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Jiang S, Gao K, Zhang F, Wang Y, He X, Yang J. β-sitosterol alleviates atherosclerosis by regulating catalase. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35639. [PMID: 39165938 PMCID: PMC11334795 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the main active components of Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix) on atherosclerosis and its mechanism of action. Bioinformatics analysis showed that β-sitosterol was the most likely active ingredient to mediate the anti-atherosclerotic effects. In vivo experiments showed that β-sitosterol inhibited plaque formation and platelet activation, and decreased serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. In vitro experiments showed that β-sitosterol can inhibit lipid deposition and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, knocking down catalase (CAT), the direct target of β-sitosterol, not only promoted lipid deposition and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs, but also activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and the mTOR inhibitor (ink-128) can eliminate the effect of CAT knockdown, suggesting that β-sitosterol may inhibit lipid deposition and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs by activating CAT and silencing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby alleviating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntao Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 149, Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Kui Gao
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Lanshan District, NO.566, Lanshan West Road, Lanshan District, Rizhao, 276800, Shandong, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huantai People's Hospital, No.2198, Huan Tai Avenue, Huantai suo Town, Zibo, 256400, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Qingdao, No.3, Jiaxiang Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing He
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Ningyang, No.872, Jinyang Street, Ningyang County, Taian, 271400, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Outpatient, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan, No.157, Jinbi road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
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Vekic J, Stromsnes K, Mazzalai S, Zeljkovic A, Rizzo M, Gambini J. Oxidative Stress, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Risk. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2897. [PMID: 38001900 PMCID: PMC10669174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the consequence of an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Increased levels of ROS contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders through oxidative damage to macromolecules, particularly by oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. One of the most prominent features of atherogenic dyslipidemia is plasma accumulation of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, characterized by an increased susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, a considerable and diverse body of evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies was generated supporting oxidative modification of sdLDL particles as the earliest event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles results in the formation of various bioactive species that contribute to the atherosclerotic process through different pathophysiological mechanisms, including foam cell formation, direct detrimental effects, and receptor-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this paper, we will discuss recent data on the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia and their interplay in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, a special focus will be placed on the clinical applicability of novel, promising biomarkers of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Kristine Stromsnes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Stefania Mazzalai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan Gambini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is accompanied by atherogenic dyslipidemia, a specific lipid disorder characterized by both quantitative and qualitative changes of plasma lipoproteins. The main alterations in the lipid profile include hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, and elevated small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Epidemiological data show that obesity is more common in women and is a frequent risk factor for reproductive disorders, metabolic complications in pregnancy, and cardiometabolic disease later in life. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss recent advances in the research of dyslipidemia in obesity, with an emphasis on female-specific disorders and cardiometabolic risk. RECENT FINDINGS The focus of current research on dyslipidemia in obesity is moving toward structurally and functionally modified plasma lipoproteins. Special attention is paid to the pro-atherogenic role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants. Introduction of advanced analytical techniques enabled identification of novel lipid biomarkers with potential clinical applications. In particular, proteomic and lipidomic studies have provided significant progress in the comprehensive research of HDL's alterations in obesity. Obesity-related dyslipidemia is a widespread metabolic disturbance in polycystic ovary syndrome patients and high-risk pregnancies, but is seldom evaluated with respect to its impact on future cardiometabolic health. Obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases require a more depth insight into the quality of lipoprotein particles. Further application of omics-based techniques would enable a more comprehensive evaluation of dyslipidemia in order to reduce an excessive cardiovascular risk attributable to increased body weight. However, more studies on obesity-related female reproductive disorders are needed for this approach to be adopted in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, P. Box 146, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, P. Box 146, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, P. Box 146, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zeljković A, Milojević A, Vladimirov S, Zdravković M, Memon L, Brajković M, Gardijan V, Gojković T, Stefanović A, Miljković-Trailović M, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V, Ninić A. Alterations of cholesterol synthesis and absorption in obstructive sleep apnea: Influence of obesity and disease severity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2848-2857. [PMID: 36323608 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is closely linked to obesity and related