1
|
Parmiani G, Maccalli C. The early antitumor immune response is necessary for tumor growth: Re-visiting Prehn's hypothesis in the human melanoma system. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:930-934. [PMID: 23162761 PMCID: PMC3489749 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early events responsible of tumor growth in patients with a normal immune system are poorly understood. Here, we discuss, in the context of human melanoma, the Prehn hypothesis according to which a weak antitumor immune response may be required for tumor growth before weakly or non-immunogenic tumor cell subpopulations are selected by the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors; Program of Immmuno-Biotherapy of Cancer; San Raffaele Hospital; Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gutting T, Burgermeister E, Härtel N, Ebert MP. Checkpoints and beyond - Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:78-89. [PMID: 29716829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the latest revolution in cancer therapy. It continues to show impressive results in malignancies like melanoma and others. At least so far, effects are modest in colorectal cancer (CRC) and only a subset of patients benefits from already approved checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we discuss major hurdles of immunotherapy like the immunosuppressive niche and low immunogenicity of CRC next to current achievements of checkpoint inhibitors, interleukin treatment and adoptive cell transfer (dendritic cells/cytokine induced killer cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor cells, T cell receptor transfer) in pre-clinical models and clinical trials. We intensively examine approaches to overcome low immunogenicity by combination of different therapies and address future strategies of therapy as well as the need of predictive factors in this emerging field of precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gutting
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicolai Härtel
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Heilig-Geist Hospital Bensheim, Rodensteinstraße 94, 64625 Bensheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Immunotherapies: Exploiting the Immune System for Cancer Treatment. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9585614. [PMID: 29725606 PMCID: PMC5872614 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9585614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a condition that has plagued humanity for thousands of years, with the first depictions dating back to ancient Egyptian times. However, not until recent decades have biological therapeutics been developed and refined enough to safely and effectively combat cancer. Three unique immunotherapies have gained traction in recent decades: adoptive T cell transfer, checkpoint inhibitors, and bivalent antibodies. Each has led to clinically approved therapies, as well as to therapies in preclinical and ongoing clinical trials. In this review, we outline the method by which these 3 immunotherapies function as well as any major immunotherapeutic drugs developed for treating a variety of cancers.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Exosomes are a kind of cell-released membrane-form structures which contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These vesicular organelles play a key role in intercellular communication. Numerous experiments demonstrated that tumor-related exosomes (TEXs) can induce immune surveillance in the microenvironment in vivo and in vitro. They can interfere with the maturation of DC cells, impair NK cell activation, induce myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and educate macrophages into protumor phenotype. They can also selectively induce effector T cell apoptosis via Fas/FasL interaction and enhance regulatory T cell proliferation and function by releasing TGF-β. In this review, we focus on the TEX-induced immunosuppression and microenvironment change. Based on the truth that TEXs play crucial roles in suppressing the immune system, studies on modification of exosomes as immunotherapy strategies will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Neubert NJ, Tillé L, Barras D, Soneson C, Baumgaertner P, Rimoldi D, Gfeller D, Delorenzi M, Fuertes Marraco SA, Speiser DE. Broad and Conserved Immune Regulation by Genetically Heterogeneous Melanoma Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1623-1636. [PMID: 28104684 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although mutations drive cancer, it is less clear to what extent genetic defects control immune mechanisms and confer resistance to T-cell-based immunotherapy. Here, we studied the reactions of malignant and benign melanocyte lines to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) using flow cytometry and gene expression analyses. We found rapid and broad upregulation of immune-regulatory genes, essentially triggered by CTL-derived IFNγ and augmented by TNFα. These reactions were predominantly homogenous, independent of oncogenic driver mutations, and similar in benign and malignant cells. The reactions exhibited both pro- and antitumorigenic potential and primarily corresponded to mechanisms that were conserved, rather than acquired, by mutations. Similar results were obtained from direct ex vivo analysis of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, immune regulation in the tumor landscape may often be driven by conserved mechanisms, which may explain why T-cell-based immunotherapy can provide durable benefits with relatively infrequent escape. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1623-36. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Neubert
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Tillé
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Donata Rimoldi
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Massive release of extracellular vesicles from cancer cells after photodynamic treatment or chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35376. [PMID: 27752092 PMCID: PMC5067517 DOI: 10.1038/srep35376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an emerging cancer treatment that is particularly adapted for localized malignant tumor. The phototherapeutic agent is generally injected in the bloodstream and circulates in the whole organism as a chemotherapeutic agent, but needs light triggering to induce localized therapeutic effects. We found that one of the responses of in vitro and in vivo cancer cells to photodynamic therapy was a massive production and emission of extracellular vesicles (EVs): only 1 hour after the photo-activation, thousands of vesicles per cell were emitted in the extracellular medium. A similar effect has been found after treatment with Doxorubicin (chemotherapy), but far less EVs were produced, even 24 hours after the treatment. Furthermore, we found that the released EVs could transfer extracellular membrane components, drugs and even large intracellular objects to naive target cells. In vivo, photodynamic treatment and chemotherapy increased the levels of circulating EVs several fold, confirming the vast induction of cancer cell vesiculation triggered by anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Programmed cell death protein 1 expression is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer after curative resection. Gastric Cancer 2016. [PMID: 26210691 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 downregulate T cell activation and are related to immune tolerance. The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression and to analyze the relationships among PD-1, PD-L1, and Foxp3 expression in gastric cancer. METHODS A total of 105 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for stage II/III gastric cancer were included in this study. PD-1, PD-L1, and Foxp3 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry and related to prognostic factors by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS PD-1 expression was correlated with both PD-L1 and Foxp3 expression. Disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly poorer in PD-1-positive patients than in PD-1-negative patients (3-year DFS, 36.1 % vs. 64.7 %, respectively; p < 0.05). Overall survival also tended to be poorer in PD-L1-positive patients than in PD-L1-negative patients. Univariate analysis identified sex, T factor, lymphatic invasion, and PD-1 positivity as significant predictors of poor DFS. Multivariate analysis confirmed male sex, lymphatic invasion, and positive PD-1 expression as independent prognostic indicators. CONCLUSIONS PD-1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis and is correlated with PD-L1 and Foxp3 expression in patients with gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Trajanoski Z, Maccalli C, Mennonna D, Casorati G, Parmiani G, Dellabona P. Somatically