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de las Heras F, Mitchell CB, Murray WK, Clemons NJ, Phillips WA. Development of an in vivo syngeneic mouse transplant model of invasive intestinal adenocarcinoma driven by endogenous expression of Pik3caH1047R and Apc loss. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308051. [PMID: 39093890 PMCID: PMC11296624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models that replicate patient tumours as closely as possible are crucial for translational cancer research. While in vitro cancer models have many advantages in assessing tumour response therapy, in vivo systems are essential to enable evaluation of the role of the tumour cell extrinsic factors, such as the tumour microenvironment and host immune system. The requirement for a functional immune system is particularly important given the current focus on immunotherapies. Therefore, we set out to generate an immunocompetent, transplantable model of colorectal cancer suitable for in vivo assessment of immune-based therapeutic approaches. Intestinal tumours from a genetically engineered mouse model, driven by expression of a Pik3ca mutation and loss of Apc, were transplanted into wild type C57BL/6 host mice and subsequently passaged to form a novel syngeneic transplant model of colorectal cancer. Our work confirms the potential to develop a panel of mouse syngeneic grafts, akin to human PDX panels, from different genetically engineered, or carcinogen-induced, mouse models. Such panels would allow the in vivo testing of new pharmaceutical and immunotherapeutic treatment approaches across a range of tumours with a variety of genetic driver mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc de las Heras
- Department of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Camilla B. Mitchell
- Department of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - William K. Murray
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Clemons
- Department of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne A. Phillips
- Department of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Zhao Y, Zhang B, Ma Y, Guo M, Zhao F, Chen J, Wang B, Jin H, Zhou F, Guan J, Zhao Q, Liu Q, Wang H, Zhao F, Wang X. Distinct molecular profiles drive multifaceted characteristics of colorectal cancer metastatic seeds. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231359. [PMID: 38502057 PMCID: PMC10949939 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of primary tumors remains a challenge for early diagnosis and prevention. The cellular properties and molecular drivers of metastatically competent clones within primary tumors remain unclear. Here, we generated 10-16 single cell-derived lines from each of three colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors to identify and characterize metastatic seeds. We found that intrinsic factors conferred clones with distinct metastatic potential and cellular communication capabilities, determining organ-specific metastasis. Poorly differentiated or highly metastatic clones, rather than drug-resistant clones, exhibited poor clinical prognostic impact. Personalized genetic alterations, instead of mutation burden, determined the occurrence of metastatic potential during clonal evolution. Additionally, we developed a gene signature for capturing metastatic potential of primary CRC tumors and demonstrated a strategy for identifying metastatic drivers using isogenic clones with distinct metastatic potential in primary tumors. This study provides insight into the origin and mechanisms of metastasis and will help develop potential anti-metastatic therapeutic targets for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Intelligent Healthcare, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianan Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bingzhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fulai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Intelligent Healthcare, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Cheng F, Li P, Xu S, Zhang C, Liang H, Ding Z. A pair of primary colorectal cancer-derived and corresponding synchronous liver metastasis-derived organoid cell lines. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4396-4422. [PMID: 38407980 PMCID: PMC10968669 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Proper preclinical models for the research of colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC liver metastases (CLM) are a clear and unmet need. Patient-derived organoids have recently emerged as a robust preclinical model, but are not available to all scientific researchers. Here, we present paired 3D organoid cell lines of CWH22 (CRC-derived) and CLM22 (CLM-derived) with sound background information and the short tandem repeats are identical to those of the normal tissue. Morphological and immunohistochemical staining, along with whole-exome sequencing (WES), confirmed that the organoids exhibited the same differentiation, molecular expression, and mutation status as the corresponding tumor tissue. Both organoids possessed mutated APC/KRAS/SMAD4/CDKN1B/KMT2C genes and wild-type TP53 and PIK3CA; stably secreted the tumor markers CEA and CA19-9, and possessed sound proliferation rates in vitro, as well as subcutaneous tumorigenicity and liver metastatic abilities in vivo. IC50 assays confirmed that both cell lines were sensitive to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, SN-38, and sotorasib. WES and karyotype analyses revealed the genomic instability status as chromosome instability. The corresponding adherent cultured CWH22-2D/CLM22-2D cells were established and compared with commonly used CRC cell lines from the ATCC. Both organoids are publicly available to all researchers and will be useful tools for specific human CRC/CLM studies both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sanpeng Xu
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zeyang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan 430030, China