adverse metabolic changes, including dyslipidemia. However, it is not clear whether OSA is an independent contributing factor to dyslipidemia, or the observed association is a reflection of a concomitant presence of obesity. Additionally, dyslipidemia is usually evaluated through measurement of parameters of routine lipid status, while more precise evaluation of lipid homeostasis is rarely performed in OSA. In this study, we analyzed markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption in patients with OSA with respect to the presence of obesity and the disease severity. METHODS AND RESULTS This study enrolled 116 OSA patients. Concentrations of non-cholesterol sterols (NCS), measured by LC-MS/MS, were used as markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were utilized as markers of OSA severity. Serum lipid status parameters were determined by routine enzymatic methods. Markers of cholesterol synthesis were increased (P = 0.005), whilst markers of cholesterol absorption decreased (P = 0.001) in obese OSA patients. Cholesterol synthesis/absorption ratio was elevated in obese subjects (P < 0.001). Concentration of cholesterol synthesis marker lathosterol was significantly higher in subjects with severe OSA (P = 0.014) and we observed a trend of decreased cholesterol absorption in these patients. AHI was revealed as an independent determinant of lathosterol concentration (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the presence of obesity and severe forms of OSA is characterized by elevated endogenous cholesterol synthesis. AHI was singled out as an independent determinant of the serum level of cholesterol synthesis marker lathosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zeljković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Milojević
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Center "Bežanijska kosa", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Vladimirov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Zdravković
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center "Bežanijska kosa" and University of Belgrade-Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Memon
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Center "Bežanijska kosa", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Brajković
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center "Bežanijska kosa", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Gardijan
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center "Bežanijska kosa", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Gojković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Ana Ninić
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
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Effects of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Cholesterol Metabolism in Women with High-Risk Pregnancies: Possible Implications for Neonatal Outcome. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100959. [PMID: 36295861 PMCID: PMC9607346 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders in pregnancy, particularly gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), are associated with an increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcome and long-term cardiometabolic health of mother and child. This study analyzed changes of serum cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers during the course of high-risk pregnancies, with respect to the development of GDM. Possible associations of maternal lipid biomarkers with neonatal characteristics were also investigated. The study included 63 women with high risk for development of pregnancy complications. Size and proportions of small low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were assessed across trimesters (T1−T3), as well as concentrations of cholesterol synthesis (lathosterol, desmosterol) and absorption markers (campesterol, β-sitosterol). During the study, 15 women developed GDM, while 48 had no complications (non-GDM). As compared to the non-GDM group, women with GDM had significantly higher triglycerides in each trimester, while having a lower HDL-C level in T3. In addition, they had significantly lower levels of β-sitosterol in T3 (p < 0.05). Cholesterol synthesis markers increased across trimesters in both groups. A decrease in serum β-sitosterol levels during the course of pregnancies affected by GDM was observed. The prevalence of small-sized HDL decreased in non-GDM, while in the GDM group remained unchanged across trimesters. Newborn’s size in the non-GDM group was significantly higher (p < 0.01) and inversely associated with proportions of both small, dense LDL and HDL particles (p < 0.05) in maternal plasma in T1. In conclusion, high-risk pregnancies affected by GDM are characterized by altered cholesterol absorption and HDL maturation. Advanced lipid testing may indicate disturbed lipid homeostasis in GDM.
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Nunes VS, de Campos EVS, Baracat J, França V, Gomes ÉIL, Coelho RP, Nakandakare ER, Zago VHS, de Faria EC, Quintão ECR. Plasma Campesterol Is Positively Associated with Carotid Plaques in Asymptomatic Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911997. [PMID: 36233298 PMCID: PMC9569444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased cholesterol absorption and reduced synthesis are processes that have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk in a controversial way. However, most of the studies involving markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption include conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, which can be confounding factors. The present study aimed at investigating the relationships of plasma cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, cIMT (carotid intima-media thickness), and the presence of carotid plaques in asymptomatic subjects. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in 270 asymptomatic individuals and anthropometrical parameters, fasting plasma lipids, glucometabolic profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), markers of cholesterol synthesis (desmosterol and lathosterol), absorption (campesterol and sitosterol), cIMT, and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques were analyzed. RESULTS Among the selected subjects aged between 19 and 75 years, 51% were females. Age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, triglycerides, glucose, and lathosterol/sitosterol ratios correlated positively with cIMT (p ≤ 0.05). Atherosclerotic plaques were present in 19% of the subjects. A direct association of carotid plaques with campesterol, OR = 1.71 (95% CI = 1.04-2.82, p ≤ 0.05) and inverse associations with both ratios lathosterol/campesterol, OR = 0.29 (CI = 0.11-0.80, p ≤ 0.05) and lathosterol/sitosterol, OR = 0.45 (CI = 0.22-0.95, p ≤ 0.05) were observed in univariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggested that campesterol may be associated with atherosclerotic plaques and the lathosterol/campesterol or sitosterol ratios suggested an inverse association. Furthermore, synthesis and absorption of cholesterol are inverse processes, and the absorption marker, campesterol, may reflect changes in body cholesterol homeostasis with atherogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Sutti Nunes