mutated tumor antigens in the quest for a more efficacious patient-oriented immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:99-104. [PMID: 25164877 PMCID: PMC11028785 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although cancer immunotherapy shows efficacy with adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) and antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade, efficacious therapeutic vaccination of cancer patients with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) remains largely unmet. Current cancer vaccines utilize nonmutated shared TAAs that may have suboptimal immunogenicity. Experimental evidence underscores the strong immunogenicity of unique TAAs derived from somatically mutated cancer proteins, whose massive characterization has been precluded until recently by technical limitations. The development of cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing approaches makes now possible the rapid identification of all the somatic mutations contained in a cancer cell genome. This method, combined with robust bioinformatics platforms for T cell epitope prediction and established reverse immunology approaches, provides us with an integrated strategy to identify patient-specific unique TAAs in a relatively short time, compatible with their potential use in the clinic. Hence, it is now for the first time possible to quantitatively define the patient's unique tumor antigenome and exploit it for vaccination, possibly in combination with ACT and/or immune checkpoint blockade to further increase immunotherapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Division for Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- NIBIT Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Mennonna
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Parmiani
- Solid Tumor Immuno-Biotherapy Unit, Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brauns T, Leblanc P, Gelfand JA, Poznanski M. Could mycobacterial Hsp70-containing fusion protein lead the way to an affordable therapeutic cancer vaccine? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:435-46. [PMID: 25496347 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.979797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine development efforts have recently gained momentum, but most vaccines showing clinical impact in human trials tend to be based on technology approaches that are very costly and difficult to produce at scale. With the projected doubling of the incidence of cancer and its related cost of care in the U.S. over the next two decades, the widespread clinical use of such vaccines will prove difficult to justify. Heat shock protein-based vaccines have shown the potential to elicit clinically meaningful immunologic responses in cancer, but the predominant development approach - heat shock protein-peptide complexes derived from a patient's own tumor - face similar challenges of cost and scalability. New innovative modalities for deploying heat shock proteins in cancer vaccines may open the door to vaccines that can generate potent cytotoxic responses against multiple tumor targets and can be made in a cost-effective and scalable manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Brauns
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital - Medicine/Infectious Diseases, 149 13th Street, Mailstop 149-5-5246, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Umansky V, Sevko A, Gebhardt C, Utikal J. Myeloide Suppressorzellen (MDSC) beim malignen Melanom. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12411_suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| | - Alexandra Sevko
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsmedizin Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Umansky V, Sevko A, Gebhardt C, Utikal J. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in malignant melanoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014; 12:1021-7. [PMID: 25263083 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is known for its rapid progression, metastasis to distant organs and therapeutic resistance. Despite high melanoma immunogenicity, the results of immunotherapeutic clinical studies are mostly unsatisfactory. One explanation is the development of strong immunosuppression mediated by highly immunosuppressive regulatory leukocytes, in particular, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells were found to be enriched and activated in the melanoma microenvironment, inducing a profound impairment of anti-tumor immune responses and leading to the tumor progression. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of MDSC generation, migration to the tumor site and activation as well as their targeting is important for the development of novel strategies for effective melanoma immunotherapy. We suggest that such therapeutic approaches should involve the inhibition of MDSC-mediated immunosuppressive melanoma microenvironment combined with other immunologic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blocking tumor escape in hematologic malignancies: the anti-PD-1 strategy. Blood Rev 2014; 29:25-32. [PMID: 25260226 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy remains an important tool for treatment of hematologic malignancies. The Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint pathway has emerged as a mechanism of tumor evasion from the anti-tumor immune response. The recent development of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies has offered a targeted approach to cancer therapy. Several agents are in various stages of development and have shown clinical responses across a broad spectrum of both solid and hematologic malignancies. The use of anti-PD-1 therapy in hematologic malignancies is limited but has demonstrated clinical responses in relapsed/refractory disease following multiple lines of therapy. PD-1 blockade may reduce relapse rates for patients who fail to obtain a complete remission prior to autologous hematopoietic cell transplant. The role of the PD-1 pathway for tumor escape is reviewed. We explore the use of anti-PD-1 therapy in hematologic malignancies. The proposed mechanism of PD-1 blockade as a modulator of the innate and acquired immune response is considered. Finally, the challenges of anti-PD-1 therapy and the future direction of investigation in this area are reviewed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Criscitiello C, Esposito A, Gelao L, Fumagalli L, Locatelli M, Minchella I, Adamoli L, Goldhirsch A, Curigliano G. Immune approaches to the treatment of breast cancer, around the corner? Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:204. [PMID: 25774617 PMCID: PMC3978442 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer can be categorized as either (a) specific stimulation of the immune system by active immunization, with cancer vaccines, or (b) passive immunization, such as tumor-specific antibodies (including immune modulators) or adoptive cell therapy that inhibit the function of, or directly kill, tumor cells. We will present the current information and the future perspectives of immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer, including the prognostic role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, immune signatures, targeted therapies modulating the immune system, and tumor antigen cancer vaccines. Active immunotherapy in breast cancer and its implementation into clinical trials have been largely a frustrating experience in the last decades. The concept that the immune system regulates cancer development is experiencing a new era of interest. It is clear that the cancer immunosurveillance process indeed exists and potentially acts as an extrinsic tumor suppressor. Also, the immune system can facilitate tumor progression by sculpting the immunogenic phenotype of tumors as they develop. Cancer immunoediting represents a refinement of the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis and resumes the complex interaction between tumor and immune system into three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Major topics in the field of immunology deserve a response: what do we know about tumor immunogenicity, and how might we therapeutically improve tumor immunogenicity? How can we modulate response of the immune system? Is there any gene signature predictive of response to immune modulators? The success of future immunotherapy strategies will depend on the identification of additional immunogenic antigens that can serve as the best tumor-rejection targets. Therapeutic success will depend on developing the best antigen delivery systems and on the elucidation of the entire network of immune signaling pathways that regulate immune responses in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
|
14
|