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Neto Í, Rocha J, Gaspar MM, Reis CP. Experimental Murine Models for Colorectal Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092570. [PMID: 37174036 PMCID: PMC10177088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent malignancy worldwide and in both sexes. Numerous animal models for CRC have been established to study its biology, namely carcinogen-induced models (CIMs) and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). CIMs are valuable for assessing colitis-related carcinogenesis and studying chemoprevention. On the other hand, CRC GEMMs have proven to be useful for evaluating the tumor microenvironment and systemic immune responses, which have contributed to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. Although metastatic disease can be induced by orthotopic injection of CRC cell lines, the resulting models are not representative of the full genetic diversity of the disease due to the limited number of cell lines suitable for this purpose. On the other hand, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are the most reliable for preclinical drug development due to their ability to retain pathological and molecular characteristics. In this review, the authors discuss the various murine CRC models with a focus on their clinical relevance, benefits, and drawbacks. From all models discussed, murine CRC models will continue to be an important tool in advancing our understanding and treatment of this disease, but additional research is required to find a model that can correctly reflect the pathophysiology of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íris Neto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Rocha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina P Reis
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids Decrease the Proliferation, Invasion, and Secretion of Clinically Relevant Cytokines by Cultured Human Colon Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091267. [PMID: 36139106 PMCID: PMC9496155 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids isolated from members of the Amaryllidaceae plant family are promising anticancer agents. The purpose of the current study was to determine if the isocarbostyrils narciclasine, pancratistatin, lycorane, lycorine, crinane, and haemanthamine inhibit phenomena related to cancer progression in vitro. To achieve this, we examined the proliferation, adhesion, and invasion of cultured human colon cancer cells via MTT assay and Matrigel-coated Boyden chambers. In addition, Luminex assays were used to quantify the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cytokines associated with poor clinical outcomes. We found that all alkaloids decreased cell proliferation regardless of TP53 status, with narciclasine exhibiting the greatest potency. The effects on cell proliferation also appear to be specific to cancer cells. Narciclasine, lycorine, and haemanthamine decrease both adhesion and invasion but with various potencies depending on the cell line. In addition, narciclasine, lycorine, and haemanthamine decreased the secretion of MMP-1, -2, and -7, as well as the secretion of the cytokines pentraxin 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor. In conclusion, the present study shows that Amaryllidaceae alkaloids decrease phenomena and cytokines associated with colorectal cancer progression, supporting future investigations regarding their potential as multifaceted drug candidates.
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Asgharzadeh F, Tarnava A, Mostafapour A, Khazaei M, LeBaron TW. Hydrogen-rich water exerts anti-tumor effects comparable to 5-fluorouracil in a colorectal cancer xenograft model. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:242-252. [PMID: 35116114 PMCID: PMC8790422 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Tumor removal remains the preferred frontline treatment; however, effective non-surgical interventions remain a high priority. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used chemotherapy agent, and molecular hydrogen (H2) has been recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, with research also suggesting its potential anti-tumor effects. Therefore, H2 dissolved in water [hydrogen-rich water (HRW)], with or without 5-FU, may present itself as a novel therapeutic for CRC. AIM To investigate the effects of HRW, with or without 5-FU, as a novel therapeutic for CRC. METHODS CRC was induced in the left flank of inbred Balb/c mice. A total of 24 mice bearing tumors were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 per group) and treated as follows: (1) Control group; (2) 5-FU group that received intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (5 mg/kg) every other day; (3) H2 group that received HRW, created and delivered via dissolving the H2-generating tablet in the animals' drinking water, with 200 μL also delivered by oral gavage; and (4) The combination group, H2 (administered in same way as for group three) combined with 5-FU administered same way as group two. RESULTS Administration of HRW + 5-FU significantly improved tumor weight, tumor size, collagen content and fibrosis as compared to the CRC control group. Specifically, HRW attenuated oxidative stress (OS) and potentiated antioxidant activity (AA), whereas 5-FU treatment exacerbated OS and blunted AA. The combination of HRW + 5-FU significantly reduced tumor weight and size, as well as reduced collagen deposition and the degree of fibrosis, while further increasing OS and decreasing AA compared to administration of 5-FU alone. CONCLUSION Administration of HRW, with or without 5-FU, may serve as a therapeutic for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, Iran
| | | | - Asma Mostafapour
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, Iran
| | - Tyler W LeBaron
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 984104, Slovakia
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, UT 84720, United States
- Biological Research, Molecular Hydrogen Institute, UT 84721, United States
- Department of Physical Science, Southern Utah University, UT 84720, United States
