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Stern N, Gacs A, Tátrai E, Flachner B, Hajdú I, Dobi K, Bágyi I, Dormán G, Lőrincz Z, Cseh S, Kígyós A, Tóvári J, Goldblum A. Dual Inhibitors of AChE and BACE-1 for Reducing Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease: From In Silico to In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13098. [PMID: 36361906 PMCID: PMC9655245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and widespread condition, still not fully understood and with no cure yet. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is suspected to be a major cause of AD, and therefore, simultaneously blocking its formation and aggregation by inhibition of the enzymes BACE-1 (β-secretase) and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) by a single inhibitor may be an effective therapeutic approach, as compared to blocking one of these targets or by combining two drugs, one for each of these targets. We used our ISE algorithm to model each of the AChE peripheral site inhibitors and BACE-1 inhibitors, on the basis of published data, and constructed classification models for each. Subsequently, we screened large molecular databases with both models. Top scored molecules were docked into AChE and BACE-1 crystal structures, and 36 Molecules with the best weighted scores (based on ISE indexes and docking results) were sent for inhibition studies on the two enzymes. Two of them inhibited both AChE (IC50 between 4-7 μM) and BACE-1 (IC50 between 50-65 μM). Two additional molecules inhibited only AChE, and another two molecules inhibited only BACE-1. Preliminary testing of inhibition by F681-0222 (molecule 2) on APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice shows a reduction in brain tissue of soluble Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Stern
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Alexandra Gacs
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Tátrai
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- KINETO Lab Ltd., H-1032 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Hajdú
- TargetEx Ltd., H-2120 Dunakeszi, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - József Tóvári
- KINETO Lab Ltd., H-1032 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of TB and Pulmonology, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Amiram Goldblum
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
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Synthesis, In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation for Acetylcholinesterase and BACE-1 Inhibitory Activity of Some N-Substituted-4-Phenothiazine-Chalcones. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173916. [PMID: 32867308 PMCID: PMC7504348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and beta-secretase (BACE-1) are two attractive targets in the discovery of novel substances that could control multiple aspects of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Chalcones are the flavonoid derivatives with diverse bioactivities, including AChE and BACE-1 inhibition. In this study, a series of N-substituted-4-phenothiazine-chalcones was synthesized and tested for AChE and BACE-1 inhibitory activities. In silico models, including two-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (2D-QSAR) for AChE and BACE-1 inhibitors, and molecular docking investigation, were developed to elucidate the experimental process. The results indicated that 13 chalcone derivatives were synthesized with relatively high yields (39–81%). The bioactivities of these substances were examined with pIC50 3.73–5.96 (AChE) and 5.20–6.81 (BACE-1). Eleven of synthesized chalcones had completely new structures. Two substances AC4 and AC12 exhibited the highest biological activities on both AChE and BACE-1. These substances could be employed for further researches. In addition to this, the present study results suggested that, by using a combination of two types of predictive models, 2D-QSAR and molecular docking, it was possible to estimate the biological activities of the prepared compounds with relatively high accuracy.
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Tran TS, Le MT, Tran TD, Tran TH, Thai KM. Design of Curcumin and Flavonoid Derivatives with Acetylcholinesterase and Beta-Secretase Inhibitory Activities Using in Silico Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163644. [PMID: 32785161 PMCID: PMC7464027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and beta-secretase (BACE-1) are the two crucial enzymes involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The former is responsible for many defects in cholinergic signaling pathway and the latter is the primary enzyme in the biosynthesis of beta-amyloid as the main component of the amyloid plaques. These both abnormalities are found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. In this study, in silico models were developed, including 3D-pharmacophore, 2D-QSAR (two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship), and molecular docking, to screen virtually a database of compounds for AChE and BACE-1 inhibitory activities. A combinatorial library containing more than 3 million structures of curcumin and flavonoid derivatives was generated and screened for drug-likeness and enzymatic inhibitory bioactivities against AChE and BACE-1 through the validated in silico models. A total of 47 substances (two curcumins and 45 flavonoids), with remarkable predicted pIC50 values against AChE and BACE-1 ranging from 4.24-5.11 (AChE) and 4.52-10.27 (BACE-1), were designed. The in vitro assays on AChE and BACE-1 were performed and confirmed the in silico results. The study indicated that, by using in silico methods, a series of curcumin and flavonoid structures were generated with promising predicted bioactivities. This would be a helpful foundation for the experimental investigations in the future. Designed compounds which were the most feasible for chemical synthesis could be potential candidates for further research and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai-Son Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam or (T.-S.T.); (T.-D.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam;
| | - Minh-Tri Le
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam or (T.-S.T.); (T.-D.T.)
