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Zhu J, Fan J, Xia Y, Wang H, Li Y, Feng Z, Fu C. Potential therapeutic targets of macrophages in inhibiting immune damage and fibrotic processes in musculoskeletal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219487. [PMID: 37545490 PMCID: PMC10400722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell type with high plasticity, exhibiting unique activation characteristics that modulate the progression and resolution of diseases, serving as a key mediator in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Macrophages display a variety of activation states in response to stimuli in the local environment, with their subpopulations and biological functions being dependent on the local microenvironment. Resident tissue macrophages exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles and functions, all of which are essential for maintaining internal homeostasis. Dysfunctional macrophage subpopulations, or an imbalance in the M1/M2 subpopulation ratio, contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In skeletal muscle disorders, immune and inflammatory damage, as well as fibrosis induced by macrophages, are prominent pathological features. Therefore, targeting macrophages is of great significance for maintaining tissue homeostasis and treating skeletal muscle disorders. In this review, we discuss the receptor-ligand interactions regulating macrophages and identify potential targets for inhibiting collateral damage and fibrosis in skeletal muscle disorders. Furthermore, we explore strategies for modulating macrophages to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijia Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Bellan M, Murano F, Ceruti F, Piccinino C, Tonello S, Minisini R, Giubertoni A, Sola D, Pedrazzoli R, Maglione V, Manfredi GF, Acquaviva A, Piffero R, Patti G, Pirisi M, Sainaghi PP. Increased Levels of ICOS and ICOSL Are Associated to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Patients Affected by Connective Tissue Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030704. [PMID: 35328257 PMCID: PMC8947069 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening complication of connective tissue diseases (CTD); in this study, we aimed at investigating the potential role of inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) and its ligand (ICOS-L) as biomarkers of PH in CTD. Materials and Methods: We recruited 109 patients: 84 CTD patients, 13 patients with CTD complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and 12 subjects with PAH alone. All recruited patients underwent a complete clinical and instrumental assessment along with quantitative measurement of serum ICOS and ICOS-L. Results: Independently of the underlying cause, patients with PAH were older and had a lower glomerular filtration rate. Interestingly, patients with both CTD-related and CTD-unrelated PAH had higher ICOS and ICOS-L serum concentrations than CTD patients (0.0001 for both). When compared to CTD patients, those affected by CTD-PAH showed higher ICOS (440 (240–600) vs. 170 (105–275) pg/mL, p = 0.0001) and ICOS-L serum concentrations (6000 (4300–7000) vs. 2450 (1500–4100) pg/mL; p = 0.0001). In a logistic regression, ICOS and ICOS-L were associated with a diagnosis of PAH, independently from age, gender, and renal function. The corresponding receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated a good diagnostic performance for both ICOS and ICOS-L. Conclusions: ICOS and ICOS-L are increased in patients with PAH, irrespectively from the underlying cause, and represent promising candidate biomarkers for the diagnostic screening for PAH among CTDs patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0321-3737512
| | - Francesco Murano
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Federico Ceruti
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | | | - Stelvio Tonello
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Ailia Giubertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Division of Cardiology, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Daniele Sola
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Pedrazzoli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Veronica Maglione
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Giulia Francesca Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Antonio Acquaviva
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberto Piffero
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Patti
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Division of Cardiology, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (S.T.); (R.M.); (A.G.); (V.M.); (G.F.M.); (A.A.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (M.P.); (P.P.S.)
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.S.); (R.P.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy
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Busse S, von Hoff F, Michler E, Hartig R, Bogerts B, Busse M. Altered expression of costimulatory molecules in dementias. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:807-815. [PMID: 34427746 PMCID: PMC9279221 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the expression of co-stimulatory molecules plays an important role in the immune system, only little is known about their regulation in dementias. Therefore, we determined the expression of CD28, ICOS (CD278) and CTLA-4 (CD152) by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 19), Alzheimer's disease (AD; N = 51), vascular dementia (VD; N = 21) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD; N = 6) at the point in time of diagnosis compared to 19 non-demented elderly persons. The expression of CD28 and ICOS by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was not changed in AD, FTD or VD patients. The expression of the negative regulator CTLA-4 was increased by CD4 + T cells from AD and FTD patients and by CD8 + T cells from VD patients. The classification of the AD patients according to the severity of the disorder showed stage-dependent alterations of CD28, ICOS and CTLA-4 expression. In AD patients, the correlation analysis showed an association between the decline in CD28 + T cells and the increase in CTLA-4 + T cells with cognitive decline, measured by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), tau proteins and Amyloid-β, important AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In FTD patients, a positive association between Q Albumin, a marker for blood-CSF-barrier function, and CD28 and a negative correlation between Q Albumin and ICOS expression were determined. Our data suggest a dysregulated balance between the expression of negative and positive co-stimulatory molecules by T cells in AD patients, which might contribute to chronic inflammation observed in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Franz von Hoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Michler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute of Immunology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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4
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Fu Y, Wang L, Liu W, Yang L, Li L, Wang L, Sun X, Zhang ZR, Lin Q, Zhang L. OX40L blockade cellular nanovesicles for autoimmune diseases therapy. J Control Release 2021; 337:557-570. [PMID: 34371056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical agents for autoimmunity disorders treatment often cause substantial adverse effects and safety concerns, owing to non-specific immune modulation. Due to the prominent contribution of effector T cells in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and preferential location of co-stimulatory receptor-ligand pair OX40-OX40L at the inflamed sites, selectively targeting autoaggressive T cells by blockade OX40-OX40L, might represent an alternative strategy. Herein, we developed a new strategy to antagonize OX40-OX40L interaction by engineering a cell membrane derived nanovesicles (NVs) expressing OX40 receptors (OX40 NVs), and explored their potential for autoimmune disorders therapy. OX40 NVs showed specific binding capability to inflamed HUVECs in vitro, it also possessed distinct arthritic-targeting capacity in RA inflamed joints, and preferential accumulation in IBD inflamed colon. OX40 NVs efficiently suppressed the progression of both RA and IBD diseases through reducing CD4+OX40+ T cells population, and proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β), while reinforcing Tregs immune-suppressive effect, with superior therapeutic efficacy than anti-OX40L. Additionally, dexamethasone (DEX) loading can further enhance the potential of OX40 NVs for RA treatment. Owing to their preferential localization to inflamed sites, and potent immune-suppression ability, targeting OX40-OX40L blockade by OX40 NVs for autoimmune therapy is highly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Lin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Luyao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Xun Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china.
