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Kojima Y, Fujieda S, Zhou L, Takikawa M, Kuramochi K, Furuya T, Mizumoto A, Kagaya N, Kawahara T, Shin-Ya K, Dan S, Tomida A, Ishikawa F, Sadaie M. Cytochrome P450 2J2 is required for the natural compound austocystin D to elicit cancer cell toxicity. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 39009033 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Austocystin D is a natural compound that induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase-dependent DNA damage and growth inhibition in certain cancer cell lines. Cancer cells exhibiting higher sensitivity to austocystin D often display elevated CYP2J2 expression. However, the essentiality and the role of CYP2J2 for the cytotoxicity of this compound remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that CYP2J2 depletion alleviates austocystin D sensitivity and DNA damage induction, while CYP2J2 overexpression enhances them. Moreover, the investigation into genes involved in austocystin D cytotoxicity identified POR and PGRMC1, positive regulators for CYP activity, and KAT7, a histone acetyltransferase. Through genetic manipulation and analysis of multiomics data, we elucidated a role for KAT7 in CYP2J2 transcriptional regulation. These findings strongly suggest that CYP2J2 is crucial for austocystin D metabolism and its subsequent cytotoxic effects. The potential use of austocystin D as a therapeutic prodrug is underscored, particularly in cancers where elevated CYP2J2 expression serves as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kojima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saki Fujieda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Liya Zhou
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mizumoto
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kagaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Kawahara
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-Ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Dan
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tomida
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mahito Sadaie
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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El-Serafi I, Steele S. Cyclophosphamide Pharmacogenomic Variation in Cancer Treatment and Its Effect on Bioactivation and Pharmacokinetics. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:4862706. [PMID: 38966316 PMCID: PMC11223907 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4862706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (Cy) is a prodrug that is mainly bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6 enzyme. Several other enzymes are also involved in its bioactivation and affect its kinetics. Previous studies have shown the effect of the enzymes' genetic polymorphisms on Cy kinetics and its clinical outcome. These results were controversial primarily because of the involvement of several interacting enzymes in the Cy metabolic pathway, which can also be affected by several clinical factors as well as other drug interactions. In this review article, we present the effect of CYP2B6 polymorphisms on Cy kinetics since it is the main bioactivating enzyme, as well as discussing all previously reported enzymes and clinical factors that can alter Cy efficacy. Additionally, we present explanations for key Cy side effects related to the nature and site of its bioactivation. Finally, we discuss the role of busulphan in conditioning regimens in the Cy metabolic pathway as a clinical example of drug-drug interactions involving several enzymes. By the end of this article, our aim is to have provided a comprehensive summary of Cy pharmacogenomics and the effect on its kinetics. The utility of these findings in the development of new strategies for Cy personalized patient dose adjustment will aid in the future optimization of patient specific Cy dosages and ultimately in improving clinical outcomes. In conclusion, CYP2B6 and several other enzyme polymorphisms can alter Cy kinetics and consequently the clinical outcomes. However, the precise quantification of Cy kinetics in any individual patient is complex as it is clearly under multifactorial genetic control. Additionally, other clinical factors such as the patient's age, diagnosis, concomitant medications, and clinical status should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Basic Medical Sciences DepartmentCollege of MedicineAjman University, Ajman, UAE
- Department of Hand Surgery, and Plastic Surgery and BurnsLinköping University Hospital, Linkoöping, Sweden
| | - Sinclair Steele
- Pathological Sciences DepartmentCollege of MedicineAjman University, Ajman, UAE
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Abderahmene A, Francke MI, Andrews LM, Hesselink DA, Amor D, Sahtout W, Ajmi M, Mastouri H, Bouslama A, Zellama D, Omezzine A, De Winter BCM. A Population Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict the Individual Starting Dose of Tacrolimus for Tunisian Adults after Renal Transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 2024; 46:57-66. [PMID: 38018879 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus is the most frequently used immunosuppressive drug for preventing renal rejection. However, its use is hampered by its narrow therapeutic index and large intra and interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics. The objective of this study was to externally validate a tacrolimus population pharmacokinetic model developed for the Dutch population and adjust the model for the Tunisian population for use in predicting the starting dose requirement after kidney transplantation. METHODS Data on tacrolimus exposure were obtained from kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) during the first 3 months post-transplantation. External validation of the Dutch model and its adjustment for the Tunisian population was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. RESULTS In total, 1901 whole-blood predose tacrolimus concentrations from 196 adult KTRs were analyzed. According to a visual predictive check, the Dutch model underestimated the starting dose for the Tunisian adult population. The effects of age, together with the CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*22 genotypes on tacrolimus clearance were significantly different in the Tunisian population than in the Dutch population. Based on a bodyweight-based dosing, only 21.9% of tacrolimus concentrations were within the target range, whereas this was estimated to be 54.0% with the newly developed model-based dosing. After adjustment, the model was successfully validated internally in a Tunisian population. CONCLUSIONS A starting-dose population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus for Tunisian KTRs was developed based on a previously published Dutch model. Using this starting dose could potentially increase the percentage of patients achieving target tacrolimus concentrations after the initial starting dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Abderahmene
- Department of Biochemistry , LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, University of Monastir Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marith I Francke
- Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise M Andrews
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Meander MC, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorra Amor
- Department of Biochemistry , LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, University of Monastir Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wissal Sahtout
- Department of Nephrology, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; and
| | - Marwa Ajmi
- Department of Biochemistry , LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, University of Monastir Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hayfa Mastouri
- Department of Biochemistry , LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, University of Monastir Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ali Bouslama
- Department of Biochemistry , LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, University of Monastir Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Dorsaf Zellama
- Department of Nephrology, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; and
| | - Asma Omezzine
- Department of Biochemistry , LR12SP11, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, University of Monastir Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Brenda C M De Winter
- Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Terrones-Gurrola MCDR, Ponce-Peña P, Salas-Pacheco JM, Camacho-Luis A, Pozos-Guillén ADJ, Nieto-Delgado G, López-Guzmán OD, Vértiz-Hernández AA. Arsenic: A Perspective on Its Effect on Pioglitazone Bioavailability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1901. [PMID: 36767268 PMCID: PMC9915544 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arsenic (As) is a common contaminant in drinking water in northeastern Mexico, which reduces the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP 450). This enzyme group metabolizes numerous drugs, such as oral antidiabetic drugs such as pioglitazone (61% CYP 3A4, 49% CYP 2C8). When CYP 450's function is inadequate, it has decreased therapeutic activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to establish the effect of As on pioglitazone metabolism in patients with T2DM. METHODOLOGY Urine, water, and plasma samples from a healthy population (n = 11) and a population with T2DM (n = 20) were obtained. Samples were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy/hydride generation (As) and HPLC (pioglitazone). Additionally, CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 were studied by density functional theory (DFT). RESULTS The healthy and T2DM groups were exposed via drinking water to >0.010 ppm, Ka values with a factor of 4.7 higher, Cl 1.42 lower, and ABCt 1.26 times higher concerning the healthy group. In silico analysis (DFT) of CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 isoforms showed the substitution of the iron atom by As in the active sites of the enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the substitution of Fe for As modifies the enzymatic function of CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 isoforms, altering the metabolic process of CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4 in patients with T2DM. Consequently, the variation in metabolism alters the bioavailability of pioglitazone and the expected final effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Ponce-Peña
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34120, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durang, Durango 34000, Mexico
| | - Abelardo Camacho-Luis
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentos y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durang, Durango 34000, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Nieto-Delgado
- Departamento de Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78290, Mexico
| | - Olga Dania López-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34120, Mexico
