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Tu S, Zeng X, Liu T, Zeng J. Emotion Regulation Can Effectively Improve Decision-Making Behaviors of Individuals Who Use Methamphetamine. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38950356 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20240612-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Negative emotions can cause people to make irrational decisions, and decision-making disorders may lead individuals who use methamphetamine (meth) to relapse. Therefore, the current study was performed to investigate whether emotion regulation (ER) can improve negative emotions and thus improve decision-making behavior of individuals who use meth. METHOD Based on the Iowa Gambling Task, a three-factor mixed experimental design was used to examine the effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies on negative emotions and decision-making behaviors of 157 individuals who use meth. RESULTS Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were effective in reducing participants' negative emotions and improving decision-making behaviors. Specifically, two types of ER strategies were effective in improving decision-making abilities of participants with negative emotional distress, and cognitive reappraisal was more effective than expressive suppression. CONCLUSION Regarding cognitive reappraisal, female participants showed better decision-making behavior than males, which predicts that females who use meth might be more adept at using cognitive reappraisal. This finding suggests that mental health providers should aid substance users in managing their negative emotions and also pay attention to gender differences during the nursing process. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].
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de Melo Bastos Cavalcante C, Bruno Oliveira K, Maria Araújo de Souza F, Maria Jatobá Hasten Reiter M, Rodrigues Melo da Silva B, Lavínia da Silva Oliveira K, Vinicius Dos Santos Sales M, Larissa Dias Pacheco A, Santos Siqueira E, de Araújo Costa M, Gomes Dos Santos Neto J, Gabriely Duarte Torres R, Catarina R Leite A, Santana de Melo I, Salgueiro Machado S, Duzzioni M, Leite Góes Gitaí D, Wagner de Castro O. Crack cocaine inhalation increases seizure susceptibility by reducing acetylcholinesterase activity. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 156:109832. [PMID: 38761450 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Crack cocaine is a highly addictive and potent stimulant drug. Animal studies have shown that the cholinergic system plays a role in neurotoxicity induced by cocaine or its active metabolites inhalation. Behavioral alterations associated with crack cocaine use include hyperactivity, depressed mood, and decreased seizure threshold. Here we evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity, behavioral profile, and the threshold for epileptic seizures in rats that received intrahippocampal pilocarpine (H-PILO) followed by exposure to crack cocaine (H-PILO + CRACK). Animals exposed to H-PILO + CRACK demonstrated increased severity and frequency of limbic seizures. The AChE activity was reduced in the groups exposed to crack cocaine alone (CRACK) and H-PILO + CRACK, whereas levels of ROS remained unchanged. In addition, crack cocaine exposure increased vertical locomotor activity, without changing water and sucrose intake. Short-term memory consolidation remained unchanged after H-PILO, H-PILO + CRACK, and CRACK administration. Overall, our data suggest that crack cocaine inhalation reduced the threshold for epileptic seizures in rats submitted to low doses of pilocarpine through the inhibition of AChE. Taken together, our findings can be useful in the development of effective strategies for preventing and treating the harmful effects of cocaine and crack cocaine on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kellysson Bruno Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Araújo de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca Rodrigues Melo da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Edite Santos Siqueira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Maisa de Araújo Costa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - José Gomes Dos Santos Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Gabriely Duarte Torres
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarina R Leite
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Sônia Salgueiro Machado
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Science and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
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Aragón-Daud A, Oberti De Luca SM, Schurmann Vignaga S, Prado P, Figueras R, Lizaso L, González-Gadea ML, Manes F, Cetkovich M, Pallavicini C, Torralva T, de la Fuente LA. Attentional ERPs in consumers of smoked and insufflated cocaine associated with neuropsychological performance. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 259:111288. [PMID: 38648721 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine consumption is associated with reduced attentional event-related potentials (ERPs), namely P3a and P3b, indicating bottom-up and top-down deficits respectively. At cognitive level, these impairments are larger for faster routes of administration (e.g., smoked cocaine [SC]) than slower routes (e.g., insufflated cocaine [IC]). Here we assess these ERPs considering the route of cocaine administration. We hypothesized that SC dependent (SCD) would exhibit reduced amplitude of the P3a, while both SCD and IC dependent (ICD) would show reduced amplitude of the P3b. METHODS We examined 25 SCD, 22 ICD matched by poly-consumption profiles, and 25 controls matched by demographic variables. We combined EEG data from the Global-Local task with behavioral data from attentional cognitive tasks. RESULTS At the behavioral level, SCD exhibited attentional deficits in both bottom-up and top-down processes, while ICD only showed a tendency for top-down deficits. The amplitude of P3a and P3b was lower in Users groups. We observed subtle route-based differences, with larger differences in the P3a for SCD and in the P3b for ICD. Neurophysiological and behavioral data converged, with the P3a associated to bottom-up performance and P3b to top-down. CONCLUSIONS Different routes of administration lead to distinct attentional neurocognitive profiles. Specifically, SCD showed greater attentional impairment, mainly at bottom-up/P3a, while ICD showed a trend of top-down/P3b deficits. These findings emphasize the crucial role of considering the route of administration in both clinical and research settings and support the use of attentional ERPs as valid measures for assessing attentional deficits in substance Dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Aragón-Daud
