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Aydin V, Bahar A, Vizdiklar C, Akici A. The association of chiral characteristic with drug withdrawal due to safety: A comparative analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:290-298. [PMID: 35942905 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chirality of drugs might be associated with safety issues through pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic variations, interactions, or direct toxicological responses. We aimed to compare chiral status of the available drugs to that of drugs withdrawn due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). METHODS We searched the literature regarding withdrawn drugs due to safety-related issues (n = 391) to compare them with all available small-molecule drugs (n = 1633). We examined their chiral status and assigned as achiral compound, chiral mixture or pure enantiomer. We compared the mean survival (i.e., nonwithdrawal) time and withdrawal rates of drugs by their chirality, with further stratification by the launch year, ATC-1 (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) level and ADR. RESULTS We identified higher withdrawal rate in achiral drugs (hazard ratio 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6-2.7) and chiral mixtures (hazard ratio 2.6, 95% CI: 1.9-3.5) compared to that in pure enantiomers. Pure enantiomers had the longest mean survival time (62.4 ± 0.8 years), followed by achiral drugs (55.4 ± 0.9 years, P < .01) and chiral mixtures (52.4 ± 1.4 years, P < .01). Pure enantiomers had higher survival rates than chiral mixtures if launched before 1941 (P = .02), in 1961-1980 (P < .001) or 1981-2000 (P < .001). Pure enantiomers had lower withdrawal rate (18.2%) vs. chiral mixtures (35.1%, P = .02) in nervous system drugs. Pure enantiomers had lower withdrawal rate than chiral mixtures in hepatotoxic (P < .01) and cardiovascular ADRs (P < .01). CONCLUSION Our study showed lower likelihood of withdrawal for pure enantiomers compared to that in chiral mixtures and achiral drugs, which was more remarkable for those launched in certain time periods and several ADRs, including hepatotoxicity and cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Aydin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Bahar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Caner Vizdiklar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Multivariate assessment of anticancer oleanane triterpenoids lipophilicity. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462552. [PMID: 34571283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring molecules are excellent sources of lead compounds. A series of oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives previously synthesized in our laboratory, which show promising antitumor activity, have been analyzed in terms of lipophilicity evaluation applying chromatographic and computational approaches. Retention data obtained on three reversed-phase liquid chromatography stationary phases (RP-HPLC) and immobilized artificial membrane chromatography (IAM-HPLC) were compared with computational methods using chemometric tools such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis and sum of ranking differences. To investigate the molecular mechanism of retention quantitive structure retention relationship analysis was performed, based on the genetic algorithm coupled with multiple linear regression (GA-MLR). The obtained results suggested that the ionization potential of studied molecules significantly affects their retention in classical RP-HPLC. In IAM-HPLC additionally, polarizability-related descriptors also play an essential role in that process. The lipophilicity indices comparison shows significant differences between the computational lipophilicity and chromatographically determined ones.