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Bagdasaryan AA, Chubarev VN, Smolyarchuk EA, Drozdov VN, Krasnyuk II, Liu J, Fan R, Tse E, Shikh EV, Sukocheva OA. Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: The Role of Gene Polymorphism in the Regulation of Doxorubicin Safety and Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215436. [PMID: 36358854 PMCID: PMC9659104 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The effectiveness and safety of the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin (anthracycline group medicine) depend on the metabolism and retention of the drug in the human organism. Polymorphism of cytochrome p450 (CYP)-encoding genes and detoxifying enzymes such as CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 were found responsible for variations in the doxorubicin metabolism. Transmembrane transporters such as p-glycoproteins were reported to be involved in cancer tissue retention of doxorubicin. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family members, including ABCB1 transporters (also known as Multi-Drug Resistance 1 (MDR1)) proteins, were determined to pump out doxorubicin from breast cancer cells, therefore reducing the drug effectiveness. This study critically discusses the latest data about the role of CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and ABCB1 gene polymorphism in the regulation of doxorubicin’s effects in breast cancer patients. The assessment of genetic differences in the expression of doxorubicin metabolizing and transporting enzymes should be explored for the development of personalized medical treatment of breast cancer patients. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is the prevailing malignancy and major cause of cancer-related death in females. Doxorubicin is a part of BC neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. The administration of anthracycline derivates, such as doxorubicin, may cause several side effects, including hematological disfunction, gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is a major adverse reaction to anthracyclines, and it may vary depending on individual differences in doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. Determination of specific polymorphisms of genes that can alter doxorubicin metabolism was shown to reduce the risk of adverse reactions and improve the safety and efficacy of doxorubicin. Genes which encode cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6), p-glycoproteins (ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family members such as Multi-Drug Resistance 1 (MDR1) protein), and other detoxifying enzymes were shown to control the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin. The effectiveness of doxorubicin is defined by the polymorphism of cytochrome p450 and p-glycoprotein-encoding genes. This study critically discusses the latest data about the role of gene polymorphisms in the regulation of doxorubicin’s anti-BC effects. The correlation of genetic differences with the efficacy and safety of doxorubicin may provide insights for the development of personalized medical treatment for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A. Bagdasaryan
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Chubarev
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Smolyarchuk
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Drozdov
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Krasnyuk
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Junqi Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ruitai Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Edmund Tse
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Evgenia V. Shikh
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Sukocheva
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Roth RA, Kana O, Filipovic D, Ganey PE. Pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic concepts in idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:469-481. [PMID: 36003040 PMCID: PMC9484408 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) causes morbidity and mortality in patients and leads to curtailed use of efficacious pharmaceuticals. Unlike intrinsically toxic reactions, which depend on dose, IDILI occurs in a minority of patients at therapeutic doses. Much remains unknown about causal links among drug exposure, a mode of action, and liver injury. Consequently, numerous hypotheses about IDILI pathogenesis have arisen. AREAS COVERED Pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic characteristics underlying current hypotheses of IDILI etiology are discussed and illustrated graphically. EXPERT OPINION Hypotheses to explain IDILI etiology all involve alterations in pharmacokinetics, which lead to plasma drug concentrations that rise above a threshold for toxicity, or in toxicodynamics, which result in a lowering of the toxicity threshold. Altered pharmacokinetics arise, for example, from changes in drug metabolism or from transporter polymorphisms. A lowered toxicity threshold can arise from drug-induced mitochondrial injury, accumulation of toxic endogenous factors or harmful immune responses. Newly developed, interactive freeware (DemoTox-PK; https://bit.ly/DemoTox-PK) allows the user to visualize how such alterations might lead to a toxic reaction. The illustrations presented provide a framework for conceptualizing idiosyncratic reactions and could serve as a stimulus for future discussion, education, and research into modes of action of IDILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 49924
- ProbiTox LLC, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Omar Kana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 49924
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - David Filipovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Patricia E. Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 49924
- ProbiTox LLC, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
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Popovici J, Tebben K, Witkowski B, Serre D. Primaquine for Plasmodium vivax radical cure: What we do not know and why it matters. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:36-42. [PMID: 33529838 PMCID: PMC7851417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax radical cure requires the administration of a blood schizonticide for killing blood-stage parasites and the addition of a drug able to kill hypnozoites, the dormant parasite stages residing in the liver of infected patients. All drugs used clinically for killing hypnozoites are 8-aminoquinolines and among them, primaquine has been at the forefront of P. vivax case management for decades. We discuss here the possible factors that could lead to the emergence and selection of P. vivax primaquine resistant parasites and emphasize on how a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying primaquine treatment and hypnozoite biology is needed to prevent this catastrophic scenario from happening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Popovici
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Kieran Tebben
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Aljabri A, Alnaim F, Alsaleh Y. Combined homozygous 21 hydroxylase with heterozygous P450 oxidoreductase mutation in a Saudi boy presented with hypertension. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/9/e233942. [PMID: 32994263 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) comprises a group of inherited autosomal recessive disorders characterised by defective cortisol biosynthesis, compensatory increases in corticotrophin secretion and adrenocortical hyperplasia. The characteristics of the biochemical and clinical phenotype depend on the specific enzymatic defect. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is estimated to account for 90%-95% of all CAH cases. Although there are many variants of CAH, a new variant is found secondary to a mutation in the gene encoding the protein P450 oxidoreductase (POR) in which the electron is granted to all microsomal P450 enzymes type II. In 2004, it was discovered that this new CAH disease was attributable to the POR gene mutation. POR facilitates electron transfer from Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to key enzymes involved in steroid and sterol synthesis and metabolism. POR deficiency causes partial and combined impairment of the key enzymes involved in steroidogenesis: P450c17 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase), P450c21 (21-hydroxylase) and P450aro (aromatase). Clinically, mutant POR manifests with disordered sex development, adrenal insufficiency and skeletal malformations. However, each enzyme may be differently compromised in the same patient. This difference in the clinical manifestations secondary to the variability in enzymatic impairments ranges from ambiguous genitalia in both sexes, adrenal insufficiency associated or not to bone malformations, to abnormal laboratory results in the neonatal screening test of asymptomatic newborns. We report here a case of a 46, XY patient with normal male genitalia associated with hypertension not related to fludrocortisone in which genetic study showed that a homozygous mutation in the CYP21A2 also carries the heterozygous missense variant of unclear pathogenicity in the POR gene.Although there are many variants of CAH, a new variant is found secondary to a mutation in the gene encoding the protein P450 oxidoreductase (POR) which therefore the electron is granted to all microsomal P450 enzymes type II. In 2004, it was mentioned by Fluck and his colleagues that this new CAH disease was attributable to the POR gene mutation.POR facilitates electron transfer from NADPH to key enzymes involved in steroid and sterol synthesis and metabolism.POR deficiency causes partial and combined impairment of the key enzymes involved in steroidogenesis: P450c17 (17α- hydroxylase/17,20 lyase), P450c21 (21-hydroxylase) and P450aro (aromatase).Clinically, Mutant POR manifests with disordered sex development, adrenal insufficiency and skeletal malformations.However, each enzyme may be differently compromised in the same patient. This difference in the clinical manifestations secondary to the variability in enzymatic impairments, it is ranging from ambiguous genitalia in both sexes, adrenal insufficiency associated or not to bone malformations, to abnormal laboratory results in the neonatal screening test of asymptomatic newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Aljabri
- King Abdulaziz National Guard Hospital, Al Ahssa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alnaim
- King Abdulaziz National Guard Hospital, Al Ahssa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasin Alsaleh
- Maternity and Childrens Hospital, Al Ahssa, Saudi Arabia
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Nakamura T, Fukuda M, Matsukane R, Suetsugu K, Harada N, Yoshizumi T, Egashira N, Mori M, Masuda S. Influence of POR*28 Polymorphisms on CYP3A5*3-Associated Variations in Tacrolimus Blood Levels at an Early Stage after Liver Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072287. [PMID: 32225074 PMCID: PMC7178010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism is an important marker that correlates with the tacrolimus dose requirement after organ transplantation. Recently, it has been revealed that the POR*28 polymorphism affects the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in renal transplant patients. In this study, we examined whether POR*28 as well as CYP3A5*3 polymorphism in Japanese recipients and donors would be another biomarker for the variation of tacrolimus blood levels in the recipients during the first month after living-donor liver transplantation. We enrolled 65 patients treated with tacrolimus, who underwent liver transplantation between July 2016 and January 2019. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole-blood samples, and genotyping was performed to examine the presence of CYP3A5*3 and POR*28 polymorphisms in the recipients and donors. The CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype (defective CYP3A5) of the recipient (standard partial regression coefficient [median C/D ratio of CYP3A5 expressor vs. CYP3A5 non-expressor, p value]: Pod 1–7, β= −0.389 [1.76 vs. 2.73, p < 0.001]; Pod 8–14, β = −0.345 [2.03 vs. 2.83, p < 0.001]; Pod 15–21, β= −0.417 [1.75 vs. 2.94, p < 0.001]; Pod 22–28, β = −0.627 [1.55 vs. 2.90, p < 0.001]) rather than donor (Pod 1–7, β = n/a [1.88 vs. 2.76]; Pod 8–14, β = n/a [1.99 vs. 2.93]; Pod 15–21, β = −0.175 [1.91 vs. 2.94, p = 0.004]; Pod 22–28, β = n/a [1.61 vs. 2.67]) significantly contributed to the increase in the concentration/dose (C/D) ratio of tacrolimus for at least one month after surgery. We found that the tacrolimus C/D ratio significantly decreased from the third week after transplantation when the recipient carried both CYP3A5*1 (functional CYP3A5) and POR*28 (n = 19 [29.2%], median C/D ratio [inter quartile range] = 1.58 [1.39–2.17]), compared with that in the recipients carrying CYP3A5*1 and POR*1/*1 (n = 8 [12.3%], median C/D ratio [inter quartile range] = 2.23 [2.05–3.06]) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting that the POR*28 polymorphism is another biomarker for the tacrolimus oral dosage after liver transplantation in patients carrying CYP3A5*1 rather than CYP3A5*3/*3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, The Pharmaceutical College, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Mio Fukuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (N.E.)