Umansky V, Sevko A. Ret transgenic mouse model of spontaneous skin melanoma: focus on regulatory T cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:457-63. [PMID: 23560814 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ret transgenic mouse model of skin malignant melanoma is characterized by the overexpression of the human ret transgene in melanin-containing cells. Transgenic mice spontaneously develop skin tumors with metastases in lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain, and the bone marrow. Tumor lesions show typical melanoma morphology and express melanoma-associated antigens. Although transgenic mice demonstrate an accumulation of melanoma antigen-specific memory and effector T cells, their anti-tumor effects could be blocked by highly immunosuppressive leukocytes enriched in the tumor microenvironment and in the periphery. Here, we discuss the role of one of the most potent immunosuppressive subset, regulatory T cells, in the melanoma progression in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Intravenous delivery of siRNA targeting CD47 effectively inhibits melanoma tumor growth and lung metastasis. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1919-29. [PMID: 23774794 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a "self marker" that is usually overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells to enable them to escape immunosurveillance. Recognition of CD47 by its receptor, signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), which is expressed in the macrophages, inhibits phagocytic destruction of cancer cells by the macrophages. In this study, we have first shown that clinical isolates of human melanoma significantly upregulate CD47, possibly as a mechanism to defend themselves against the macrophages. We then exploited RNA interference (RNAi) technology to test the hypothesis that knocking down CD47 in the tumor cells will render them targets for macrophage destruction; hence, creating a novel anti-cancer therapy. Anti-CD47 siRNA was encapsulated in a liposome-protamine-hyaluronic acid (LPH) nanoparticle (NP) formulation to address the challenge of targeted delivery of siRNA-based therapeutics in vivo. Efficient silencing of CD47 in tumor tissues with systemic administration of LPH(CD47) also significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma tumors. In a lung metastasis model, LPH(CD47) efficiently inhibited lung metastasis to about 27% of the untreated control. Moreover, no hematopoietic toxicity was observed in the animals that received multiple doses of LPH(CD47). Our findings indicate CD47 as a potential prognostic marker for melanoma development as well as a target for therapeutic intervention with RNAi-based nanomedicines.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fontana S, Simona F, Saieva L, Laura S, Taverna S, Simona T, Alessandro R, Riccardo A. Contribution of proteomics to understanding the role of tumor-derived exosomes in cancer progression: state of the art and new perspectives. Proteomics 2013; 13:1581-94. [PMID: 23401131 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles (40-100 nm diameter) of endocytic origin released from different cell types under both normal and pathological conditions. They function as cell free messengers, playing a relevant role in the cell-cell communication that is strongly related to the nature of the molecules (proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lipids) that they transport. Tumor cells actively shed exosomes into their surrounding microenvironment and growing evidence indicates that these vesicles have pleiotropic functions in the regulation of tumor progression, promoting immune escape, tumor invasion, neovascularization, and metastasis. During the last few years remarkable efforts have been made to obtain an accurate definition of the protein content of tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) by applying MS-based proteomic technologies. To date, TDEs proteomic studies have been mainly utilized to catalog TDEs proteins with the purpose of identifying disease biomarkers. The future challenge for improving our understanding and characterization of TDEs will be the implementation of new systems-driven and proteomic integrative strategies. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the most characterized exosomes-mediated mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and to review recent proteomics data that support the protumorigenic role of TDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fontana Simona
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Umansky V, Sevko A. Tumor microenvironment and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 6:169-77. [PMID: 23242672 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression has been demonstrated to be supported by chronic inflammatory conditions developed in the tumor microenvironment and characterized by the long-term secretion of various inflammatory soluble factors (including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prostaglandins etc.) and strong leukocyte infiltration. Among leukocytes infiltrating tumors, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent one of the most important players mediating immunosuppression. These cells may not only strongly inhibit an anti-tumor immune reactions mediated by T cells but also directly stimulate tumorigenesis, tumor growth and metastasis by enhancing neoangiogenesis and creating a suitable environment for the metastatic formation. This review provides an overview of interactions between MDSCs and tumor cells leading to MDSC generation, activation and migration to the tumor site, where they can strongly enhance tumor progression. Better understanding of the MDSC-tumor interplay is critical for the development of new strategies of tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cancer Immunotherapy by Retargeting of Immune Effector Cells via Recombinant Bispecific Antibody Constructs. Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
19
|
Melanoma-induced immunosuppression and its neutralization. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:319-26. [PMID: 22349515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is characterized by a rapid progression, metastasis to distant organs, and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Well-defined immunogenic capacities of melanoma cells should allow a successful application of different immunotherapeutic strategies. However, the overall results of immunotherapeutic clinical studies are not satisfactory. These paradoxical observations are supposed to be due to the profound immunosuppression mediated by different mechanisms dealing with alterations in tumor and surrounding stroma cells. Melanoma microenvironment has been characterized by a remarkable accumulation of highly immunosuppressive regulatory leucocytes, in particular, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Their migration, retention and high activity in the tumor lesions have been demonstrated to be induced by chronic inflammatory conditions developing in the tumor microenvironment and characterized by the long-term secretion of various inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prostaglandins etc.) leading to further cancer progression. Here, we discuss the role of chronic inflammation in the recruitment and activation of MDSCs in melanoma lesions as well as therapeutic approaches of MDSC targeting to overcome tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment induced by chronic inflammation and enhance the efficiency of melanoma immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Filipazzi P, Huber V, Rivoltini L. Phenotype, function and clinical implications of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:255-263. [PMID: 22120756 PMCID: PMC11029611 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of a smouldering microenvironment is currently considered a cancer hallmark and a required step for tumour cells to disable specific immunity while promoting angiogenesis and stroma remodelling. Nevertheless, the molecular pathways driving such aberrant interactions in human cancer and their actual implication in disease progression are still poorly defined. Here, we will report about the remarkable efforts devoted by our group as well as many other scientists to dissect this process focusing on tumour-mediated activation of myeloid dysfunctional pathways occurring in cancer patients. Indeed, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), playing a crucial role as cellular regulators of immune responses, have been extensively shown to restrain tumour immunity through a vast array of molecular mechanisms and to promote tumour progression in different murine models. Although in mice the phenotypic features of these cells were defined initially rather generally by Gr1(+) and CD11b(+) co-expression, more recent studies have unravelled the actual complexity of this population and the existence of different cell subsets. This complexity is even more remarked in the human setting, where heterogeneous populations of myeloid cells with variable phenotype and immunosuppressive features have been described in patients affected by different types of tumours. The lack of homogeneous properties of human MDSC has made these cells a controversial and still unacknowledged player in cancer-related immune suppression and disease progression. Nevertheless, with the efforts of the scientific community, MDSC will soon reveal their key role thereby becoming novel targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Carretero R, Cabrera T, Gil H, Saenz-Lopez P, Maleno I, Aptsiauri N, Cozar JM, Garrido F. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy of bladder cancer induces selection of human leukocyte antigen class I-deficient tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:839-46. [PMID: 20957629 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is a standard treatment for high-risk non-muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer patients. Although the outcomes are good, cancer relapse is observed in around 40% of patients. We present the comparative analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression in recurrent bladder tumors in patients treated with mitomycin or BCG. HLA class I expression was analyzed by RT-Q-PCR and immunohistochemical techniques. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was determined by microsatellite amplification of markers in chromosome 6 and 15. More profound alterations in HLA class I expression were found in post-BCG recurrent tumors than in pre-BCG lesions, whereas mitomycin treatment did not change the HLA class I expression pattern. Post-BCG recurrent tumors also showed a higher incidence of structural defects underlying altered HLA class I expression. We hypothesize that the immunotherapy-activated immune system recognizes and eliminates tumor cells with reversible ("soft") HLA class I changes but not transformed cells with additional, irreversible ("hard") alterations. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical evidence of immunotherapy-induced immunoselection of HLA class I loss tumor variants in bladder cancer, although the study involved a small number of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carretero
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tumor antigen-dependent and tumor antigen-independent activation of antitumor activity in T cells by a bispecific antibody-modified tumor vaccine. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:423781. [PMID: 21403859 PMCID: PMC3049336 DOI: 10.1155/2010/423781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New approaches of therapeutic cancer vaccination are needed to improve the antitumor activity of T cells from cancer patients. We studied over the last years the activation of human T cells for tumor attack. To this end, we combined the personalized therapeutic tumor vaccine ATV-NDV—which is obtained by isolation, short in vitro culture, irradiation, and infection of patient's tumor cells by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)—with bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) binding to this vaccine and introducing anti-CD3 (signal 1) and anti-CD28 (signal 2) antibody activities. This vaccine called ATV-NDV/bsAb showed the unique ability to reactivate a preexisting potentially anergized antitumor memory T cell repertoire. But it also activated naive T cells to have antitumor properties in vitro and in vivo. This innovative concept of direct activation of cancer patients' T cells via cognate and noncognate interactions provides potential for inducing strong antitumor activities aiming at overriding T cell anergy and tumor immune escape mechanisms.
Collapse
|
23
|
Translating tumor antigens into cancer vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 18:23-34. [PMID: 21048000 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00286-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines represent a strategic successful tool used to prevent or contain diseases with high morbidity and/or mortality. However, while vaccines have proven to be effective in combating pathogenic microorganisms, based on the immune recognition of these foreign antigens, vaccines aimed at inducing effective antitumor activity are still unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the two licensed cancer-preventive vaccines targeting tumor-associated viral agents (anti-HBV [hepatitis B virus], to prevent HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma, and anti-HPV [human papillomavirus], to prevent HPV-associated cervical carcinoma), along with the recent FDA approval of sipuleucel-T (for the therapeutic treatment of prostate cancer), represents a significant advancement in the field of cancer vaccines and a boost for new studies in the field. Specific active immunotherapies based on anticancer vaccines represent, indeed, a field in continuous evolution and expansion. Significant improvements may result from the selection of the appropriate tumor-specific target antigen (to overcome the peripheral immune tolerance) and/or the development of immunization strategies effective at inducing a protective immune response. This review aims to describe the vast spectrum of tumor antigens and strategies to develop cancer vaccines.
Collapse
|
24
|
Exploiting liver immunity for the prevention of hepatic metastases. J Hepatol 2010; 53:596-8. [PMID: 20609489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
25
|
Yu X, Xia W, Zhang T, Wang H, Xie Y, Yang J, Miao J. Enhanced cytotoxicity of IL-24 gene-modified dendritic cells co-cultured with cytokine-induced killer cells to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:276-82. [PMID: 20697855 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a novel human cytokine found recently, IL-24 could selectively kill tumor cells by multiple ways. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major antigen-presenting cells. Recent studies have revealed that IL-24 can promote the antigen-presenting function of DCs. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor effect and mechanism of co-cultured cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells and autologous DCs modified with IL-24 gene on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. DCs and CIK cells were prepared routinely from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recombinant adenovirus AdVGFP/IL-24 (Ad-IL24) was constructed expressing IL-24. IL-24 gene was transduced into DCs via Ad-IL24, the cells obtained were named DC-IL-24. We demonstrated that the expression rates of CD80, CD83, CD1a, HLA-DR, CD40, CXCR4 on DC-IL-24 were significantly increased compared with those of the control group. DC-IL-24 produced markedly higher levels of IL-24, IL-12 and TNF-alpha as compared with those of DCs. On comparison with non-transfected DCs co-cultured with CIK cells, transfected DCs co-cultured with CIK cells had a significant higher lytic activity against SMMC7721 cells, a HCC cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Blood Transfusion Research Institute, Wuxi Red Cross Blood Center, Wuxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Enhanced cytotoxicity of IL-24 gene-modified dendritic cells co-cultured with cytokine-induced killer cells to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Hematol 2010. [PMID: 20697855 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0654-1.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
As a novel human cytokine found recently, IL-24 could selectively kill tumor cells by multiple ways. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major antigen-presenting cells. Recent studies have revealed that IL-24 can promote the antigen-presenting function of DCs. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor effect and mechanism of co-cultured cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells and autologous DCs modified with IL-24 gene on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. DCs and CIK cells were prepared routinely from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recombinant adenovirus AdVGFP/IL-24 (Ad-IL24) was constructed expressing IL-24. IL-24 gene was transduced into DCs via Ad-IL24, the cells obtained were named DC-IL-24. We demonstrated that the expression rates of CD80, CD83, CD1a, HLA-DR, CD40, CXCR4 on DC-IL-24 were significantly increased compared with those of the control group. DC-IL-24 produced markedly higher levels of IL-24, IL-12 and TNF-alpha as compared with those of DCs. On comparison with non-transfected DCs co-cultured with CIK cells, transfected DCs co-cultured with CIK cells had a significant higher lytic activity against SMMC7721 cells, a HCC cell line.