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Edite Vieira Silva de Campos
- Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Jamal Baracat
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Hospital of Clinics, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor França
- Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Érica Ivana Lázaro Gomes
- Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Raissa Peres Coelho
- Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna Regina Nakandakare
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Helena Souza Zago
- Centro de Ciências da Vida, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas 13034-68, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Eder Carlos Rocha Quintão
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3061-7263
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Cholesterol Metabolic Markers for Differential Evaluation of Patients with Hyperlipidemia and Familial Hypercholesterolemia. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2008556. [PMID: 35493299 PMCID: PMC9050270 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2008556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol metabolism in humans can be indirectly reflected by measuring cholesterol metabolism marker levels. We aimed to investigate the association of cholesterol homeostasis markers on standard lipid profiling components in familial hypercholesteremia and hyperlipidemia patients. A total of 69 hyperlipidemia patients, 25 familial hypercholesteremia (FHC) patients, and 64 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. We performed routine testing of blood lipid water. Gas chromatography was used to determine the changes in the concentration of cholesterol synthesis (squalene, desmosterol, and lathosterol) and absorption markers (campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol) in the blood. Baseline hyperlipidemia patients displayed significantly higher total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in comparison to the control group, which was reflected in the increased levels of squalene, desmosterol, campesterol, and sitosterol observed (P < 0.05) in the hyperlipidemia patients. The desmosterol, lathosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol were statistically different in the FHC group than the hyperlipidemic group (P < 0.05). The proportions of squalene/cholesterol, lathosterol/cholesterol, stigmasterol/cholesterol, and sitosterol/cholesterol in the FHC group were lower than those in the hyperlipidemic group; only desmosterol/cholesterol was higher than that in the hyperlipidemic group. Correlation studies between lipid metabolic factors showed that the proportion of moderate and strong correlations was much higher in the FHC group than in the other two groups (76.92% vs. 32.50% and 31.25%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the concentrations of glucose, LDL-C, lactosterol, and sitosterol were all independent risk factors for developing hyperlipidemia. This result was further confirmed by the ROC curve. These results indicated that the study of cholesterol synthesis and decomposition markers can serve as a reference index for related diseases caused by changes in its concentration.
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Li ZZ, Wang QH, Liu Y, Wang L, Yu ZQ, Huang Q, Zhang J. Gas Chromatography and Flame-Ionization Detection of Non-Cholesterol Sterols as Indicators of Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in 158 Chinese Individuals with Normolipidemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Familial Hypercholesterolemia. MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR : INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 28:e934471. [PMID: 35152260 PMCID: PMC8851888 DOI: 10.12659/msm.934471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background There are limited studies on the effects of cholesterol homeostasis in populations at high risk for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to use gas chromatography and flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) of non-cholesterol sterols as indicators of cholesterol absorption and synthesis. Sterol indicators of cholesterol absorption included campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol. Sterol indicators of cholesterol synthesis included squalene, 7-lathosterol, and desmosterol. Material/Methods A total of 158 participants were enrolled in 3 groups: healthy control (n=64), hyperlipidemia (n=69), and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH, n=25). Age, sex, blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipoprotein were collected, and cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers were determined by GC-FID. Results All 6 cholesterol concentration indicators, except squalene, were significantly different among the 3 groups (all P<0.05); whereas in the ratio to cholesterol (%, sterols/cholesterol), only desmosterol and lathosterol were significantly different (P<0.05). Multifactorial regression analysis showed that triglycerides, total cholesterol, and desmosterol were independent risk factors affecting the development of hyperlipidemia (P<0.05). The efficacy of the ROC curve for the diagnosis of dyslipidemia was also higher for all 3 indices (Model 1, AUC=0.960). Model 1 was superior to Model 2 for the 6 indicators of cholesterol. For the FH and dyslipidemia groups, the 6-indicator model (Model 3) was shown to have a good diagnostic value (AUC=1.000). Conclusions The 6 sterol indicators of cholesterol absorption and synthesis had a dynamic course in all study participants. Desmosterol was an indicator of dyslipidemia. The combined use of the 6 sterol indicators differentiated between healthy individuals and patients with dyslipidemia and FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Qi-Hui Wang
- Department of Research, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Research, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Lvya Wang
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhen-Qiu Yu
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Qiong Huang
- Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Research, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Vladimirov S, Gojkovic T, Zeljkovic A, Jelic-Ivanovic Z, Zeljkovic D, Antonic T, Trifunovic B, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V. Can non-cholesterol sterols indicate the presence of specific dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in patients with colorectal cancer? Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114595. [PMID: 33964280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignancy. Previous studies suggested that cholesterol might play a signficant role in malignant transformation and proliferation. Non-cholesterol sterols (NCS), which are transported by serum lipoproteins alongside cholesterol, are regarded as cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers. Quantification of NCS in serum and HDL fraction (NCSHDL), could provide a better insight into the cholesterol metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the status of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol absorption markers in serum and HDL fraction and explore their interrelation in CRC patients. Current study was designed as observational, case-control study. The study included 73 CRC patients and 95 healthy subjects. NCS and NCSHDL concentrations were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Based on NCS and NCSHDL concentrations, different cholesterol homeostasis indices were calculated. Patients had significantly lower NCS (P<0.001) and NCSHDL concentrations (P<0.001 for desmosterolHDL; P<0.05 for lathosterolHDL, P=0.001 for campesterolHDL, P<0.001 for β-sitosterolHDL). NCSHDL/NCS (P<0.005 for desmosterolHDL/desmosterol; P<0.05 for lathosterolHDL/lathosterol; P<0.001 for both β-sitosterolHDL/β-sitosterol and campesterolHDL/campesterol) and synthesis to absorption ratio (CSI/CAI) (P<0.005) were increased in CRC patients. Additionally, low serum concentrations of desmosterol (P<0.001; OR=0.329; 95%CI (0.199-0.542)) and campesterol (P<0.001; OR=0.540; 95%CI (0.424-0.687)) were independent predictors of CRC presence. Our data suggest that cholesterol homeostasis in CRC is shifted towards increased synthesis. Relative abundance of NCS in HDL particles is increased, suggesting the possible overproduction of cholesterol precursors in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vladimirov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tamara Gojkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorana Jelic-Ivanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejan Zeljkovic
- Clinic for General Surgery, Military Medical Academy, 17 Crnotravska St, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tamara Antonic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bratislav Trifunovic
- Clinic for General Surgery, Military Medical Academy, 17 Crnotravska St, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Spasojevic-Kalimanovska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Quintão ECR. Plasma Non-cholesterol Sterols as Markers of Cholesterol Synthesis and Intestinal Absorption: A Critical Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5152-5162. [PMID: 32744960 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200730220230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of phytosterols and non-cholesterol sterol precursors of cholesterol synthesis have been used as markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption and synthesis in inherited and secondary dyslipidemias and in population-based investigations to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular disease, respectively. The method aims at replacing initial research procedures such as the use of stable isotopes associated with fecal steroid balance, which are limited by the high cost and tedious procedures. However, we show in this review that numerous results obtained with serum sterol measurements are contradictory. In this regard, the following points are discussed: 1) how phytosterols relate to atherosclerosis considering that defects in biliary output or in the transport of phytosterols from the intestinal mucosa back into the intestinal lumen provide increased content of phytosterols and other sterols in plasma and tissues, thus not allowing to conclude that their presence in arteries and atheromas represents the etiology of atherosclerosis; 2) serum non-cholesterol sterols as markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, such as cholestanol, present discrepant results, rendering them often inadequate to identify cases of coronary artery disease as well as alterations in the whole body cholesterol metabolism; 3) such methods of measurement of cholesterol metabolism are confounded by factors like diabetes mellitus, body weight and other pathologies including considerable hereditary hyperlipidemias biological variabilities that influence the efficiency of synthesis and intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
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The coronary artery calcium score is linked to plasma cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225472. [PMID: 32579186 PMCID: PMC7332684 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is controversial whether atherosclerosis is linked to increased intestinal cholesterol absorption or synthesis in humans. The aim of the present study was to relate atherosclerosis to the measurements of plasma markers of cholesterol synthesis (desmosterol, lathosterol) and absorption (campesterol, sitosterol). In healthy male (n=344), non-obese, non-diabetics, belonging to the city of São Paulo branch of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), we measured in plasma these non-cholesterol sterol markers, together with their anthropometric, dietary parameters, traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, and blood chemistry, coronary arterial calcium score (CAC), and ultrasonographically measured common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT). Cases with CAC>zero had the following parameters higher than cases with CAC = zero: age, waist circumference (WC), plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non HDL-C). Plasma desmosterol and campesterol, duly corrected for TC, age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hypertension, smoking, and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) correlated with CAC, but not with CCA-IMT. The latter related to increased age, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Plasma HDL-C concentrations did not define CAC or CCA-IMT degrees, although in relation to the lower tertile of HDL-C in plasma the higher tertile of HDL-C had lower HOMA-IR and concentration of a cholesterol synthesis marker (desmosterol). Present work indicated that increased cholesterol synthesis and absorption represent primary causes of CAD, but not of the common carotid artery atherosclerosis.
