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Asim R, Azeem B, Dogar MEA. Comment on "Evaluation of brain function in adult patent ductus arteriosus surgery: A multimodal monitoring approach" by "Qin X, et al. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102507. [PMID: 38431145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Asim
- Medicine Department, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Liyari, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Bazil Azeem
- Medicine Department, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Liyari, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mata-E-Alla Dogar
- Medicine Department, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Liyari, Karachi, Pakistan
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Galanis C, Neuhaus L, Hananeia N, Turi Z, Jedlicka P, Vlachos A. Axon morphology and intrinsic cellular properties determine repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation threshold for plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1374555. [PMID: 38638302 PMCID: PMC11025360 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1374555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widely used therapeutic tool in neurology and psychiatry, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Standardizing stimulus parameters, specifically electric field strength, is crucial in experimental and clinical settings. It enables meaningful comparisons across studies and facilitates the translation of findings into clinical practice. However, the impact of biophysical properties inherent to the stimulated neurons and networks on the outcome of rTMS protocols remains not well understood. Consequently, achieving standardization of biological effects across different brain regions and subjects poses a significant challenge. Methods This study compared the effects of 10 Hz repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) in entorhino-hippocampal tissue cultures from mice and rats, providing insights into the impact of the same stimulation protocol on similar neuronal networks under standardized conditions. Results We observed the previously described plastic changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength of CA1 pyramidal neurons in both mouse and rat tissue cultures, but a higher stimulation intensity was required for the induction of rMS-induced synaptic plasticity in rat tissue cultures. Through systematic comparison of neuronal structural and functional properties and computational modeling, we found that morphological parameters of CA1 pyramidal neurons alone are insufficient to explain the observed differences between the groups. Although morphologies of mouse and rat CA1 neurons showed no significant differences, simulations confirmed that axon morphologies significantly influence individual cell activation thresholds. Notably, differences in intrinsic cellular properties were sufficient to account for the 10% higher intensity required for the induction of synaptic plasticity in the rat tissue cultures. Conclusion These findings demonstrate the critical importance of axon morphology and intrinsic cellular properties in predicting the plasticity effects of rTMS, carrying valuable implications for the development of computer models aimed at predicting and standardizing the biological effects of rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Galanis
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Neuhaus
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Hananeia
- 3R-Zentrum Gießen, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zsolt Turi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- 3R-Zentrum Gießen, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Leow LA, Marcos A, Nielsen E, Sewell D, Ballard T, Dux PE, Filmer HL. Dopamine Alters the Effect of Brain Stimulation on Decision-Making. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6909-6919. [PMID: 37648451 PMCID: PMC10573748 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1140-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), show promise in treating a range of psychiatric and neurologic conditions. However, optimization of such applications requires a better understanding of how tDCS alters cognition and behavior. Existing evidence implicates dopamine in tDCS alterations of brain activity and plasticity; however, there is as yet no causal evidence for a role of dopamine in tDCS effects on cognition and behavior. Here, in a preregistered, double-blinded study, we examined how pharmacologically manipulating dopamine altered the effect of tDCS on the speed-accuracy trade-off, which taps ubiquitous strategic operations. Cathodal tDCS was delivered over the left prefrontal cortex and the superior medial frontal cortex before participants (N = 62, 24 males, 38 females) completed a dot-motion task, making judgments on the direction of a field of moving dots under instructions to emphasize speed, accuracy, or both. We leveraged computational modeling to uncover how our interventions altered latent decisional processes driving the speed-accuracy trade-off. We show that dopamine in combination with tDCS (but not tDCS alone nor dopamine alone) not only impaired decision accuracy but also impaired discriminability, which suggests that these manipulations altered the encoding or representation of discriminative evidence. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct evidence implicating dopamine in the way tDCS affects cognition and behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT tDCS can improve cognitive and behavioral impairments in clinical conditions; however, a better understanding of its mechanisms is required to optimize future clinical applications. Here, using a pharmacological approach to manipulate brain dopamine levels in healthy adults, we demonstrate a role for dopamine in the effects of tDCS in the speed-accuracy trade-off, a strategic cognitive process ubiquitous in many contexts. In doing so, we provide direct evidence implicating dopamine in the way tDCS affects cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ann Leow
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Anjeli Marcos
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Esteban Nielsen
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David Sewell
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Timothy Ballard
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Paul E Dux
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hannah L Filmer
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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Wessel JR, Diesburg DA, Chalkley NH, Greenlee JDW. A causal role for the human subthalamic nucleus in non-selective cortico-motor inhibition. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3785-3791.e3. [PMID: 35841891 PMCID: PMC9511894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Common cortico-basal ganglia models of motor control suggest a key role for the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in motor inhibition.1-3 In particular, when already-initiated actions have to be suddenly stopped, the STN is purportedly recruited via a hyperdirect pathway to net inhibit the cortico-motor system in a broad, non-selective fashion.4 Indeed, the suppression of cortico-spinal excitability (CSE) during rapid action stopping extends beyond the stopped muscle and affects even task-irrelevant motor representations.5,6 Although such non-selective CSE suppression has long been attributed to the broad inhibitory influence of STN on the motor system, causal evidence for this association is hitherto lacking. Here, 20 Parkinson's disease patients treated with STN deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and 20 matched healthy controls performed a verbal stop-signal task while CSE was measured from a task-unrelated hand muscle. DBS allowed a causal manipulation of STN, while CSE was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex and concurrent electromyography. In patients OFF-DBS and controls, the CSE of the hand was non-selectively suppressed when the verbal response was successfully stopped. Crucially, this effect disappeared when STN was disrupted via DBS in the patient group. Using this unique combination of DBS and TMS during human behavior, the current study provides first causal evidence that STN is likely involved in non-selectively suppressing the physiological excitability of the cortico-motor system during action stopping. This confirms a core prediction of long-held cortico-basal ganglia circuit models of movement. The absence of cortico-motor inhibition during STN-DBS may also provide potential insights into the common side effects of STN-DBS, such as increased impulsivity.7-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Darcy A Diesburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Nathan H Chalkley