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Liu G, Valvo V, Ahn SW, Thompson D, Deans K, Kang JW, Bhagavatula S, Dominas C, Jonas O. A Two-Photon Microimaging-Microdevice System for Four-Dimensional Imaging of Local Drug Delivery in Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11752. [PMID: 34769180 PMCID: PMC8584268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the intratumor measurement of drug responses have included a pioneering biomedical microdevice for high throughput drug screening in vivo, which was further advanced by integrating a graded-index lens based two-dimensional fluorescence micro-endoscope to monitor tissue responses in situ across time. While the previous system provided a bulk measurement of both drug delivery and tissue response from a given region of the tumor, it was incapable of visualizing drug distribution and tissue responses in a three-dimensional (3D) way, thus missing the critical relationship between drug concentration and effect. Here we demonstrate a next-generation system that couples multiplexed intratumor drug release with continuous 3D spatial imaging of the tumor microenvironment via the integration of a miniaturized two-photon micro-endoscope. This enables optical sectioning within the live tissue microenvironment to effectively profile the entire tumor region adjacent to the microdevice across time. Using this novel microimaging-microdevice (MI-MD) system, we successfully demonstrated the four-dimensional imaging (3 spatial dimensions plus time) of local drug delivery in tissue phantom and tumors. Future studies include the use of the MI-MD system for monitoring of localized intra-tissue drug release and concurrent measurement of tissue responses in live organisms, with applications to study drug resistance due to nonuniform drug distribution in tumors, or immune cell responses to anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Veronica Valvo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Sebastian W. Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Devon Thompson
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Kyle Deans
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Jeon Woong Kang
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Sharath Bhagavatula
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Christine Dominas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
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da Mata S, Franchi-Mendes T, Abreu S, Filipe B, Morgado S, Mesquita M, Albuquerque C, Fonseca R, Santo VE, Boghaert ER, Rosa I, Brito C. Patient-Derived Explants of Colorectal Cancer: Histopathological and Molecular Analysis of Long-Term Cultures. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184695. [PMID: 34572922 PMCID: PMC8465429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer type among men and women. Prescription of medical treatments for cancer often relies on a process of trial and potential error, more recently guided by patient stratification based on biomarkers. Nonetheless, available biomarkers do not accurately predict patient response and there is a need for predictive and translational models to provide proper clinical information on treatment guidance. Herein, we developed an ex vivo model of colorectal cancer, using fresh tumour samples to establish explant cultures, taking advantage of agitation-based culture systems. We performed a thorough characterisation over one month in culture and observed preservation of original tumour genetic features and partial preservation of architecture and non-malignant cells that compose the tumour microenvironment. Our findings highlight the importance of detailed model characterisation and support the applicability of our model in pre- and co-clinical settings. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Although short-term cultures of tumour sections and xenotransplants have been used to determine drug efficacy, the results frequently fail to confer clinically useful information. Biomarker discovery has changed the paradigm for advanced CRC, though the presence of a biomarker does not necessarily translate into therapeutic success. To improve clinical outcomes, translational models predictive of drug response are needed. We describe a simple method for the fast establishment of CRC patient-derived explant (CRC-PDE) cultures from different carcinogenesis pathways, employing agitation-based platforms. A total of 26 CRC-PDE were established and a subset was evaluated for viability (n = 23), morphology and genetic key alterations (n = 21). CRC-PDE retained partial tumor glandular architecture and microenvironment features were partially lost over 4 weeks of culture. Key proteins (p53 and Mismatch repair) and oncogenic driver mutations of the original tumours were sustained throughout the culture. Drug challenge (n = 5) revealed differential drug response from distinct CRC-PDE cases. These findings suggest an adequate representation of the original tumour and highlight the importance of detailed model characterisation. The preservation of key aspects of the CRC microenvironment and genetics supports CRC-PDE potential applicability in pre- and co-clinical settings, as long as temporal dynamics are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara da Mata
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia Abreu
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Filipe
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (B.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Sónia Morgado
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Marta Mesquita
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Cristina Albuquerque
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (B.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Ricardo Fonseca
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vítor E. Santo
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Erwin R. Boghaert
- Abbvie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-6098, USA;
| | - Isadora Rosa
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (C.B.)