Collapse
|
27
|
JAK3/STAT5/6 pathway alterations are associated with immune deviation in CD8 T cells in renal cell carcinoma patients. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:935764. [PMID: 20339477 PMCID: PMC2843943 DOI: 10.1155/2010/935764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying altered T cell response in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, we compared autologous and allogeneic CD8(+) T cell responses against RCC line from RCC patients and their HLA-matched donors, using mixed lymphocyte/tumor cell cultures (MLTCs). In addition, we analyzed the expression of molecules associated with cell cycle regulation. Autologous MLTC responder CD8(+) T cells showed cytotoxic activity against RCC cell lines; however the analysis of the distribution of CD8(+) T-cell subsets revealed that allogenic counterparts mediate superior antitumor efficacy. In RCC patients, a decreased proliferative response to tumor, associated with defects in JAK3/STAT5/6 expression that led to increased p27KIP1 expression and alterations in the cell cycle, was observed. These data define a molecular pathway involved in cell cycle regulation that is associated with the dysfunction of tumor-specific CD8(+) effector cells. If validated, this may define a therapeutic target in the setting of patients with RCC.
Collapse
|
28
|
Pilla L, Rivoltini L, Patuzzo R, Marrari A, Valdagni R, Parmiani G. Multipeptide vaccination in cancer patients. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1043-55. [PMID: 19591629 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903085109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of tumor associated antigens (TAA) in different tumor histotypes, many vaccination strategies have been investigated, including peptide-based vaccines. Results from the first decade of clinical experimentation, though demonstrating the feasibility and the good toxicity profile of this approach, provided evidence of clinical activity only in a minority of patients, despite inducing immunization in up to 50% of them. In this review, we discuss the different approaches recently developed in order to induce stronger peptide-induced immune-mediated tumor growth control, possibly translating into improved clinical response rates, with specific focus on multipeptide-based anti-cancer vaccines. This strategy offers many advantages, such as the possibility of bypassing tumor heterogeneity and selection of antigen (Ag)-negative clones escaping peptide-specific immune responses, or combining HLA class I- and class II-restricted epitopes, thus eliciting both CD4- and CD8-mediated immune recognition. Notably, advances in Ag discovery technologies permit further optimization of peptide selection, in terms of identification of tumor-specific and unique TAA as well as Ags derived from different tumor microenvironment cell components. With the ultimate goal of combining peptide selection with patient-specific immunogenic profile, peptide based anti-cancer vaccines remain a promising treatment for cancer patients, as attested by of pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pilla
- Immuno-biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, San Raffaele Foundation Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stoeckle C, Gleske AK. Immunotherapy: from basic research to clinical applications. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1129-36. [PMID: 18584173 PMCID: PMC11031055 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stoeckle
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Iero M, Filipazzi P, Castelli C, Belli F, Valdagni R, Parmiani G, Patuzzo R, Santinami M, Rivoltini L. Modified peptides in anti-cancer vaccines: are we eventually improving anti-tumour immunity? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1159-67. [PMID: 18998128 PMCID: PMC11030573 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of tumour antigens recognized by T cells and the features of immune responses directed against them has paved the way to a multitude of clinical studies aimed at boosting anti-tumour T cell immunity as a therapeutic tool for cancer patients. One of the different strategies explored to ameliorate the immunogenicity of tumour antigens in vaccine protocols is represented by the use of optimized peptides or altered peptide ligands, whose amino acid sequence has been modified for improving HLA binding or TCR interaction with respect to native epitopes. However, despite the promising results achieved with preclinical studies, the clinical efficacy of this approach has not yet met the expectations. Although multiple reasons could explain the relative failure of altered peptide ligands as more effective cancer vaccines, the possibility that T cells primed by modified tumour peptides might may be unable to effectively cross-recognize tumour cells has not been sufficiently addressed. Indeed, the introduction of conservative amino acid substitutions may still produce diverse and unpredictable changes in the HLA/peptide interface, with consequent modifications of the TCR repertoire that can interact with the complex. This could lead to the expansion of a broad array of T cells whose TCRs may not necessarily react with equivalent affinity with the original antigenic epitope. Considering the results presently achieved with this vaccine approach, and the emerging availability of alternative strategies for boosting anti-tumour immunity, the use of modified tumour peptides could be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Iero
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Filiberto Belli
- Unit of Colo-rectal Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Unit of Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immunobiotherapy of Solid Tumours, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Patuzzo
- Unit of Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Santinami
- Unit of Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bergmann C, Strauss L, Wieckowski E, Czystowska M, Albers A, Wang Y, Zeidler R, Lang S, Whiteside TL. Tumor-derived microvesicles in sera of patients with head and neck cancer and their role in tumor progression. Head Neck 2009; 31:371-80. [PMID: 19073006 PMCID: PMC2647573 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-derived membranous vesicles (MV) isolated from sera of the patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) induce apoptosis of activated CD8(+) T cells. We tested if MV molecular profile and activity correlate with disease progression. METHODS CD8(+) Jurkat cells were incubated with MAGE 3/6(+), FasL(+), MHC class I(+) MV isolated from sera of 60 patients with HNSCC and 25 normal controls by exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Z-VAD-FITC binding to Jurkat was measured and correlated with clinical data. RESULTS MV from patients' sera, but not from sera of normal controls, induced Jurkat cell apoptosis. Forty-five percent T cells+MV from patients with N(1)-N(3) disease were apoptotic versus 18% T cells+MV from patients with N(0) disease (p < .008). MV from patients with active disease (AD) expressed higher FasL levels than MV from patients with no evident disease (NED) or normal controls (p CONCLUSION MAGE 3/6(+), FasL(+), and MHCI(+) MV in sera of patients induced T-cell apoptosis, which correlated with disease activity and the presence of lymph node metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bergmann
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laura Strauss
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Eva Wieckowski
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | | | - Yun Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huber V, Filipazzi P, Iero M, Fais S, Rivoltini L. More insights into the immunosuppressive potential of tumor exosomes. J Transl Med 2008; 6:63. [PMID: 18973649 PMCID: PMC2590595 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