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Jeremy D W Greenlee
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Nie L, Wen X, Luo W, Ju T, Ren A, Wu B, Li J, Hu J. Disruption of regional homogeneity in the brains of chronic methamphetamine users. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1605-1613. [PMID: 35175550 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported evidence supporting structural and functional alterations in the brains of methamphetamine (MA) users. The aim of the present study was to extend current knowledge regarding brain function(s) in MA users by examining regional homogeneity (ReHo). Chronic MA users (51 male, 46 female), who were undergoing supervised abstinence for 12 to 621 days, and 79 healthy controls (43 male, 36 female) underwent resting-state functional brain magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-wise whole-brain scale group differences in ReHo were examined. The mean ReHo values of significant clusters were extracted, and linear regression was used to identify factors that contributed to these mean ReHo values. MA users exhibited lower ReHo values in the left orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus extending to the left insula and left temporal pole, left amygdala, and left fusiform gyrus. MA users also exhibited greater ReHo values in the bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri and right cerebellum. Characteristics of MA use, including duration, duration of abstinence from MA, and age at onset of MA use, demonstrated no reliable contribution to ReHo of the significant clusters. Findings of the present study demonstrated that chronic MA use was associated with regional specific disruption of ReHo, which is relatively independent of structural and functional alterations and, apparently, does not recover after relatively long-term abstinence. This disruption may underlie overall neurocognitive deficits in MA users, which is difficult to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Nie
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Xiantao Wen
- Sichuan Provincial Compulsory Drug Addiction Treatment Agency for Males, Ziyang, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Compulsory Drug Addiction Treatment Agency for Females, Deyang, China
| | - Tao Ju
- Hospital of Sichuan Provincial Compulsory Drug Addiction Treatment Agency for Females, Deyang, China
| | - Anlian Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Compulsory Drug Addiction Treatment Agency for Males, Ziyang, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- Hospital of Sichuan Provincial Compulsory Drug Addiction Treatment Agency for Females, Deyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
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da Silva Machado CB, da Silva LM, Gonçalves AF, Andrade PRD, Mendes CKTT, de Assis TJCF, Godeiro Júnior CDO, Andrade SM. Multisite non-invasive brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A scoping review. NeuroRehabilitation 2021; 49:515-531. [PMID: 34776426 PMCID: PMC8764602 DOI: 10.3233/nre-210190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by cardinal motor symptoms in addition to cognitive impairment. New insights concerning multisite non-invasive brain stimulation effects have been gained, which can now be used to develop innovative treatment approaches. OBJECTIVE: Map the researchs involving multisite non-invasive brain stimulation in PD, synthesize the available evidence and discuss future directions. METHODS: The databases PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception until April 2020, without restrictions on the date of publication or the language in which it was published. The reviewers worked in pairs and sequentially evaluated the titles, abstracts and then the full text of all publications identified as potentially relevant. RESULTS: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. The target brain regions included mainly the combination of a motor and a frontal area, such as stimulation of the primary motor córtex associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Most of the trials showed that this modality was only more effective for the motor component, or for the cognitive and/or non-motor, separately. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the results being encouraging for the use of the multisite aproach, the indication for PD management should be carried out with caution and deserves scientific deepening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Clécio de Oliveira Godeiro Júnior
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, La Tronche, Grenoble, France.,Division of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Thakkar KN, Ghermezi L, Silverstein SM, Slate R, Yao B, Achtyes ED, Brascamp JW. Stronger tilt aftereffects in persons with schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 130:186-197. [PMID: 33301337 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia may fail to appropriately use temporal context and apply past environmental regularities to the interpretation of incoming sensory information. Here we use the visual system as a test bed for investigating how prior experience shapes perception in individuals with schizophrenia. Specifically, we use visual aftereffects, illusory percepts resulting from prior exposure to visual input, to measure the influence of prior events on current processing. At a neural level, visual aftereffects arise due to attenuation in the responses of neurons that code the features of the prior stimulus (neuronal adaptation) and subsequent disinhibition of neurons signaling activity at the opposite end of the feature dimension. In the current study, we measured tilt aftereffects and negative afterimages, 2 types of aftereffects that reflect, respectively, adaptation of cortical orientation-coding neurons and adaptation of subcortical and retinal luminance-coding cells in persons with schizophrenia (PSZ; n = 36) and demographically matched healthy controls (HC; n = 22). We observed stronger tilt aftereffects in PSZ compared to HC, but no difference in negative afterimages. Stronger tilt aftereffects were related to more severe negative symptoms. These data suggest oversensitivity to recent regularities, in the form of stronger visual adaptation, at cortical, but not subcortical, levels in schizophrenia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Correlation Between Central Sensitization and Remote Muscle Performance in Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2020; 44:14-24. [PMID: 33248751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the degree of central sensitization (CS) and remote muscle performance in people with chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS The 2011 fibromyalgia (FM) criteria and severity scales (2011 FM survey) were used as a surrogate measure of CS to divide the participants into 2 groups: FM-positive CLBP and FM-negative CLBP. Measures related to central sensitization included the 2011 FM survey and pressure pain threshold of the thumbnail. Measures related to muscle performance included neck flexor muscle strength and endurance and plantar flexor muscle strength. Between-groups and correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS Sixty people with CLBP were enrolled (30 FM-positive, 30 FM-negative). There was no significant difference between the subgroups in age, sex, or pain duration (P > .05). The FM-positive CLBP group showed poorer neck flexor muscle endurance (P = .01) and plantar flexor muscle strength (P = .002) than the FM-negative CLBP group, whereas neck flexor muscle strength was not different between the groups (P = .175). Scores for FM and values for pressure pain thresholds of the thumbnail were associated with neck flexor muscle strength (respectively, r = -0.320, P = .013, and r = 0.467, P < .001), endurance (r = -0.242, P < .001, and r = 0.335, P = .009), and plantar flexor muscle strength (r = -0.469, P < .001, and r = 0.500, P < .001). CONCLUSION We found associations between the degree of CS and remote muscle strength and endurance, suggesting that poor remote muscle performance is possibly a clinical sign of CS in people with CLBP.