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Rombouts C, De Spiegeleer M, Van Meulebroek L, Vanhaecke L, De Vos WH. Comprehensive polar metabolomics and lipidomics profiling discriminates the transformed from the non-transformed state in colon tissue and cell lines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17249. [PMID: 34446738 PMCID: PMC8390467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most lethal disease worldwide. Despite an urgent need for therapeutic advance, selective target identification in a preclinical phase is hampered by molecular and metabolic variations between cellular models. To foster optimal model selection from a translational perspective, we performed untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry-based polar metabolomics and lipidomics to non-transformed (CCD841-CON and FHC) and transformed (HCT116, HT29, Caco2, SW480 and SW948) colon cell lines as well as tissue samples from ten colorectal cancer patients. This unveiled metabolic signatures discriminating the transformed from the non-transformed state. Metabolites involved in glutaminolysis, tryptophan catabolism, pyrimidine, lipid and carnitine synthesis were elevated in transformed cells and cancerous tissue, whereas those involved in the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, urea cycle and redox reactions were lowered. The degree of glutaminolysis and lipid synthesis was specific to the colon cancer cell line at hand. Thus, our study exposed pathways that are specifically associated with the transformation state and revealed differences between colon cancer cell lines that should be considered when targeting cancer-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rombouts
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Systems and Imaging, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Margot De Spiegeleer
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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10
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Glenny EM, Coleman MF, Giles ED, Wellberg EA, Hursting SD. Designing Relevant Preclinical Rodent Models for Studying Links Between Nutrition, Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:253-282. [PMID: 34357792 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-032437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diet and nutrition are intricately related to cancer prevention, growth, and treatment response. Preclinical rodent models are a cornerstone to biomedical research and remain instrumental in our understanding of the relationship between cancer and diet and in the development of effective therapeutics. However, the success rate of translating promising findings from the bench to the bedside is suboptimal. Well-designed rodent models will be crucial to improving the impact basic science has on clinical treatment options. This review discusses essential experimental factors to consider when designing a preclinical cancer model with an emphasis on incorporating these models into studies interrogating diet, nutrition, and metabolism. The aims of this review are to (a) provide insight into relevant considerations when designing cancer models for obesity, nutrition, and metabolism research; (b) identify common pitfalls when selecting a rodent model; and (c) discuss strengths and limitations of available preclinical models. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Glenny
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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11
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Castro F, Leite Pereira C, Helena Macedo M, Almeida A, José Silveira M, Dias S, Patrícia Cardoso A, José Oliveira M, Sarmento B. Advances on colorectal cancer 3D models: The needed translational technology for nanomedicine screening. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113824. [PMID: 34090966 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous and molecularly complex disease, associated with high mortality worldwide, exposing the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Their development and translation to the clinic have been hampered, partially due to the absence of reliable cellular models that resemble key features of the human disease. While traditional 2D models are not able to provide consistent and predictive responses about the in vivo efficiency of the formulation, animal models frequently fail to recapitulate cancer progression and to reproduce adverse effects. On its turn, multicellular 3D systems, by mimicking key genetic, physical and mechanical cues of the tumor microenvironment, constitute a promising tool in cancer research. In addition, they constitute more physiological and relevant environment for anticancer drugs screening and for predicting patient's response towards personalized approaches, bridging the gap between simplified 2D models and unrepresentative animal models. In this review, we provide an overview of CRC 3D models for translational research, with focus on their potential for nanomedicines screening.