| | - Ryosuke Matsukane
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (N.E.)
| | - Kimitaka Suetsugu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (N.E.)
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (N.H.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (N.H.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (N.E.)
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (N.H.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Satohiro Masuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (M.F.); (R.M.); (K.S.); (N.E.)
- Department of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, 852 Hatakeda, Narita 286-0124, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-476-28-1401
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Schulz C, Kammerer S, Küpper JH. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase expression and enzymatic activity in primary-like human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells for in vitro biotransformation studies. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:249-260. [PMID: 31561354 PMCID: PMC6918903 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human hepatocyte in vitro cell culture systems are important models for drug development and toxicology studies in the context of liver xenobiotic metabolism. Often, such culture systems are used to elucidate the biotransformation of xenobiotics or drugs and further investigate drug and drug metabolite effects on biological systems in terms of potential therapeutic benefit or toxicity. Human hepatocytes currently used for such in vitro studies are mostly primary cells or cell lines derived from liver cancers. Both approaches have limitations such as low proliferation capacity and progressive dedifferentiation found in primary cells or lack of liver functions in cell lines, which makes it difficult to reliably predict biotransformation of xenobiotics in patients. In order to overcome these limitations, HepaFH3 cells and Upcyte® hepatocytes representing primary-like hepatocytes of the first and second generation are increasingly used. Based on primary human hepatocyte cells transduced for stable expression of Upcyte® proliferation genes, they are mitotically active and exhibit liver functions over an extended period, making them comparable to primary human hepatocytes. These hepatocyte models show active liver metabolism such as urea and glycogen formation as well as biotransformation of xenobiotics. The latter is based on the expression, activity and inducibility of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) as essential phase I reaction components. However, for further characterisation in terms of performance and existing limitations, additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in phase I reactions. One prerequisite is sufficient activity of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) functionally connected as electron donor to those CYP enzymes. OBJECTIVE: For Upcyte® hepatocytes and HepaFH3 cells, it is so far unknown to what extent POR is expressed, active, and may exert CYP-modulating effects. Here we studied POR expression and corresponding enzyme activity in human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 and compared this with HepaFH3 and Upcyte® hepatocytes representing proliferating primary-like hepatocytes. METHODS: POR expression of those hepatocyte models was determined at mRNA and protein level using qRT-PCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescence staining. Kinetic studies on POR activity in isolated microsomes were performed by a colorimetric method. RESULTS: The investigated hepatocyte models showed remarkable differences at the level of POR expression. Compared to primary-like hepatocytes, POR expression of HepG2 cells was 4-fold higher at mRNA and 2-fold higher at protein level. However, this higher expression did not correlate with corresponding enzyme activity levels in isolated microsomes, which were comparable between all cell systems tested. A tendency of higher POR activity in HepG2 cells compared to HepaFH3 (p = 0.0829) might be present. Compared to primary human hepatocyte microsomes, POR activity was considerably lower in all hepatocyte models. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study revealed that POR expression and activity were clearly detectable in all in vitro hepatocyte models with the highest POR expression in cancer cell line HepG2. However, POR activity was lower in tested hepatocyte models when compared to human primary hepatocyte microsomes. Whether this was caused by e.g. polymorphisms or metabolic differences of investigated hepatocyte models will be target for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Fraunhofer Project Group PZ-Syn of the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany, located at the Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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11
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Riddick DS, Mullen Grey AK. Mechanisms of NADPH - cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase induction by dexamethasone in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 98:267-274. [PMID: 31825663 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of NADPH - cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), electron donor for microsomal P450s, is induced in rat liver by dexamethasone (DEX), an activator of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). DEX induction of POR in rat liver is primarily PXR-mediated, although GR may contribute to mRNA effects. We examined the role of GR and PXR in the DEX induction of POR mRNA and protein in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. The DEX EC50 for a PXR target, CYP3A23, exceeded that for the GR targets tyrosine aminotransferase and PXR as well as POR itself. POR protein levels were induced 3- and 4-fold, respectively, by DEX concentrations activating GR selectively (100 nM) or both GR and PXR (10 μM). POR was induced by triamcinolone acetonide, a selective GR agonist, but not pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, a selective PXR agonist. POR induction was blocked by the GR antagonist RU486 but minimally influenced by the PXR antagonist FLB-12. The half-life for POR mRNA was prolonged by DEX at both 100 nM and 10 μM. GR is more important in DEX-induced POR expression in H4IIE cells compared to rat liver in vivo, calling into question the suitability of this cell model for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Riddick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne K Mullen Grey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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12
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Dempsey JL, Cui JY. Microbiome is a functional modifier of P450 drug metabolism. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 5:481-490. [PMID: 33312848 PMCID: PMC7731899 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-019-00200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Host cytochrome P450s (P450s) play important roles in the bioactivation and detoxification of numerous therapeutic drugs, environmental toxicants, dietary factors, as well as endogenous compounds. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as our "second genome" that contributes to the xenobiotic biotransformation of the host, and the first pass metabolism of many orally exposed chemicals is a joint effort between host drug metabolizing enzymes including P450s and gut microbiome. Gut microbiome contributes to the drug metabolism via two distinct mechanisms: direct mechanism refers to the metabolism of drugs by microbial enzymes, among which reduction and hydrolysis (or deconjugation) are among the most important reactions; whereas indirect mechanism refers to the influence of host receptors and signaling pathways by microbial metabolites. Many types of microbial metabolites, such as secondary bile acids (BAs), short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and tryptophan metabolites, are known regulators of human diseases through modulating host xenobiotic-sensing receptors. To study the roles of gut microbiome in regulating host drug metabolism including P450s, several models including germ free mice, antibiotics or probiotics treatments, have been widely used. The present review summarized the current information regarding the interactions between microbiome and the host P450s in xenobiotic biotransformation organs such as liver, intestine, and kidney, highlighting the remote sensing mechanisms underlying gut microbiome mediated regulation of host xenobiotic biotransformation. In addition, the roles of bacterial, fungal, and other microbiome kingdom P450s, which is an understudied area of research in pharmacology and toxicology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington
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13
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Ahmed JH, Makonnen E, Fotoohi A, Aseffa A, Howe R, Aklillu E. CYP2D6 Genotype Predicts Plasma Concentrations of Tamoxifen Metabolites in Ethiopian Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091353. [PMID: 31547390 PMCID: PMC6770728 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen displays wide inter-individual variability (IIV) in its pharmacokinetics and treatment outcome. Data on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics from black African breast cancer patient populations is lacking. We investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic profile of tamoxifen and its major active metabolite, endoxifen, in Ethiopian breast cancer patients. A total of 81 female breast cancer patients on adjuvant tamoxifen therapy were enrolled. Tamoxifen (Tam) and its major metabolites, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDM), 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-HT), and (Z)-endoxifen (E) were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Genotyping for CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A5, POR, and ABCB1 and UGT2B15 and copy number variation for CYP2D6 were done. The proportion of patients with low endoxifen level (<5.9 ng/mL) was 35.8% (median concentration 7.94 ng/mL). The allele frequency of CYP2D6 gene deletion (*5) and duplication (*1×N or *2×N) was 4.3% and 14.8%, respectively. Twenty-six percent of the patients carried duplicated or multiplicated CYP2D6 gene. An increase in CYP2D6 activity score was associated with increased endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM (p < 0.001). The IIV in endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM was 74.6% and 59%, respectively. CYP2D6 diplotype explained 28.2% and 44% of the variability in absolute endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM, respectively. The explanatory power of CYP2D6 diplotype was improved among ABCB1c.4036G carriers (43% and 65.2%, respectively for endoxifen concentration and MRE/NDM) compared to A/A genotype. CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5 genotypes had no significant influence on endoxifen concentration or MRE/NDM. In conclusion, we report a high rate of low endoxifen level as well as large IIV in tamoxifen and its metabolite concentrations. CYP2D6 is significant predictor of plasma endoxifen level in a gene-dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Hussien Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia.
| | - Alan Fotoohi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Stockholm 171 76, Sweden.
