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Takahashi-Íñiguez T, Aburto-Rodríguez N, Vilchis-González AL, Flores ME. Function, kinetic properties, crystallization, and regulation of microbial malate dehydrogenase *. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:247-261. [PMCID: PMC4829630 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is an enzyme widely distributed among living organisms and is a key protein in the central oxidative pathway. It catalyzes the interconversion between malate and oxaloacetate using NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor. Surprisingly, this enzyme has been extensively studied in eukaryotes but there are few reports about this enzyme in prokaryotes. It is necessary to review the relevant information to gain a better understanding of the function of this enzyme. Our review of the data generated from studies in bacteria shows much diversity in their molecular properties, including weight, oligomeric states, cofactor and substrate binding affinities, as well as differences in the direction of the enzymatic reaction. Furthermore, due to the importance of its function, the transcription and activity of this enzyme are rigorously regulated. Crystal structures of MDH from different bacterial sources led to the identification of the regions involved in substrate and cofactor binding and the residues important for the dimer-dimer interface. This structural information allows one to make direct modifications to improve the enzyme catalysis by increasing its activity, cofactor binding capacity, substrate specificity, and thermostability. A comparative analysis of the phylogenetic reconstruction of MDH reveals interesting facts about its evolutionary history, dividing this superfamily of proteins into two principle clades and establishing relationships between MDHs from different cellular compartments from archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
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Gharib G, Rashid N, Bashir Q, Gardner QTAA, Akhtar M, Imanaka T. Pcal_1699, an extremely thermostable malate dehydrogenase from hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum calidifontis. Extremophiles 2015; 20:57-67. [PMID: 26507956 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two malate dehydrogenase homologs, Pcal_0564 and Pcal_1699, have been found in the genome of Pyrobaculum calidifontis. The gene encoding Pcal_1699 consisted of 927 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 309 amino acids. To examine the properties of Pcal_1699, the structural gene was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified gene product was characterized. Pcal_1699 was NADH specific enzyme exhibiting a high malate dehydrogenase activity (886 U/mg) at optimal pH (10) and temperature (90 °C). Unfolding studies suggested that urea could not induce complete unfolding and inactivation of Pcal_1699 even at a final concentration of 8 M; however, in the presence of 4 M guanidine hydrochloride enzyme structure was unfolded with complete loss of enzyme activity. Thermostability experiments revealed that Pcal_1699 is the most thermostable malate dehydrogenase, reported to date, retaining more than 90 % residual activity even after heating for 6 h in boiling water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Gharib
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Qamar Bashir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Qura-Tul Ann Afza Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Tadayuki Imanaka
- The Research Organization of Science & Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Refolding, characterization and crystal structure of (S)-malate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1496-504. [PMID: 19555779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate oxidation activity was found in the crude extract of an aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix, and the enzyme was identified as (S)-malate dehydrogenase (MDH), which, when produced in Escherichia coli, was mainly obtained as an inactive inclusion body. The inclusion body was dissolved in 6 M guanidine-HCl and gradually refolded to the active enzyme through dilution of the denaturant. The purified recombinant enzyme consisted of four identical subunits with a molecular mass of about 110 kDa. NADP was preferred as a coenzyme over NAD for (S)-malate oxidation and, unlike MDHs from other sources, this enzyme readily catalyzed the oxidation of (2S,3S)-tartrate and (2S,3R)-tartrate. The tartrate oxidation activity was also observed in MDHs from the hyperthermophilic archaea Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and Archaeoglobus fulgidus, suggesting these hyperthermophilic MDHs loosely bind their substrates. The refolded A. pernix MDH was also crystallized, and the structure was determined at a resolution of 2.9 A. Its overall structure was similar to those of the M. jannaschii, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Chlorobium vibrioforme and Cryptosporidium parvum [lactate dehydrogenase-like] MDHs with root-mean-square-deviation values between 1.4 and 2.1 A. Consistent with earlier reports, Ala at position 53 was responsible for coenzyme specificity, and the next residue, Arg, was important for NADP binding. Structural comparison revealed that the hyperthermostability of the A. pernix MDH is likely attributable to its smaller cavity volume and larger numbers of ion pairs and ion-pair networks, but the molecular strategy for thermostability may be specific for each enzyme.
