1
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Tyagi S, Mishra R, Mazumder R, Mazumder A. Current Market Potential and Prospects of Copper-based Pyridine Derivatives: A Review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:1111-1123. [PMID: 37496249 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230726160056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, minodronic acid, nicotinamide (niacin), zolpidem, zolimidine, and other pyridine-based chemicals play vital roles in medicine and biology. Pyridinecontaining drugs are widely available on the market to treat a wide range of human ailments. As a result of these advances, pyridine research is continually expanding, and there are now higher expectations for how it may aid in the treatment of numerous ailments. This evaluation incorporates data acquired from sources, like PubMed, to provide a thorough summary of the approved drugs and bioactivity data for compounds containing pyridine. Most of the reactions discussed in this article will provide readers with a deeper understanding of various pyridine-related examples, which is necessary for the creation of copper catalysis-based synthetic processes that are more accessible, secure, environmentally friendly, and practical, and that also have higher accuracy and selectivity. This paper also discusses significant innovations in the multi-component copper-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles (pyridine), with the aim of developing precise, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly oxygenation and oxidation synthetic methods for the future synthesis of additional novel pyridine base analogs. Therefore, the review article will serve as a novel platform for researchers investigating copperbased pyridine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Tyagi
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Rakhi Mishra
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Rupa Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Knowledge Park-2, Plot 19, Greater Noida, 201306, India
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2
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Wang C, Wang H, Zheng C, Liu Z, Gao X, Xu F, Niu Y, Zhang L, Xu P. Research progress of MEK1/2 inhibitors and degraders in the treatment of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113386. [PMID: 33774345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) are the crucial part of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway (or ERK pathway), which is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes including proliferation, survival, and differentiation et al. Targeting MEK has become an important strategy for cancer therapy, and 4 MEK inhibitors (MEKis) have been approved by FDA to date. However, the application of MEKis is limited due to acquired resistance under long-term treatment. Fortunately, an emerging technology, named proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), could break through this limitation by inducing MEK1/2 degradation. Compared to MEKis, MEK1/2 PROTAC is rarely studied and only three MEK1/2 PROTAC molecules, have been reported until now. This paper will outline the ERK pathway and the mechanism and research progress of MEK1/2 inhibitors, but focus on the development of MEK degraders and their optimization strategies. PAC-1 strategy which can induce MEK degradation indirectly, other PROTACs on ERK pathway, the advantages and challenges of PROTAC technology will be subsequently discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Teaching Laboratory Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cangxin Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozuo Gao
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fengrong Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Long ME, Gong KQ, Eddy WE, Volk JS, Morrell ED, Mikacenic C, West TE, Skerrett SJ, Charron J, Liles WC, Manicone AM. MEK1 regulates pulmonary macrophage inflammatory responses and resolution of acute lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132377. [PMID: 31801908 PMCID: PMC6962022 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway has been implicated in regulating the inflammatory response to lung injury and infection, and pharmacologic MEK1/2 inhibitor compounds are reported to reduce detrimental inflammation in multiple animal models of disease, in part through modulation of leukocyte responses. However, the specific contribution of myeloid MEK1 in regulating acute lung injury (ALI) and its resolution remain unknown. Here, the role of myeloid Mek1 was investigated in a murine model of LPS-induced ALI (LPS-ALI) by genetic deletion using the Cre-floxed system (LysMCre × Mekfl), and human alveolar macrophages from healthy volunteers and patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were obtained to assess activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Myeloid Mek1 deletion results in a failure to resolve LPS-ALI, and alveolar macrophages lacking MEK1 had increased activation of MEK2 and the downstream target ERK1/2 on day 4 of LPS-ALI. The clinical significance of these findings is supported by increased activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway in alveolar macrophages from patients with ARDS compared with alveolar macrophages from healthy volunteers. This study reveals a critical role for myeloid MEK1 in promoting resolution of LPS-ALI and controlling the duration of macrophage proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Long
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ke-Qin Gong
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William E. Eddy
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph S. Volk
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric D. Morrell
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - T. Eoin West
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shawn J. Skerrett
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jean Charron
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - W. Conrad Liles