33
|
Har-Noy M, Zeira M, Weiss L, Fingerut E, Or R, Slavin S. Allogeneic CD3/CD28 cross-linked Th1 memory cells provide potent adjuvant effects for active immunotherapy of leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Res 2008; 33:525-38. [PMID: 18834631 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The breaking of peripheral T-cell tolerance toward self-antigens expressed by tumor cells and the subsequent establishment of an effective tumor protective immune response remains a major challenge for cancer immunotherapy. We report that both protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immune responses can be achieved in a mouse leukemia/lymphoma tumor model through the strong adjuvant effects provided by allogeneic CD3/CD28 cross-linked Th1 memory cells. The adjuvant effect of these cells is mediated by their ability to produce a variety of 'danger signals' which serve to deviate native non-protective Th2 anti-leukemia immune responses to effective Th1 immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Har-Noy
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The clinical goal of tumour immunotherapy is to provide either active or passive immunity against malignancies by harnessing the immune system to target tumours. Although vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infectious disease, it is less effective in the therapeutic setting for cancer treatment, which might be related to the low immunogenicity of tumour antigens and the reduced immunocompetence of cancer patients. Recent advances in technology have led to the development of passive immunotherapy approaches that utilize the unique specificity of antibodies and T cell receptors to target selected antigens on tumour cells. These approaches are likely to benefit patients and alter the way that clinicians treat malignant disease. In this article we review recent advances in the immunotherapy of cancer, focusing on new strategies to enhance the efficacy of passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies and antigen-specific T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J King
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Carretero R, Romero JM, Ruiz-Cabello F, Maleno I, Rodriguez F, Camacho FM, Real LM, Garrido F, Cabrera T. Analysis of HLA class I expression in progressing and regressing metastatic melanoma lesions after immunotherapy. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:439-47. [PMID: 18545995 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in preclinical studies, it did not show yet significant positive clinical results in humans with only a small number of cancer patients demonstrating objective tumor regression. This poor clinical outcome can be explained by the generation of sophisticated tumor immune escape mechanism, in particular, abnormalities in the expression of HLA class I antigens. We have studied the expression of HLA class I antigens in ten metastatic lesions obtained from a melanoma patient undergoing immunotherapy. Five lesions were obtained after Interferon-alpha-2b treatment and five after autologous vaccination plus BCG (M-VAX). Eight metastases were regressing after immunotherapy while two were progressing. The eight regressing metastases showed high level of HLA class I expression, whereas the two progressing lesions had low levels as measured by real time PCR and immunohistological techniques. These results indicate a strong association between HLA class I expression and progression or regression of the metastatic lesions. Our data support the hypothesis that the level of HLA class I expression is an important parameter of tumor immune escape that needs to be monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carretero
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
This article describes the multiple escape mechanisms used by tumor cells to avoid T-cell-mediated recognition and destruction. The discussion focuses on escape mechanisms that may result from changes at the level of TA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, we discuss the negative impact of regulatory T cells and T-cell apoptosis on the tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. We also discuss changes in the expression of histocompatibility antigens by tumor cells, which may affect tumor cell-immune cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soldano Ferrone
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shi Y, Elmets CA, Smith JW, Liu YT, Chen YR, Huang CP, Zhu W, Ananthaswamy HN, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Quantitative proteomes and in vivo secretomes of progressive and regressive UV-induced fibrosarcoma tumor cells: mimicking tumor microenvironment using a dermis-based cell-trapped system linked to tissue chamber. Proteomics 2008; 7:4589-600. [PMID: 18022937 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The alterations of tumor proteome and/or in vivo secretome created by host-tumor cell interaction may be crucial factors for tumors to undergo progression or regression in a host system. Two UV-induced fibrosarcoma tumor cell lines (UV-2237 progressive cells and UV-2240 regressive cells) were used as models to address this issue. Hundreds of proteins including in vivo secretome have been identified and quantified via an isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) in conjunction with high-throughput NanoLC-LTQ MS analysis. A newly designed technology using a dermis-based cell-trapped system was employed to encapsulate and grow 3-D tumor cells. A tissue chamber inserted with a tumor cell-trapped dermis was implanted into mice to mimic the tumor microenvironment. The in vivo secretome created by host-tumor interaction was characterized from samples collected from tissue chamber fluids via ICPL labeling mass spectrometric analysis. Twenty-five proteins including 14-3-3 proteins, heat shock proteins, profilin-1, and a fragment of complement C3 with differential expression in proteomes of UV-2237 and UV-2240 cells were revealed. Three secreted proteins including myeloperoxidase, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and a vitamin D-binding protein have different abundances in the in vivo secretome in response to UV-2237 and UV-2240 cells. Differential tumor proteomes and in vivo secretome were thus accentuated as potential therapeutic targets to control tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ghebeh H, Barhoush E, Tulbah A, Elkum N, Al-Tweigeri T, Dermime S. FOXP3+ Tregs and B7-H1+/PD-1+ T lymphocytes co-infiltrate the tumor tissues of high-risk breast cancer patients: Implication for immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:57. [PMID: 18294387 PMCID: PMC2279136 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated a direct involvement of B7-H1, PD-1 and FOXP3 molecules in the immune escape of cancer. B7-H1 is an inhibitory molecule that binds to PD-1 on T lymphocytes, while FOXP3 is a marker for regulatory T cells (Tregs). We have previously demonstrated the association of B7-H1-expressing T infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with high-risk breast cancer patients while other studies reported the involvement of FOXP3+ Tregs as a bad prognostic factor in breast tumors. Although the co-existence between the two types of cells has been demonstrated in vitro and animal models, their relative infiltration and correlation with the clinicopathological parameters of cancer patients have not been well studied. Therefore, we investigated TIL-expressing the B7-H1, PD-1, and FOXP3 molecules, in the microenvironment of human breast tumors and their possible association with the progression of the disease. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, tumor sections from 62 breast cancer patients were co-stained for B7-H1, PD-1 and FOXP3 molecules and their expression was statistically correlated with factors known to be involved in the progression of the disease. RESULTS A co-existence of B7-H1+ T lymphocytes and FOXP3+ Tregs was evidenced by the highly significant correlation of these molecules (P < .0001) and their expression by different T lymphocyte subsets was clearly demonstrated. Interestingly, concomitant presence of FOXP3+ Tregs, B7-H1+ and PD-1+ TIL synergistically correlated with high histological grade (III) (P < .001), estrogen receptor negative status (P = .017), and the presence of severe lymphocytic infiltration (P = .022). CONCLUSION Accumulation of TIL-expressing such inhibitory molecules may deteriorate the immunity of high-risk breast cancer patients and this should encourage vigorous combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches targeting Tregs and B7-H1/PD-1 molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ghebeh