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Milagros Oberti De Luca
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Pilar Prado
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario Figueras
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Lizaso
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Luz González-Gadea
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neuroscience and Learning, Catholic University of Uruguay, Uruguay; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Pallavicini
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; Department of Physics, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Alethia de la Fuente
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; Department of Physics, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Charkhat Gorgich EA, Rigi MG, Fanaei H, Parsaei H, Ghanbarzehi A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels as a candidate biomarker for withdrawal in crack heroin dependence. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:9. [PMID: 38245698 PMCID: PMC10800061 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-024-00591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crack heroin is a novel opiate derivative with highly addictive properties and unfamiliar health consequences. It causes a variety of brain dysfunctions that are mediated by neurochemical alterations and abnormal neuroplasticity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely recognized biological marker implicated in the neuropathology of substance use during substance use disorder and withdrawal. Its involvement can significantly contribute to the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate BDNF levels in crack heroin users before and after withdrawal. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 148 male participants were recruited and divided into two groups: persons with crack heroin use disorder (n = 74) and the controls (n = 74). The BDNF serum levels were measured in both crack heroin users and control groups upon hospitalization and again after twenty-one days of withdrawal using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The results demonstrated that BDNF levels in persons with crack heroin use disorder upon admission were significantly lower than the levels observed upon discharge and in the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant difference in BDNF levels was found between persons with crack heroin use disorder at admission and discharge (p = 0.038). Furthermore, BDNF levels showed an inverse correlation with the daily dose of substance use (r= -0.420, p = 0.03) and the duration of crack heroin use (r= -0.235, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A progressive increment in BDNF levels during early detoxification is associated with the daily amount of substance use and the duration of substance use. Our findings suggest that changes in BDNF serum levels during crack heroin use disorder and withdrawal could serve as potential biomarkers for assessing the intensity of withdrawal symptoms and substance use-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamed Fanaei
- Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Houman Parsaei
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abdolhakim Ghanbarzehi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
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Guedes Pinto T, Viana MDB, Cury PR, Martins MD, dos Santos JN, Ribeiro DA. Are Cytomorphogenetic Events Correlated with Oral Mucosal Lesions Induced by Crack Cocaine Use? A Systematic Review. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:630-639. [PMID: 38133146 PMCID: PMC10748150 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to answer the question of whether crack cocaine can induce cellular and molecular alterations and whether such alterations are somehow related to clinical lesions in the oral mucosa. The searches were undertaken in three electronic databases and conducted based on the PRISMA 2020 statement. Eleven studies published between 1994 and 2020 were analyzed. The quality of the included studies was assessed by two independent reviewers (TGP and DAR) through a confounder's categorization methodology, in which final ratings were attributed (strong, moderate or weak) for each study. From 11 studies included, 7 evaluated the cellular/molecular impact of the addiction in a total of 492 individuals and compared to a control (non-exposure) group (n = 472). The main tests used for cellular alteration were MN and AgNORs. Cells from crack cocaine groups exhibited increased proliferation and MN counting. Only four studies evaluated the prevalence of oral lesions. All of them showed that individuals exposed to crack cocaine presented an increased number of oral lesions. Most studies showed good quality. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that crack use may induce changes at the cellular and molecular level and also exhibit an increased number of oral lesions. However, a correlation between such changes and oral mucosa lesions still needs further investigation and elucidation through other clinical studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Guedes Pinto
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil; (T.G.P.); (M.d.B.V.)
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil; (T.G.P.); (M.d.B.V.)
| | - Patricia Ramos Cury
- Department of Dental Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (P.R.C.); (J.N.d.S.)
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Department of Pathology and Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal Universty of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil;
| | - Jean Nunes dos Santos
- Department of Dental Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (P.R.C.); (J.N.d.S.)
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil; (T.G.P.); (M.d.B.V.)