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12
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Rahman HS. Preclinical Drug Discovery in Colorectal Cancer: A Focus on Natural Compounds. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:977-997. [PMID: 33820517 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210405105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered one of the most predominant and deadly cancer globally. Nowadays, the main clinical management for this cancer includes chemotherapy and surgery; however, these treatments result in the occurrence of drug resistance and severe side effects, and thus it is a crucial requirement to discover an alternative and potential therapy for CRC treatment. Numerous therapeutic cancers were initially recognized from natural metabolites utilized in traditional medicine, and several recent types of research have shown that many natural products own potential effects against CRC and may assist the action of chemotherapy for the treatment of CRC. It has been indicated that most patients are well tolerated by natural compounds without showing any toxicity signs even at high doses. Conventional chemotherapeutics interaction with natural medicinal compounds presents a new feature in cancer exploration and treatment. Most of the natural compounds overwhelm malignant cell propagation by apoptosis initiation of CRC cells and arresting of the cell cycle (especially at G, S, and G2/M phase) that result in inhibition of tumor growth. OBJECTIVE This mini-review aimed to focus on natural compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, terpenoids, lactones, quinones, etc.) that were identified to have anti- CRC activity in vitro on CRC cell lines and/or in vivo experiments on animal models. CONCLUSION Most of the studied active natural compounds possess anti-CRC activity via different mechanisms and pathways in vitro and in vivo that might be used as assistance by clinicians to support chemotherapy therapeutic strategy and treatment doses for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, 46001 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq-Chaq Qularaisee, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
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13
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Gillespie MA, Steele CW, Lannagan TR, Sansom OJ, Roxburgh CS. Pre-clinical modelling of rectal cancer to develop novel radiotherapy-based treatment strategies. Oncol Rev 2021; 15:511. [PMID: 34249240 PMCID: PMC8237517 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2021.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates in locally advanced rectal cancer. 10-20% of patients undergo complete response to chemoradiotherapy, however, many patients show no response. The mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood; identifying molecular and immunological factors underpinning heterogeneous responses to chemoradiotherapy, will promote development of treatment strategies to improve responses and overcome resistance mechanisms. This review describes the advances made in pre-clinical modelling of colorectal cancer, including genetically engineered mouse models, transplantation models, patient derived organoids and radiotherapy platforms to study responses to chemoradiotherapy. Relevant literature was identified through the PubMed and MEDLINE databases, using the following keywords: rectal cancer; mouse models; organoids; neo-adjuvant treatment; radiotherapy; chemotherapy. By delineating the advantages and disadvantages of available models, we discuss how modelling techniques can be utilized to address current research priorities in locally advanced rectal cancer. We provide unique insight into the potential application of pre-clinical models in the development of novel neo-adjuvant treatment strategies, which will hopefully guide future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Gillespie
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Campbell S.D. Roxburgh
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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14
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Xi Y, Jing Z, Wei W, Chun Z, Quan Q, Qing Z, Jiamin X, Shuwen H. Inhibitory effect of sodium butyrate on colorectal cancer cells and construction of the related molecular network. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:127. [PMID: 33549042 PMCID: PMC7866666 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium butyrate (NaB) is produced through the fermentation of dietary fiber that is not absorbed and digested by the small intestine. PURPOSE Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of NaB on the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells and their potential underlying molecular mechanism(s). METHODS The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and EdU assay were used to detect cell proliferation ability, flow cytometry was used to investigate the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle progression, and the scratch-wound healing and transwell assays were used to evaluate cell migration and invasion, respectively. The human CRC genome information for tissues and CRC cells treated with NaB obtained from the NCBI GEO database was reannotated and used for differential RNA analysis. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed for differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for the hub genes was constructed using the Cytoscape software. Targeted miRNAs were predicted based on the lnCeDB database, and a ceRNA network was constructed using the Cytoscape software. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze patient prognosis using the clinical information and exon-seq data for CRC obtained from the Broad Institute's GDAC Firehose platform. RESULTS NaB decreased the proliferation ability of CRC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The number of apoptotic CRC cells increased with the increase in NaB concentrations, and NaB induced a G1 phase block in CRC cells. Moreover, NaB suppressed the migratory and invasive capabilities of CRC cells. There were 666 differentially expressed mRNAs and 30 differentially expressed lncRNAs involved in the CRC inhibition by NaB. The PPI network and ceRNA network were constructed based on the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs. Three differentially expressed mRNAs, including HMGA2, LOXL2, and ST7, were significantly correlated with the prognosis of CRC. CONCLUSION NaB induces the apoptosis and inhibition of CRC cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by modulating complex molecular networks. RNA prediction and molecular network construction need to be the focus of further research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou university, No. 1 Bachelor Road, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Wu Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Zhang Chun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Qi Quan
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Zhou Qing
- Department of Nursing, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xu Jiamin
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou university, No. 1 Bachelor Road, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang Province China
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15
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Dinger TF, Chen O, Dittfeld C, Hetze L, Hüther M, Wondrak M, Löck S, Eicheler W, Breier G, Kunz-Schughart LA. Microenvironmentally-driven Plasticity of CD44 isoform expression determines Engraftment and Stem-like Phenotype in CRC cell lines. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7599-7621. [PMID: 32685007 PMCID: PMC7359088 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic biomarkers for putative cancer stem-like cells (CSC) in colorectal cancer (CRC) are of particular interest in translational research to develop patient-individualized treatment strategies. Surface proteins still under debate are CD44 and CD133. The structural and functional diversity of these antigens, as well as their plasticity, has only just begun to be understood. Our study aimed to gain novel insight into the plasticity of CD133/CD44, thereby proving the hypothesis of marker-associated tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic phenotypes to be environmentally driven. Methods: CD133/CD44 profiles of 20 CRC cell lines were monitored; three models with distinct surface patterns in vitro were systematically examined. CD133/CD44 subpopulations were isolated by FACS and analyzed upon in vitro growth and/or in limiting dilution engraftment studies. The experimental setup included biomarker analyses on the protein (flow cytometry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence) and mRNA levels (RT-/qPCR) as well as CD44 gene sequencing. Results: In general, we found that (i) the in vitro CD133/CD44 pattern never determined engraftment and (ii) the CD133/CD44 population distributions harmonized under in vivo conditions. The LS1034 cell line appeared as a unique model due to its de novo in vivo presentation of CD44. CD44v8-10 was identified as main transcript, which was stronger expressed in primary human CRC than in normal colon tissues. Biomarker pattern of LS1034 cells in vivo reflected secondary engraftment: the tumorigenic potential was highest in CD133+/CD44+, intermediate in CD133+/CD44- and entirely lost in CD133-/CD44- subfractions. Both CD44+ and CD44- LS1034 cells gave rise to tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic progeny and were convertible - but only as long as they expressed CD133 in vivo. The highly tumorigenic CD133+/CD44(v8-10)+ LS1034 cells were localized in well-oxygenated perivascular but not hypoxic regions. From a multitude of putative modulators, only the direct interaction with stromal fibroblasts triggered an essential, in vivo-like enhancement of CD44v8-10 presentation in vitro. Conclusion: Environmental conditions modulate CD133/CD44 phenotypes and tumorigenic potential of CRC subpopulations. The identification of fibroblasts as drivers of cancer-specific CD44 expression profile and plasticity sheds light on the limitation of per se dynamic surface antigens as biomarkers. It can also explain the location of putative CD133/CD44-positive CRC CSC in the perivascular niche, which is likely to comprise cancer-associated fibroblasts. The LS1034 in vitro/in vivo model is a valuable tool to unravel the mechanism of stromal-induced CD44v8-10 expression and identify further therapeutically relevant, mutual interrelations between microenvironment and tumorigenic phenotype.