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Tozatto E, Benzi JRDL, Rocha A, Coelho EB, Lanchote VL. Nifedipine Does Not Alter the Pharmacokinetics of Venlafaxine Enantiomers in Healthy Subjects Phenotyped for CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 61:319-327. [PMID: 32974907 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Venlafaxine (VEN) is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and nifedipine has been described by in vitro and experimental studies as a P-gp inhibitor. The present study aimed to investigate whether nifedipine alters the kinetic disposition of VEN enantiomers and their metabolites in healthy subjects. A crossover study was conducted in 10 healthy subjects phenotyped as extensive metabolizers for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A. In phase 1, the subjects received a single oral dose of 150 mg racemic VEN, and in phase 2, a single oral dose of 40 mg nifedipine was administered with the VEN treatment. Plasma concentrations of VEN enantiomers and their metabolites O-desmethylvenlafaxine and N, O- didesmethylvenlafaxine (ODV and DDV, respectively) were evaluated by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry up to 72 hours after drug administration. Phase 2 was compared with phase 1 using the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the ratio of geometric means for Cmax and area under the curve (AUC). AUC enantiomeric ratios S-(+)/R-(-) were evaluated within each and between phases using the Wilcoxon test (P ≤ .05). The kinetic disposition of VEN was enantioselective (phase 1) with VEN S-(+)/R-(-) AUC ratio median of 2.83 (AUC0-∞ , 526 vs 195 ng·h/mL). However, AUC median did not differ between enantiomers for the metabolites ODV (1971 vs 2226 ng·h/mL) and DDV (199 vs 151 ng·h/mL). The 90%CI of the ratio of geometric means showed that the phases are bioequivalent. A single oral dose of 40 mg nifedipine did not alter VEN enantiomer pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tozatto
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jhohann Richard de Lima Benzi
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Rocha
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vera Lucia Lanchote
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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4
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Silva B, Silva R, Fernandes C, Guedes de Pinho P, Remião F. Enantioselectivity on the absorption of methylone and pentedrone using Caco-2 cell line: Development and validation of an UHPLC method for cathinones quantification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 395:114970. [PMID: 32234388 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, such as methylone and pentedrone, are psychoactive derivatives of cathinone, sold in the internet as "plant food" or "bath salts". However, the level at which these compounds and their enantiomers cross the intestinal barrier has not been yet determined. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the enantioselectivity on the permeability of these drugs through the intestinal barrier by using the Caco-2 cell line, a widely used in vitro model for drug permeability studies. To achieve this goal, an UHPLC-UV method was developed and validated to quantify both synthetic cathinones. The developed UHPLC-UV method revealed high selectivity and a linearity from 1 to 500 μM with correlation coefficients always higher than 0.999. The method has an accuracy that ranged between 89 and 107%, inter-day and intra-day precisions with coefficients of variation below 10%, limits of detection and quantification of 0.31 μM and 0.93 μM for methylone and 0.17 μM and 0.52 μM for pentedrone, respectively. In Caco-2 cells, a differentiated passage of the enantiomers across monolayer was observed for both cathinones. For pentedrone, the difference was observed after the first hour, being R-(-)-pentedrone the most permeable compound. Regarding methylone, the difference was noted after one hour and 30 min, with S-(-)-methylone being the most absorbed enantiomer. In conclusion, a fully validated method was successfully applied for studying the permeability of methylone and pentedrone enantiomers in an in vitro model of human intestine, which allowed to discover, for the first time, the enantioselectivity in drug permeability of this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira,228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira,228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Lopes A, Martins E, Silva R, Pinto MMM, Remião F, Sousa E, Fernandes C. Chiral Thioxanthones as Modulators of P-glycoprotein: Synthesis and Enantioselectivity Studies. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29534440 PMCID: PMC6017912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, thioxanthone derivatives were found to protect cells against toxic P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, acting as potent inducers/activators of this efflux pump. The study of new P-gp chiral modulators produced from thioxanthone derivatives could clarify the enantioselectivity of this ABC transporter towards this new class of modulators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the P-gp modulatory ability of four enantiomeric pairs of new synthesized chiral aminated thioxanthones (ATxs) 1–8, studying the influence of the stereochemistry on P-gp induction/ activation in cultured Caco-2 cells. The data displayed that all the tested compounds (at 20 μM) significantly decreased the intracellular accumulation of a P-gp fluorescent substrate (rhodamine 123) when incubated simultaneously for 60 min, demonstrating an increased activity of the efflux, when compared to control cells. Additionally, all of them except ATx 3 (+), caused similar results when the accumulation of the P-gp fluorescent substrate was evaluated after pre-incubating cells with the test compounds for 24 h, significantly reducing the rhodamine 123 intracellular accumulation as a result of a significant increase in P-gp activity. However, ATx 2 (−) was the only derivative that, after 24 h of incubation, significantly increased P-gp expression. These results demonstrated a significantly increased P-gp activity, even without an increase in P-gp expression. Therefore, ATxs 1–8 were shown to behave as P-gp activators. Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in the activity of the protein when comparing the enantiomeric pairs. Nevertheless, ATx 2 (−) modulates P-gp expression differently from its enantiomer, ATx 1 (+). These results disclosed new activators and inducers of P-gp and highlight the existence of enantioselectivity in the induction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopes
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eva Martins
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Remião
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Gu J, Sui Z, Fang C, Tan Q. Stereochemical considerations in pharmacokinetic processes of representative antineoplastic agents. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:438-450. [PMID: 29078726 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1394322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of chemical drugs or drug candidates contain stereocenter(s) in their molecular structures. In these molecules, stereochemical properties are vital properties that influence or even determine their drug actions. Therefore, studying the stereochemical issues of drugs (or drug candidates) is necessary for rational drug use. These stereochemical issues are usually involved with the stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetic processes, especially in the metabolism process. Thus, the investigation of the stereochemical issues in drug metabolism process deserves great attention, especially in those chiral/prochiral antineoplastic agents exhibiting pharmacodynamics and toxicologic differences between stereoisomers. Published reviews concerning this certain issue are inspiring, however they were covering all drug types and only limited antineoplastic drugs were discussed. Here in this review, the research on stereochemical issues in pharmacokinetic processes of some representative antineoplastic agents were described, especially focusing on some newly developed compounds. We highlight the chemical transformations in pharmacokinetic processes of these chiral/prochiral compounds and discuss their different behaviors with metabolic enzymes or transporter proteins, to explicate the observed stereoselectivity intrinsically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Zheng Sui
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chunshu Fang
- b The Health Team of 77133th Troops , Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chongqing , China
| | - Qunyou Tan
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research , Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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7
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Eap CB. Personalized prescribing: a new medical model for clinical implementation of psychotropic drugs. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 27757065 PMCID: PMC5067148 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.3/ceap] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of pharmacogenetic tests was already being proposed in psychiatry in the early 2000s because genetic factors were known to influence drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, sufficient levels of evidence to justify routine use have been achieved for only a few tests (eg, major histocompatibility complex, class I, B, allele 1502 [HLA-B*1502] for carbamazepine in epilepsy and bipolar disorders); many findings are too preliminary or, when replicated, of low clinical relevance because of a small effect size. Although drug selection and dose adaptation according to cytochrome P450 genotypes are sound, a large number of patients need to be genotyped in order to prevent one case of severe side effect and/or nonresponse. The decrease in cost for genetic analysis shifts the cost: benefit ratio toward increasing use of pharmacogenetic tests. However, they have to be combined with careful clinical evaluations and other tools (eg, therapeutic drug monitoring and phenotyping) to contribute to the general aim of providing the best care for psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin B Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Centre for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland; School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Carocci A, Catalano A, Turi F, Lovece A, Cavalluzzi MM, Bruno C, Colabufo NA, Contino M, Perrone MG, Franchini C, Lentini G. Stereoselective Modulation of P-Glycoprotein by Chiral Small Molecules. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:93-101. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Carocci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Francesco Turi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Angelo Lovece
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Maria M. Cavalluzzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Nicola A. Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Maria G. Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; via E. Orabona n. 4 70125 Bari Italy
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9