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Determination of non-cholesterol sterols in serum and HDL fraction by LC/MS-MS: Significance of matrix-related interferences. J Med Biochem 2019; 39:299-308. [PMID: 33269018 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2019-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-cholesterol sterols (NCS) are promising biomarkers for estimation of cholesterol homeostasis properties. In addition, determination of NCS in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction (HDL-NCS) could provide information on cholesterol efflux. However, matrix effects interfere in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of NCS, thereby impairing the method sensitivity. The aims of this study were development, optimization and validation of LC-MS method for quantification of NCS in serum and HDL-NCS. Additionally, matrix effect interferences and methods application in individual serum samples were examined. Methods HDL precipitating reagent was used for HDL isolation. Matrix effect was examined by comparing different surrogates by simple regression analysis. Validation was conducted according to the FDA-ICH guideline. 20 healthy volunteers were recruited for testing of method application. Results The observed matrix effect was 30%, and matrix comparison showed that cholesterol was the dominant contributor to the matrix effect. Cholesterol concentration was adjusted by construction of the calibration curve for serum and HDL fraction (5 mmol/L and 2.5 mmol/L, respectively). The intraand interrun variabilities for NCSs were 4.7-10.3% for serum NCS and 3.6-13.6% for HDLNCS and 4.6-9.5% for serum NCSs and 2.5-9.8% for HDL-NCS, respectively. Recovery studies showed satisfactory results for NCSs: 89.8-113.1% for serum NCS and 85.3-95.8% for HDL-NCS. Conclusions The method was successfully developed and optimized. The matrix interference was solved by customising calibration curves for each method and sample type. The measurement of NCS in HDL fraction was proposed for the first time as potentially useful procedure in biomedical researches.
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Mihăilă RG. Pragmatic Analysis of Dyslipidemia Involvement in Coronary Artery Disease: A Narrative Review. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 16:36-47. [PMID: 31113345 PMCID: PMC7393591 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666190522100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is the main factor involved in the occurrence and progression of coronary artery disease. Objective The research strategy is aimed at analyzing new data on the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia involvement in coronary artery disease, the modalities of atherogenic risk estimation and therapeutic advances. Methods Scientific articles published in PubMed from January 2017 to February 2018 were searched using the terms “dyslipidemia” and “ischemic heart disease”. Results PCSK9 contributes to the increase in serum levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and lipoprotein (a). The inflammation is involved in the progression of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia changes the global cardiac gene expression profile and is thus involved in the increase of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis initiated by inflammation. Coronary artery calcifications may estimate the risk of coronary events. The cardio-ankle vascular index evaluates the arterial stiffness and correlates with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. The carotid plaque score is superior to carotid intima-media thickness for risk stratification in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and both can independently predict coronary artery disease. The lipoprotein (a) and familial hypercholesterolemia have a synergistic role in predicting the risk of early onset and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. A decrease in atherosclerotic coronary plaque progression can be achieved in patients with plasma LDL-cholesterol levels below 70 mg/dL. A highly durable RNA interference therapeutic inhibitor of PCSK9 synthesis could be a future solution. Conclusion The prophylaxis and treatment of coronary artery disease in a dyslipidemic patient should be based on a careful assessment of cardio-vascular risk factors and individual metabolic particularities, so it may be personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo-Gabriel Mihăilă
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania; CVASIC Laboratory, Emergency County Clinical Hospital Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
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Vukovic R, Zeljkovic A, Bufan B, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V, Milenkovic T, Vekic J. Hashimoto Thyroiditis and Dyslipidemia in Childhood: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:868. [PMID: 31920978 PMCID: PMC6914680 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in the pediatric population. Development of AIT is mediated mainly by cellular immune response directed toward thyroid autoantigens, leading to inflammation and impaired function of thyroid gland. Both thyroid dysfunction and inflammation affect the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. The alterations in lipid profile worsen with the advancement of hypothyroidism, ranging from discrete changes in euthyroid AIT patients, to atherogenic dyslipidemia in the overt hypothyroidism. In this review, characteristics of dyslipidemia in pediatric AIT patients, and the consequences in respect to the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development are discussed. Additionally, benefit of L-thyroxine treatment on serum lipid profile in pediatric AIT patients is addressed. Finally, potential usefulness of novel lipid biomarkers, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), non-cholesterol sterols, low-density lipoprotein particle size and number, and high-density lipoprotein structure and functionality in AIT patients is also covered. Further longitudinal studies are needed in order to elucidate the long-term cardiovascular outcomes of dyslipidemia in pediatric patients with Hashimoto AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rade Vukovic
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mother and Child Healthcare Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Rade Vukovic
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tatjana Milenkovic
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mother and Child Healthcare Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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