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Eprintsev AT, Falaleeva MI, Parfyonova NV. Malate dehydrogenase from the thermophilic bacterium Vulcanithermus medioatlanticus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 70:1027-30. [PMID: 16266275 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermostable dimeric malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was isolated from the microorganism of hydrothermal vents Vulcanithermus medioatlanticus. The enzyme was electrophoretically homogeneous and possessed the specific activity of 6.9 U/mg. The large molecular weight of the subunits (55 kD) is likely to provide the rigidity of the enzyme structure (the activation energy of the enzymatic reaction is 32.6 kJ/mol). The thermophilic MDH differs little from the mesophilic enzyme in terms of kinetic and regulatory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Eprintsev
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394006, Russia.
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Coolbear T, Daniel RM, Morgan HW. The enzymes from extreme thermophiles: bacterial sources, thermostabilities and industrial relevance. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 45:57-98. [PMID: 1605092 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0008756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review on enzymes from extreme thermophiles (optimum growth temperature greater than 65 degrees C) concentrates on their characteristics, especially thermostabilities, and their commercial applicability. The enzymes are considered in general terms first, with comments on denaturation, stabilization and industrial processes. Discussion of the enzymes subsequently proceeds in order of their E.C. classification: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases. The ramifications of cloned enzymes from extreme thermophiles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Coolbear
- University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Janiczek O, Kovár J, Glatz Z. Purification and properties of malate dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 23:285-301. [PMID: 8361952 DOI: 10.1080/10826069308544557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography on immobilized Cibacron Blue (Matrex Gel Blue A) gel permeation chromatography on UltroPac TSK G 3000 SWG column and ion-exchange chromatography on "Mono Q" column were used to purify the malate dehydrogenase (MDH) from P. denitrificans to electrophoretic homogeneity. The last two purification steps were performed in FPLC system. The enzyme having a specific activity of about 2300 nkat/mg protein was obtained with an approximate 70% yield. MDH is a dimer with a molecular mass of 80,000 +/- 10,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.85 +/- 0.05. Absorption, fluorescence and CD-spectra were also measured and basic kinetic parameters were obtained for the homogeneous enzyme. The present paper also suggests the possibility of using the prepared enzyme for the determination of aspartate transferase (AST) in blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Janiczek
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechoslovakia
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10
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Chapter 16 Structure and function of methanogen genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Richter OM, Schäfer G. Purification and enzymic characterization of the cytoplasmic pyrophosphatase from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 209:343-9. [PMID: 1327774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic pyrophosphatase has been isolated from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. The enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by combining ion-exchange and affinity-chromatographic separations. This soluble pyrophosphatase probably consists of six identical subunits, since SDS/PAGE gave an estimate of about 22 kDa for a single subunit and size-exclusion chromatography under non-denaturing conditions indicates a molecular mass of 110 +/- 5 kDa. The two most prominent catalytic features of this enzyme are the absolute requirement for divalent cations for catalytic action, Mg2+ conferring the highest activity, and the pronounced specificity for PPi. The catalytic behavior apparently follows simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of about 7 microM for PPi and a specific activity of about 1200 U/mg at 56 degrees C. Surprisingly, maximum activity could be observed at 85 degrees C which is more than 20 degrees C above the temperature for optimal growth. Several cytoplasmic extracts of eubacteria and archaebacteria have been probed with a polyclonal antiserum raised against the purified archaebacterial protein. The only noticeable cross-reactivity could be detected with an extract from the methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri although this probably does not reflect the inferred phylogenetic relationship between methanogens and Thermoplasma acidophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Richter
- Institut für Biochemie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Federal Republic of Germany