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia.
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia.
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
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Yu M, Liu M, Zhang W, Ming Y. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacogenetics of Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplantation. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:513-522. [PMID: 29380698 PMCID: PMC6182932 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180129151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Tacrolimus (Tac, or FK506), a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), is the first-line immu-nosuppressant which consists of the footstone as immunosuppressive regimens in kidney transplantation. However, the drug toxicity and the significant differences of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynam-ics (PD) among individuals are hidden troubles for clinical application. Recently, emerging evidences of Tac pharmacogenetics (PG) regarding drug absorption, metabolism, disposition, excretion and response are discovered for better understanding of this drug. Method: We reviewed the published articles regarding the Tac PG and its effects on PK and PD in kidney transplantation. In addition, we summarized information on polygenic algorithms. Results: The polymorphism of genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters related to Tac were largely investigated, but the results were inconsistent. In addition to CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and P-gp (also known as ABCB1), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might also affect the PK and PD parameters of Tac. Conclusion: The correlation between Tac PK, PD and PG is very complex. Although many factors need to be verified, it is envisaged that thorough understanding of PG may assist clinicians to predict the optimal starting dosage, help adjust the maintenance regimen, as well as identify high risk patients for adverse ef-fects or drug inefficacy
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Transplantation center, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Mouze Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Transplantation center, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
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15
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Kranc W, Brązert M, Ożegowska K, Nawrocki MJ, Budna J, Celichowski P, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Jankowski M, Jeseta M, Pawelczyk L, Bruska M, Nowicki M, Zabel M, Kempisty B. Expression Profile of Genes Regulating Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells-A Primary Culture Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122673. [PMID: 29232835 PMCID: PMC5751275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the deep involvement of granulosa cells in the processes surrounding the cycles of menstruation and reproduction, there is a great need for a deeper understanding of the ways in which they function during the various stages of those cycles. One of the main ways in which the granulosa cells influence the numerous sex associated processes is hormonal interaction. Expression of steroid sex hormones influences a range of both primary and secondary sexual characteristics, as well as regulate the processes of oogenesis, folliculogenesis, ovulation, and pregnancy. Understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms underlying those processes could not only provide us with deep insight into the regulation of the reproductive cycle, but also create new clinical advantages in detection and treatment of various diseases associated with sex hormone abnormalities. We have used the microarray approach validated by RT-qPCR, to analyze the patterns of gene expression in primary cultures of human granulosa cells at days 1, 7, 15, and 30 of said cultures. We have especially focused on genes belonging to ontology groups associated with steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, namely “Regulation of steroid biosynthesis process” and “Regulation of steroid metabolic process”. Eleven genes have been chosen, as they exhibited major change under a culture condition. Out of those, ten genes, namely STAR, SCAP, POR, SREBF1, GFI1, SEC14L2, STARD4, INSIG1, DHCR7, and IL1B, belong to both groups. Patterns of expression of those genes were analyzed, along with brief description of their functions. That analysis helped us achieve a better understanding of the exact molecular processes underlying steroid biosynthesis and metabolism in human granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Kranc
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maciej Brązert
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-101 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Ożegowska
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-101 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Mariusz J Nawrocki
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Joanna Budna
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Leszek Pawelczyk
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-101 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Bruska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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El-Serafi I, Terelius Y, Abedi-Valugerdi M, Naughton S, Saghafian M, Moshfegh A, Mattsson J, Potácová Z, Hassan M. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) role in busulphan metabolic pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187294. [PMID: 29121650 PMCID: PMC5679629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Busulphan (Bu) is an alkylating agent used in the conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Bu is extensively metabolized in the liver via conjugations with glutathione to form the intermediate metabolite (sulfonium ion) which subsequently is degraded to tetrahydrothiophene (THT). THT was reported to be oxidized forming THT-1-oxide that is further oxidized to sulfolane and finally 3-hydroxysulfolane. However, the underlying mechanisms for the formation of these metabolites remain poorly understood. In the present study, we performed in vitro and in vivo investigations to elucidate the involvement of flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in Bu metabolic pathway. Rapid clearance of THT was observed when incubated with human liver microsomes. Furthermore, among different recombinant microsomal enzymes, the highest intrinsic clearance for THT was obtained via FMO3 followed by several CYPs including 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2E1 and 3A4. In Bu- or THT-treated mice, inhibition of FMO3 by phenylthiourea significantly suppressed the clearance of both Bu and THT. Moreover, the simultaneous administration of a high dose of THT (200μmol/kg) to Bu-treated mice reduced the clearance of Bu. Consistently, in patients undergoing HSCT, repeated administration of Bu resulted in a significant up-regulation of FMO3 and glutathione-S-transfrase -1 (GSTA1) genes. Finally, in a Bu-treated patient, additional treatment with voriconazole (an antimycotic drug known as an FMO3-substrate) significantly altered the Bu clearance. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that FMO3 along with CYPs contribute a major part in busulphan metabolic pathway and certainly can affect its kinetics. The present results have high clinical impact. Furthermore, these findings might be important for reducing the treatment-related toxicity of Bu, through avoiding interaction with other concomitant used drugs during conditioning and hence improving the clinical outcomes of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Terelius
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seán Naughton
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maryam Saghafian
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Cancer Center of Karolinska (CCK), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mattsson
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Potácová
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,ECM, Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Novum, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,ECM, Clinical Research Centre (KFC), Novum, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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17
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Associations of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms with smoking cessation in a Chinese population. Hum Genet 2016; 135:1389-1397. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Tang JT, Andrews LM, van Gelder T, Shi YY, van Schaik RHN, Wang LL, Hesselink DA. Pharmacogenetic aspects of the use of tacrolimus in renal transplantation: recent developments and ethnic considerations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:555-65. [PMID: 27010623 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1170808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tacrolimus (Tac) is effective in preventing acute rejection but has considerable toxicity and inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Part of this is explained by polymorphisms in genes encoding Tac-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. A better understanding of Tac pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may help to minimize different outcomes amongst transplant recipients by personalizing immunosuppression. AREAS COVERED The pharmacogenetic contribution of Tac metabolism will be examined, with a focus on recent discoveries, new developments and ethnic considerations. EXPERT OPINION The strongest and most consistent association in pharmacogenetics is between the CYP3A5 genotype and Tac dose requirement, with CYP3A5 expressers having a ~ 40-50% higher dose requirement compared to non-expressers. Two recent randomized-controlled clinical trials using CYP3A5 genotype, however, did not show a decrease in acute rejections nor reduced toxicity. CYP3A4*22, CYP3A4*26, and POR*28 are also associated with Tac dose requirements and may be included to provide the expected improvement of Tac therapy. Studies focusing on the intracellular drug concentrations and on calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity also seem promising. For all studies, however, the ethnic prevalence of genotypes should be taken into account, as this may significantly impact the effect of pre-emptive genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Tang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - L M Andrews
- b Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - T van Gelder
- b Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,c Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Y Y Shi
- d Department of Nephrology , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - R H N van Schaik
- e Department of Clinical Chemistry , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - L L Wang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - D A Hesselink
- c Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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Activation of brain serotonergic system by repeated intracerebral administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) decreases the expression and activity of liver cytochrome P450. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 99:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rodieux F, Wilbaux M, van den Anker JN, Pfister M. Effect of Kidney Function on Drug Kinetics and Dosing in Neonates, Infants, and Children. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 54:1183-204. [PMID: 26138291 PMCID: PMC4661214 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neonates, infants, and children differ from adults in many aspects, not just in age, weight, and body composition. Growth, maturation and environmental factors affect drug kinetics, response and dosing in pediatric patients. Almost 80% of drugs have not been studied in children, and dosing of these drugs is derived from adult doses by adjusting for body weight/size. As developmental and maturational changes are complex processes, such simplified methods may result in subtherapeutic effects or adverse events. Kidney function is impaired during the first 2 years of life as a result of normal growth and development. Reduced kidney function during childhood has an impact not only on renal clearance but also on absorption, distribution, metabolism and nonrenal clearance of drugs. 'Omics'-based technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, can be leveraged to uncover novel markers for kidney function during normal development, acute kidney injury, and chronic diseases. Pharmacometric modeling and simulation can be applied to simplify the design of pediatric investigations, characterize the effects of kidney function on drug exposure and response, and fine-tune dosing in pediatric patients, especially in those with impaired kidney function. One case study of amikacin dosing in neonates with reduced kidney function is presented. Collaborative efforts between clinicians and scientists in academia, industry, and regulatory agencies are required to evaluate new renal biomarkers, collect and share prospective pharmacokinetic, genetic and clinical data, build integrated pharmacometric models for key drugs, optimize and standardize dosing strategies, develop bedside decision tools, and enhance labels of drugs utilized in neonates, infants, and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Rodieux