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Chang KL, Pee HN, Yang S, Ho PC. Influence of drug transporters and stereoselectivity on the brain penetration of pioglitazone as a potential medicine against Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9000. [PMID: 25760794 PMCID: PMC5390903 DOI: 10.1038/srep09000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioglitazone is currently undergoing clinical trials for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, poor brain penetration remains an obstacle to development of the drug for such intended clinical uses. In this study, we demonstrate that the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) significantly increases brain penetration of pioglitazone, whereas inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) has little effect. We also investigate the stereoselectivity of pioglitazone uptake in the brain. When mice were dosed with racemic pioglitazone, the concentration of (+)-pioglitazone was 46.6% higher than that of (-)-pioglitazone in brain tissue and 67.7% lower than that of (-)-pioglitazone in plasma. Dosing mice with pure (+)-pioglitazone led to a 76% increase in brain exposure levels compared to those from an equivalent dose of racemic pioglitazone. Pure (+)-pioglitazone was also shown to have comparable amyloid-lowering capabilities to the racemic pioglitazone in an in vitro AD model. These results suggest that P-gp may act as a stereoselective barrier to prevent pioglitazone entry into the brain. Dosing with (+)-pioglitazone instead of the racemic mixture may result in higher levels of brain exposure to pioglitazone, thus potentially improving the development of pioglitazone treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lun Chang
- 1] Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore [2] Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hai Ning Pee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shili Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Paul C Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Cavalluzzi MM, Lovece A, Bruno C, Franchini C, Lentini G. Preparation of (−)-(R)-2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenoxy)-2-(phenyl-d5)acetic acid: an efficient 1H NMR chiral solvating agent for direct enantiomeric purity evaluation of quinoline-containing antimalarial drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhou Q, Yu LS, Zeng S. Stereoselectivity of chiral drug transport: a focus on enantiomer-transporter interaction. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:283-90. [PMID: 24796860 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.887094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug transporters and drug metabolism enzymes govern drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Many literature works presenting important aspects related to stereochemistry of drug metabolism are available. However, there is very little literature on stereoselectivity of chiral drug transport and enantiomer-transporter interaction. In recent years, the experimental research within this field showed good momentum. Herein, an up-to-date review on this topic was presented. Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP), Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Organic Anion Transporters (OATs), Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs), Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs), Peptide Transport Proteins (PepTs), Human Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter (PCFT) and Multidrug and Toxic Extrusion Proteins (MATEs), have been reported to exhibit either positive or negative enantio-selective substrate recognition. The approaches utilized to study chirality in enantiomer-transporter interaction include inhibition experiments of specific transporters in cell models (e.g. Caco-2 cells), transport study using drug resistance cell lines or transgenic cell lines expressing transporters in wild type or variant, the use of transporter knockout mice, pharmacokinetics association of single nucleotide polymorphism in transporters, pharmacokinetic interaction study of racemate in the presence of specific transporter inhibitor or inducer, molecule cellular membrane affinity chromatography and pharmacophore modeling. Enantiomer-enantiomer interactions exist in chiral transport. The strength and/or enantiomeric preference of stereoselectivity may be species or tissue-specific, concentration-dependent and transporter family member-dependent. Modulation of specific drug transporter by pure enantiomers might exhibit opposite stereoselectivity. Further studies with integrated approaches will open up new horizons in stereochemistry of pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province , China and
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12
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Karlsson L, Carlsson B, Hiemke C, Ahlner J, Bengtsson F, Schmitt U, Kugelberg FC. Altered brain concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in P-glycoprotein deficient mice after acute and chronic treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1636-44. [PMID: 23428338 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
According to both in vitro and in vivo data P-glycoprotein (P-gp) may restrict the uptake of several antidepressants into the brain, thus contributing to the poor success rate of current antidepressant therapies. The therapeutic activity of citalopram resides in the S-enantiomer, whereas the R-enantiomer is practically devoid of serotonin reuptake potency. To date, no in vivo data are available that address whether the enantiomers of citalopram and its metabolites are substrates of P-gp. P-gp knockout (abcb1ab (-/-)) and wild-type (abcb1ab (+/+)) mice underwent acute (single-dose) and chronic (two daily doses for 10 days) treatment with citalopram (10mg/kg) or escitalopram (5mg/kg) Serum and brain samples were collected 1-6h after the first or last i.p. injection for subsequent drug analysis by an enantioselective HPLC method. In brain, 3-fold higher concentrations of S- and R-citalopram, and