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: or (M.-T.L.); or (K.-M.T.); Tel.: +84-903-718-190 (M-T.L.); +84-28-3855-2225 or +84-909-680-385 (K-M.T.); Fax: +84-28-3822-5435 (K-M.T.)
| | - Thanh-Dao Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam or (T.-S.T.); (T.-D.T.)
| | - The-Huan Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam;
| | - Khac-Minh Thai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam or (T.-S.T.); (T.-D.T.)
- Correspondence: or (M.-T.L.); or (K.-M.T.); Tel.: +84-903-718-190 (M-T.L.); +84-28-3855-2225 or +84-909-680-385 (K-M.T.); Fax: +84-28-3822-5435 (K-M.T.)
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Peptidomimetic Synthesis: Drug Discovery for Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31879928 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The biomolecular system mainly consists of nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, and sugar chains, and they play a critical role in cell growth, differentiation induction, apoptosis, and immunity. Among these components, peptides are the most commonly studied due to their relatively low molecular weight and high biocompatibility as well as in vitro and in vivo lability and often applied as drugs, agricultural chemicals, food, and tools in diagnostic and biological research. Peptidomimetics have been reported to function as protein-protein interaction inhibitors and thus could serve in many biomolecular systems. This chapter describes the synthesis of peptidomimetics used for discovery of drugs that target β-secretase inhibitors and amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. For this purpose, natural amino acids and other synthetic acids or amines were used in a solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
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Discovery of a series of selective and cell permeable beta-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors by fragment linking with the assistance of STD-NMR. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vilseck JZ, Sohail N, Hayes RL, Brooks CL. Overcoming Challenging Substituent Perturbations with Multisite λ-Dynamics: A Case Study Targeting β-Secretase 1. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4875-4880. [PMID: 31386370 PMCID: PMC7015761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alchemical free energy calculations have made a dramatic impact upon the field of structure-based drug design by allowing functional group modifications to be explored computationally prior to experimental synthesis and assay evaluation, thereby informing and directing synthetic strategies. In furthering the advancement of this area, a series of 21 β-secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitors developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals were examined to evaluate the ability to explore large substituent perturbations, some of which contain scaffold modifications, with multisite λ-dynamics (MSλD), an innovative alchemical free energy framework. Our findings indicate that MSλD is able to efficiently explore all structurally diverse ligand end-states simultaneously within a single MD simulation with a high degree of precision and with reduced computational costs compared to the widely used approach TI/MBAR. Furthermore, computational predictions were shown to be accurate to within 0.5-0.8 kcal/mol when CM1A partial atomic charges were combined with CHARMM or OPLS-AA-based force fields, demonstrating that MSλD is force field independent and a viable alternative to FEP or TI approaches for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Z. Vilseck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Noor Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ryan L. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Charles L. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Protein and Peptides for Elderly Health. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:265-308. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Hamada Y, Kiso Y. New directions for protease inhibitors directed drug discovery. Biopolymers 2016; 106:563-79. [PMID: 26584340 PMCID: PMC7161749 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
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9
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Novel prodrugs with a spontaneous cleavable guanidine moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1685-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Hamada Y. A novel N-terminal degradation reaction of peptides via N-amidination. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1690-5. [PMID: 26916439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of amide bonds requires considerable energy. It is difficult to cleave the amide bonds in peptides at room temperature, whereas ester bonds are cleaved easily. If peptide bonds can be selectively cleaved at room temperature, it will become a powerful tool for life science research, peptide prodrug, and tissue-targeting drug delivery systems. To cleave a specific amide bond at room temperature, the decomposition reaction of arginine methyl ester was investigated. Arginine methyl ester forms a dimer; the dimer releases a heterocyclic compound and ornithine methyl ester at room temperature. We designed and synthesized N-amidinopeptides based on the decomposition reaction of arginine methyl ester. Alanyl-alanine anilide was used as the model peptide and could be converted into N-degraded peptide, alanine anilide, via an N-amidination reaction at close to room temperature. Although the cleavage rate in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C was slow (t1/2=35.7h), a rapid cleavage rate was observed in 2% NaOH aq (t1/2=1.5min). To evaluate the versatility of this reaction, a series of peptides with Lys, Glu, Ser, Cys, Tyr, Val, and Pro residue at the N-terminal were synthesized; they showed rapid cleavage rates of t1/2 values from 1min to 10min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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11
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Dong WG, Wang F, Chen Y, Zheng XH, Xie YC, Guo WQ, Shi H. Electroacupuncture Reduces Aβ Production and BACE1 Expression in SAMP8 Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:148. [PMID: 26283960 PMCID: PMC4518199 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been reported to have beneficial effects on Alzheimer’s disease (AD). BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1) is involved in the abnormal production of amyloid-β plaque (Aβ), a hallmark of AD pathophysiology. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of EA on memory impairment, Aβ production, and BACE1 expression in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. We found that EA improved spatial learning and memory impairment of SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, EA attenuated Aβ production and repressed the expression of BACE1 in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. Taken together, our results suggest that EA could have a potential therapeutic application in AD and that BACE1 may be an important target of EA in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Dong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , China
| | - Xue-Hua Zheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , China
| | - Yong-Cai Xie
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , China
| | - Wan-Qing Guo
- The Third People's Hospital of Fujian Province , Fuzhou , China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , China
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Furtmann N, Hu Y, Gütschow M, Bajorath J. Identification of Interaction Hot Spots in Structures of Drug Targets on the Basis of Three-Dimensional Activity Cliff Information. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1458-65. [PMID: 26094578 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activity cliffs are defined as pairs or groups of structurally similar or analogous compounds that share the same specific activity but have large differences in potency. Although activity cliffs are mostly studied in medicinal chemistry at the level of molecular graphs, they can also be assessed by comparing compound binding modes. If such three-dimensional activity cliffs (3D-cliffs) are studied on the basis of X-ray complex structures, experimental ligand-target interaction details can be taken into account. Rapid growth in the number of 3D-cliffs that can be derived from X-ray complex structures has made it possible to identify targets for which a substantial body of 3D-cliff information is available. Activity cliffs are typically studied to identify structure-activity relationship determinants and aid in compound optimization. However, 3D-cliff information can also be used to search for interaction hot spots and key residues, as reported herein. For six of seven drug targets for which more than 20 3D-cliffs were available, series of 3D-cliffs were identified that were consistently involved in interactions with different hot spots. These 3D-cliffs often encoded chemical modifications resulting in interactions that were characteristic of highly potent compounds but absent in weakly potent ones, thus providing information for structure-based design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Furtmann
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113, Bonn, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ye Hu
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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Hamada Y, Miyamoto N, Kiso Y. Novel β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors possessing a turn mimic. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1572-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tasiamide B derivatives as BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1963-74. [PMID: 25842365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen new derivatives based on the structure of marine natural product tasiamide B were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against BACE1, a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. The hydrophobic substituents Val at P₃ position, Leu at P₁' position, Ala at P₂' position, and Phe at P₃' position were found to significantly affect the inhibition. Free carboxylic acid at C-terminus was also found to be important to the activity. In addition, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) were supported by molecular docking simulation.