- Department of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Melanie Wilbaux
- Department of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes N van den Anker
- Department of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
- Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Pfister
- Department of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Quantitative Solutions LP, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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El-Serafi I, Afsharian P, Moshfegh A, Hassan M, Terelius Y. Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Influences CYP2B6 Activity in Cyclophosphamide Bioactivation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141979. [PMID: 26544874 PMCID: PMC4636385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cyclophosphamide is commonly used as an important component in conditioning prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a curative treatment for several hematological diseases. Cyclophosphamide is a prodrug activated mainly by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) in the liver. A high degree of inter- and intra-individual variation in cyclophosphamide kinetics has been reported in several studies. Materials and Methods Hydroxylation of cyclophosphamide was investigated in vitro using three microsomal batches of CYP2B6*1 with different ratios of POR/CYP expression levels. Twenty patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were also included in the study. All patients received an i.v. infusion of cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg/day, for two days) as a part of their conditioning. Blood samples were collected from each patient before cyclophosphamide infusion, 6 h after the first dose and before and 6 h after the second dose. POR gene expression was measured by mRNA analysis and the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its active metabolite were determined. Results A strong correlation between the in vitro intrinsic clearance of cyclophosphamide and the POR/CYP ratio was found. The apparent Km for CYP2B6.1 was almost constant (3-4 mM), while the CLint values were proportional to the POR/CYP ratio (3-34 μL/min/nmol CYP). In patients, the average expression of the POR gene in blood was significantly (P <0.001) up-regulated after cyclophosphamide infusion, with high inter-individual variations and significant correlation with the concentration ratio of the active metabolite 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide/cyclophosphamide. Nine patients were carriers for POR*28; four patients had relatively high POR expression. Conclusions This investigation shows for the first time that POR besides CYP2B6 can influence cyclophosphamide metabolism. Our results indicate that not only CYPs are important, but also POR expression and/or activity may influence cyclophosphamide bioactivation, affecting therapeutic efficacy and treatment related toxicity and hence on clinical outcome. Thus, both POR and CYP genotype and expression levels may have to be taken into account when personalizing treatment schedules to achieve optimal therapeutic drug plasma concentrations of cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Parvaneh Afsharian
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Cancer Center of Karolinska (CCK), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ylva Terelius
- Department of Discovery Research, Medivir AB, Huddinge, Sweden
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Hlavica P. Mechanistic basis of electron transfer to cytochromes p450 by natural redox partners and artificial donor constructs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 851:247-97. [PMID: 26002739 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are hemoproteins catalyzing oxidative biotransformation of a vast array of natural and xenobiotic compounds. Reducing equivalents required for dioxygen cleavage and substrate hydroxylation originate from different redox partners including diflavin reductases, flavodoxins, ferredoxins and phthalate dioxygenase reductase (PDR)-type proteins. Accordingly, circumstantial analysis of structural and physicochemical features governing donor-acceptor recognition and electron transfer poses an intriguing challenge. Thus, conformational flexibility reflected by togging between closed and open states of solvent exposed patches on the redox components was shown to be instrumental to steered electron transmission. Here, the membrane-interactive tails of the P450 enzymes and donor proteins were recognized to be crucial to proper orientation toward each other of surface sites on the redox modules steering functional coupling. Also, mobile electron shuttling may come into play. While charge-pairing mechanisms are of primary importance in attraction and complexation of the redox partners, hydrophobic and van der Waals cohesion forces play a minor role in docking events. Due to catalytic plasticity of P450 enzymes, there is considerable promise in biotechnological applications. Here, deeper insight into the mechanistic basis of the redox machinery will permit optimization of redox processes via directed evolution and DNA shuffling. Thus, creation of hybrid systems by fusion of the modified heme domain of P450s with proteinaceous electron carriers helps obviate the tedious reconstitution procedure and induces novel activities. Also, P450-based amperometric biosensors may open new vistas in pharmaceutical and clinical implementation and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hlavica
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der LMU, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, München, Germany,
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23
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Shahabi P, Siest G, Meyer UA, Visvikis-Siest S. Human cytochrome P450 epoxygenases: Variability in expression and role in inflammation-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:134-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Park EC, Kim SI, Hong Y, Hwang JW, Cho GS, Cha HN, Han JK, Yun CH, Park SY, Jang IS, Lee ZW, Choi JS, Kim S, Kim GH. Inhibition of CYP4A reduces hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and features of diabetes in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:860-9. [PMID: 24983671 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response pathway, which contributes to apoptosis and insulin resistance. We investigated the roles of cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) in the regulation of hepatic ER stress, insulin resistance, and the development of diabetes in mice. METHODS We used mass spectrometry to compare levels of CYP450 proteins in livers from C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) mice; findings were confirmed by immunoblot and real-time PCR analyses. To create a model of diet-induced diabetes, C57BL/6J mice were placed on high-fat diets. Mice were given intraperitoneal injections of an inhibitor (HET0016) or an inducer (clofibrate) of CYP4A, or tail injections of small hairpin RNAs against CYP4A messenger RNA; liver tissues were collected and analyzed for ER stress, insulin resistance, and apoptosis. The effect of HET0016 and CYP4A knockdown also were analyzed in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Levels of the CYP4A isoforms were highly up-regulated in livers of db/db mice compared with C57BL/6J mice. Inhibition of CYP4A in db/db and mice on high-fat diets reduced features of diabetes such as insulin hypersecretion, hepatic steatosis, and increased glucose tolerance. CYP4A inhibition reduced levels of ER stress, insulin resistance, and apoptosis in the livers of diabetic mice; it also restored hepatic functions. Inversely, induction of CYP4A accelerated ER stress, insulin resistance, and apoptosis in livers of db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS CYP4A proteins are up-regulated in livers of mice with genetically induced and diet-induced diabetes. Inhibition of CYP4A in mice reduces hepatic ER stress, apoptosis, insulin resistance, and steatosis. Strategies to reduce levels or activity of CYP4A proteins in liver might be developed for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhee Hong
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Hwang
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Sik Cho
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Na Cha
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Han
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zee-Won Lee
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Gun-Hwa Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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25
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The Role of Pharmacogenetics in the Disposition of and Response to Tacrolimus in Solid Organ Transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 53:123-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Martiny VY, Miteva MA. Advances in molecular modeling of human cytochrome P450 polymorphism. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3978-92. [PMID: 23856621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a supergene family of metabolizing enzymes involved in the phase I metabolism of drugs and endogenous compounds. CYP oxidation often leads to inactive drug metabolites or to highly toxic or carcinogenic metabolites involved in adverse drug reactions (ADR). During the last decade, the impact of CYP polymorphism in various drug responses and ADR has been demonstrated. Of the drugs involved in ADR, 56% are metabolized by polymorphic phase I metabolizing enzymes, 86% among them being CYP. Here, we review the major CYP polymorphic forms, their impact for drug response and current advances in molecular modeling of CYP polymorphism. We focus on recent studies exploring CYP polymorphism performed by the use of sequence-based and/or protein-structure-based computational approaches. The importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms related to CYP polymorphism and drug response at the atomic level is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Y Martiny
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Molécules Thérapeutiques In Silico, Inserm UMR-S 973, 35 rue Helene Brion, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, U973, F-75205 Paris, France
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Pharmacogenetics of P450 oxidoreductase: implications in drug metabolism and therapy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 22:812-9. [PMID: 23047293 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328358d92b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The redox reaction of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) is an important physiological and biochemical reaction in the human body, as it is involved in the oxidative metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous substrates. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the only obligate electron donor for all of the hepatic microsomal CYP enzymes. It plays a crucial role in drug metabolism and treatment by not only acting as an electron donor involved in drug metabolism mediated by CYP enzymes but also by directly inducing the transformation of some antitumor precursors. Studies have found that the gene encoding human POR is highly polymorphic, which is of considerable clinical significance as it affects the metabolism and curative effects of clinically used drugs. This review aims to discuss the effect of POR and its genetic polymorphisms on drug metabolism and therapy, as well as the potential mechanisms of POR pharmacogenetics.