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 640041, china.
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Yang L, Han X, Yuan J, Xing F, Hu Z, Huang F, Wu H, Shi H, Zhang T, Wu X. Early astragaloside IV administration attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by suppressing the maturation and function of dendritic cells. Life Sci 2020; 249:117448. [PMID: 32087232 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Dendritic cells (DCs) actively participate in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease. Astragaloside IV (ASI), an active monomer isolated from the Chinese medicine Astragalus membranaceus, has a wide range of pharmacological effects. We aimed to elucidate the effects of ASI on the development of DCs in the early stage of MS/EAE. MAIN METHODS The mice were administered with ASI (20 mg/kg) daily 3 days in advance of EAE induction and continuously until day 7 post-immunization. The effect of ASI on CD11c+ DC cells from bone marrow (BMDCs) or the spleen of EAE mice at day 7 post-immunization were investigated respectively by flow cytometry, ELISA, western blot, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. KEY FINDINGS ASI administration in the early stage of EAE was demonstrated to delay the onset and alleviate the severity of the disease. ASI inhibited the maturation and the antigen presentation of DCs in spleen of EAE mice and LPS-stimulated BMDCs, as evidenced by decreased expressions of CD11c, CD86, CD40 and MHC II. Accordingly, DCs treated by ASI secreted less IL-6 and IL-12, and prevented the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th17 cells, which was probably through inhibiting the activation of NFκB and MAPKs signaling pathways. SIGNIFICANCE Our results implicated the alleviative effect of early ASI administration on EAE might be mediated by suppressing the maturation and function of DCs. The novel findings may add to our knowledge of ASI in the potentially clinical treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Faping Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhixing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Classical Prescription Experimental Platform, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Boleto G, Allanore Y, Avouac J. Targeting Costimulatory Pathways in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2998. [PMID: 30619351 PMCID: PMC6305435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune T-cell disease that is characterized by pathological fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. SSc is considered a prototype condition for studying the links between autoimmunity and fibrosis. Costimulatory pathways such as CD28/CTLA-4, ICOS-B7RP1, CD70-CD27, CD40-CD154, or OX40-OX40L play an essential role in the modulation of T-cell and inflammatory immune responses. A growing body of evidence suggests that T-cell costimulation signals might be implicated in the pathogenesis of SSc. CD28, CTLA-4, ICOS, and OX40L are overexpressed in patients with SSc, particularly in patients with cutaneous diffuse forms. In pre-clinical models of SSc, T-cell costimulation blockade with abatacept (CTLA-4-Ig) prevented and induced the regression of inflammation-driven dermal fibrosis, improved digestive involvement, prevented lung fibrosis, and attenuated pulmonary hypertension in complementary models of SSc. Likewise, potent anti-fibrotic effects were seen with the blockade of OX40L by reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells into lesional tissues leading to decreased fibroblast activation. Concerning clinical effects, a preliminary observational study suggested some effectiveness of abatacept on inflammatory joint involvement, whereas clinical improvement of skin fibrosis was observed in a small placebo-controlled randomized trial. Currently there is one ongoing phase II clinical trial assessing the efficacy of abatacept in SSc (ASSET trial, NCT02161406). Overall, given the lack of available effective agents and the known toxic effects of immunosuppressive agents approved for use in SSc, costimulatory pathways offer the advantage of a targeted approach to costimulatory signals and potentially a better safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Boleto
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Allanore
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Avouac
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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7
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Abdollah Zadeh R, Jalilian N, Sahraian MA, Kasraian Z, Noori-Daloii MR. Polymorphisms of RPS6KB1 and CD86 associates with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Iranian population. Neurol Res 2017; 39:217-222. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1278108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Abdollah Zadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Jalilian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshsh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Kasraian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wagner DH. Overlooked Mechanisms in Type 1 Diabetes Etiology: How Unique Costimulatory Molecules Contribute to Diabetogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28878738 PMCID: PMC5572340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) develops when immune cells invade the pancreatic islets resulting in loss of insulin production in beta cells. T cells have been proven to be central players in that process. What is surprising, however, is that classic mechanisms of tolerance cannot explain diabetogenesis; alternate mechanisms must now be considered. T cell receptor (TCR) revision is the process whereby T cells in the periphery alter TCR expression, outside the safety-net of thymic selection pressures. This process results in an expanded T cell repertoire, capable of responding to a universe of pathogens, but limitations are that increased risk for autoimmune disease development occurs. Classic T cell costimulators including the CD28 family have long been thought to be the major drivers for full T cell activation. In actuality, CD28 and its family member counterparts, ICOS and CTLA-4, all drive regulatory responses. Inflammation is driven by CD40, not CD28. CD40 as a costimulus has been largely overlooked. When naïve T cells interact with antigen presenting cell CD154, the major ligand for CD40, is induced. This creates a milieu for T cell (CD40)-T cell (CD154) interaction, leading to inflammation. Finally, defined pathogenic effector cells including TH40 (CD4+CD40+) cells can express FOXP3 but are not Tregs. The cells loose FOXP3 to become pathogenic effector cells. Each of these mechanisms creates novel options to better understand diabetogenesis and create new therapeutic targets for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Wagner
- The Program in Integrated Immunology, Department of Medicine, Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: David H. Wagner Jr.,
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9
