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Borup AB, Bertelsen AD, Kløve M, Christensen RS, Broge NLN, Dippel AC, Jørgensen MRV, Iversen BB. Unveiling the formation mechanism of Pb xPd y intermetallic phases in solvothermal synthesis using in situ X-ray total scattering. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18481-18488. [PMID: 37942507 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03901c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pd possesses attractive catalytic properties and nano-structuring is an obvious way to enhance catalytic activity. Alloying Pd with Pb has been shown to enhance the catalytic effect of alcohol oxidation. Further optimization of the catalytic effect can be accomplished by controlling the particle size and key to this is understanding the formation mechanism. By monitoring solvothermal syntheses using in situ X-ray total scattering, this study unveils the formation mechanism of PbxPdy intermetallic nanoparticles. The formation occurs through a multi-step mechanism. Initially, Pd nanoparticles are formed, followed by incorporation of Pb into the Pd-structure, thus forming PbxPdy intermetallic nanoparticles. By varying the reaction time and temperature, the incorporation of Pb can be controlled, thereby tailoring the phase outcome. Based on the in situ solvothermal syntheses, ex situ autoclave syntheses were performed, resulting in the synthesis of Pb3Pd5 and Pb9Pd13 with a purity above 93%. The catalytic effect of these intermetallic phases towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is assessed. It is found that Pd, Pb3Pd5, and Pb9Pd13 have comparable stabilities, however, the overpotential increases with increasing amounts of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bæk Borup
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Dueholm Bertelsen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Magnus Kløve
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Stubkjær Christensen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Nils Lau Nyborg Broge
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Ann-Christin Dippel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mads Ry Vogel Jørgensen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 224 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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Ormeci A, Gaudry E, Armbrüster M, Grin Y. Chemical Bonding in the Catalytic Platform Material Ga 1-x Sn x Pd 2. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200185. [PMID: 36514930 PMCID: PMC9748630 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying reasons for the catalytic activity of Ga1-x Snx Pd2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) in the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene are analyzed considering electronic structure and chemical bonding. Analysis of the chemical bonding shows pronounced charge transfer from the p elements to palladium and an unusual appearance of the Pd core basins at the surface of the QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in molecules) atoms. The charge transfer supports the formation of the negatively charged palladium catalytic centers. Gallium-only-coordinated palladium atoms reveal a smaller effective charge in comparison with palladium species having tin in their coordination sphere. Within the empirical tight-binding approach, different influence of the E-Pd distances on the calculation matrix for the energy eigenvalues and the electronic density of states (DOS) leads to an S-like shape of the plot of the energy position of the 4d band center of gravity versus substitution level x. The latter correlates strongly with the catalytic activity and with the varying charge transfer to palladium. The optimal value of negative palladium charge and the closest position of Pd d-states gravity center towards the Fermi level correlates well with the catalytically most active composition x. Combination of all features of the chemical bonding and electronic structure allows more insight into the intrinsic reasons for the catalytic activity variation in the platform material Ga1-x Snx Pd2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Ormeci
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeNöthnitzer Str. 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Emilie Gaudry
- Institut Jean LamourUniversité de Lorraine2 al. André Guinier54011NancyFrance
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of ChemistryMaterials for Innovative Energy ConceptsChemnitz University of Technology09107ChemnitzGermany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeNöthnitzer Str. 4001187DresdenGermany
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Stevenson SC, Götze A, Kohlmann H. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of SnPd
3
D
0.138(7)
by Neutron Powder Diffraction. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Götze
- Universität Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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Zakharova EY, Makhaneva AY, Kazakov SM, Kuznetsov AN. Solid Solutions PdTe1– xBix (x < 0.8) with the NiAs Structure in the Pd–Bi–Te System. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023619120192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Kuznetsov AN, Stroganova EA, Zakharova EY. Many Faces of a Single Cuboctahedron: Group 10 Metal-rich Ternary Compounds based on the AuCu3 Structure Type (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023619130059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Aviziotis IG, Götze A, Göhler F, Kohlmann H, Armbrüster M. Activation of the Highly-Selective Pd11
Bi2
Se2
during the Semi-Hydrogenation of Acetylene. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Aviziotis
- Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts; Institute of Chemistry; Chemnitz University of Technology; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - André Götze
- Inorganic Chemistry; Leipzig University; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Fabian Göhler
- Institute of Physics; Chemnitz University of Technology; Reichenhainer Straße 70 09126 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Holger Kohlmann
- Inorganic Chemistry; Leipzig University; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts; Institute of Chemistry; Chemnitz University of Technology; 09107 Chemnitz Germany
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Zakharova EY, Kazakov SM, Götze A, Kohlmann H, Kuznetsov AN. Ternary palladium-indium-phosphorus and platinum-indium-phosphorus compounds based on the Cu3Au-type: Structure, bonding, and properties. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Götze A, Zapp N, Peretzki AJ, Pomjakushin V, Hansen TC, Kohlmann H. In SituHydrogenation and Crystal Chemistry Studies of Co 2Si Type Compounds MgPd 2and Pd 2Zn. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Götze
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Leipzig University; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Nicolas Zapp
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Leipzig University; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Andrea J. Peretzki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Leipzig University; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - V. Pomjakushin
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging LNS; Paul Scherrer Institute PSI Villigen; 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Thomas C. Hansen
- Instiut Laue-Langevin; 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Holger Kohlmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Leipzig University; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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