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28
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Lee C, Ding X, Riddick DS. The role of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism in the regulation of mouse hepatic growth hormone signaling components and target genes by 3-methylcholanthrene. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:457-65. [PMID: 23169610 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) is a readily metabolized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist. MC disrupts expression of mouse hepatic growth hormone (GH) signaling components and suppresses cytochrome P450 2D9 (Cyp2d9), a male-specific gene controlled by pulsatile GH via signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). To determine if these effects of MC depend on hepatic microsomal P450-mediated activity, we examined biologic responses to MC treatment in liver Cpr-null (LCN) mice with hepatocyte-specific conditional deletion of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR). MC caused mild induction of Por and a hepatic inflammatory marker in wild-type mice, whereas MC caused strong induction of AHR target genes, Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, and Cyp1b1 in wild-type and LCN mice. Two mouse hepatic STAT5b target genes, Cyp2d9 and major urinary protein 2 (Mup2), were suppressed by MC in wild-type mice, and the CYP2D9 mRNA response was maintained in LCN mice. In wild-type mice only, MC decreased hepatic GH receptor (GHR) mRNA but increased GHR protein levels. There was an apparent impairment of STAT5 phosphorylation by MC in wild-type and LCN mice, but large interanimal variation prevented achievement of statistical significance. In vehicle-treated mice, basal levels of MUP2 mRNA, GHR mRNA, GHR protein, and the activation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and Akt were influenced by hepatic Por genetic status. These results indicate that the effects of MC on hepatic GH signaling components and target genes are complex, involving aspects that are both dependent and independent of hepatic microsomal P450-mediated activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunja Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Effect of the P450 oxidoreductase 28 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in Chinese healthy male volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 69:807-12. [PMID: 23097010 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the influence of the P450 oxidoreductase 28 SNP (POR 28) on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in the Chinese population. METHODS Seventy-one healthy Chinese volunteers enrolled in the study received an oral dose of 2 mg of tacrolimus after providing written informed consent. CYP3A5 3 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and POR*28 was genotyped by PCR-direct sequencing. Tacrolimus whole blood concentrations were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the pharmacokinetics analyses was evaluated by nonparametric methods. RESULTS The frequencies of CYP3A5 3 and POR 28 allele were 73.3 % and 29.6 %, respectively. No significant differences existed in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics between the POR 28 CC homozygotes (n = 32) and the POR 28 T allele (n = 39) in all subjects. The mean tacrolimus AUC0-24, AUC0-∞ and Cmax for the POR 28 CC (n = 14) homozygotes in CYP3A5 expressers (CYP3A5 1/ 1 or 1/ 3 genotype) were 71.5 ± 38.9 h ng/mL, 94.3 ± 58.3 h ng/mL and 17.6 ± 9.8 ng/mL, which were much higher than the POR 28 CT heterozygotes (n = 17) of 46.7 ± 24.9 h ng/mL, 57.4 ± 33.9 h ng/mL and 11.2 ± 6.4 ng/mL (P < 0.05, respectively). We did not observe any significant differences in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics between the POR 28 CC homozygotes (n = 18) and POR 28 T carriers (n = 22) in CYP3A5 nonexpressers (CYP3A5 3/ 3 carriers). CONCLUSIONS The POR 28 CT genotype presented a significantly lower level of tacrolimus exposure (AUC, Cmax) compared with the POR 28 CC genotype in CYP3A5-expressing subjects. It suggested that the POR 28 genetic polymorphism might also be responsible for the marked interindividual variability of tacrolimus besides the CYP3A5 3 genetic polymorphism.
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Riddick DS, Ding X, Wolf CR, Porter TD, Pandey AV, Zhang QY, Gu J, Finn RD, Ronseaux S, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Zou L, Flück CE. NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: roles in physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:12-23. [PMID: 23086197 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a report on a symposium sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and held at the Experimental Biology 2012 meeting in San Diego, California, on April 25, 2012. The symposium speakers summarized and critically evaluated our current understanding of the physiologic, pharmacological, and toxicological roles of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), a flavoprotein involved in electron transfer to microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450), cytochrome b(5), squalene mono-oxygenase, and heme oxygenase. Considerable insight has been derived from the development and characterization of mouse models with conditional Por deletion in particular tissues or partial suppression of POR expression in all tissues. Additional mouse models with global or conditional hepatic deletion of cytochrome b(5) are helping to clarify the P450 isoform- and substrate-specific influences of cytochrome b(5) on P450 electron transfer and catalytic function. This symposium also considered studies using siRNA to suppress POR expression in a hepatoma cell-culture model to explore the basis of the hepatic lipidosis phenotype observed in mice with conditional deletion of Por in liver. The symposium concluded with a strong translational perspective, relating the basic science of human POR structure and function to the impacts of POR genetic variation on human drug and steroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Riddick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
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Chen X, Pan LQ, Naranmandura H, Zeng S, Chen SQ. Influence of various polymorphic variants of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) on drug metabolic activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38495. [PMID: 22719896 PMCID: PMC3373556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is known as the sole electron donor in the metabolism of drugs by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in human. However, little is known about the effect of polymorphic variants of POR on drug metabolic activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. In order to better understand the mechanism of the activity of CYPs affected by polymorphic variants of POR, six full-length mutants of POR (e.g., Y181D, A287P, K49N, A115V, S244C and G413S) were designed and then co-expressed with CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 in the baculovirus-Sf9 insect cells to determine their kinetic parameters. Surprisingly, both mutants, Y181D and A287P in POR completely inhibited the CYP3A4 activity with testosterone, while the catalytic activity of CYP2B6 with bupropion was reduced to approximately ∼70% of wild-type activity by Y181D and A287P mutations. In addition, the mutant K49N of POR increased the CLint (Vmax/Km) of CYP3A4 up to more than 31% of wild-type, while it reduced the catalytic efficiency of CYP2B6 to 74% of wild-type. Moreover, CLint values of CYP3A4-POR (A115V, G413S) were increased up to 36% and 65% of wild-type respectively. However, there were no appreciable effects observed by the remaining two mutants of POR (i.e., A115V and G413S) on activities of CYP2B6. In conclusion, the extent to which the catalytic activities of CYP were altered did not only depend on the specific POR mutations but also on the isoforms of different CYP redox partners. Thereby, we proposed that the POR-mutant patients should be carefully monitored for the activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 on the prescribed medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yang J, He MM, Niu W, Wrighton SA, Li L, Liu Y, Li C. Metabolic capabilities of cytochrome P450 enzymes in Chinese liver microsomes compared with those in Caucasian liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:268-84. [PMID: 21815912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The most common causes of variability in drug response include differences in drug metabolism, especially when the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved. The current study was conducted to assess the differences in CYP activities in human liver microsomes (HLM) of Chinese or Caucasian origin. METHODS The metabolic capabilities of CYP enzymes in 30 Chinese liver microsomal samples were compared with those of 30 Caucasian samples utilizing enzyme kinetics. Phenacetin O-deethylation, coumarin 7-hydroxylation, bupropion hydroxylation, amodiaquine N-desethylation, diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation, dextromethorphan O-demethylation, chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation/testosterone 6β-hydroxylation were used as probes for activities of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A, respectively. Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the differences. RESULTS The samples of the two ethnic groups were not significantly different in cytochrome-b(5) concentrations but were significantly different in total CYP concentrations and NADPH-P450 reductase activity (P < 0.05). Significant ethnic differences in intrinsic clearance were observed for CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2E1; the median values of the Chinese group were 54, 58, 26, and 35% of the corresponding values of the Caucasian group, respectively. These differences were associated with differences in Michaelis constant or maximum velocity. Despite negligible difference in intrinsic clearance, the Michaelis constant of CYP2B6 appeared to have a significant ethnic difference. No ethnic difference was observed for CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2D6 and CYP3A. CONCLUSIONS These data extend our knowledge on the ethnic differences in CYP enzymes and will have implications for drug discovery and drug therapy for patients from different ethnic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Niwa T, Minami K, Katagiri M. Effect of histidine-tag and R457H and E580Q mutations on catalytic activity of recombinant human cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 27:150-4. [PMID: 22123124 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-nt-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) transfers electrons from NADPH to several oxygenase enzymes including cytochrome P450 (CYP). Genetic mutations in the POR gene have recently been identified and associated with an autosomal recessive genetic disease. In this study, Vmax, Km, and Vmax/Km values of cytochrome c reduction and NADPH oxidation activities for R457H variant, histidine-tagged wild-type, and histidine-tagged E580Q were compared with those for wild-type. Vmax/Km values of cytochrome c reduction for the R457H variant and histidine-tagged wild-type were 8% and 26%, respectively, of wild-type, whereas Vmax/Km values of NADPH oxidation for the R457H variant and histidine-tagged wild-type were similar to those for wild-type. The kinetic parameters of the histidine-tagged E580Q variant were similar to those for histidine-tagged wild-type, suggesting that E580Q mutation may be of minor importance in interindividual variation in drug response. These results suggest that R457H but not E580Q is essential for the deficiency of POR activities and that the histidine-tagged system would be inappropriate for POR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niwa
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Japan
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Mutations of human cytochrome P450 reductase differentially modulate heme oxygenase-1 activity and oligomerization. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 513:42-50. [PMID: 21741353 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations in POR, encoding NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR), can diminish the function of numerous cytochromes P450, and also have the potential to block degradation of heme by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Purified full-length human CYPOR, HO-1, and biliverdin reductase were reconstituted in lipid vesicles and assayed for NADPH-dependent conversion of heme to bilirubin. Naturally-occurring human CYPOR variants queried were: WT, A115V, Y181D, P228L, M263V, A287P, R457H, Y459H, and V492E. All CYPOR variants exhibited decreased bilirubin production relative to WT, with a lower apparent affinity of the CYPOR-HO-1 complex than WT. Addition of FMN or FAD partially restored the activities of Y181D, Y459H, and V492E. When mixed with WT CYPOR, only the Y181D CYPOR variant inhibited heme degradation by sequestering HO-1, whereas Y459H and V492E were unable to inhibit HO-1 activity suggesting that CYPOR variants might have differential binding affinities with redox partners. Titrating the CYPOR-HO-1 complex revealed that the optimal CYPOR:HO-1 ratio for activity was 1:2, lending evidence in support of productive HO-1 oligomerization, with higher ratios of CYPOR:HO-1 showing decreased activity. In conclusion, human POR mutations, shown to impact P450 activities, also result in varying degrees of diminished HO-1 activity, which may further complicate CYPOR deficiency.
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Landsiedel R, Fabian E, Tralau T, Luch A. Chemical toxicity testing in vitro using cytochrome P450–expressing cell lines, such as human CYP1B1. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:677-87. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Robertson DG, Ruepp SU, Stryker SA, Hnatyshyn SY, Shipkova PA, Aranibar N, Mcnaney CA, Fiehn O, Reily MD. Metabolomic and transcriptomic changes induced by overnight (16 h) fasting in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:481-7. [PMID: 21381695 DOI: 10.1021/tx200074f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The overnight (16-h) fast is one of the most common experimental manipulations performed in rodent studies. Despite its ubiquitous employment, a comprehensive evaluation of metabolomic and transcriptomic sequelae of fasting in conjunction with routine clinical pathology evaluation has not been undertaken. This study assessed the impact of a 16-h fast on urine and serum metabolic profiles, transcript profiles of liver, psoas muscle, and jejunum as well as on routine laboratory clinical pathology parameters. Fasting rats had an approximate 12% relative weight decrease compared to ad libitum fed animals, and urine volume was significantly increased. Fasting had no effect on hematology parameters, though several changes were evident in serum and urine clinical chemistry data. In general, metabolic changes in biofluids were modest in magnitude but broad in extent, with a majority of measured urinary metabolites and from 1/3 to 1/2 of monitored serum metabolites significantly affected. Increases in fatty acids and bile acids dominated the upregulated metabolites. Downregulated serum metabolites were dominated by diet-derived and/or gut-microflora derived metabolites. Major transcriptional changes included genes with roles in fatty acid, carbohydrate, cholesterol, and bile acid metabolism indicating decreased activity in glycolytic pathways and a shift toward increased utilization of fatty acids. Typically, several genes within these metabolic pathways, including key rate limiting genes, changed simultaneously, and those changes were frequently correlative to changes in clinical pathology parameters or metabolomic data. Importantly, up- or down-regulation of a variety of cytochrome P450s, transporters, and transferases was evident. Taken together, these data indicate profound consequences of fasting on systemic biochemistry and raise the potential for unanticipated interactions, particularly when metabolomic or transcriptomic data are primary end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Robertson
- Applied and Investigative Metabolomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Substrate-specific modulation of CYP3A4 activity by genetic variants of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 20:611-8. [PMID: 20697309 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32833e0cb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CYP3A4 receives electrons from P450 oxidoreductase (POR) to metabolize about 50% of clinically used drugs. There is substantial inter-individual variation in CYP3A4 catalytic activity that is not explained by CYP3A4 genetic variants. CYP3A4 is flexible and distensible, permitting it to accommodate substrates varying in shape and size. To elucidate the mechanisms of variability in CYP3A4 catalysis, we examined the effects of genetic variants of POR, and explored the possibility that substrate-induced conformational changes in CYP3A4 differentially affect the ability of POR variants to support catalysis. METHODS We expressed human CYP3A4 and four POR variants (Q153R, A287P, R457H, A503 V) in bacteria, reconstituted them in vitro and measured the Michaelis constant and maximum velocity with testosterone, midazolam, quinidine and erythromycin as substrates. RESULTS POR A287P and R457H had low activity with all substrates; Q153R had 76-94% of wild-type (WT) activity with midazolam and erythromycin, but 129-150% activity with testosterone and quinidine. The A503 V polymorphism reduced the CYP3A4 activity to 61-77% of WT with testosterone and midazolam, but had nearly WT activity with quinidine and erythromycin. CONCLUSION POR variants affect CYP3A4 activities. The impact of a POR variant on catalysis by CYP3A4 is substrate-specific, probably because of substrate-induced conformational changes in CYP3A4.