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Leyland ML, Kelly DJ. Purification and characterization of a monomeric isocitrate dehydrogenase with dual coenzyme specificity from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodomicrobium vannielii. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 202:85-93. [PMID: 1935983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An isocitrate dehydrogenase able to function with either NADP or NAD as coenzyme was purified to homogeneity from cell-free extracts of the purple photosynthetic eubacterium Rhodomicrobium vannielii using a rapid two-step procedure involving dye-ligand affinity chromatography. The enzyme was obtained in 60% yield with specific activities of 23 U.mg protein-1 (NADP-linked reaction) and 18.5 U.mg protein-1 (NAD-linked reaction). The purified enzyme was monomeric and migrated with an approximate Mr of 75,000-80,000 on both SDS/PAGE and non-denaturing PAGE. Affinity constants (Km values) of 2.5 microM for NADP and 0.77 mM for NAD and values for kcat/Km of 981,200 min-1.mM-1 (NADP) and 2455 min-1.mM-1 (NAD) indicated a greater specificity for NADP compared to NAD. A number of metabolites were examined for possible differential regulatory effects on the NADP- and NAD-linked reactions, using a dual-wavelength assay. Oxaloacetate was found to be an effective inhibitor of both reactions and the enzyme was also sensitive to concerted inhibition by glyoxylate and oxaloacetate. The amino-acid composition and the identity of 39 residues at the N-terminus were determined and compared to other isocitrate dehydrogenases. The results suggested a relationship between the Rm. vannielii enzyme and the monomeric isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzyme II from Vibrio ABE-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Leyland
- Robert Hill Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, England
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13
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Schinkinger MF, Redl B, Stöffler G. Purification and properties of an extreme thermostable glutamate dehydrogenase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:142-8. [PMID: 1899341 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90194-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, deaminating, EC 1.4.1.3.) of the extreme thermophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus was purified to homogeneity by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, anion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on 5'-AMP-Sepharose. The purified native enzyme had a Mr of about 270,000 and was shown to be a hexamer of subunit Mr of 44,000. It was active from 30 to 95 degrees C, with a maximum activity at 85 degrees C. No significant loss of enzyme activity could be detected, either after incubation of the purified enzyme at 90 degrees C for 60 min, or in the presence of 4 M urea or 0.1% SDS. The enzyme was catalytically active with both NADH and NADPH as coenzyme and was specific for 2-oxoglutarate and L-glutamate as substrates. With respect to coenzyme utilization the Sulfolobus solfataricus glutamate dehydrogenase resembled more closely the equivalent enzymes from eukaryotic organisms than those from eubacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Schinkinger
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Honka E, Fabry S, Niermann T, Palm P, Hensel R. Properties and primary structure of the L-malate dehydrogenase from the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Methanothermus fervidus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 188:623-32. [PMID: 2110059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Malate dehydrogenase from the extremely thermophilic mathanogen Methanothermus fervidus was isolated and its phenotypic properties were characterized. The primary structure of the protein was deducted from the coding gene. The enzyme is a homomeric dimer with a molecular mass of 70 kDa, possesses low specificity for NAD+ or NADP+ and catalyzes preferentially the reduction of oxalacetate. The temperature dependence of the activity as depicted in the Arrhenius and van't Hoff plots shows discontinuities near 52 degrees C, as was found for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the same organism. With respect to the primary structure, the archaebacterial L-malate dehydrogenase deviates strikingly from the eubacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. The sequence similarity is even lower than that between the L-malate dehydrogenases and L-lactate dehydrogenases of eubacteria and eukaryotes. The phylogenetic meaning of this relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Honka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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15
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Stezowski JJ, Englmaier R, Galdiga C, Hartl T, Rommel I, Dauter Z, Görisch H, Grossebüter W, Wilson K, Musil D. Preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of malate dehydrogenases from the thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria Thermoplasma acidophilum and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. J Mol Biol 1989; 208:507-8. [PMID: 2507788 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenases from the thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria Thermoplasma acidophilum and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius have been crystallized and characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements. Crystals of the enzyme from T. acidophilum display space-group symmetry P2(1), a = 63 A, b = 135 A, c = 83 A and beta = 105 degrees; they scattered to approximately 4 A resolution. Two crystal modifications of malate dehydrogenase from S. acidocaldarius were characterized; one displayed trigonal symmetry corresponding to space groups P321, P3(1)21 or P3(2)21 with lattice parameters a = 151 A and c = 248 A and with resolution approximately to 5 A, whereas the other modification displayed space group symmetry I23 or I2(1)3 with lattice parameters a = 129 A and approximately 4.5 A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Stezowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Biochemie und Isotopenforschung der Universität Stuttgart, F.R.G