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M. Manicone
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Xi D, Niu Y, Li H, Noha SM, Temml V, Schuster D, Wang C, Xu F, Xu P. Discovery of carbazole derivatives as novel allosteric MEK inhibitors by pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:802-817. [PMID: 31252285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report in this work the discovery of novel allosteric MEK inhibitors by pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening. Two out of 13 virtual hit compounds were identified as MEK kinase inhibitors using a MEK1 binding assay. Structural derivations on the hit compound M100 (IC50 = 27.2 ± 4.5 μM in RAF-MEK cascading assay) by substituent transformation and bioisosterism replacement have led to the synthesis of a small library of carbazoles. The enzymatic studies revealed the preliminary structure-activity relationships and the derivative 22k (IC50 = 12.8 ± 0.5 μM) showed the most potent inhibitory effect against Raf-MEK cascading. Compound 7 was discovered as toxic as M100 to tumor cells whereas safer to HEK293 cells (IC50 > 100 μM) than M100 (IC50 = 8.9 ± 2.0 μM). It suggests that carbazole is a good scaffold for the design of novel MEK inhibitors for therapeutic uses. More importantly, the developed pharmacophore model can serve as a reliable criterion in novel MEK inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hongyue Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Stefan M Noha
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fengrong Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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5
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Li H, Xi D, Niu Y, Wang C, Xu F, Liang L, Xu P. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cobalt(II)-Schiff base complexes as ATP-noncompetitive MEK1 inhibitors. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 195:174-181. [PMID: 30954694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we designed and synthesized a series of cobalt(II)-Schiff base complexes (CoSBC) with competent MEK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1) inhibitory activity. Based on our previous report, the CoSBC exhibited high binding affinity with MEK1 protein. To further explore metal complexes as MEK1 inhibitors, a series of transition metals and ligands were employed to build a library of various metal Schiff base complexes. The MEK inhibition assays revealed that only CoSBC exhibited obvious inhibitory activity, complex 2b showed the best inhibition both in BRaf (B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma)/MEK1 and MEK1/ERK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases-2) cascading (IC50 is 1.988 ± 0.14 μM and 1.589 ± 0.054 μM respectively). In addition, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence test method was used to prove that CoSBC as ATP-noncompetitive MEK1 inhibitor. MEK kinase selectivity assay indicated that CoSBC can selectively inhibit MEK1/2 kinases rather than other MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) family kinases. Moreover, the interaction mode of 2b with MEK1 protein has been demonstrated by computer aided drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dandan Xi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fengrong Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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6
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Cheng Y, Wang X, Xia X, Zhang W, Tian H. A benzoxazole compound as a novel MEK inhibitor for the treatment of RAS/RAF mutant cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:586-596. [PMID: 30628057 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RAS/RAF occur in large portion of malignancies and are associated with aggressive clinical behaviors and poor prognosis. Therefore, we developed a novel benzoxazole compound (KZ-001) as a highly potent and selective MEK 1/2 inhibitor. Our efforts were focused on enhancing the activity of the known MEK inhibitor AZD6244 and overcoming the shortcomings existing in current MEK inhibitors. Here we show that compound KZ-001 exhibits approximately 30-fold greater inhibition against BRAF- and KRAS-mutant tumor cells than that of AZD6244. These results were also demonstrated using in vivo xenograft models. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis was performed for KZ-001, and this compound showed good orally bioavailability (28%) and exposure (AUC0-∞ = 337 ± 169 ng h/mL). To determine its potential clinical application, the synergistic effect of KZ-001 with other agents was investigated both in vitro and in vivo (xenograft models). KZ-001 exhibited synergistic anti-cancer effect in combination with BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and a microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel. In addition, KZ-001 inhibited the MAPK pathway like known MEK inhibitors. In summary, KZ-001, a structurally novel benzoxazole compound, was developed as a MEK inhibitor that has potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hongqi Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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7
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Current Development Status of MEK Inhibitors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101551. [PMID: 28954413 PMCID: PMC6151813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The current development status of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors, including the preclinical data and clinical study progress, has been summarized in this review. Different MEK inhibitors, possessing specific physicochemical properties and bioactivity characteristics, may provide different options for patients seeking treatment for cancer. Moreover, the combination of the MEK inhibitors with other therapies-such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy-may be a promising approach for clinical use.
