| | - Seong-Yong Yoon
- Deptment of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Gumi,
Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Chul Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
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37
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Nambiema A, Coyo G, Barbe-Richaud JB, Blottiaux J, Retière-Doré N, Sembajwe G, Descatha A. Human chlorine gas exposition and its management - an umbrella review on human data. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:32-50. [PMID: 35275027 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2035317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Even though exposure to chlorine gas has been quite frequent in the past few decades, no specific antidotes exist. This umbrella review aimed to investigate possible recommendations for treatment after a chlorine gas exposure. A published systematic review protocol that adapted the existing Navigation Guide methodology was used for including studies without comparator. Using PubMed, Web of Science, Google scholar for all potentially relevant systematic reviews, two authors independently included papers and extracted data. The risk of bias and quality of evidence was assessed by two independent review teams blinded to each other. A qualitative summary of the study findings was conducted for this overview. There were a total of 31 studies, from 4 systematic reviews, that met the inclusion criteria, comprising 3567 reported cases, with only two studies with comparators. Six studies reported pre-hospital management of patients after exposure to chlorine gas. With respect to the treatment, the most used were oxygen therapy, endotracheal intubation, β2-agonists, and corticosteroids. This review found a high quality of evidence for the effectiveness of pre-hospital management (i.e. exposure cessation) on survival at hospital discharge after exposure to chlorine gas. Oxygen administration was effective with moderate quality of evidence, as well as other types of treatment (e.g. β2, corticosteroids), but with a low level of evidence. This umbrella review highlighted the low level of evidence for existing treatments of chlorine gas poisoning. This project was supported by the French Pays de la Loire region and Angers Loire Métropole (TEC-TOP project). There is no award/grant number. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42021231524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakari Nambiema
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, IRSET-ESTER, SFR ICAT, CAPTV CDC, Angers, France
| | - Gabrielle Coyo
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, IRSET-ESTER, SFR ICAT, CAPTV CDC, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Centre Antipoison et de toxicovigilance, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Barbe-Richaud
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, IRSET-ESTER, SFR ICAT, CAPTV CDC, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Centre Antipoison et de toxicovigilance, Angers, France
| | - Jeremy Blottiaux
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, IRSET-ESTER, SFR ICAT, CAPTV CDC, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Centre Antipoison et de toxicovigilance, Angers, France
| | - Nicolas Retière-Doré
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, IRSET-ESTER, SFR ICAT, CAPTV CDC, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Centre Antipoison et de toxicovigilance, Angers, France
| | - Grace Sembajwe
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Northwell Health, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention (OMEP), 175 Community Drive, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
| | - Alexis Descatha
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, IRSET-ESTER, SFR ICAT, CAPTV CDC, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Centre Antipoison et de toxicovigilance, Angers, France.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwell Health, New York, USA
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38
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Nishio T, Toukairin Y, Hoshi T, Arai T, Nogami M. Simultaneous quantification by LC/ESI–MS/MS of chlorinated tyrosine derivatives in the autopsy sample of a victim of chlorine exposure. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 56:102047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Shah V, Bhaliya J, Patel GM, Joshi P. Room-Temperature Chemiresistive Gas Sensing of SnO2 Nanowires: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Yang HS, Kim KM, Boonpraman N, Yoon SM, Seo JE, Park MW, Moon JS, Yoo SY, Yi SS. Respiratory Safety Evaluation in Mice and Inhibition of Adenoviral Amplification in Human Bronchial Endothelial Cells Using a Novel Type of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Reactor. TOXICS 2022; 10:38. [PMID: 35051080 PMCID: PMC8778764 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing demand for effective and safe disinfectants. A novel use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas, which can satisfy such demand, has been reported. However, its efficacy and safety remain unclear. For the safe use of this gas, the stable release of specific concentrations is a must. A new type of ClO2 generator called Dr.CLOTM has recently been introduced. This study aimed to investigate: (1) the effects of Dr.CLOTM on inhibiting adenoviral amplification on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells; and (2) the acute inhalation safety of using Dr.CLOTM in animal models. After infecting HBE cells with a recombinant adenovirus, the inhibitory power of Dr.CLOTM on the virus was expressed as IFU/mL in comparison with the control group. The safety of ClO2 gas was indirectly predicted using mice by measuring single-dose inhalation toxicity in specially designed chambers. Dr.CLOTM was found to evaporate in a very constant concentration range at 0-0.011 ppm/m3 for 42 days. In addition, 36-100% of adenoviral amplification was suppressed by Dr.CLOTM, depending on the conditions. The LC50 of ClO2 gas to mice was approximately 68 ppm for males and 141 ppm for females. Histopathological evaluation showed that the lungs of female mice were more resistant to the toxicity from higher ClO2 gas concentrations than those of male mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Dr.CLOTM can be used to provide a safe indoor environment due to its technology that maintains the stable concentration and release of ClO2 gas, which could suppress viral amplification and may prevent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Sung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
| | - Kyeong-Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
| | - Napissara Boonpraman
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-M.Y.)