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Smith LD, Budgen N, Bungard SJ, Danson MJ, Hough DW. Purification and characterization of glucose dehydrogenase from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. Biochem J 1989; 261:973-7. [PMID: 2803257 PMCID: PMC1138924 DOI: 10.1042/bj2610973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. The enzyme is a tetramer of polypeptide chain Mr 38,000 +/- 3000, it is catalytically active with both NAD+ and NADP+ cofactors, and it is thermostable and remarkably resistant to a variety of organic solvents. The amino acid composition was determined and compared with those of the glucose dehydrogenases from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus and the eubacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the Thermoplasma acidophilum enzyme was determined to be: (S/T)-E-Q-K-A-I-V-T-D-A-P-K-G-G-V-K-Y-T-T-I-D-M-P-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath, U.K
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Tayeh MA, Madigan MT. Malate dehydrogenases in phototrophic purple bacteria. Thermal stability, amino acid composition and immunological properties. Biochem J 1988; 252:595-600. [PMID: 3137931 PMCID: PMC1149184 DOI: 10.1042/bj2520595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purified malate dehydrogenases from four species of non-sulphur purple phototrophic bacteria were examined for their heat-stability, amino acid composition and antigenic relationships. Malate dehydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodobacter capsulatus and Rhodomicrobium vannielii (which are all tetrameric proteins) had an unusually high glycine content, but the enzyme from Rhodocyclus purpureus (which is a dimer) did not. R. rubrum malate dehydrogenase was extremely heat-stable relative to the other enzymes, withstanding 65 degrees C for over 1 h with no loss of activity. By contrast, malate dehydrogenase from R. vannielii lost activity above 35 degrees C, and that from R. capsulatus above 40 degrees C. Amino acid compositional relatedness and immunological studies indicated that tetrameric phototrophic-bacterial malate dehydrogenases were highly related to one another, but only distantly related to the tetrameric enzyme from Bacillus. This suggests that, despite differences in their thermal properties, the tetrameric malate dehydrogenases of non-sulphur purple bacteria constitute a distinct biochemical class of this catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tayeh
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901
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Fickenscher K, Scheibe R. Limited proteolysis of inactive tetrameric chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase produces active dimers. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 260:771-9. [PMID: 3341764 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carboxy-terminal amino acids of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82) from pea chloroplasts were removed by treatment with carboxypeptidase Y. This results in the activation of the inactive oxidized enzyme, while activation by light in vivo is thought to occur via reduction of an intrasubunit disulfide bridge. After proteolytic activation the oxidized enzyme had a specific activity of 100 U/mg protein, which is 50% of the maximal activity of the control enzyme in the reduced state. When the truncated enzyme was reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT), the specific activity was further increased to 1200 U/mg. While the native enzyme is composed of four identical subunits of 38,900 Da, the truncated malate dehydrogenase forms dimers composed of two subunits of 38,000 Da. No further change of molecular mass or activity was noticed subsequent to prolonged incubation of native NADP-malate dehydrogenase with carboxypeptidase Y for several days. When the enzyme is denatured by 2 M guanidine-HCl, the proteolytic activation proceeds more rapidly, but only transiently. The truncated enzyme is less accessible to activation by reduced thioredoxin, but the stimulation of activity by DTT alone is more rapid than that of the native enzyme. These results indicate that only a small carboxy-terminal peptide of native NADP-malate dehydrogenase from pea chloroplasts is accessible to proteolytic degradation and that this peptide is involved in the regulation of activity, tetramer formation, and thioredoxin binding. While the pH optimum for catalytic activity of the intact reduced enzyme is at pH 8.0-8.5, it is shifted to more acidic values upon proteolysis of NADP-malate dehydrogenase. At pH values below 8 the reduced truncated enzyme exhibits substrate inhibition by oxaloacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fickenscher
- Lehrstuhl Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, West Germany