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8
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Li H, Zhou T, Liu H, Xu F, Niu Y, Wang C, Liang L, Xu P. Discovery of a cobalt complex with high MEK1 binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2221-2224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Zou F, Yang Y, Ma T, Xi J, Zhou J, Zha X. Identification of novel MEK1 inhibitors by pharmacophore and docking based virtual screening. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Discovery of 3-benzyl-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione analogues as allosteric mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors and anti-enterovirus 71 (EV71) agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3472-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Hartung IV, Pühler F, Neuhaus R, Scholz A, Siemeister G, Geisler J, Hillig RC, von Ahsen O, Hitchcock M. Modular Assembly of Allosteric MEK Inhibitor Structural Elements Unravels Potency and Feedback-Modulation Handles. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:2004-13. [PMID: 26541480 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Having recently identified a so-far unexplored area adjacent to the known binding site of allosteric mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors, we now report an extension of these studies by combining our new side chains with different MEK inhibitor cores in a modular manner. Replacement of the amide headgroup with inverse sulfonamides resulted in the identification of new MEK inhibitors with at least 10-fold higher cellular potency against K-Ras-mutated tumor cells. A selected inhibitor from this new series retained the favorable pharmacokinetic profile of its predecessor in rodent and non-rodent species and displayed significant in vivo efficacy at once-daily oral doses of 0.25-1 mg kg(-1) in a K-Ras-mutated xenograft model. The brain penetration potential of this analogue was significantly attenuated relative to PD325901. In a second series, the central fluorophenyl core was replaced by a pyridine moiety which gave rise to a similar boost in cellular potency. Most notably, analogues from this second series do not show MEK feedback phosphorylation in K-Ras-mutated A549 cells. Our results complement recent reports on the structural intricacies of MEK-Raf feedback interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo V Hartung
- Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Pühler
- Global Therapeutic Research Group Oncology, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Neuhaus
- Research Pharmacokinetics, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Scholz
- Global Therapeutic Research Group Oncology, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Siemeister
- Global Therapeutic Research Group Oncology, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Geisler
- Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman C Hillig
- Structural Biology, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver von Ahsen
- Global Biomarker Research, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Hitchcock
- Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Bayer HealthCare AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Structure based design of novel 6,5 heterobicyclic mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors leading to the discovery of imidazo[1,5-a] pyrazine G-479. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4714-4723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Abstract
The productivity challenge facing the pharmaceutical industry is well documented. Strategies to improve productivity have mainly focused on enhancing efficiency, such as the application of Lean Six Sigma process improvement methods and the introduction of modeling and simulation in place of ‘wet’ experiments. While these strategies have their benefits, the real challenge is to improve effectiveness by reducing clinical failure rates. We advocate redesigning the screening cascade to identify and optimize novel compounds with improved efficacy against disease, not just with improved potency against the target. There should be greater use of disease-relevant phenotypic screens in conjunction with target-based assays to drive medicinal chemistry optimization. An opportunistic approach to polypharmacology is recommended. There should also be more emphasis on optimization of the molecular mechanism of action incorporating understanding of binding kinetics, consideration of covalent drug strategies and targeting allosteric modulators.