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Gokhale AS, Sable R, Walker JD, McLaughlin L, Kousoulas KG, Jois SD. Inhibition of cell adhesion and immune responses in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis with a peptidomimetic that blocks CD2-CD58 interface interactions. Biopolymers 2016; 104:733-42. [PMID: 26031942 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD2 and CD58 are two important costimulatory molecules involved in generating the signal II required for normal immune signaling. However, this interaction can be targeted to be of benefit in cases of abnormal immune signaling seen in autoimmune diseases. Our objective in this study was to design a peptidomimetic (compound 7) based on a β-strand structure of the adhesion domain of CD2 protein to inhibit CD2-CD58 protein-protein interaction and its effect on immunomodulation in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. The ability of compound 7 to bind to CD58 protein was assessed using flow cytometry. The effect of compound 7 on modulating the immune response was evaluated in an autoimmune disease using CIA in mice. The stability of compound 7 was evaluated in mouse serum using mass spectrometry. Antibody (Ab) binding inhibition studies suggested that compound 7 binds to CD58 protein. Compound 7 was successful in modulating immune responses when administered in the CIA mouse model along with reducing anti-collagen Ab levels and decreasing the level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) relative to control treatments. Compound 7 was found to be nonimmunogenic and stable in mouse serum up to 48 h. Results suggest that compound 7 can serve as a lead compound for immunomodulation, and could be a therapeutic agent for the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya S Gokhale
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201
| | - Rushikesh Sable
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201
| | - Jason D Walker
- Pathobiological Sciences, BioMMED, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, 70803-8434
| | - Leslie McLaughlin
- Pathobiological Sciences, BioMMED, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, 70803-8434
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Pathobiological Sciences, BioMMED, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, 70803-8434
| | - Seetharama D Jois
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201
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Keystone E, Alkhalaf A, Makkawy M. Subcutaneous abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis: current update. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 15:1221-30. [PMID: 26160492 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1065248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of biologic agents have been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They have changed the landscape of therapy and demonstrate substantial efficacy with a good safety record. One of these agents is intravenous (i.v.) abatacept (ABA), which has a novel mechanism of action by selectively inhibiting the interaction between T- and antigen-presenting cells. Recently, ABA administered by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection has also been approved for use in RA. In this review, will focus in recent data published in this agent. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews Phase III clinical trials (ACQUIRE, ACCOMPANY, ALLOW, ATTUNE, AMPLE and AVERT) in terms of clinical efficacy including long-term efficacy, radiographic progression, safety and immunogenicity. EXPERT OPINION Given the current trend in biologic therapy to s.c. administration, the availability of both i.v. and s.c. ABA provides considerable advantage both to patients and physicians in this competitive environment. The clinical trials have shown comparable efficacy and safety of s.c. ABA to i.v. ABA and others biologics.
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11
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Levine BL. Performance-enhancing drugs: design and production of redirected chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:79-84. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Ji X, Zhang L, Peng J, Hou M. T cell immune abnormalities in immune thrombocytopenia. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:72. [PMID: 25274611 PMCID: PMC4189678 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disease with abnormal T cell immunity. Cytotoxic T cells, abnormal T regulatory cells, helper T cell imbalance, megakaryocyte maturation abnormalities and abnormal T cell anergy are involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. The loss of T cell-mediated immune tolerance to platelet auto-antigens plays a crucial role in immune thrombocytopenia. The induction of T cell tolerance is an important mechanism by which the pathogenesis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia can be studied. Studies regarding the roles of the new inducible costimulator signal transduction pathway, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, and the nuclear factor kappa B signal transduction pathway in the induction of T cell tolerance can help improve our understanding of immune theory and may provide a new theoretical basis for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Zhang
- Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Van Brussel I, Lee WP, Rombouts M, Nuyts AH, Heylen M, De Winter BY, Cools N, Schrijvers DM. Tolerogenic dendritic cell vaccines to treat autoimmune diseases: Can the unattainable dream turn into reality? Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:138-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yang M, Rainone A, Shi XQ, Fournier S, Zhang J. A new animal model of spontaneous autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy: implications for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:5. [PMID: 24401681 PMCID: PMC3895684 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous autoimmune peripheral neuropathy including Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) represents as one of the serious emergencies in neurology. Although pathological changes have been well documented, molecular and cellular mechanisms of GBS are still under-explored, partially due to short of appropriate animal models. The field lacks of spontaneous and translatable models for mechanistic investigations. As GBS is preceded often by viral or bacterial infection, a condition can enhance co-stimulatory activity; we sought to investigate the critical role of T cell co-stimulation in this autoimmune disease. RESULTS Our previous study reported that transgene-derived constitutive expression of co-stimulator B7.2 on antigen presenting cells of the nervous tissues drove spontaneous neurological disorders. Depletion of CD4+ T cells in L31 mice accelerated the onset and increased the prevalence of the disease. In the current study, we further demonstrated that L31/CD4-/- mice exhibited both motor and sensory deficits, including weakness and paresis of limbs, numbness to mechanical stimuli and hypersensitivity to thermal stimulation. Pathological changes were characterized by massive infiltration of macrophages and CD8+ T cells, demyelination and axonal damage in peripheral nerves, while changes in spinal cords could be secondary to the PNS damage. In symptomatic L31/CD4-/- mice, the disruption of the blood neural barriers was observed mainly in peripheral nerves. Interestingly, the infiltration of immune cells was initiated in pre-symptomatic L31/CD4-/- mice, prior to the disease onset, in the DRG and spinal roots where the blood nerve barrier is virtually absent. CONCLUSIONS L31/CD4-/- mice mimic most parts of clinical and pathological signatures of GBS in human; thus providing an unconventional opportunity to experimentally explore the critical events that lead to spontaneous, autoimmune demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system.