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Uygur-Kucukseymen E, Castelo-Branco L, Pacheco-Barrios K, Luna-Cuadros MA, Cardenas-Rojas A, Giannoni-Luza S, Zeng H, Gianlorenco AC, Gnoatto-Medeiros M, Shaikh ES, Caumo W, Fregni F. Decreased neural inhibitory state in fibromyalgia pain: A cross-sectional study. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:279-288. [PMID: 32654884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic pain is one of the most common and challenging symptoms in fibromyalgia (FM). Currently, self-reported pain is the main criterion used by clinicians assessing patients with pain. However, it is subjective, and multiple factors can affect pain levels. In this study, we investigated the neural correlates of FM pain using conditioned pain modulation (CPM), electroencephalography (EEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). METHODS In this cross-sectional neurophysiological analysis of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial, 36 patients with fibromyalgia were included. We analyzed CPM, EEG variables and TMS measures and their correlation with pain levels as measured by a visual analog scale. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors of pain severity. RESULTS We found: (1) no association between pain levels and CPM; (2) an association between reduced alpha and beta power over the central region in resting-EEG and higher pain levels; (3) an association between smaller event-related desynchronization (ERD) responses in theta and delta bands over the central region and higher pain levels; (4) an association between smaller ERD responses in theta and delta bands and smaller intracortical inhibition and higher intracortical facilitation ratios; (5) an association between smaller ERD responses in delta band and reduced CPM. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support CPM as a biomarker for pain intensity in FM. However, our specific EEG findings showing the relationship between pain, CPM and TMS measures suggest that FM leads to a disruption of inhibitory neural modulators and thus support CPM as a likely predictive marker of disrupted pain modulation system. These neurophysiological markers need to be further explored in potential future trials as to find novel targets for the treatment of FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Uygur-Kucukseymen
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luis Castelo-Branco
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Pacheco-Barrios
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA; Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Alejandra Luna-Cuadros
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandra Cardenas-Rojas
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Giannoni-Luza
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiyan Zeng
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anna Carolyna Gianlorenco
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marina Gnoatto-Medeiros
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emad Salman Shaikh
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96-13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA.
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Morya E, Monte-Silva K, Bikson M, Esmaeilpour Z, Biazoli CE, Fonseca A, Bocci T, Farzan F, Chatterjee R, Hausdorff JM, da Silva Machado DG, Brunoni AR, Mezger E, Moscaleski LA, Pegado R, Sato JR, Caetano MS, Sá KN, Tanaka C, Li LM, Baptista AF, Okano AH. Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:141. [PMID: 31730494 PMCID: PMC6858746 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to modulate neural tissue. Neuromodulation apparently improves cognitive functions in several neurologic diseases treatment and sports performance. In this study, we present a comprehensive, integrative review of tDCS for motor rehabilitation and motor learning in healthy individuals, athletes and multiple neurologic and neuropsychiatric conditions. We also report on neuromodulation mechanisms, main applications, current knowledge including areas such as language, embodied cognition, functional and social aspects, and future directions. We present the use and perspectives of new developments in tDCS technology, namely high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) which promises to overcome one of the main tDCS limitation (i.e., low focality) and its application for neurological disease, pain relief, and motor learning/rehabilitation. Finally, we provided information regarding the Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS) in clinical applications, Cerebellar tDCS (ctDCS) and its influence on motor learning, and TMS combined with electroencephalography (EEG) as a tool to evaluate tDCS effects on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard Morya
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia Monte-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
- Núcleo de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação (NAPeN), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)/Universidade de São Paulo (USP)/Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID)/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY USA
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY USA
| | - Claudinei Eduardo Biazoli
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, 3 - Anchieta, Bloco Delta – Sala 257, São Bernardo do Campo, SP CEP 09606-070 Brazil
| | - Andre Fonseca
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, 3 - Anchieta, Bloco Delta – Sala 257, São Bernardo do Campo, SP CEP 09606-070 Brazil
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, International Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Faranak Farzan
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia Canada
| | - Raaj Chatterjee
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia Canada
| | - Jeffrey M. Hausdorff
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Eva Mezger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luciane Aparecida Moscaleski
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, 3 - Anchieta, Bloco Delta – Sala 257, São Bernardo do Campo, SP CEP 09606-070 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pegado
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, 3 - Anchieta, Bloco Delta – Sala 257, São Bernardo do Campo, SP CEP 09606-070 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Salvador Caetano
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, 3 - Anchieta, Bloco Delta – Sala 257, São Bernardo do Campo, SP CEP 09606-070 Brazil
| | - Kátia Nunes Sá
- Núcleo de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação (NAPeN), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)/Universidade de São Paulo (USP)/Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID)/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Santo André, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Clarice Tanaka
- Núcleo de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação (NAPeN), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)/Universidade de São Paulo (USP)/Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID)/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigações Médicas-54, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Li Min Li
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abrahão Fontes Baptista