| | - Sun-Mi Yoon
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-M.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Eun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
| | - Min-Woo Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.-W.P.); (J.-S.M.)
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.-W.P.); (J.-S.M.)
| | | | - Sun-Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (K.-M.K.); (J.-E.S.)
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea; (N.B.); (S.-M.Y.)
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Early ECMO initiation in the emergency department for refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by NaDCC intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 55:228.e1-228.e3. [PMID: 35058085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of acute respiratory failure caused by inhalation of gas formed from a reaction of intentional dissolution of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets in water. A patient had refractory respiratory failure despite the use of conventional therapy, including lung-protective mechanical ventilation. Early veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) support was initiated in the emergency department (ED). The patient was weaned from ECMO on hospital day 6 and discharged from the ICU on hospital day 27. Cases of severe inhalation injury with acute respiratory failure refractory to conventional treatments and mechanical ventilator support may benefit from VV-ECMO. Literature on early initiation of ED-VV-ECMO in NaDCC-induced refractory respiratory failure is rare. This case may be used as a guide in the management of subsequent cases as it shows that early initiation of ED-VV-ECMO was beneficial to the patient.
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Karlsson T, Gustafsson Å, Ekstrand-Hammarström B, Elfsmark L, Jonasson S. Chlorine exposure induces Caspase-3 independent cell death in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 80:105317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Lai F, Baldini A, Becheroni L, Cappellini I, Balzarini B, De Antoniis F, Ieri A, Gambassi F, Pagnini C, Pelagatti L, Rugna M, Magazzini S. Acute accidental inhalation of Chlorine gas: A mini review. EMERGENCY CARE JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.4081/ecj.2021.9941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Authors report an accidental gas exposure of Chlorine gas in a worker. This accident is very uncommon and can lead to important life-threatening conditions, such as Reactive Airway Disfunction Syndrome (RADS) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) with important pulmonary disfunctions and even death. This syndrome results are reversible when a quick and appropriate intensive treatment is performed.
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Elsafti Elsaeidy AM, Alsaleh OI, van Berlaer G, Alhallak AA, Saeed SS, Soliman A, Hubloue I. Effects of Two Chlorine Gas Attacks on Hospital Admission and Clinical Outcomes in Kafr Zita, Syria. Cureus 2021; 13:e17522. [PMID: 34603892 PMCID: PMC8475639 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2014, Hama Governorate was exposed twice to chlorine gas, with 15 patients presenting to Kafr Zita Hospital in Northwest Syria. This study aimed to describe clinical manifestations of chlorine gas exposure to identify factors leading to facility admission and the need for ICU/intubation in conflict-affected areas with limited healthcare infrastructure. Methods We conducted a case-series study, using medical records of suspected chlorine-exposed patients presenting at Kafr Zita Hospital on either 11 April or 22 May 2014. Data on age, sex, initial clinical presentation, therapeutic management, and outcome were compared by hospital admission/non-admission and attack date. All patients provided verbal informed consent. Results Fifteen patients with signs of chlorine gas exposure had detailed medical records. The mean age was 25.7 years (range 2-59), eight were male (53%), and three (20%) were under age 16. At initial presentation, all experienced respiratory distress, due to severe airway inflammation confirmed by nonspecific pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray, and similar intestinal, neurological, dermatological, ophthalmological, and psychological signs and symptoms. Acute management consisted of oxygen and bronchodilators for all patients, hydrocortisone (93%), antiemetics (80%), and dexamethasone (13%). Seven (47%) made a rapid symptomatic recovery and were discharged the same day and eight (53%) were admitted for a median of two days (range 1-6 days), one of whom required intubation and later died. The only significant associations found were higher mean pulse rate (i.e. 138 versus 124; p=0.043) and body temperature (37.0 versus 36.5; p=0.019) among admitted patients compared to non-admitted. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that even in low-resource humanitarian settings the survival rate for chlorine gas exposed patients is fair. Despite the small sample, this study provides insight into the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of weaponized chlorine gas exposure, though further research is required to understand any chronic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M Elsafti Elsaeidy
- Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, BEL.,Emergency Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT.,Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid, and Global Health (CRIMEDIM), University of Eastern Piedmont (Università del Piemonte Orientale), Novara, ITA
| | - Osama I Alsaleh
- Disaster Medicine, Al-Sham Humanitarian Foundation, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Gerlant van Berlaer
- Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, BEL
| | | | - Saad S Saeed
- Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | | | - Ives Hubloue
- Department Emergency Medicine - Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, BEL
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Addis DR, Aggarwal S, Lazrak A, Jilling T, Matalon S. Halogen-Induced Chemical Injury to the Mammalian Cardiopulmonary Systems. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:272-291. [PMID: 34431415 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The halogens chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2) are highly reactive oxidizing elements with widespread industrial applications and a history of development and use as chemical weapons. When inhaled, depending on the dose and duration of exposure, they cause acute and chronic injury to both the lungs and systemic organs that may result in the development of chronic changes (such as fibrosis) and death from cardiopulmonary failure. A number of conditions, such as viral infections, coexposure to other toxic gases, and pregnancy increase susceptibility to halogens significantly. Herein we review their danger to public health, their mechanisms of action, and the development of pharmacological agents that when administered post-exposure decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Addis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Mimura M, Sato Y, Fujita Y, Oku H, Sato B, Ikeda T. Impact of habitual swimming on the success of lacrimal surgery. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:849-854. [PMID: 34357441 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-021-00865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate how factors associated with swimming affect the lacrimal ducts of swimmers. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, interventional cohort study, METHODS: Five hundred seventy four consecutive epiphora patients were surveyed via a questionnaire regarding details of their swimming-pool usage; i.e., frequency, swim-goggles' wear, and type of pool activity (i.e., swimming vs. waist-depth walking). In this cohort, all the swimmers over 20 years old with anatomical lacrimal duct obstruction underwent surgical reconstruction. The surgical success rates at 12-months postoperative were compared using multivariable logistic regression analyses between swimmer/non-swimmer patients, those with a history of high/low frequency of pool usage, and those with high/low amount of conjunctival contact with the swimming-pool water. RESULTS Of the patients with anatomical lacrimal duct obstruction, 6.4% were habitual swimmers; nasolacrimal duct obstruction was more common in the swimmers than in the non-swimmers' controls (89.1%/66.7%, P = 0.025). The success rate of lacrimal surgery for the swimmers with anatomical nasolacrimal duct obstruction was lower (60.6%) than of the non-swimmers (83.3%, P = 0.048). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the frequency for the prediction of surgical failure showed that the threshold was 4 days/week. The success rate was statistically lower (26.7%) in the high-frequency swimmers compared to the low-frequency swimmers (88.9%, P = 0.037). However, no statistical difference in the high/low ocular surface contact to the swimming-pool water was observed (71.4%/57.7%, P = 0.56). CONCLUSION Habitual swimmers have a high risk of nasolacrimal-duct damage retrogradely from the nasal cavity that lowers lacrimal surgery's success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Kaisei Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yohei Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Bunpei Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Kaisei Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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Alishlash AS, Sapkota M, Ahmad I, Maclin K, Ahmed NA, Molyvdas A, Doran S, Albert CJ, Aggarwal S, Ford DA, Ambalavanan N, Jilling T, Matalon S. Chlorine inhalation induces acute chest syndrome in humanized sickle cell mouse model and ameliorated by postexposure hemopexin. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102009. [PMID: 34044323 PMCID: PMC8167148 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering factors of Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death in patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and targeted therapies are limited. Chlorine (Cl2) inhalation happens frequently, but its role as a potential trigger of ACS has not been determined. In this study, we hypothesized that Cl2 exposure resembling that in the vicinity of industrial accidents induces acute hemolysis with acute lung injury, reminiscent of ACS in humanized SCD mice. When exposed to Cl2 (500 ppm for 30 min), 64% of SCD mice succumbed within 6 h while none of the control mice expressing normal human hemoglobin died (p<0.01). Surviving SCD mice had evidence of acute hemolysis, respiratory acidosis, acute lung injury, and high concentrations of chlorinated palmitic and stearic acids (p<0.05) in their plasmas and RBCs compared to controls. Treatment with a single intraperitoneal dose of human hemopexin 30 min after Cl2 inhalation reduced mortality to around 15% (p<0.01) with reduced hemolysis (decreased RBCs fragility (p<0.001) and returned plasma heme to normal levels (p<0.0001)), improved oxygenation (p<0.0001) and reduced acute lung injury scores (p<0.0001). RBCs from SCD mice had significant levels of carbonylation (which predisposes RBCs to hemolysis) 6 h post-Cl2 exposure which were absent in RBCs of mice treated with hemopexin. To understand the mechanisms leading to carbonylation, we incubated RBCs from SCD mice with chlorinated lipids and identified sickling and increased hemolysis compared to RBCs obtained from control mice and treated similarly. Our study indicates that Cl2 inhalation induces ACS in SCD mice via induction of acute hemolysis, and that post exposure administration of hemopexin reduces mortality and lung injury. Our data suggest that SCD patients are vulnerable in Cl2 exposure incidents and that hemopexin is a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muna Sapkota
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kelsey Maclin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Noor A Ahmed
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adam Molyvdas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Saint Louis University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Saint Louis University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
| | | | - Tamas Jilling
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Nishio T, Toukairin Y, Hoshi T, Arai T, Nogami M. Development of an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of 3-chloro-L-tyrosine as a candidate marker of chlorine poisoning. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101939. [PMID: 34303936 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of 3-chloro-L-tyrosine (Cl-Tyr) was developed and validated. For sample preparation, 50 μL of the body fluids or tissue extracts were processed by protein precipitation followed by the derivatization with dansyl chloride. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 2.0-200 ng/mL blood or 4.0-400 ng/g tissue. Our method allowed the reproducible and accurate quantification. That is, the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 7.73 and 6.94%, respectively in both the blood and lung. We applied the developed method to the analysis of Cl-Tyr in the human autopsy samples, which were suspected of chlorine poisoning, and detected 55.2 ng/mL and 206.6 ng/g Cl-Tyr in left heart blood and lung, respectively. Furthermore, in more than 20 autopsy samples, which were obtained from other causes of death including burn, drowning, hanging, internal disease, trauma and drug poisoning, Cl-Tyr was almost not detected in their both body fluids and organ tissues. In conclusion, the data here reported demonstrate that the LC/ESI-MS/MS method allows the Cl-Tyr in the autopsy samples and that chlorine exposure strongly affects its level, providing a basis for novel identification tool of chlorine poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nishio
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yoko Toukairin
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomomi Arai
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Makoto Nogami
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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50
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Fronczek J, Gilbert JD, Byard RW. Forensic issues arising in the assessment of chlorine-related deaths in a domestic setting. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2021; 61:232-235. [PMID: 33789501 DOI: 10.1177/00258024211002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective review of autopsy files at the Forensic Science South Australia, Australia, was undertaken over a 20-year period from January 2000 to December 2019 for all cases where chlorine had caused or contributed to death. Two cases were identified out of a total of 25,121 autopsies (0.008%): a 53-year-old man who committed suicide in a cellar with granulated chlorine, and a 49-year-old woman with asthma who died of acute bronchospasm due to exposure to chlorine gas while mixing swimming pool chemicals in her kitchen. Chlorine-related deaths are uncommon in domestic situations. However, the absence of biomarkers and non-specific findings at autopsy complicate the diagnosis, particularly as environmental levels are not stable. While accidents with cleaning agents or swimming pool reagents are the most common event in the literature in domestic settings (exclusive of industrial or transportation accidents), suicide may also very rarely occur. Individuals with asthma and chronic respiratory diseases are at higher risk of an adverse outcome upon exposure to chlorine gas, with inattention to proper storage conditions and handling protocols being additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger W Byard
- The School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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