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Combined treatment with a BACE inhibitor and anti-Aβ antibody gantenerumab enhances amyloid reduction in APPLondon mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11621-30. [PMID: 25164658 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1405-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for prevention or reduction of amyloidosis are currently a main objective in basic and clinical research on Alzheimer's disease. Among the agents explored in clinical trials are anti-Aβ peptide antibodies and secretase inhibitors. Most anti-Aβ antibodies are considered to act via inhibition of amyloidosis and enhanced clearance of existing amyloid, although secretase inhibitors reduce the de novo production of Aβ. Limited information is currently available on the efficacy and potential advantages of combinatorial antiamyloid treatment. We performed a chronic study in APPLondon transgenic mice that received treatment with anti-Aβ antibody gantenerumab and BACE inhibitor RO5508887, either as mono- or combination treatment. Treatment aimed to evaluate efficacy on amyloid progression, similar to preexisting amyloidosis as present in Alzheimer's disease patients. Mono-treatments with either compound caused a dose-dependent reduction of total brain Aβ and amyloid burden. Combination treatment with both compounds significantly enhanced the antiamyloid effect. The observed combination effect was most pronounced for lowering of amyloid plaque load and plaque number, which suggests effective inhibition of de novo plaque formation. Moreover, significantly enhanced clearance of pre-existing amyloid plaques was observed when gantenerumab was coadministered with RO5508887. BACE inhibition led to a significant time- and dose-dependent decrease in CSF Aβ, which was not observed for gantenerumab treatment. Our results demonstrate that combining these two antiamyloid agents enhances overall efficacy and suggests that combination treatments may be of clinical relevance.
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16
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Lee JK, Li-Chan ECY, Byun HG. Characterization of β-secretase inhibitory peptide purified from skate skin protein hydrolysate. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Oehlrich D, Prokopcova H, Gijsen HJ. The evolution of amidine-based brain penetrant BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2033-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Hamada Y, Suzuki K, Nakanishi T, Sarma D, Ohta H, Yamaguchi R, Yamasaki M, Hidaka K, Ishiura S, Kiso Y. Structure-activity relationship study of BACE1 inhibitors possessing a chelidonic or 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic scaffold at the P(2) position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:618-23. [PMID: 24360554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported potent substrate-based pentapeptidic BACE1 inhibitors possessing a hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere as a substrate transition-state mimic. While these inhibitors exhibited potent activities in enzymatic and cellular assays (KMI-429 in particular inhibited Aβ production in vivo), these inhibitors contained some natural amino acids that seemed to be required to improve enzymatic stability in vivo and permeability across the blood-brain barrier, so as to be practical drug. Recently, we synthesized non-peptidic and small-sized BACE1 inhibitors possessing a heterocyclic scaffold at the P2 position. Herein we report the SAR study of BACE1 inhibitors possessing this heterocyclic scaffold, a chelidonic or 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakanishi
- Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Diganta Sarma
- Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ohta
- Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Moe Yamasaki
- Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Koushi Hidaka
- Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ishiura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan; Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Tamura-cho, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan
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Novel BACE1 inhibitors with a non-acidic heterocycle at the P1′ position. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6665-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hamada Y. The Significance of Quantum Chemical Interactions for Medicinal Science and Design of β-Secretase Inhibitors. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:1113-20. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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Wang W, Liu Y, Lazarus RA. Allosteric inhibition of BACE1 by an exosite-binding antibody. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:797-805. [PMID: 23998983 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Secretase (BACE1) is a membrane-anchored pepsin-like aspartic protease and is the rate-limiting enzyme in the β-amyloidogenic pathway. Thus, inhibitors of BACE1 activity have therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease. While much effort has focused on small molecule active site inhibitors, recent exploration of BACE1 inhibition by peptides and antibodies has revealed exosites that can regulate enzymatic activity. This type of allosteric regulation by proteinaceous factors, while frequently found in serine and cysteine proteases, is rarely seen in aspartic proteases. A crystal structure of the anti-BACE1/enzyme complex shows altered structural features and dynamic characteristics near the substrate-binding cleft. This binding mode, along with the enzymatic inhibition pattern, suggests that anti-BACE1 functions through an allosteric inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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