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação (NAPeN), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)/Universidade de São Paulo (USP)/Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID)/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Santo André, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, 3 - Anchieta, Bloco Delta – Sala 257, São Bernardo do Campo, SP CEP 09606-070 Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigações Médicas-54, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hideki Okano
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação (NAPeN), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)/Universidade de São Paulo (USP)/Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID)/Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Santo André, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade, 3 - Anchieta, Bloco Delta – Sala 257, São Bernardo do Campo, SP CEP 09606-070 Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education. State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Clark JE, Watson S, Friston KJ. What is mood? A computational perspective. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2277-2284. [PMID: 29478431 PMCID: PMC6340107 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological understanding of mood, and by extension mood disorders, remains elusive despite decades of research implicating several neuromodulator systems. This review considers a new approach based on existing theories of functional brain organisation. The free energy principle (a.k.a. active inference), and its instantiation in the Bayesian brain, offers a complete and simple formulation of mood. It has been proposed that emotions reflect the precision of - or certainty about - the predicted sensorimotor/interoceptive consequences of action. By extending this reasoning, in a hierarchical setting, we suggest mood states act as (hyper) priors over uncertainty (i.e. emotions). Here, we consider the same computational pathology in the proprioceptive and interoceptive (behavioural and autonomic) domain in order to furnish an explanation for mood disorders. This formulation reconciles several strands of research at multiple levels of enquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart Watson
- Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Thibaut A, Zeng D, Caumo W, Liu J, Fregni F. Corticospinal excitability as a biomarker of myofascial pain syndrome. Pain Rep 2017; 2:e594. [PMID: 29392210 PMCID: PMC5741300 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common chronic pain disorder that lacks effective diagnostic criteria. To better understand neurophysiological changes in chronic pain, several trials exploring corticospinal excitability in different populations of patients with chronic pain have been performed. OBJECTIVES In this systematic review, we aimed to investigate the current literature on MPS and intracortical disinhibition, by means of increased intracortical facilitation and decreased intracortical inhibition (ICI). METHODS We performed a search on PubMed to identify clinical trials on MPS and transcranial magnetic stimulation measurements. We then applied the Harford Hill criteria to the identified studies to assess the possible causal relationship between intracortical disinhibition measurements and MPS. Finally, we compared our findings on MPS with other chronic pain conditions. RESULTS Four studies assessing corticospinal excitability in patients with MPS were found. Although the amount of trials available is limited, all the reported studies indicated an increased intracortical disinhibition in patients with MPS. Importantly, these measurements were also correlated with psychological factors, such as pain catastrophism, or anxiety. However, based on the Harford Hill criteria, we could not assert a strong causal relationship between these markers and MPS. Although intracortical disinhibition has been consistently found in patients having MPS, this lack of cortical inhibition was not only observed in this specific chronic pain syndrome but also in fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain conditions. CONCLUSION Intracortical disinhibition seems to be a marker that has been consistently observed in MPS. Future prospective cohort studies could provide new insights in the development of neoplastic and maladaptive changes occurring in chronic pain syndromes and help the development of new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Thibaut
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dian Zeng
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lorenzo FD, Ponzo V, Brusa L, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Reply Letter to “Does motor cortex plasticity depend on the type of mutation in the LRRK2
gene?”. Mov Disord 2017; 32:949. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Tor Vergata University, Department of Systems Medicine; Rome Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
| | - Livia Brusa
- Neurology Unit; Ospedale Sant'Eugenio; Rome Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Tor Vergata University, Department of Systems Medicine; Rome Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience; Policlinico Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
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14
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Caumo W, Deitos A, Carvalho S, Leite J, Carvalho F, Dussán-Sarria JA, Lopes Tarragó MDG, Souza A, Torres ILDS, Fregni F. Motor Cortex Excitability and BDNF Levels in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain According to Structural Pathology. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:357. [PMID: 27471458 PMCID: PMC4946131 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The central sensitization syndrome (CSS) encompasses disorders with overlapping symptoms in a structural pathology spectrum ranging from persistent nociception [e.g., osteoarthritis (OA)] to an absence of tissue injuries such as the one presented in fibromyalgia (FM) and myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). First, we hypothesized that these syndromes present differences in their cortical excitability parameters assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), namely motor evoked potential (MEP), cortical silent period (CSP), short intracortical inhibition (SICI) and short intracortical facilitation (SICF). Second, considering that the presence of tissue injury could be detected by serum neurotrophins, we hypothesized that the spectrum of structural pathology (i.e., from persistent nociception like in OA, to the absence of tissue injury like in FM and MPS), could be detected by differential efficiency of their descending pain inhibitory system, as assessed by the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm. Third, we explored whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) had an influence on the relationship between motor cortex excitability and structural pathology. This cross-sectional study pooled baseline data from three randomized clinical trials. We included females (n = 114), aged 19-65 years old with disability by chronic pain syndromes (CPS): FM (n = 19), MPS (n = 54), OA (n = 27) and healthy subjects (n = 14). We assessed the serum BDNF, the motor cortex excitability by parameters the TMS measures and the change on numerical pain scale [NPS (0-10)] during CPM-task. The adjusted mean (SD) on the SICI observed in the absence of tissue injury was 56.36% lower than with persistent nociceptive input [0.31(0.18) vs. 0.55 (0.32)], respectively. The BDNF was inversely correlated with the SICI and with the change on NPS (0-10)during CPM-task. These findings suggest greater disinhibition in the motor cortex and the descending pain inhibitory system in FM and MPS than in OA and healthy subjects. Likewise, the inter-hemispheric disinhibition as well as the dysfunction in the descending pain modulatory system is higher in chronic pain without tissue injury compared to a structural lesion. In addition, they suggest that a greater level of serum BDNF may be involved in the processes that mediate the disinhibition of motor cortex excitability, as well as the function of descending inhibitory pain modulation system, independently of the physiopathology mechanism of musculoskeletal pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolnei Caumo