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Danson MJ. Archaebacteria: the comparative enzymology of their central metabolic pathways. Adv Microb Physiol 1988; 29:165-231. [PMID: 3132816 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Danson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath, England
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Fickenscher K, Scheibe R, Marcus F. Amino acid sequence similarity between malate dehydrogenases (NAD) and pea chloroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 168:653-8. [PMID: 3665938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purified pea chloroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP) was reduced, S-pyridylethylated with 4-vinyl-pyridine and cleaved with trypsin. The resulting peptides were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Several of these peptides were subjected to automated Edman degradation. The sequences obtained were compared to the published primary structures of malate dehydrogenase from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus flavus and with the sequence of heart mitochondrial and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (NAD). Most peptides from choroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP) showed high homology with sequences of the other malate dehydrogenases, especially with those of the bacterial enzyme. One of the sequenced peptides contains the active-site histidine residue which is conserved in all malate dehydrogenases. Our results suggest a common evolutionary origin for all malate dehydrogenases despite their different coenzyme specificities and regulatory properties. The sequenced peptides which revealed no homology were either located at the amino-terminal or at the carboxy-terminal region of chloroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP). These novel sequences are most likely plant-specific extensions of an ancestral malate dehydrogenase and may be responsible for the unique light-dependent activation of the chloroplast enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fickenscher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Structure, University of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School, Illinois
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Tayeh MA, Madigan MT. Malate dehydrogenase in phototrophic purple bacteria: purification, molecular weight, and quaternary structure. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:4196-202. [PMID: 3114237 PMCID: PMC213729 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.9.4196-4202.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The citric acid cycle enzyme malate dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from the nonsulfur purple bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodomicrobium vannielii, and Rhodocyclus purpureus. Malate dehydrogenase was purified from each species by either a single- or a two-step protocol: triazine dye affinity chromatography was the key step in purification of malate dehydrogenase in all cases. Purification of malate dehydrogenase resulted in a 130- to 240-fold increase in malate dehydrogenase specific activity, depending on the species, with recoveries ranging from 30 to 70%. Homogeneity of malate dehydrogenase preparations from the four organisms was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; a single protein band was observed in purified preparations by both techniques. The molecular weight of native malate dehydrogenases was determined by four independent methods and estimated to be in the range of 130,000 to 140,000 for the enzyme from R. capsulatus, R. rubrum, and R. vannielii and 57,000 for that from R. purpureus. It is concluded that malate dehydrogenase from R. capsulatus, R. rubrum, and R. vannielii is a tetramer composed of four identical subunits, while the enzyme from R. purpureus is a dimer composed of two identical subunits.
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Hartl T, Grossebüter W, Görisch H, Stezowski JJ. Crystalline NAD/NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase; the enzyme from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1987; 368:259-67. [PMID: 3109450 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1987.368.1.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been purified 240-fold to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme shows a specific activity of 277 U/mg and crystallizes readily. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme is estimated as 128,500 by ultracentrifugation. After cross-linking a relative molecular mass of 134,000 is found by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Malate dehydrogenase from S. acidocaldarius is composed of four subunits of identical size with a relative molecular mass of 34,000. Active-enzyme sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge indicates that the tetramer is the catalytically active species. Kinetic studies in the direction of oxaloacetate reduction showed a Km for NADH of 4.1 microM and a Km for oxaloacetate of 52 microM. Oxaloacetate exhibits substrate inhibition at higher concentrations, L-malate, NAD and NADP were found to be product inhibitors. The enzymatic activity is inhibited by 2-oxoglutarate but not by the adenosine nucleotides AMP, ADP and ATP. Only low activity is detected in the direction of malate oxidation. Malate dehydrogenase from S. acidocaldarius utilizes both NADH and NADPH to reduce oxaloacetate. The enzyme shows A-side stereospecificity for both nicotinamide dinucleotides.
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