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14
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Martinelli E, Troiani T, D'Aiuto E, Morgillo F, Vitagliano D, Capasso A, Costantino S, Ciuffreda LP, Merolla F, Vecchione L, De Vriendt V, Tejpar S, Nappi A, Sforza V, Martini G, Berrino L, De Palma R, Ciardiello F. Antitumor activity of pimasertib, a selective MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in combination with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors or with multi-targeted kinase inhibitors in pimasertib-resistant human lung and colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2089-101. [PMID: 23629727 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK and the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways are key regulators of proliferation and survival in human cancer cells. Selective inhibitors of different transducer molecules in these pathways have been developed as molecular targeted anti-cancer therapies. The in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of pimasertib, a selective MEK 1/2 inhibitor, alone or in combination with a PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki), a mTOR inhibitor (everolimus), or with multi-targeted kinase inhibitors (sorafenib and regorafenib), that block also BRAF and CRAF, were tested in a panel of eight human lung and colon cancer cell lines. Following pimasertib treatment, cancer cell lines were classified as pimasertib-sensitive (IC50 for cell growth inhibition of 0.001 µM) or pimasertib-resistant. Evaluation of basal gene expression profiles by microarrays identified several genes that were up-regulated in pimasertib-resistant cancer cells and that were involved in both RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK and PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Therefore, a series of combination experiments with pimasertib and either PI3Ki, everolimus, sorafenib or regorafenib were conducted, demonstrating a synergistic effect in cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis with sustained blockade in MAPK- and AKT-dependent signaling pathways in pimasertib-resistant human colon carcinoma (HCT15) and lung adenocarcinoma (H1975) cells. Finally, in nude mice bearing established HCT15 and H1975 subcutaneous tumor xenografts, the combined treatment with pimasertib and BEZ235 (a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) or with sorafenib caused significant tumor growth delays and increase in mice survival as compared to single agent treatment. These results suggest that dual blockade of MAPK and PI3K pathways could overcome intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico- Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale, F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Seconda Universitá degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italia
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15
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Wang C, Zhang H, Xu F, Niu Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Peng Y, Sun J, Liang L, Xu P. Substituted 3-benzylcoumarins as allosteric MEK1 inhibitors: design, synthesis and biological evaluation as antiviral agents. Molecules 2013; 18:6057-91. [PMID: 23698055 PMCID: PMC6269873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18056057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find novel antiviral agents, a series of allosteric MEK1 inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Based on docking results, multiple optimizations were made on the coumarin scaffold. Some of the derivatives showed excellent MEK1 binding affinity in the appropriate enzymatic assays and displayed obvious inhibitory effects on the ERK pathway in a cellular assay. These compounds also significantly inhibited virus (EV71) replication in HEK293 and RD cells. Several compounds showed potential as agents for the treatment of viral infective diseases, with the most potent compound 18 showing an IC₅₀ value of 54.57 nM in the MEK1 binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fengrong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (Y.N.); (P.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-8280-1505 (Y.N.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2632 (P.X.); Fax: +86-10-8280-1117 (P.X.)
| | - Yun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yihong Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (Y.N.); (P.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-8280-1505 (Y.N.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2632 (P.X.); Fax: +86-10-8280-1117 (P.X.)
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Hartung IV, Hitchcock M, Pühler F, Neuhaus R, Scholz A, Hammer S, Petersen K, Siemeister G, Brittain D, Hillig RC. Optimization of allosteric MEK inhibitors. Part 1: Venturing into underexplored SAR territories. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berg K. Sustained EKR inhibition by EGFR targeting therapies is a predictive factor for synergistic cytotoxicity with PDT as neoadjuvant therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2659-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Heald RA, Jackson P, Savy P, Jones M, Gancia E, Burton B, Newman R, Boggs J, Chan E, Chan J, Choo E, Merchant M, Rudewicz P, Ultsch M, Wiesmann C, Yue Q, Belvin M, Price S. Discovery of novel allosteric mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1,2 inhibitors possessing bidentate Ser212 interactions. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4594-604. [PMID: 22506516 DOI: 10.1021/jm2017094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using structure-based design, two novel series of highly potent biaryl amine mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors have been discovered. These series contain an H-bond acceptor, in a shifted position compared with previously disclosed compounds, and an adjacent H-bond donor, resulting in a bidentate interaction with the Ser212 residue of MEK1. The most potent compound identified, 1 (G-894), is orally active in in vivo pharmacodynamic and tumor xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Heald