- Tumor Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P,O, Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Parmiani G, Russo V, Marrari A, Cutolo G, Casati C, Pilla L, Maccalli C, Rivoltini L, Castelli C. Universal and stemness-related tumor antigens: potential use in cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5675-9. [PMID: 17908956 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Parmiani
- Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen YX, Man K, Ling GS, Chen Y, Sun BS, Cheng Q, Wong OH, Lo CK, Ng IOL, Chan LC, Lau GK, Lin CLS, Huang F, Huang FP. A crucial role for dendritic cell (DC) IL-10 in inhibiting successful DC-based immunotherapy: superior antitumor immunity against hepatocellular carcinoma evoked by DC devoid of IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6009-15. [PMID: 17947674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor immunotherapy has been a new promise of cure for cancer patients, but animal studies and clinical trials have thus far only shown limited success, especially in treating established tumors. Certain immunosuppressive mechanisms triggered by tumor cells or the derivatives are believed to be a major obstacle. We studied the role of DC-derived IL-10 and its negative impact on vaccine efficacy in mouse models. Liver tumor cells were injected via the portal vein, giving rise to disseminated intrahepatic tumors, or s.c. to form solid but extrahepatic tumors. Bone marrow-derived DCs were generated from normal or IL-10-deficient mice and used as the vector to deliver tumor Ags. We demonstrate here that DCs devoid of IL-10, a potent immunosuppressive cytokine, are superior over conventional DCs in triggering antitumor immunity. The IL-10(-/-)DCs were highly immunogenic, expressed enhanced levels of surface MHC class II molecules, and secreted increased amounts of Th1-related cytokines. By inducing tumor-specific killing and through the establishment of immunological memory, the vaccines delivered by IL-10(-/-)DCs could evoke strong therapeutic and protective immunity against hepatocellular carcinoma in the mouse models. These findings will have great clinical impact once being translated into the treatment of malignant, and potentially infectious, diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Honk Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Iero M, Squarcina P, Romero P, Guillaume P, Scarselli E, Cerino R, Carrabba M, Toutirais O, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Low TCR avidity and lack of tumor cell recognition in CD8(+) T cells primed with the CEA-analogue CAP1-6D peptide. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1979-91. [PMID: 17564703 PMCID: PMC11030693 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of "altered peptide ligands" (APL), epitopes designed for exerting increased immunogenicity as compared with native determinants, represents nowadays one of the most utilized strategies for overcoming immune tolerance to self-antigens and boosting anti-tumor T cell-mediated immune responses. However, the actual ability of APL-primed T cells to cross-recognize natural epitopes expressed by tumor cells remains a crucial concern. In the present study, we show that CAP1-6D, a superagonist analogue of a carcinoembriyonic antigen (CEA)-derived HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope widely used in clinical setting, reproducibly promotes the generation of low-affinity CD8(+) T cells lacking the ability to recognized CEA-expressing colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells. Short-term T cell cultures, obtained by priming peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A*0201(+) healthy donors or CRC patients with CAP1-6D, were indeed found to heterogeneously cross-react with saturating concentrations of the native peptide CAP1, but to fail constantly lysing or recognizing through IFN- gamma release CEA(+)CRC cells. Characterization of anti-CAP1-6D T cell avidity, gained through peptide titration, CD8-dependency assay, and staining with mutated tetramers (D227K/T228A), revealed that anti-CAP1-6D T cells exerted a differential interaction with the two CEA epitopes, i.e., displaying high affinity/CD8-independency toward the APL and low affinity/CD8-dependency toward the native CAP1 peptide. Our data demonstrate that the efficient detection of self-antigen expressed by tumors could be a feature of high avidity CD8-independent T cells, and underline the need for extensive analysis of tumor cross-recognition prior to any clinical usage of APL as anti-cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Iero
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Squarcina
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Romero
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Scarselli
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, IRBM P. Angeletti, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cerino
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, IRBM P. Angeletti, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Matteo Carrabba
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier Toutirais
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Present Address: Unit of Immunobiotherapy of Solid Tumors, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chemnitz JM, Eggle D, Driesen J, Classen S, Riley JL, Debey-Pascher S, Beyer M, Popov A, Zander T, Schultze JL. RNA fingerprints provide direct evidence for the inhibitory role of TGFβ and PD-1 on CD4+ T cells in Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2007; 110:3226-33. [PMID: 17644739 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-12-064360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A hallmark of various human malignancies is the expression of immunoinhibitory factors within the tumor microenvironment. There is indirect evidence based on in vitro experiments that tumor-infiltrating T cells in human malignancies are suppressed by such factors. Still, direct evidence of the influence of individual inhibitory factors on immune cells in human cancer in vivo is lacking. To address this question, we used Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) as a model because histopathological characteristics of HL are thought to be due mostly to the effects of a wide variety of cytokines, including TGFβ or membrane-bound receptors such as PD-1 that are suspected to contribute to immune evasion of tumor cells. Using a genome-wide transcriptional approach, we established specific RNA fingerprints of TGFβ and PD-1 signaling in human T cells in vitro. Applying these specific fingerprints, we directly demonstrate that CD4+ T cells in HL—but not in follicular lymphoma (FL)—are under the inhibitory influence of both TGFβ and PD-1 in vivo. This approach can be easily generalized to provide direct evidence of the impact of any given soluble or cell-bound factor on any cell type within diseased tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Chemnitz