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Luu VP, Vazquez MI, Zlotnik A. B cells participate in tolerance and autoimmunity through cytokine production. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:1-12. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.856006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Chittasupho C, Siahaan TJ, Vines CM, Berkland C. Autoimmune therapies targeting costimulation and emerging trends in multivalent therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:873-89. [PMID: 21984960 PMCID: PMC3186944 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins participating in immunological signaling have emerged as important targets for controlling the immune response. A multitude of receptor-ligand pairs that regulate signaling pathways of the immune response have been identified. In the complex milieu of immune signaling, therapeutic agents targeting mediators of cellular signaling often either activate an inflammatory immune response or induce tolerance. This review is primarily focused on therapeutics that inhibit the inflammatory immune response by targeting membrane-bound proteins regulating costimulation or mediating immune-cell adhesion. Many of these signals participate in larger, organized structures such as the immunological synapse. Receptor clustering and arrangement into organized structures is also reviewed and emerging trends implicating a potential role for multivalent therapeutics is posited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuda Chittasupho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhonnayok, Thailand
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
| | - Charlotte M Vines
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Verdino P, Witherden DA, Ferguson MS, Corper AL, Schiefner A, Havran WL, Wilson IA. Molecular insights into γδ T cell costimulation by an anti-JAML antibody. Structure 2011; 19:80-9. [PMID: 21220118 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity and function in immunosurveillance, immunoregulation, tumor cell recognition, and as first line of defense against microbial infection. Costimulation of epithelial γδ T cell activation by the JAML receptor can be induced by interaction with its endogenous ligand CAR or by binding of the stimulatory antibody HL4E10. We, therefore, determined the crystal structure of the JAML-HL4E10 Fab complex at 2.95 Å resolution. HL4E10 binds the membrane-proximal domain of JAML through hydrophobic interactions that account for nanomolar affinity and long half-life, contrasting with the fast kinetics and micromolar affinity of the hydrophilic CAR interaction with the membrane-distal JAML domain. Thus, despite different binding sites and mechanisms, JAML interaction with these two disparate ligands leads to the same functional outcome, namely JAML triggering and induction of cell signaling. Several characteristics of the HL4E10 antibody might then be harnessed in therapeutic applications, such as promoting healing of acute or chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Verdino
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Potential impact of B cells on T cell function in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2011; 2011:423971. [PMID: 22096636 PMCID: PMC3197079 DOI: 10.1155/2011/423971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The contribution of B cells in the pathoetiology of MS has recently been highlighted by the emergence of rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that specifically depletes B cells, as a potent immunomodulatory therapy for the treatment of MS. However, a clearer understanding of the impact B cells have on the neuro-inflammatory component of MS pathogenesis is needed in order to develop novel therapeutics whose affects on B cells would be beneficial and not harmful. Since T cells are known mediators of the pathology of MS, the goal of this review is to summarize what is known about the interactions between B cells and T cells, and how current and emerging immunotherapies may impact B-T cell interactions in MS.
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Dhawale R, Moreland LW. T-cell co-stimulation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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20
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The DTH effector response and IL-2 are unaffected by cyclosporine A in autoimmune B6D2F1 mice. Cell Immunol 2010; 266:14-23. [PMID: 20851384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is classically defined as inflammation involving activated Th1 cells and cytokine production. DTH paw swelling, along with the cytokines IL-2, IFNγ, MCP-1 and TNFα, were inhibited in Balb/c mice by cyclosporine A (CsA). Surprisingly, the DTH response in the B6D2F1 mice was unaffected by CsA, despite a decrease in TNFα and IFNγ levels. IL-2 levels, however, were not decreased. To determine if the IL-2 production in the B6D2F1 strain is occurring through CD28-mediated costimulation, both CsA and CTLA-4Ig were administered. Paw swelling and IL-2 levels were decreased, indicating a role for costimulation. Co-administration of temsirolimus and CsA also reduced DTH and IL-2 levels in B6D2F1 mice, demonstrating involvement of the mTORC1 pathway. These results indicate that the cell activation pathways responsible for DTH differ with mouse strain. It is important to understand these differences in order to accurately interpret the results using potential therapeutic agents.