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Saito Y, Yamamoto N, Katori N, Maekawa K, Fukushima-Uesaka H, Sugimoto D, Kurose K, Sai K, Kaniwa N, Sawada JI, Kunitoh H, Ohe Y, Yoshida T, Matsumura Y, Saijo N, Okuda H, Tamura T. Genetic Polymorphisms and Haplotypes of POR, Encoding Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase, in a Japanese Population. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:107-16. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-sc-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhou X, Li M, Sheng C, Qiu X. NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase from the chicken (Gallus gallus): sequence characterization, functional expression and kinetic study. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:53-9. [PMID: 20728568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases have been well known to be responsible for the synthesis of endogenous compounds and the metabolism of exogenous compounds in almost all living organisms, which require NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) as an electron donor to function. In this study, a 2031 bp open reading frame of POR gene was cloned from 35-day-old Roman hen liver, encoding an enzyme of 676 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that chicken POR shares high homology with other vertebrates PORs and possesses the conserved binding domains of FAD, FMN, and NADPH. The genomic sequences of POR genes from chicken and other four vertebrates have highly conserved exon/intron organization structure. By fusion with bacterial signal peptide, chicken POR gene was functionally expressed in E. coli membrane and showed activities in reduction of cytochrome c and oxidation of NADPH. The Km values for cytochrome c and NADPH were 21.9 ± 2.3 μM and 2.4 ± 0.3 μM respectively. A Ping-Pong mechanism was proposed for chicken POR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Kwekel JC, Desai VG, Moland CL, Branham WS, Fuscoe JC. Age and sex dependent changes in liver gene expression during the life cycle of the rat. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:675. [PMID: 21118493 PMCID: PMC3012673 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age- and sex-related susceptibility to adverse drug reactions and disease is a key concern in understanding drug safety and disease progression. We hypothesize that the underlying suite of hepatic genes expressed at various life cycle stages will impact susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. Understanding the basal liver gene expression patterns is a necessary first step in addressing this hypothesis and will inform our assessments of adverse drug reactions as the liver plays a central role in drug metabolism and biotransformation. Untreated male and female F344 rats were sacrificed at 2, 5, 6, 8, 15, 21, 52, 78, and 104 weeks of age. Liver tissues were collected for histology and gene expression analysis. Whole-genome rat microarrays were used to query global expression profiles. Results An initial list of differentially expressed genes was selected using criteria based upon p-value (p < 0.05) and fold-change (+/- 1.5). Three dimensional principal component analyses revealed differences between males and females beginning at 2 weeks with more divergent profiles beginning at 5 weeks. The greatest sex-differences were observed between 8 and 52 weeks before converging again at 104 weeks. K-means clustering identified groups of genes that displayed age-related patterns of expression. Various adult aging-related clusters represented gene pathways related to xenobiotic metabolism, DNA damage repair, and oxidative stress. Conclusions These results suggest an underlying role for genes in specific clusters in potentiating age- and sex-related differences in susceptibility to adverse health effects. Furthermore, such a comprehensive picture of life cycle changes in gene expression deepens our understanding and informs the utility of liver gene expression biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Kwekel
- Center for Functional Genomics, Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Petushkova NA, Pyatnitskiy MA, Lisitsa AV, Larina OV, Kuznetsova GP, Skipenko OG, Karuzina II, Archakov AI. Computational approach to characterization of human liver drug-metabolizing enzymes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:305-11. [PMID: 20599500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are the key enzymes for activating and inactivating many drugs; individual expression levels of CYPs may play a crucial role in drug safety and drug efficacy. Statistical comparison of biochemical profiles of 23 human liver microsomes have been used to characterize human liver samples. The profile included 12 parameters, namely activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome P450 content and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities with marker substrates. Unsupervised statistical methods including cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed with very high confidence the presence of two groups. Difference between the groups was explained by peculiarities of reductase activity and cytochrome P450 enzyme activities with 7-ethoxyresorufin, 7-methoxyresorufin, 7-methoxycoumarin, 7-benzyloxyresorufin and 7-benzyloxyquinoline. Results of biochemical assays coupled with multidimensional data analysis can be further used for targeted proteomic profiling of microsome oxidation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Petushkova
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya St., Moscow, Russia.
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Feidt DM, Klein K, Nüssler A, Zanger UM. RNA-interference approach to study functions of NADPH : cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase in human hepatocytes. Chem Biodivers 2010; 6:2084-91. [PMID: 19937842 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human NADPH : cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is encoded by a single gene on chromosome 7q11.2. This flavoprotein donates electrons derived from NADPH to a variety of acceptor proteins, including squalene monooxygenase, heme oxygenase, cytochrome b(5), and many microsomal cytochromes P450 (CYPs), which are involved in oxidative drug metabolism, steroidogenesis, and other functions. Numerous aspects related to cellular POR expression have not been systematically investigated. Interestingly, POR expression is lower compared to CYPs and may thus be limiting for monooxygenase activities, but conversely, POR knock-out in mice resulted in compensatory upregulation of CYPs. POR may also influence intracellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. To systematically investigate such effects, we developed specific POR gene silencing in cell lines and primary human hepatocytes by RNA interference using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In HepG2 cells, POR mRNA could be reduced by 95% over 4 days accompanied by reduced protein content and activity. In primary human hepatocytes, POR mRNA knock-down was less effective and more variable. Analysis of CYPs indicated induction of CYP3A4 but not CYP1A2 or CYP2D6. These results demonstrate that POR can be efficiently and almost completely silenced in HepG2 cells and, at least partially, in primary human hepatocytes. This will allow systematic studies of various consequences of POR variability in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Feidt
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, DE-70376 Stuttgart
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Boobis A, Watelet JB, Whomsley R, Benedetti MS, Demoly P, Tipton K. Drug interactions. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:486-527. [PMID: 19601724 DOI: 10.1080/10837450902891550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drugs for allergy are often taken in combination with other drugs, either to treat allergy or other conditions. In common with many pharmaceuticals, most such drugs are subject to metabolism by P450 enzymes and to transmembrane transport. This gives rise to considerable potential for drug-drug interactions, to which must be added consideration of drug-diet interactions. The potential for metabolism-based drug interactions is increasingly being taken into account during drug development, using a variety of in silico and in vitro approaches. Prediction of transporter-based interactions is not as advanced. The clinical importance of a drug interaction will depend upon a number of factors, and it is important to address concerns quantitatively, taking into account the therapeutic index of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boobis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London.
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Gomes AM, Winter S, Klein K, Turpeinen M, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Zanger UM. Pharmacogenomics of human liver cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: multifactorial analysis and impact on microsomal drug oxidation. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:579-99. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase (POR) is an essential component of several enzyme systems, including the microsomal CYP monooxygenases. We investigated genetic and nongenetic POR variability and its impact on drug-oxidation activities in human liver microsomes. Material and methods: POR mRNA, protein and activity, as well as ten major drug-oxidation activities, were measured in the microsomes of 150 Caucasian surgical liver samples. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometric assays were established to determine the frequency of 46 selected POR SNPs. Multivariate log-linear regression models, including main effects and two-way interaction terms, and analyses of variance were used to identify statistically significant relationships. Results: POR phenotypes were less variable within the study population as compared with CYP phenotypes. Intronic SNPs g.18557G>A (intron 2), g.25676C>T (intron 3) and g.30986 G>A (intron 10) were associated with various drug-oxidation activities. The common allele POR*28 (A503V) was not associated with any activity or expression changes. Haplotype analysis identified two novel composite alleles POR*36 (P228L plus A503V) and POR*37 (A503V plus V631I). Conclusion: Models that integrate POR and microsomal CYP function are complex and depend on the CYP isozyme, the substrate and numerous genetic and nongenetic factors. Intronic POR variants may influence microsomal CYP activities. These data provide a basis for further studies towards inclusion of POR polymorphisms in pharmacogenomic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gomes
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
- University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
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Investigating the in vitro metabolism of veratridine: characterization of metabolites and involved cytochrome P450 isoforms. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:141-8. [PMID: 19097948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Veratridine is a lipid-soluble alkaloid extracted from Veratrum officinale and other species of the family Liliaceae. Veratridine prevents inactivation of Na(+) channel via binding the receptor site 2, causes influx of sodium ion and depolarization and induces apoptosis of neuronal cells. In the present study, we investigated the metabolism of veratridine and the effects of selective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors on the metabolism of veratridine in rat liver microsomes. The metabolites were separated and assayed by liquid-chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QIT-MSn), and further identified by their mass spectra and chromatographic behaviors. Result showed that four CYP isoforms (CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2E1, CYP3A) were involved in the metabolism of veratridine in vitro and seven metabolites of veratridine were detected incubating with rat liver microsomes. Some of the metabolites were presumed to be potential mediates of neurotoxicity via protein binging. Further research in vivo needs to link the metabolism of veratridine to its toxicity.
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Kim DH, Yim SK, Kim KH, Ahn T, Yun CH. Continuous spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric assays for NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase activity using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 31:271-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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