- Argenta, 8/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors target the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which is important in cell growth, differentiation and development. The pathway has been implicated in the progression of a variety of diseases, in particular cancer, as well as in immune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, organ transplant rejection, septic shock, asthma and viral infection. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive review of the patent literature (2008 - 2010) covering MEK inhibitors and combinations thereof is provided in this paper. EXPERT OPINION The first MEK inhibitor was described in the literature in 1995, and several companies are still active in the research and development of MEK inhibitors for various disease states. The emerging role of MEK inhibitors in disease has prompted further investigations of this important target. The combination of MEK inhibitors with other agents/therapies in the treatment of diseases, particularly cancer, is a key development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Trujillo
- Pfizer Research and Development, Medicinal Chemistry, 559 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Yoon J, Koo KH, Choi KY. MEK1/2 inhibitors AS703026 and AZD6244 may be potential therapies for KRAS mutated colorectal cancer that is resistant to EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy. Cancer Res 2010; 71:445-53. [PMID: 21118963 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are used widely to treat metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients, but it is now clear that patients harboring K-ras mutation are resistant to EGFR mAbs such as cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix). For this reason, current recommendations for patient care involve diagnosing the K-ras mutational status of patients prior to EGFR mAb therapy. In this study, we investigated the ability of two MEK inhibitors currently in clinical trials, AS703026 and AZD6244, to address the challenge posed by the resistance of K-ras mutated colorectal cancers to EGFR mAb. AS703026 and AZD6244 were tested in various cell-based assays and tumor xenograft studies, focusing on isogenic human colorectal tumor cell lines that expressed only WT or mutant K-Ras (D-WT or D-MUT). The EGFR mAb cetuximab inhibited the Ras-ERK pathway and proliferation of D-WT cells in vitro and in vivo, but it did not inhibit proliferation of D-MUT cells in either setting. In contrast, AS703026 and AZD6244 effectively inhibited the growth of D-MUT cells in vitro and in vivo by specific inhibition of the key MEK downstream target kinase ERK. Inhibition of MEK by AS703026 or AZD6244 also suppressed cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer cells attributed to K-ras mutation both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings offer proof-of-concept for the use of MEK inhibitors as an effective therapy in K-ras mutated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Yoon
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Morphy R. Selectively nonselective kinase inhibition: striking the right balance. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1413-37. [PMID: 20166671 DOI: 10.1021/jm901132v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morphy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Schering-Plough, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH, UK.
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Tamura S, Hattori Y, Kaneko M, Shimizu N, Tanimura S, Kohno M, Murakami N. Peumusolide A, unprecedented NES non-antagonistic inhibitor for nuclear export of MEK. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hoeflich KP, O'Brien C, Boyd Z, Cavet G, Guerrero S, Jung K, Januario T, Savage H, Punnoose E, Truong T, Zhou W, Berry L, Murray L, Amler L, Belvin M, Friedman LS, Lackner MR. In vivo antitumor activity of MEK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors in basal-like breast cancer models. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4649-64. [PMID: 19567590 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathways underlying basal-like breast cancer are poorly understood, and as yet, there is no approved targeted therapy for this disease. We investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors as targeted therapies for basal-like breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used pharmacogenomic analysis of a large panel of breast cancer cell lines with detailed accompanying molecular information to identify molecular predictors of response to a potent and selective inhibitor of MEK and also to define molecular mechanisms underlying combined MEK and PI3K targeting in basal-like breast cancer. Hypotheses were confirmed by testing in multiple tumor xenograft models. RESULTS We found that basal-like breast cancer models have an activated RAS-like transcriptional program and show greater sensitivity to a selective inhibitor of MEK compared with models representative of other breast cancer subtypes. We also showed that loss of PTEN is a negative predictor of response to MEK inhibition, that treatment with a selective MEK inhibitor caused up-regulation of PI3K pathway signaling, and that dual blockade of both PI3K and MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling synergized to potently impair the growth of basal-like breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest that single-agent MEK inhibition is a promising therapeutic modality for basal-like breast cancers with intact PTEN, and also provide a basis for rational combination of MEK and PI3K inhibitors in basal-like cancers with both intact and deleted PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus P Hoeflich
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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