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21
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Chitale S, Moots R. Abatacept: the first T lymphocyte co-stimulation modulator, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 8:115-22. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Ke Y, Sun D, Zhang P, Jiang G, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. Suppression of established experimental autoimmune uveitis by anti-LFA-1alpha Ab. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2667-75. [PMID: 17525198 PMCID: PMC2587054 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify costimulatory molecules that are important in the effector phase of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). METHODS EAU was induced in C57BL/6 (B6) mice by transfer of activated T cells specific for the interphotoreceptor-binding protein (IRBP) 1-20 peptide. The animals were then treated with and without anti-leukocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1alpha mAb, at day 0 or 10 (disease onset) after T-cell transfer. Clinical signs of inflammation, ocular histology, and infiltrated inflammatory cells in the eye were compared. The primary and secondary proliferative responses of uveitogenic CD4 and CD8 T cells were tested after treatment with costimulatory blockers in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the abilities of uveitogenic T cell trafficking and their interaction with retinal astrocytes were examined. RESULTS Anti-LFA-1alpha Abs caused significant suppression of disease when administered either at the time of effector uveitogenic T cell transfer or at disease onset. Studies of the mechanisms by which anti-LFA-1alpha Ab inhibits the effector phase of uveitis demonstrated that it blocks multiple pathogenic events of uveitis mediated by IRBP-specific uveitogenic T cells, including the activation of T cells outside and inside the eye and the trafficking of activated autoreactive T cells into the inflammatory site. In addition, Ab treatment selectively suppressed the activation and expansion of pathogenic, but not regulatory, T cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Anti-LFA-1alpha Abs are potent inhibitors of established autoimmune uveitis and that such treatment may be applicable not only for the prevention, but also the treatment, of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Zhang P, Sun D, Ke Y, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. The net effect of costimulatory blockers is dependent on the subset and activation status of the autoreactive T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:474-9. [PMID: 17182586 PMCID: PMC2587059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether CD4 and CD8 autoreactive T cells have different costimulatory requirements for their activation in vitro by testing the effect of a panel of Abs specific for various costimulatory molecules. Our results showed that CD8 interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific T cells are more dependent on costimulatory molecules for activation than their CD4 counterparts. Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific T cells are less dependent on costimulatory molecules in the secondary response than the primary response. We also showed that blockade of costimulatory molecules can either promote or inhibit the proliferation of autoreactive T cells, depending on the degree of activation of the cells. Our results show that anti-costimulatory molecule treatment can have diverse actions on autoreactive T cell subsets, the net effect being determined by the subset of immune cells affected and the type and dose of treatment used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Shao
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Hui Shao, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Louisville, 301 East Muhammad Ali Boulevard, Louisville, KY 40202. E-mail address:
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Mix E, Ibrahim SM, Pahnke J, Glass A, Mazón-Peláez I, Lemcke S, Koczan D, Gimsa U, Bansemer S, Scheel T, Karopka T, Böttcher T, Müller J, Dazert E, Antipova V, Hoffrogge R, Wree A, Zschiesche M, Strauss U, Kundt G, Warzok R, Gierl L, Rolfs A. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor Atorvastatin mediated effects depend on the activation status of target cells in PLP-EAE. J Autoimmun 2006; 27:251-65. [PMID: 17085013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Atorvastatin on transcriptional activity in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by PLP peptide 139-151 was analyzed by DNA microarray technique in lymph nodes and spinal cord at onset (10 days), height (20 days) and first remission (30 days) of disease. Fourteen genes were selectively influenced by Atorvastatin in EAE mice. They are mainly related to immune cell functions and regulation of cell-to-cell interaction. Interestingly, seven genes were also differentially regulated in CFA-injected control mice. But qualitative and quantitative differences to EAE mice argue for a dependency of statin effects on the activation status of target cells. Differential regulation of the newly detected candidate genes of statin effects COX-1 and HSP-105 and the previously known statin-responsive genes ICAM-1 and CD86 was confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometric analysis of lymph node cells revealed that the effect of Atorvastatin treatment in non-immunized healthy animals resembled the effect of immunization with PLP peptide regarding changes of T helper cells, activated B cells and macrophages. In EAE mice, these effects were partially reversed by Atorvastatin treatment. Monitoring of expression of the newly identified candidate genes and patterns of lymphocyte subpopulations might predict the responsiveness of multiple sclerosis patients to statin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilhard Mix
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis outlined to date in RA consists of a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines leading to the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the self perpetuation of inflammation, ultimately leading to cartilage and bone destruction. The dramatic progress in understanding the molecular immunology in RA has led to a transition from conventional treatment with aggressive immune suppression to targeted biological-based therapies that control the inflammatory pathways associated with RA. This article reviews the current biological and small-molecule therapies approved for the treatment of RA and those in development, including antibodies, tolerising agents and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana H Tremoulet
- University of California, Department of Pediatrics, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0731, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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26