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at UFRGSPorto Alegre, Brazil; Anesthesiologist, Pain and Palliative Care Service at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain and Anesthesia in Surgery Department, School of Medicine, UFRGSPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alícia Deitos
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at UFRGSPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Leite
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar Braga, Portugal
| | - Fabiana Carvalho
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at UFRGSPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jairo Alberto Dussán-Sarria
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at UFRGSPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Lopes Tarragó
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at UFRGSPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa Souza
- Post-graduate Program in Health and Human Development, La Salle University Center Canoas, Brazil
| | - Iraci Lucena da Silva Torres
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGSPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Silverstein SM. Visual Perception Disturbances in Schizophrenia: A Unified Model. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2016; 63:77-132. [PMID: 27627825 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30596-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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London RE, Slagter HA. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Left Dorsolateral pFC on the Attentional Blink Depend on Individual Baseline Performance. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:2382-93. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Selection mechanisms that dynamically gate only relevant perceptual information for further processing and sustained representation in working memory are critical for goal-directed behavior. We examined whether this gating process can be modulated by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over left dorsolateral pFC (DLPFC)—a region known to play a key role in working memory and conscious access. Specifically, we examined the effects of tDCS on the magnitude of the so-called “attentional blink” (AB), a deficit in identifying the second of two targets presented in rapid succession. Thirty-four participants performed a standard AB task before (baseline), during, and after 20 min of 1-mA anodal and cathodal tDCS in two separate sessions. On the basis of previous reports linking individual differences in AB magnitude to individual differences in DLPFC activity and on suggestions that effects of tDCS depend on baseline brain activity levels, we hypothesized that anodal tDCS over left DLPFC would modulate the magnitude of the AB as a function of individual baseline AB magnitude. Indeed, individual differences analyses revealed that anodal tDCS decreased the AB in participants with a large baseline AB but increased the AB in participants with a small baseline AB. This effect was only observed during (but not after) stimulation, was not found for cathodal tDCS, and could not be explained by regression to the mean. Notably, the effects of tDCS were not apparent at the group level, highlighting the importance of taking individual variability in performance into account when evaluating the effectiveness of tDCS. These findings support the idea that left DLPFC plays a critical role in the AB and in conscious access more generally. They are also in line with the notion that there is an optimal level of prefrontal activity for cognitive function, with both too little and too much activity hurting performance.
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Chalah MA, Riachi N, Ahdab R, Créange A, Lefaucheur JP, Ayache SS. Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: Neural Correlates and the Role of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:460. [PMID: 26648845 PMCID: PMC4663273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the major cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Fatigue is a frequent symptom reported by the majority of MS patients during their disease course and drastically affects their quality of life. Despite its significant prevalence and impact, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well elucidated. MS fatigue is still considered the result of multifactorial and complex constellations, and is commonly classified into “primary” fatigue related to the pathological changes of the disease itself, and “secondary” fatigue attributed to mimicking symptoms, comorbid sleep and mood disorders, and medications side effects. Radiological, physiological, and endocrine data have raised hypotheses regarding the origin of this symptom, some of which have succeeded in identifying an association between MS fatigue and structural or functional abnormalities within various brain networks. Hence, the aim of this work is to reappraise the neural correlates of MS fatigue and to discuss the rationale for the emergent use of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques as potential treatments. This will include a presentation of the various NIBS modalities and a suggestion of their potential mechanisms of action in this context. Specific issues related to the value of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa A Chalah
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Créteil, France
| | - Naji Riachi
- Neurology Division, University Medical Center Rizk Hospital Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rechdi Ahdab
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Neurology Division, University Medical Center Rizk Hospital Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alain Créange
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Créteil, France
| | - Samar S Ayache
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil Créteil, France ; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Créteil, France
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Chaieb L, Antal A, Paulus W. Transcranial random noise stimulation-induced plasticity is NMDA-receptor independent but sodium-channel blocker and benzodiazepines sensitive. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:125. [PMID: 25914617 PMCID: PMC4392589 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) between 0.1 and 640 Hz of the primary motor cortex (M1) for 10 min induces a persistent excitability increase lasting for at least 60 min. However, the mechanism of tRNS-induced cortical excitability alterations is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study was to get first efficacy data with regard to the possible neuronal effect of tRNS. METHODS Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure levels of cortical excitability before and after combined application of tRNS at an intensity of 1 mA for 10 min stimulation duration and a pharmacological agent (or sham) on eight healthy male participants. RESULTS The sodium channel blocker carbamazepine showed a tendency toward inhibiting MEPs 5-60 min poststimulation. The GABA A agonist lorazepam suppressed tRNS-induced cortical excitability increases at 0-20 and 60 min time points. The partial NMDA receptor agonist D-cycloserine, the NMDA receptor antagonist dextromethorphan and the D2/D3 receptor agonist ropinirole had no significant effects on the excitability increases seen with tRNS. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), aftereffects of tRNS are seem to be not NMDA receptor dependent and can be suppressed by benzodiazepines suggesting that tDCS and tRNS depend upon different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Chaieb