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Iero M, Valenti R, Huber V, Filipazzi P, Parmiani G, Fais S, Rivoltini L. Tumour-released exosomes and their implications in cancer immunity. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:80-8. [PMID: 17932500 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells release vesicular structures, defined as microvesicles or exosomes, carrying a large array of proteins from their originating cell. The expression of antigenic molecules recognized by T cells has originally suggested a role for these organelles as a cell-free antigen source for anticancer vaccines. However, recent evidence shows that tumour exosomes may also exert a broad array of detrimental effects on the immune system, ranging from apoptosis in activated antitumour T cells to impairment of monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells and induction of myeloid suppressive cells. Immunosuppressive exosomes of tumour origin can be found in neoplastic lesions and sera from cancer patients, implying a potential role of this pathway in in vivo tumour progression. Through the expression of molecules involved in angiogenesis promotion, stromal remodelling, delivery of signalling pathways through growth factor/receptor transfer, chemoresistance and genetic intercellular exchange, tumour exosomes could represent a versatile tool for moulding host environment. Hence, their secretion by neoplastic cells may in the future become a novel pathway to target for therapeutic intervention in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Iero
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Valenti R, Huber V, Iero M, Filipazzi P, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Tumor-released microvesicles as vehicles of immunosuppression. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2912-5. [PMID: 17409393 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-released microvesicles, or exosomes, which are abundant in the body fluids of patients with cancer, are likely to be involved in tumor progression. We recently showed that microvesicles released by human melanoma and colorectal carcinoma cells can promote the differentiation of monocytes to myeloid-derived suppressor cells which support tumoral growth and immune escape. These findings underscore an important role for these extracellular organelles in remodeling tumor-stromal interactions to promote malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Valenti
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cabrera T, Lara E, Romero JM, Maleno I, Real LM, Ruiz-Cabello F, Valero P, Camacho FM, Garrido F. HLA class I expression in metastatic melanoma correlates with tumor development during autologous vaccination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:709-17. [PMID: 16960691 PMCID: PMC11030676 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying tumor-specific immune response and tumor escape has considerably increased. HLA class I antigen defects remain an important tumor escape mechanism since they influence the interactions between tumor cells and specific T and NK cells in the course of malignant disease. We have studied here HLA class I expression in six subcutaneous metastases obtained from a melanoma patient immunized with an autologous melanoma cell vaccine (M-VAX). We report in this paper that HLA class I antigen expression on these metastatic lesions strongly correlated with the course of the disease. The three metastases that were partially regressing at the time of their excision showed a strong HLA class I expression, whereas the progressing ones showed a very weak or negative staining with most of the anti-HLA class I mAbs used. Real-time quantitative PCR of the samples obtained from microdissected tumor tissue revealed a significant difference in the mRNA levels of HLA-ABC heavy chain and beta2m between the two types of metastases, i.e., lower levels in progressing metastases and high levels in regressing ones, confirming the immunohistological findings. This is, to our knowledge, the first report where the clinical outcome of different HLA class I positive and negative melanoma metastases can be clearly correlated with the regression and progression of the disease, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cabrera
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ester Lara
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José M. Romero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Maleno
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis M. Real
- Departamento de Genómica Estructural, Neocodex, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco M. Camacho
- Departamento de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Universitario “Virgen Macarena”, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Parmiani G, De Filippo A, Novellino L, Castelli C. Unique human tumor antigens: immunobiology and use in clinical trials. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1975-9. [PMID: 17277099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The individual, unique tumor Ags, which characterize each single tumor, were described 50 years ago in rodents but their molecular characterization was limited to few of them and obtained during the last 20 years. Here we summarize the evidence for the existence and the biological role of such Ags in human tumors, although such evidence was provided only during the last 10 years and by a limited number of studies, a fact leading to a misrepresentation of unique Ags in human tumor immunology. This was also due to the increasing knowledge on the shared, self-human tumor Ags, which have been extensively used as cancer vaccines. In this review, we highlight the biological and clinical importance of unique Ags and suggest how they could be used in clinical studies aimed at assessing their immunogenic and clinical potential both in active and adoptive immunotherapy of human tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metastatic melanoma is a disease for which no effective therapeutic options have been developed during the last 30 years with the possible exception of high dose interferon-alpha in the adjuvant setting of stage III patients. The immunotherapy approach was initiated decades ago using cell-based vaccines and adoptive immunotherapy with functionally ill-defined lymphocytes. This paper aims to evaluate the last three decades of research in melanoma immunotherapy and to provide insights in the future of this strategy. RECENT FINDINGS Thanks to the development of knowledge in basic and applied immunology, clinical studies of immunotherapy have been followed by trials based on molecular characterization of melanoma antigens and availability of ex-vivo assays allowing the quantitative assessment of the immune response against the given vaccine and against patient tumor cells. This second generation of immunotherapy trials, along with additional preclinical studies, while not yet resulting in a convincing clinical outcome, provided a wealth of data on immunogenicity of different melanoma antigens, mechanism of antigen presentation and factors that impair immune recognition of melanoma cells. SUMMARY We discuss how this information will be exploited for designing new and more successful clinical trials of both active and adoptive antigen-specific immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Parmiani G, Castelli C, Rivoltini L. Chemokine Receptor 7, A New Player in Regulating Apoptosis of CD8+ T Cells in Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:7587-8. [PMID: 16278374 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|