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Liu GZ, Gomes AC, Putheti P, Karrenbauer V, Kostulas K, Press R, Hillert J, Hjelmström P, Gao XG. Increased Soluble 4-1BB Ligand (4-1BBL) Levels in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:412-9. [PMID: 16970683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL; CD137L) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells such as B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Its engagement with the receptor 4-1BB (CD137) has been shown to promote T-cell activation and regulate proliferation and survival of T cells. The role of the costimulatory molecule in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. In this study, the expression of 4-1BBL and soluble 4-1BBL (s4-1BBL) protein levels were analysed in peripheral blood of MS patients. Compared with healthy controls, MS patients had an increase in both plasma s4-1BBL protein levels and expression of 4-1BBL in CD14(+) monocytes. In contrast, myelin basic protein-reactive T-cell proliferation was not found to be inhibited by the use of an anti-4-1BBL antibody. The elevated s4-1BBL protein levels in the MS patients may function as a self-regulatory mechanism of 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction and costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Z Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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27
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Romano MF, Buffolano W, Bisogni R, Russo R, Liuzzi R, Bunders M, Newell ML, Giarrusso PC. Increased CD154 Expression in Uninfected Infants Born to HIV-Positive Mothers Exposed to Antiretroviral Prophylaxis. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:363-72. [PMID: 16987056 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission by antiretroviral drugs has been shown to be effective, the short- and long-term effects of treatment are not well known. Several reports suggest that antiretroviral drugs act not only by inhibiting viral replication, but also by improving antiviral immunity. In particular, treatment with nucleoside analogs was found to increase CD40 ligand (CD40L; CD154) levels, an inducible molecule expressed on activated T lymphocytes. The present study investigated potential immunostimulatory effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in uninfected HIV-exposed infants, receiving either ante- or postnatal therapy to reduce the transmission rate. To this end, we analyzed CD40L expression in unstimulated lymphocytes from peripheral blood samples of uninfected infants vertically exposed to HIV and subjected to ART. The CD45 PanLeucogating strategy was applied in flow cytometry to analyze the lymphocytes of 41 cases and 64 age-matched infants, taken as control. We found increased CD154 expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in ART-treated infants, compared with the controls. CD154 was apparently functional, because the expression of CD86 on monocytes was enhanced; moreover, inhibition of the CD40-CD40L interaction produced downmodulation of CD86. From these results, we conclude that CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes of HIV-exposed noninfected infants, who have been exposed to antiretroviral drugs in fetal and early life, display enhanced CD154 expression and costimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II Medical School, Naples University, Naples, Italy.
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Lisak RP, Benjamins JA, Bealmear B, Yao B, Land S, Nedelkoska L, Skundric D. Differential effects of Th1, monocyte/macrophage and Th2 cytokine mixtures on early gene expression for immune-related molecules by central nervous system mixed glial cell cultures. Mult Scler 2006; 12:149-68. [PMID: 16629418 DOI: 10.1191/135248506ms1251oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines secreted within the central nervous system (CNS) are important in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. The balance between Th1, monocyte/macrophage (M/M) and Th2 cytokines in the CNS may be pivotal in determining the outcome of lesion development. We examined the effects of mixtures of cytokines on gene expression by CNS glial cells, as mixtures of cytokines are present in MS lesions, which in turn contain mixtures of glial cells. In this initial analysis by gene array, we examined changes at 6 hours to identify early changes in gene expression that represent primary responses to the cytokines. Rat glial cells were incubated with mixtures of Th1, M/M and Th2 cytokines for 6 hours and examined for changes in early gene expression employing microarray gene chip technology. A minimum of 814 genes were differentially regulated by one or more of the cytokine mixtures in comparison to controls, including changes in expression in a large number of genes for immune system-related proteins. Expression of the proteins for these genes likely influences development and inhibition of MS lesions as well as protective and regenerative processes. Analysing gene expression for the effects of various combinations of exogenous cytokines on glial cells in the absence of the confounding effects of inflammatory cells themselves should increase our understanding of cytokine-induced pathways in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Lisak
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Tzu J, Mamelak AJ, Sauder DN. Current advancements in the treatment of psoriasis: Immunobiologic agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cair.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Although much is known about the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), our understanding of the immune pathways remains incomplete. The observed clinical and pathologic manifestations result from activation of several interrelated immune pathways. Current concepts of RA pathogenesis, supported by animal models, laboratory studies, and clinical observation, have reestablished and revised some of the original views. Early proposals emphasized the importance of autoantibodies and immune complexes in the initiation of RA, suggested a role for T cells in the inflammatory response characteristic of RA, and based disease perpetuation on an imbalance in the cytokine networks. We now recognize that each of these interrelated mechanisms significantly contributes to RA pathogenesis, including T cells that can help initiate and perpetuate the disease. This article reviews the major components and immune pathways involved in RA and briefly discusses the animal models that contribute to our understanding. Although a unified theory of RA pathogenesis may not be possible at this time, a paradigm is presented that considers the immune pathways that contribute to disease progression and joint destruction. These pathways may have important implications for treatment, because their modulation by biologic response modifiers (BRMs) directed toward specific targets provides benefits to patients with RA. BRMs are a new class of therapeutic agents derived from biologically active molecules and designed to modulate specific immune or inflammatory pathways. Although currently approved BRMs still have limitations, choosing an appropriate target, possibly early rather than late in the immune response, might result in new and improved therapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Firestein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive BSB, Rm. 5098, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Bossowski A, Stasiak-Barmuta A, Urban M, Bossowska A. Analysis of costimulatory molecules OX40/4-1BB (CD134/CD137) detection on chosen mononuclear cells in children and adolescents with Graves' disease during methimazole therapy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18:1365-72. [PMID: 16459462 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2005.18.12.