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
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Neef NE, Hoang TNL, Neef A, Paulus W, Sommer M. Speech dynamics are coded in the left motor cortex in fluent speakers but not in adults who stutter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:712-25. [PMID: 25595146 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The precise excitability regulation of neuronal circuits in the primary motor cortex is central to the successful and fluent production of speech. Our question was whether the involuntary execution of undesirable movements, e.g. stuttering, is linked to an insufficient excitability tuning of neural populations in the orofacial region of the primary motor cortex. We determined the speech-related time course of excitability modulation in the left and right primary motor tongue representation. Thirteen fluent speakers (four females, nine males; aged 23-44) and 13 adults who stutter (four females, nine males, aged 21-55) were asked to build verbs with the verbal prefix 'auf'. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the primary motor cortex during the transition phase between a fixed labiodental articulatory configuration and immediately following articulatory configurations, at different latencies after transition onset. Bilateral electromyography was recorded from self-adhesive electrodes placed on the surface of the tongue. Off-line, we extracted the motor evoked potential amplitudes and normalized these amplitudes to the individual baseline excitability during the fixed configuration. Fluent speakers demonstrated a prominent left hemisphere increase of motor cortex excitability in the transition phase (P = 0.009). In contrast, the excitability of the right primary motor tongue representation was unchanged. Interestingly, adults afflicted with stuttering revealed a lack of left-hemisphere facilitation. Moreover, the magnitude of facilitation was negatively correlated with stuttering frequency. Although orofacial midline muscles are bilaterally innervated from corticobulbar projections of both hemispheres, our results indicate that speech motor plans are controlled primarily in the left primary speech motor cortex. This speech motor planning-related asymmetry towards the left orofacial motor cortex is missing in stuttering. Moreover, a negative correlation between the amount of facilitation and stuttering severity suggests that we discovered a main physiological principle of fluent speech production and its role in stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Neef
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany 2 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T N Linh Hoang
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Neef
- 3 Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Department of Nonlinear Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Sommer
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Hui L, Han M, Huang XF, Ye MJ, Zheng K, He JC, Lv MH, Zhang BH, Soares JC, Zhang XY. Possible association between DBH 19 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia with tardive dyskinesia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:907-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lissek S, Vallana GS, Schlaffke L, Lenz M, Dinse HR, Tegenthoff M. Opposing effects of dopamine antagonism in a motor sequence task-tiapride increases cortical excitability and impairs motor learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:201. [PMID: 24994972 PMCID: PMC4063238 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system is involved in learning and participates in the modulation of cortical excitability (CE). CE has been suggested as a marker of learning and use-dependent plasticity. However, results from separate studies on either motor CE or motor learning challenge this notion, suggesting opposing effects of dopaminergic modulation upon these parameters: while agonists decrease and antagonists increase CE, motor learning is enhanced by agonists and disturbed by antagonists. To examine whether this discrepancy persists when complex motor learning and motor CE are measured in the same experimental setup, we investigated the effects of dopaminergic (DA) antagonism upon both parameters and upon task-associated brain activation. Our results demonstrate that DA-antagonism has opposing effects upon motor CE and motor sequence learning. Tiapride did not alter baseline CE, but increased CE post training of a complex motor sequence while simultaneously impairing motor learning. Moreover, tiapride reduced activation in several brain regions associated with motor sequence performance, i.e., dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), supplementary motor area (SMA), Broca's area, cingulate and caudate body. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) intensity in anterior cingulate and caudate body, but not CE, correlated with performance across groups. In summary, our results do not support a concept of CE as a general marker of motor learning, since they demonstrate that a straightforward relation of increased CE and higher learning success does not apply to all instances of motor learning. At least for complex motor tasks that recruit a network of brain regions outside motor cortex, CE in primary motor cortex is probably no central determinant for learning success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lissek
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Guido S Vallana
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lara Schlaffke
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Lenz
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Hubert R Dinse
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Tegenthoff
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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Modulating neural plasticity with non-invasive brain stimulation in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:621-31. [PMID: 24061608 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterised by a complex phenotype including positive, negative, affective and cognitive symptoms. Various theories have been developed to integrate the clinical phenotype into a strong neurobiological framework. One theory describes schizophrenia as a disorder of impaired neural plasticity. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques have garnered much attention to their ability to modulate plasticity and treat schizophrenia. The aim of this review is to introduce the basic physiological principles of conventional non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and to review the available evidence for schizophrenia. Despite promising evidence for efficacy in a large number of clinical trials, we continue to have a rudimentary understanding of the underlying neurobiology. Additional investigation is required to improve the response rates to non-invasive brain stimulation, to reduce the interindividual variability and to improve the understanding of non-invasive brain stimulation in schizophrenia.