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Schinz D, Schmitz-Koep B, Tahedl M, Teckenberg T, Schultz V, Schulz J, Zimmer C, Sorg C, Gaser C, Hedderich DM. Lower cortical thickness and increased brain aging in adults with cocaine use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1266770. [PMID: 38025412 PMCID: PMC10679447 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1266770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a global health issue with severe behavioral and cognitive sequelae. While previous evidence suggests a variety of structural and age-related brain changes in CUD, the impact on both, cortical thickness and brain age measures remains unclear. Methods Derived from a publicly available data set (SUDMEX_CONN), 74 CUD patients and 62 matched healthy controls underwent brain MRI and behavioral-clinical assessment. We determined cortical thickness by surface-based morphometry using CAT12 and Brain Age Gap Estimate (BrainAGE) via relevance vector regression. Associations between structural brain changes and behavioral-clinical variables of patients with CUD were investigated by correlation analyses. Results We found significantly lower cortical thickness in bilateral prefrontal cortices, posterior cingulate cortices, and the temporoparietal junction and significantly increased BrainAGE in patients with CUD [mean (SD) = 1.97 (±3.53)] compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.58). Increased BrainAGE was associated with longer cocaine abuse duration. Conclusion Results demonstrate structural brain abnormalities in CUD, particularly lower cortical thickness in association cortices and dose-dependent, increased brain age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schinz
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- (FAU), Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Benita Schmitz-Koep
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Tahedl
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Teckenberg
- Digital Management & Transformation, SRH Fernhochschule - The Mobile University, Riedlingen, Germany
| | - Vivian Schultz
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schulz
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Dennis M. Hedderich
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Roodsari SK, Cheng Y, Reed KM, Wellman LL, Sanford LD, Kim WK, Guo ML. Sleep Disturbance Alters Cocaine-Induced Locomotor Activity: Involvement of Striatal Neuroimmune and Dopamine Signaling. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051161. [PMID: 35625897 PMCID: PMC9138453 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorders have high comorbidity with drug addiction and function as major risk factors for developing drug addiction. Recent studies have indicated that both sleep disturbance (SD) and abused drugs could activate microglia, and that increased neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Whether microglia are involved in the contribution of chronic SDs to drug addiction has never been explored. In this study, we employed a mouse model of sleep fragmentation (SF) with cocaine treatment and examined their locomotor activities, as well as neuroinflammation levels and dopamine signaling in the striatum, to assess their interaction. We also included mice with, or without, SF that underwent cocaine withdrawal and challenge. Our results showed that SF significantly blunted cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation while having marginal effects on locomotor activity of mice with saline injections. Meanwhile, SF modulated the effects of cocaine on neuroimmune signaling in the striatum and in ex vivo isolated microglia. We did not observe differences in dopamine signaling in the striatum among treatment groups. In mice exposed to cocaine and later withdrawal, SF reduced locomotor sensitivity and also modulated neuroimmune and dopamine signaling in the striatum. Taken together, our results suggested that SF was capable of blunting cocaine-induced psychoactive effects through modulating neuroimmune and dopamine signaling. We hypothesize that SF could affect neuroimmune and dopamine signaling in the brain reward circuitry, which might mediate the linkage between sleep disorders and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Kazemi Roodsari
- Drug Addiction Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (S.K.R.); (Y.C.); (K.M.R.)
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.); (W.-K.K.)
| | - Yan Cheng
- Drug Addiction Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (S.K.R.); (Y.C.); (K.M.R.)
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.); (W.-K.K.)
| | - Kirstin M. Reed
- Drug Addiction Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (S.K.R.); (Y.C.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Laurie L. Wellman
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.); (W.-K.K.)
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Larry D. Sanford
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.); (W.-K.K.)
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.); (W.-K.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Drug Addiction Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (S.K.R.); (Y.C.); (K.M.R.)
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (L.L.W.); (L.D.S.); (W.-K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-757-446-5891
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Perrenoud LO, Oikawa KF, Williams AV, Laranjeira R, Fischer B, Strang J, Ribeiro M. Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:781. [PMID: 33892673 PMCID: PMC8063477 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. RESULTS Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 3.81, - 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = - 7.40, - 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 2.57, - 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. CONCLUSIONS Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Ogata Perrenoud
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
- Reference Center for Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (CRATOD), São Paulo State Secretary of Health, Rua Prates, 165, 01121000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Koki Fernando Oikawa
- Department of Statistics, Brazil University, São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Ibipetuba, 130, SP 03127-180 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Virginia Williams
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK, 4, Windsor Walk Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Ronaldo Laranjeira
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Simon Fraser University (SFU Faculty of Health Sciences, 515 W. Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3), Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON. M5T 1R8 Canada
| | - John Strang
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK, 4, Windsor Walk Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
- Reference Center for Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (CRATOD), São Paulo State Secretary of Health, Rua Prates, 165, 01121000 São Paulo, Brazil