its metabolites, were found in abcb1ab (-/-) mice than in abcb1ab (+/+) mice after both acute and chronic citalopram treatments. After escitalopram treatment, the S-citalopram brain concentration was 3-5 times higher in the knockout mice than in controls. The results provide novel evidence that the enantiomers of citalopram are substrates of P-gp. Possible clinical and toxicological implications of this finding need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Karlsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research, Clinical Pharmacology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Lili W, Cheng G, Zhiyong Z, Qi Y, Yan L, Dan L, Xueli Z, Yuan Z. Steady-State Plasma Concentration of Donepezil Enantiomers and Its Stereoselective Metabolism and Transport In Vitro. Chirality 2013; 25:498-505. [PMID: 23798321 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Lili
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhiyong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
| | - Li Dan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xueli
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
| | - Zhong Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200233 P. R. China
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Lockley WJS, McEwen A, Cooke R. Tritium: a coming of age for drug discovery and development ADME studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. J. S. Lockley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Surrey; Guildford; Surrey,; GU2 7XH; UK
| | - A. McEwen
- Quotient Bioresearch; Rushden; Northamptonshire,; NN10 6ER; UK
| | - R. Cooke
- Quotient Bioresearch; Rushden; Northamptonshire,; NN10 6ER; UK
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Wang L, McNamara PJ. Stereoselective Interaction of Pantoprazole with ABCG2. I. Drug Accumulation in Rat Milk. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1018-23. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Overton's rule helps to estimate the penetration of anti-infectives into patients' cerebrospinal fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:979-88. [PMID: 22106225 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00437-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1900, Ernst Overton found that the entry of anilin dyes through the cell membranes of living cells depended on the lipophilicity of the dyes. The brain is surrounded by barriers consisting of lipid layers that possess several inward and outward active transport systems. In the absence of meningeal inflammation, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of anti-infectives in humans estimated by the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in CSF (AUC(CSF)) to that in serum (AUC(CSF)/AUC(S)) correlated positively with the lipid-water partition coefficient at pH 7.0 (log D) (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r(S) = 0.40; P = 0.01) and negatively with the molecular mass (MM) (r(S) = -0.33; P = 0.04). The ratio of AUC(CSF) to the AUC of the fraction in serum that was not bound (AUC(CSF)/AUC(S,free)) strongly correlated with log D (r(S) = 0.67; P < 0.0001). In the presence of meningeal inflammation, AUC(CSF)/AUC(S) also correlated positively with log D (r(S) = 0.46; P = 0.002) and negatively with the MM (r(S) = -0.37; P = 0.01). The correlation of AUC(CSF)/AUC(S,free) with log D (r(S) = 0.66; P < 0.0001) was as strong as in the absence of meningeal inflammation. Despite these clear correlations, Overton's rule was able to explain only part of the differences in CSF penetration of the individual compounds. The site of CSF withdrawal (lumbar versus ventricular CSF), age of the patients, underlying diseases, active transport, and alterations in the pharmacokinetics by comedications also appeared to strongly influence the CSF penetration of the drugs studied.
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Guo Z, Zhu J, Zhao L, Luo Q, Jin X. Expression and clinical significance of multidrug resistance proteins in brain tumors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:122. [PMID: 20815915 PMCID: PMC2941755 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background To investigate the mechanisms of multidrug resistance of brain tumors, to identify the site of cellular expression of P-gp in human brains in situ and to morphologically determine whether an association may exist between P-gp and caveolin-1. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression and location of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MDR), Lung resistance-related protein (LRP), Topoisomerase II (Topo II) and Glutathione-S-π (GST-π) in 30 patient tumor tissues and 5 normal brain tissues. The sections were subjected to double labeling for P-gp (TRITC labeled) and caveolin-1 (FITC labeled). The location and characteristics of expression of the two proteins in the blood brain barrier(BBB) was observed using a laser scanning microscope. Results High expression of P-gp was detected in vessel walls and the tissue surrounding the vessels. However, expression of P-gp was low in tumor cells. The expression of the other 4 multidrug resistance proteins was not observed in the vessel walls. Laser scanning microscopy showed P-gp and caveolin-1 co-expression: the two proteins co-localized either in the luminal endothelial compartment or at the border of the luminal/abluminal compartments. Conclusion Chemotherapeutics drugs are interrupted in the end-feet of neuroepithelial cells of the BBB by P-gp, which weakens the chemotherapeutic effect. P-gp marks the BBB, and the transporter is localized in the luminal endothelial compartment where it co-localizes with caveolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Department of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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