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibody synthesis follows interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR) on activated T lymphocytes and the main histocompatibility complex (MHC) present on APC cells, resulting in lymphocyte proliferation, as well as cytokine synthesis and release. The involvement of costimulatory markers OX40/4-1BB/4-1BBL leads to the enhancement of signals which are necessary for lymphocyte activation in addition to the antigen-specific signal and may prevent anergy. The aim of this study was to estimate the expression of OX40 and 4-1BB molecules on peripheral blood cells in patients with Graves' disease (GD) (n = 35, mean age 16.5 +/- 6.1 years) and non-toxic nodular goiter (NTNG) (n = 35, mean age 16.2 +/- 4.7 years), in comparison with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n = 35, mean age 16.2 +/- 2.1 years). Expression of the costimulatory molecules on mononuclear cells was analyzed by three-color flow cytometry using a Coulter EPICS XL cytometer. Stimulating and blocking antibodies to the TSH-receptor using JPO9 CHO cells in unfractionated serum were measured by a highly sensitive commercial radioimmunoassay. The analysis of OX40/4-1BB expression in patients with newly recognized Graves' disease revealed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of CD134+ T cells (7% vs 1.4%, p <0.001) and CD137+ T cells (3.2% vs 0.8%, p <0.04) compared to the control group. After 2-6 months of methimazole therapy, the percentage of these cells in the peripheral blood of hyperthyroid patients returned to normal values. In addition, the expression of 4-1BBL (CD137L) was detected only on the surface of active monocytes in patients with untreated GD (3.8%), while in the group with nodular goiter and controls the values were trace (0.6% and 0.2%, respectively). We conclude that the changes of expression of costimulatory molecules on the surface of peripheral blood T cells and their significant relationship with the level of antithyroid antibodies indicate an involvement of these molecules in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. A marked increase in the percentage of CD134/ CD137+ T cells at disease onset may indicate the need for more aggressive therapy in Graves' disease and for a greater duration than the standard 3-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Bossowski
- 2nd Department of Children's Diseases, Medical University Bialystok, Poland.
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Isoforms of human B7-H3 co-signalling molecule for T cell activation as potential immunoregulatory agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005; 15:745-9. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
T cells have a central role in the orchestration of the immune pathways that contribute to the inflammation and joint destruction characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The requirement for a dual signal for T-cell activation and the construction of a fusion protein that prevents engagement of the costimulatory molecules required for this activation has led to a new approach to RA therapy. This approach is mechanistically distinct from other currently used therapies; it targets events early rather than late in the immune cascade, and it results in immunomodulation rather than complete immunosuppression. The fusion protein abatacept is a selective costimulation modulator that avidly binds to the CD80/CD86 ligands on an antigen-presenting cell, resulting in the inability of these ligands to engage the CD28 receptor on the T cell. Abatacept dose-dependently reduces T-cell proliferation, serum concentrations of acute-phase reactants, and other markers of inflammation, including the production of rheumatoid factor by B cells. Recent studies have provided consistent evidence that treatment with abatacept results in a rapid onset of efficacy that is maintained over the course of treatment in patients with inadequate response to methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapies. This efficacy includes patient-centered outcomes and radiographic measurement of disease progression. Abatacept has also demonstrated a very favorable safety profile to date. This article reviews the rationale for this therapeutic approach and highlights some of the recent studies that demonstrate the benefits obtained by using abatacept. This clinical experience indicates that abatacept is a significant addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Kremer
- Department of Medicine and Research, The Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, 1367 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12206, USA.
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Wong CK, Lit LCW, Tam LS, Li EK, Lam CWK. Aberrant production of soluble costimulatory molecules CTLA-4, CD28, CD80 and CD86 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:989-94. [PMID: 15870153 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The costimulatory interactions of the B7 family molecules CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells with their T-cell counter-receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 modulate T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses in a reciprocal manner. We investigated the possible aberrant production of soluble (s) forms of the T-cell costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, CD28 and CTLA-4 in plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease arising from T-lymphocyte dysregulation. METHODS Plasma concentration and ex vivo production of soluble costimulatory molecules of 79 SLE patients with or without active disease and 40 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Plasma sCTLA-4, sCD28, sCD80 and sCD86 concentrations of all SLE patients were significantly higher than concentrations in control subjects (all P<0.01). These increases were observed even in patients with inactive disease [SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) <3]. Plasma sCTLA-4 concentration in all SLE patients correlated significantly with SLEDAI score (r = 0.228, P = 0.043). Upon mitogen treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the percentage increases in ex vivo production of sCD28 and sCD80 and the percentage decrease in sCTLA-4 release were all significantly smaller in SLE patients with active disease than in healthy subjects (P<0.01, P<0.05 and P<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION The aberrant production of soluble T-cell costimulatory molecules is important in the immunopathogenesis of SLE, which occurs by the dysregulation of T-lymphocyte costimulation. Plasma sCTLA concentration could potentially serve as a surrogate marker of SLE disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Schreiner B, Mitsdoerffer M, Kieseier BC, Chen L, Hartung HP, Weller M, Wiendl H. Interferon-beta enhances monocyte and dendritic cell expression of B7-H1 (PD-L1), a strong inhibitor of autologous T-cell activation: relevance for the immune modulatory effect in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 155:172-82. [PMID: 15342209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are considered to play a critical role in promoting