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Hasan A, Schneider M, Schneider-Axmann T, Ruge D, Retz W, Rösler M, Falkai P, Wobrock T. A similar but distinctive pattern of impaired cortical excitability in first-episode schizophrenia and ADHD. Neuropsychobiology 2013; 67:74-83. [PMID: 23295893 DOI: 10.1159/000343912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First-episode schizophrenia (FE-SZ) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both neuropsychiatric disorders associated with an impaired dopaminergic transmission. Though displaying different clinical phenotypes, a common pathophysiological pathway is discussed controversially. Several studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) revealed abnormalities in human motor cortex excitability in both schizophrenia and ADHD patients. Studies on cortical excitability comparing these two diseases directly are lacking. METHOD In this study, a total of 94 subjects were analyzed. Twenty-five FE-SZ patients were directly compared with 28 ADHD patients and 41 healthy controls (HC). We investigated cortical excitability (inhibitory and facilitatory networks) with single- and paired-pulse TMS to the left and right motor cortex. RESULTS Compared to HC, FE-SZ/ADHD patients displayed an impaired cortical inhibition over the left hemisphere. Apart from an enhanced intracortical facilitation, FE-SZ patients did not differ compared to ADHD patients in the main outcome measures. Both patient groups presented a dysfunctional hemispheric pattern of cortical inhibition and facilitation in comparison with HC. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate a pattern of cortical disinhibition and abnormal hemispheric balance of intracortical excitability networks in two different psychiatric diseases. These effects might be associated with an imbalance in GABAergic and dopaminergic transmission and might provide evidence for a common pathophysiological pathway of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Kawashima S, Ueki Y, Mima T, Fukuyama H, Ojika K, Matsukawa N. Differences in dopaminergic modulation to motor cortical plasticity between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62515. [PMID: 23658735 PMCID: PMC3643922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates the synaptic plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). To evaluate whether the functioning of the cortico-striatal circuit is necessary for this modulation, we applied a paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol that comprised an electric stimulus to the right median nerve at the wrist and subsequent transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left M1, to 10 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 10 with multiple system atrophy of the parkinsonian type (MSA-P) with and without dopamine replacement therapy (-on/off). To investigate the M1 function, motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured before and after the PAS. In both patient groups without medication, the PAS protocol failed to increase the averaged amplitude of MEPs. The dopamine replacement therapy in PD, but not in MSA-P effectively restored the PAS-induced MEP increase. This suggests that not the existence of dopamine itself but the activation of cortico-striatal circuit might play an important role for cortical plasticity in the human M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kawashima
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshino Ueki
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatsuya Mima
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosei Ojika
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
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Bestmann S, Feredoes E. Combined neurostimulation and neuroimaging in cognitive neuroscience: past, present, and future. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1296:11-30. [PMID: 23631540 PMCID: PMC3760762 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern neurostimulation approaches in humans provide controlled inputs into the operations of cortical regions, with highly specific behavioral consequences. This enables causal structure–function inferences, and in combination with neuroimaging, has provided novel insights into the basic mechanisms of action of neurostimulation on distributed networks. For example, more recent work has established the capacity of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe causal interregional influences, and their interaction with cognitive state changes. Combinations of neurostimulation and neuroimaging now face the challenge of integrating the known physiological effects of neurostimulation with theoretical and biological models of cognition, for example, when theoretical stalemates between opposing cognitive theories need to be resolved. This will be driven by novel developments, including biologically informed computational network analyses for predicting the impact of neurostimulation on brain networks, as well as novel neuroimaging and neurostimulation techniques. Such future developments may offer an expanded set of tools with which to investigate structure–function relationships, and to formulate and reconceptualize testable hypotheses about complex neural network interactions and their causal roles in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bestmann
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Gross G, Drescher K. The role of dopamine D(3) receptors in antipsychotic activity and cognitive functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:167-210. [PMID: 23027416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D(3) receptors have a pre- and postsynaptic localization in brain stem nuclei, limbic parts of the striatum, and cortex. Their widespread influence on dopamine release, on dopaminergic function, and on several other neurotransmitters makes them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. The signaling pathways of D(3) receptors are distinct from those of other members of the D(2)-like receptor family. There is increasing evidence that D(3) receptors can form heteromers with dopamine D(1), D(2), and probably other G-protein-coupled receptors. The functional consequences remain to be characterized in more detail but might open new interesting pharmacological insight and opportunities. In terms of behavioral function, D(3) receptors are involved in cognitive, social, and motor functions, as well as in filtering and sensitization processes. Although the role of D(3) receptor blockade for alleviating positive symptoms is still unsettled, selective D(3) receptor antagonism has therapeutic features for schizophrenia and beyond as demonstrated by several animal models: improved cognitive function, emotional processing, executive function, flexibility, and social behavior. D(3) receptor antagonism seems to contribute to atypicality of clinically used antipsychotics by reducing extrapyramidal motor symptoms; has no direct influence on prolactin release; and does not cause anhedonia, weight gain, or metabolic dysfunctions. Unfortunately, clinical data with new, selective D(3) antagonists are still incomplete; their cognitive effects have only been communicated in part. In vitro, virtually all clinically used antipsychotics are not D(2)-selective but also have affinity for D(3) receptors. The exact D(3) receptor occupancies achieved in patients, particularly in cortical areas, are largely unknown, mainly because only nonselective or agonist PET tracers are currently available. It is unlikely that a degree of D(3) receptor antagonism optimal for antipsychotic and cognitive function can be achieved with existing antipsychotics. Therefore, selective D(3) antagonism represents a promising mechanism still to be fully exploited for the treatment of schizophrenia, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and comorbid conditions such as substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gross
