5
|
Han L, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang M, Qian L, Chen Y, Wu Z, Xu Y, Li J. Human Urinary Kallidinogenase Promotes Angiogenesis and Cerebral Perfusion in Experimental Stroke. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222055 PMCID: PMC4519127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesisis a key restorative mechanism in response to ischemia, and pro-angiogenic therapy could be beneficial in stroke. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence suggest that human urinary kallidinogenase (HUK) improves stroke outcome, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. The aim of current study was to verify roles of HUK in post-ischemic angiogenesis and identify relevant mediators. In rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, we confirmed that HUK treatment could improve stroke outcome, indicated by reduced infarct size and improved neurological function. Notably, the 18F-FDG micro-PET scan indicated that HUK enhanced cerebral perfusion in rats after MCAO treatment. In addition, HUK promotespost-ischemic angiogenesis, with increased vessel density as well as up-regulated VEGF andapelin/APJ expression in HUK-treated MCAO mice. In endothelial cell cultures, induction of VEGF and apelin/APJ expression, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by HUK was further confirmed. These changes were abrogated by U0126, a selective ERK1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, F13A, a competitive antagonist of APJ receptor, significantly suppressed HUK-induced VEGF expression. Furthermore, angiogenic functions of HUK were inhibited in the presence of selective bradykinin B1 or B2 receptor antagonist both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings indicate that HUK treatment promotes post-ischemic angiogenesis and cerebral perfusion via activation of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors, which is potentially due to enhancement expression of VEGF and apelin/APJ in ERK1/2 dependent way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Han
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lai Qian
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengzheng Wu
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (JL)
| | - Jingwei Li
- Departments of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (JL)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Desposito D, Potier L, Chollet C, Gobeil F, Roussel R, Alhenc-Gelas F, Bouby N, Waeckel L. Kinin receptor agonism restores hindlimb postischemic neovascularization capacity in diabetic mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:218-26. [PMID: 25398240 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb ischemia is a major complication of thromboembolic diseases. Diabetes worsens prognosis by impairing neovascularization. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of the kallikrein-kinin system aggravates limb ischemia in nondiabetic animals, whereas angiotensin I-converting enzyme/kininase II inhibition improves outcome. The role of kinins in limb ischemia in the setting of diabetes is not documented. We assessed whether selective activation of kinin receptors by pharmacological agonists can influence neovascularization in diabetic mice with limb ischemia and have a therapeutic effect. Selective pseudopeptide kinin B1 or B2 receptor agonists resistant to peptidase action were administered by osmotic minipumps at a nonhypotensive dosage for 14 days after unilateral femoral artery ligation in mice previously rendered diabetic by streptozotocin. Comparison was made with ligatured, nonagonist-treated nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Diabetes reduced neovascularization, assessed by microangiography and histologic capillary density analysis, by roughly 40%. B1 receptor agonist or B2 receptor agonist similarly restored neovascularization in diabetic mice. Neovascularization in agonist-treated diabetic mice was indistinguishable from nondiabetic mice. Both treatments restored blood flow in the ischemic hindfoot, measured by laser-Doppler perfusion imaging. Macrophage infiltration increased 3-fold in the ischemic gastrocnemius muscle during B1 receptor agonist or B2 receptor agonist treatment, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level increased 2-fold. Both treatments increased, by 50-100%, circulating CD45/CD11b-positive monocytes and CD34(+)/VEGFR2(+) progenitor cells. Thus, selective pharmacological activation of B1 or B2 kinin receptor overcomes the effect of diabetes on postischemic neovascularization and restores tissue perfusion through monocyte/macrophage mobilization. Kinin receptors are potential therapeutic targets in limb ischemia in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorinne Desposito
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| | - Louis Potier
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| | - Catherine Chollet
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| | - Fernand Gobeil
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| | - Francois Alhenc-Gelas
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| | - Nadine Bouby
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| | - Ludovic Waeckel
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U1138, Université Paris Descartes, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France (D.D., L.P., C.C., R.R., F.A.-G., N.B., L.W.); Université Paris Diderot, and Diabétologie-Endocrinologie-Nutrition, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (L.P., R.R.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (F.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hillmeister P, Gatzke N, Dülsner A, Bader M, Schadock I, Hoefer I, Hamann I, Infante-Duarte C, Jung G, Troidl K, Urban D, Stawowy P, Frentsch M, Li M, Nagorka S, Wang H, Shi Y, le Noble F, Buschmann I. Arteriogenesis Is Modulated By Bradykinin Receptor Signaling. Circ Res 2011; 109:524-33. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.240986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Positive outward remodeling of pre-existing collateral arteries into functional conductance arteries, arteriogenesis, is a major endogenous rescue mechanism to prevent cardiovascular ischemia. Collateral arterial growth is accompanied by expression of kinin precursor. However, the role of kinin signaling via the kinin receptors (B1R and B2R) in arteriogenesis is unclear.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the functional role and mechanism of bradykinin receptor signaling in arteriogenesis.
Methods and Results:
Bradykinin receptors positively affected arteriogenesis, with the contribution of B1R being more pronounced than B2R. In mice, arteriogenesis upon femoral artery occlusion was significantly reduced in B1R mutant mice as evidenced by reduced microspheres and laser Doppler flow perfusion measurements. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow cells into irradiated B1R mutant mice restored arteriogenesis, whereas bone marrow chimeric mice generated by reconstituting wild-type mice with B1R mutant bone marrow showed reduced arteriogenesis after femoral artery occlusion. In the rat brain 3-vessel occlusion arteriogenesis model, pharmacological blockade of B1R inhibited arteriogenesis and stimulation of B1R enhanced arteriogenesis. In the rat, femoral artery ligation combined with arterial venous shunt model resulted in flow-driven arteriogenesis, and treatment with B1R antagonist R715 decreased vascular remodeling and leukocyte invasion (monocytes) into the perivascular tissue. In monocyte migration assays, in vitro B1R agonists enhanced migration of monocytes.
Conclusions:
Kinin receptors act as positive modulators of arteriogenesis in mice and rats. B1R can be blocked or therapeutically stimulated by B1R antagonists or agonists, respectively, involving a contribution of peripheral immune cells (monocytes) linking hemodynamic conditions with inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hillmeister
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Nora Gatzke
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - André Dülsner
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Michael Bader
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Ines Schadock
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Imo Hoefer
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Isabell Hamann
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Georg Jung
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Daniel Urban
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Marco Frentsch
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Meijing Li
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Stephanie Nagorka
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Haitao Wang
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Yu Shi
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Ferdinand le Noble
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| | - Ivo Buschmann
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of the Charite and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (P.H., A.D., M.L., H.W., Y.S., F.l.N., I.B.), Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.H., N.G., A.D., M.L., S.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.H., F.l.N., I.B.), Charité, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Neuroimmunology (I.H., C.I.D.), Max Delbrueck Center (M.B., I.S.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Cardiology (I.H.),
| |
Collapse
|