the (re)activation of potentially autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). B7-H1 (PD-L1) is a novel member of the B7 family proteins which exert costimulatory and immune regulatory functions. Here we characterize the expression and functional activity of B7-H1 expressed on monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) of healthy donors and MS patients. B7-H1 is constitutively expressed on monocytes and differentially matured DC, but not on B cells. IFN-beta, the principle immune modulatory agent used for the treatment of MS, strongly enhances B7-H1 expression on monocytes and semi-matured DC, but not B cells, in vitro. Importantly, B7-H1 expressed on APC strongly inhibits autologous CD4 T-cell activation. Neutralization of B7-H1 on monocytes or differentially matured monocyte-derived DC markedly increases the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-gamma and IL-2, T-cell proliferation, and the expression of T-cell activation markers. B7-H1 exhibits strong inhibitory effects when expressed on monocytes, immature or semi-mature DC, but less so when expressed on fully matured DC. B7-H1-dependent immune inhibition is in part mediated by CD4/CD25+ regulatory T cells. There is no difference in the baseline expression levels of monocytic B7-H1 between untreated MS patients and healthy donors. However, both groups show a significant concentration-dependent up-regulation of B7-H1 mRNA and protein in response to IFN-beta in vitro. Serial measurements of B7-H1 mRNA in MS patients before and 6 months after initiation of IFN-beta therapy corroborated the relevance of these results in vivo: Nine of nine patients showed a significant increase in B7-H1 mRNA levels after 6 months of IFN-beta therapy (median 1.04 vs. 8.78; p<0.05, two-sided t-test). Accordingly, protein expression of B7-H1 on monocytes was up-regulated after 24 h of IFN-beta application. In summary, B7-H1 expressed on APC acts as a strong inhibitor of autologous CD4 T-cell activation and may thus contribute to the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. IFN-beta up-regulates B7-H1 in vitro and in MS patients in vivo and might represent a novel mechanism how IFN-beta acts as a negative modulator on APC T-cell interactions in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schreiner
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Zöller M, McElwee KJ, Vitacolonna M, Hoffmann R. The progressive state, in contrast to the stable or regressive state of alopecia areata, is reflected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:435-44. [PMID: 15217364 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a putative autoimmune disease of the skin with an inflammatory component that can be treated by the local application of contact sensitizers. Here, we explored whether responsiveness toward diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) is reflected by the composition and the activation state of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs of 43 AA patients, 26 treated and 17 untreated, and of 31 healthy volunteers were tested. AA patients' PBMCs differed from that of healthy donors by a slight increase in CD16- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-expressing cells. These features were independent of the disease state and treatment. Additional changes in the activation state of PBMCs, upregulation of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80, of the accessory molecule CD154, and of interferon-gamma expression were identified only in AA patients where the disease was advancing, i.e. these changes were independent of the extent of hair loss and were not seen in patients with spontaneous or DPCP treatment-induced, regressing AA. Thus, the progressive state of AA is accompanied by a systemic activation of T cells, and the therapeutic efficacy of treatment can be estimated by restoration of the non-activated state. Furthermore, an increase in CD16(+)- and TNF-alpha-expressing cells may contribute to AA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Department of Tumor Progression and Tumor Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Prud'homme GJ. Altering immune tolerance therapeutically: the power of negative thinking. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 75:586-99. [PMID: 14657212 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0803394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of most human autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown. However, investigators have identified several negative regulatory mechanisms acting at the level of innate and/or adaptive immunity. Mutations resulting in a deficiency of some key regulatory molecules are associated with systemic or organ-specific inflammatory disorders, which often have a prominent autoimmune component. Genetic studies have implicated the negative regulator cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and other regulatory molecules in human autoimmune diseases. In addition to CTLA-4, key inhibitory molecules include programmed death 1 and B and T lymphocyte attenuator. Transforming growth factor beta1 and interleukin-10 also play major anti-inflammatory and regulatory roles. Tumor cells and infectious agents use negative regulatory pathways to escape immunity. The therapeutic blockage of negative signaling (particularly of CTLA-4) increases immunity against tumor antigens but also induces or aggravates autoimmune diseases. It appears that under normal conditions, the immune system is under strong "negative influences" that prevent autoimmunity and that release of this suppression results in disease. Regulation involves communication between the immune system and nonlymphoid tissues, and the latter can deliver inhibitory or stimulatory signals. Recent studies reveal that the generation of negative signals by selective engagement of inhibitory molecules is feasible and is likely to be of therapeutic benefit in autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald J Prud'homme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Wiendl H, Kieseier BC. Disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: an update on recent and ongoing trials and future strategies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:689-712. [PMID: 12665424 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.4.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults exhibiting considerable clinical, radiological and pathological heterogeneity. Novel insights in the immunopathological processes, advances in biotechnology, development of powerful magnetic resonance imaging technologies together with improvements in clinical trial design led to a variety of evaluable therapeutic approaches. Therapy has changed dramatically over the past decade, yielding significant progress for the treatment of relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS. A substantial number of pivotal and preliminary reports continue to demonstrate encouraging new evidence that advances are being made in the care of MS patients. This review summarises recent progress with currently available disease-modifying therapies and - on the basis of present immunopathogenetic concepts - outlines ongoing studies as well as future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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