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Pacheco ALD, de Melo IS, de Souza FMA, Nicácio DCSP, Freitas-Santos J, Oliveira Dos Santos YM, Costa MDA, Cavalcante CDMB, Gomes Dos Santos Neto J, Gitaí DLG, Sabino-Silva R, Torres de Miranda C, Borbely AU, Duzzioni M, Shetty AK, de Castro OW. Maternal crack cocaine use in rats leads to depressive- and anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment, and increased seizure susceptibility in the offspring. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 44:34-50. [PMID: 33454149 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crack users suffer the effects of cocaine present in the drug and the action of other active compounds from its pyrolysis. An emergent fact is an increase in the number of pregnant crack cocaine users. Studies suggest that crack cocaine and its metabolites cross the placenta, promoting premature birth, fever, irritability, sweating, and seizures in the early months of life. In children, the effects of crack cocaine have been associated with cognitive deficits, difficulty in verbalization, aggressiveness, and depression, besides enhancing the susceptibility to epileptic seizures, including status epilepticus (SE) in adulthood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of maternal exposure to smoke crack cocaine on several behavioral parameters in the offspring during adulthood. A series of behavioral tests and intrahippocampal pilocarpine (H-PILO) microinjection at sub-convulsive and convulsive doses in a rat model demonstrated that exposure to crack cocaine during the embryonic period leads to anxiogenic-like behavior and long-term memory impairment in both genders and promotes depressive-like behavior in the female. Besides, crack cocaine offspring exposed to a sub-convulsive H-PILO dose showed higher susceptibility to SE, increased seizure frequency, and neurodegeneration, while animals that received a convulsive dose of H-PILO displayed no alteration in SE severity. Taken together, our data suggest that crack cocaine exposure during the gestational period leads to an increased predilection for anxiety and depression, long-term memory deficits, and reduction in the threshold for developing epileptic seizures associated with neuronal death, which predispose crack cocaine babies to develop neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jucilene Freitas-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Maisa de Araújo Costa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - José Gomes Dos Santos Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Torres de Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health of Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
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10
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Malacarne IT, De Souza DV, Rosario BDA, Viana MDB, Pereira CDS, Estadella D, Dos Santos JN, Ribeiro DA. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response induced by crack-cocaine: relevance to carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14285-14292. [PMID: 33534101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crack-cocaine is a cocaine by-product widely consumed by general population in developing countries. The drug is low cost and is associated with more intense effects when compared to other illicit drugs. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response are considered crucial events in carcinogenesis, since they actively participate in the multistep process. The purpose of this paper was to provide a mini review regarding the relationship between carcinogenesis and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by crack-cocaine. The present study was conducted on search of the scientific literature from the published studies available in PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for all kind of articles (all publications to November 2020) using the following key words: crack-cocaine, DNA damage, genotoxicity, cellular death, cytotoxicity, mutation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mutagenicity. The results showed that published papers available were almost all in vivo test system being conducted in humans or rodents. Crack-cocaine was able to induce genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mammalian cells. However, the role of inflammatory response after exposure to crack-cocaine was not conclusive so far. In summary, this study is consistent with the notion that crack-cocaine is a chemical carcinogen as a result of genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced in mammalian and non-mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vitor De Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Barbara Dos Anjos Rosario
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Milena De Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Estadella
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil.
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11
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Dos Anjos Rosário B, de Fátima Santana de Nazaré M, Lemes JA, de Andrade JS, da Silva RB, Pereira CDS, Ribeiro DA, de Barros Viana M. Repeated crack cocaine administration alters panic-related responses and delta FosB immunoreactivity in panic-modulating brain regions. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1179-1191. [PMID: 33569614 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-06031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Crack cocaine is the crystal form of cocaine, produced by adding sodium bicarbonate to cocaine base paste. Brazil is the largest consumer of crack cocaine in the world. Users of crack cocaine show important physiological and behavioral alterations, including neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety-related symptoms. Nevertheless, few pre-clinical studies have been previously performed to understand the neurobiological effects of crack cocaine. The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of the subchronic treatment (5 days, IP) of rats with crack cocaine in an animal model of anxiety/panic, the elevated T-maze (ETM). The ETM model allows the measurement of two behavioral defensive responses, avoidance and escape, in clinical terms, respectively, associated to generalized anxiety and panic disorder, the two main psychiatric conditions that accompany substance use disorders. Immediately after the ETM model, animals were tested in an open field for locomotor activity assessment. Analysis of delta FosB protein immunoreactivity was used to map areas activated by crack cocaine exposure. Results showed that crack treatment selectively altered escape displayed by rats in the ETM test, inducing either a panicolytic (18 mg/kg IP) or a panicogenic-like effect (25 and 36 mg/kg IP). These effects were followed by the altered functioning of panic-modulating brain regions, i.e., the periaqueductal gray and the dorsal region and lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Treatment with 36 mg/kg of crack cocaine also increased locomotor activity. These are the first observations performed with crack cocaine in a rodent model of anxiety/panic and contribute to a better understanding of the behavioral and neurobiological effects of crack cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jéssica Alves Lemes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - José Simões de Andrade
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Barbosa da Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil.
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