- Abbott, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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27
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Hasan A, Bergener T, Nitsche MA, Strube W, Bunse T, Falkai P, Wobrock T. Impairments of motor-cortex responses to unilateral and bilateral direct current stimulation in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:121. [PMID: 24109457 PMCID: PMC3790105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive stimulation technique that can be applied to modulate cortical activity through induction of cortical plasticity. Since various neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by fluctuations in cortical activity levels (e.g., schizophrenia), tDCS is increasingly investigated as a treatment tool. Several studies have shown that the induction of cortical plasticity following classical, unilateral tDCS is reduced or impaired in the stimulated and non-stimulated primary motor cortices (M1) of patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, an alternative, bilateral tDCS setup has recently been shown to modulate cortical plasticity in both hemispheres in healthy subjects, highlighting another potential treatment approach. Here we present the first study comparing the efficacy of unilateral tDCS (cathode left M1, anode right supraorbital) with simultaneous bilateral tDCS (cathode left M1, anode right M1) in patients with schizophrenia. tDCS-induced cortical plasticity was monitored by investigating motor-evoked potentials induced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to both hemispheres. Healthy subjects showed a reduction of left M1 excitability following unilateral tDCS on the stimulated left hemisphere and an increase in right M1 excitability following bilateral tDCS. In schizophrenia, no plasticity was induced following both stimulation paradigms. The pattern of these results indicates a complex interplay between plasticity and connectivity that is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological underpinnings and clinical impact of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
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28
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Friston KJ, Shiner T, FitzGerald T, Galea JM, Adams R, Brown H, Dolan RJ, Moran R, Stephan KE, Bestmann S. Dopamine, affordance and active inference. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002327. [PMID: 22241972 PMCID: PMC3252266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of dopamine in behaviour and decision-making is often cast in terms of reinforcement learning and optimal decision theory. Here, we present an alternative view that frames the physiology of dopamine in terms of Bayes-optimal behaviour. In this account, dopamine controls the precision or salience of (external or internal) cues that engender action. In other words, dopamine balances bottom-up sensory information and top-down prior beliefs when making hierarchical inferences (predictions) about cues that have affordance. In this paper, we focus on the consequences of changing tonic levels of dopamine firing using simulations of cued sequential movements. Crucially, the predictions driving movements are based upon a hierarchical generative model that infers the context in which movements are made. This means that we can confuse agents by changing the context (order) in which cues are presented. These simulations provide a (Bayes-optimal) model of contextual uncertainty and set switching that can be quantified in terms of behavioural and electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, one can simulate dopaminergic lesions (by changing the precision of prediction errors) to produce pathological behaviours that are reminiscent of those seen in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. We use these simulations to demonstrate how a single functional role for dopamine at the synaptic level can manifest in different ways at the behavioural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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Chaieb L, Antal A, Terney D, Paulus W. Pharmacological modulation of the short-lasting effects of antagonistic direct current-stimulation over the human motor cortex. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:67. [PMID: 22783210 PMCID: PMC3389616 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined administration of transcranial direct current-stimulation (tDCS) with either pergolide (PER) or d-cycloserine (d-CYC) can prolong the excitability-diminishing effects of cathodal, or the excitability enhancing effect of anodal stimulation for up to 24 h poststimulation. However, it remains unclear whether the potentiation of the observed aftereffects is dominated just by the polarity and duration of the stimulation, or the dual application of combined stimulation and drug administration. The present study looks at whether the aftereffects of oral administration of PER (a D1/D2 agonist) or d-CYC (a partial NMDA receptor agonist), in conjunction with the short-duration antagonistic application of tDCS (either 5 min cathodal followed immediately by 5 min anodal or vice versa), that alone only induces short-lasting aftereffects, can modulate cortical excitability in healthy human subjects, as revealed by a single-pulse MEP (motor-evoked-potential) paradigm. Results indicate that the antagonistic application of tDCS induces short-term neuroplastic aftereffects that are dependent upon the order of the application of short-duration stimulation. The administration of d-CYC resulted in a marked inhibition of cortical excitability under the application of tDCS in both stimulation orders. Intake of PER resulted in an increase in cortical excitability in both stimulation orientations, but was non-significant compared to the placebo condition. These results indicate that the aftereffects of tDCS are dependent upon the order of stimulation applied, and also demonstrate the prolongation of tDCS aftereffects when combined with the administration of CNS active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Chaieb
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Abstract
The aim of this naturalistic observational study was to investigate EEG alterations in patients under olanzapine treatment with a special regard to olanzapine dose and plasma concentration. Twenty-two in-patients of a psychiatric university ward with the monodiagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia (ICD-10: F20.0), who received a monotherapy of olanzapine were included in this study. All patients had a normal alpha-EEG before drug therapy, and did not suffer from brain-organic dysfunctions, as verified by clinical examination and cMRI scans. EEG and olanzapine plasma levels were determined under steady-state conditions (between 18 and 22 days after begin of treatment). In 9 patients (40.9%), pathological EEG changes (one with spike-waves) consecutive to olanzapine treatment were observed. The dose of olanzapine was significantly higher in patients with changes of the EEG than in patients without changes (24.4 mg/day (SD: 8.1) vs. 12.7 mg/day (SD: 4.8); T = -4.3, df = 21, P < 0.001). In patients with EEG changes, the blood plasma concentration of olanzapine (45.6 μg/l (SD: 30.9) vs. 26.3 μg/l (SD: 21.6) tended to be also higher. The sensitivity of olanzapine dosage to predict EEG changes was 66.7%, the specificity 100% (Youden-index: 0.67). EEG abnormalities during olanzapine treatment are common. These are significantly dose dependent. Thus, EEG control recordings should be mandatory during olanzapine treatment with special emphasis on dosages exceeding 20 mg per day, although keeping in mind that EEGs have only a limited predictive power regarding future epileptic seizures.
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