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16
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Martín MJ, Gentili C, Lassalle V. In vitro Biological Tests as the First Tools To Validate Magnetic Nanotheranostics for Colorectal Cancer Models. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1003-1017. [PMID: 32365271 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer death. Nanotechnology has focused on reaching more effective treatments. In this concern, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been studied for a wide range of biomedical applications related to CRC, such as diagnostic imaging, drug delivery and thermal therapy. However, limited research is currently found in the open literature that refers to nanosystems combining all these mentioned areas (theranostics). When developing nanosystems intended as theranostics applied to CRC, possible variations between patients must be considered. Therefore, multiple in vitro assays are required as guidance for future preclinical and clinical trials. The objective of this contribution is to evaluate the available and recent literature regarding the interactions of MNP and CRC models, aiming to critically analyze the information given by the commonly used assays and evaluate the data provided by each one with a view to implementing this novel technology in CRC diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Martín
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (CONICET-UNS), Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (CONICET-UNS), San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia Gentili
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (CONICET-UNS), San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Verónica Lassalle
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (CONICET-UNS), Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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17
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Ramzy GM, Koessler T, Ducrey E, McKee T, Ris F, Buchs N, Rubbia-Brandt L, Dietrich PY, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Patient-Derived In Vitro Models for Drug Discovery in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061423. [PMID: 32486365 PMCID: PMC7352800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of relevant preclinical models that reliably recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of human cancer has slowed down the development and approval of new anti-cancer therapies. Even though two-dimensional in vitro culture models remain widely used, they allow only partial cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and therefore do not represent the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, better models reflecting intra-tumor heterogeneity need to be incorporated in the drug screening process to more reliably predict the efficacy of drug candidates. Classic methods of modelling colorectal carcinoma (CRC), while useful for many applications, carry numerous limitations. In this review, we address the recent advances in in vitro CRC model systems, ranging from conventional CRC patient-derived models, such as conditional reprogramming-based cell cultures, to more experimental and state-of-the-art models, such as cancer-on-chip platforms or liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Ramzy
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Koessler
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Eloise Ducrey
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas McKee
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Frédéric Ris
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Buchs
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-3352
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Bürtin F, Mullins CS, Linnebacher M. Mouse models of colorectal cancer: Past, present and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1394-1426. [PMID: 32308343 PMCID: PMC7152519 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i13.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed malignancy among both sexes in the United States as well as in the European Union. While the incidence and mortality rates in western, high developed countries are declining, reflecting the success of screening programs and improved treatment regimen, a rise of the overall global CRC burden can be observed due to lifestyle changes paralleling an increasing human development index. Despite a growing insight into the biology of CRC and many therapeutic improvements in the recent decades, preclinical in vivo models are still indispensable for the development of new treatment approaches. Since the development of carcinogen-induced rodent models for CRC more than 80 years ago, a plethora of animal models has been established to study colon cancer biology. Despite tenuous invasiveness and metastatic behavior, these models are useful for chemoprevention studies and to evaluate colitis-related carcinogenesis. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) mirror the pathogenesis of sporadic as well as inherited CRC depending on the specific molecular pathways activated or inhibited. Although the vast majority of CRC GEMM lack invasiveness, metastasis and tumor heterogeneity, they still have proven useful for examination of the tumor microenvironment as well as systemic immune responses; thus, supporting development of new therapeutic avenues. Induction of metastatic disease by orthotopic injection of CRC cell lines is possible, but the so generated models lack genetic diversity and the number of suited cell lines is very limited. Patient-derived xenografts, in contrast, maintain the pathological and molecular characteristics of the individual patient’s CRC after subcutaneous implantation into immunodeficient mice and are therefore most reliable for preclinical drug development – even in comparison to GEMM or cell line-based analyses. However, subcutaneous patient-derived xenograft models are less suitable for studying most aspects of the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumoral immune responses. The authors review the distinct mouse models of CRC with an emphasis on their clinical relevance and shed light on the latest developments in the field of preclinical CRC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bürtin
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Christina S Mullins
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
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Xu Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Zheng M. Comparison of Different Colorectal Cancer With Liver Metastases Models Using Six Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2177-2183. [PMID: 32172478 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At present, modeling methods of colorectal cancer with liver metastases have significant limitations. Here, we established orthotopic and ectopic hepatic metastases models using six colorectal cancer cell lines to choose an ideal animal model for studying colorectal cancer growth and liver metastases. Luciferin-expressing six colorectal cancer cell lines were used to induce animal models of colorectal cancer with liver metastases by intra-splenic injection or implantation of tumor tissue in the caecum. Tumors growth and metastatic events were observed by bioluminescence imaging. In orthotopic transplantation group, six cell lines all had taken rates of 100% for orthotopic tumors but showed variations in rates of growth. HCT-116 cell developed the 50% liver metastases. However, the ectopic transplantation group achieved higher liver metastatic rate, with the highest frequencies for HCT116 cell (90%) and SW620 cell (77.8%). Furthermore, the time to develop liver metastases and survival rates of bearing-tumor mice were shorter than orthotopic transplantation group. Additionally, six colorectal cancer cell lines resulted in more lymph node metastases in orthotopic transplantation group, whereas produced widespread peritoneal seeding in ectopic transplantation group. Bioluminescence imaging and pathological findings confirmed the growth and metastatic characteristics of tumors. Two animal models of colorectal cancer using six cell lines showed highly variations in rates of growth, survival rates of bearing-tumor mice and frequencies of metastases. The study provides useful information for the establishment of clinically relevant colorectal cancer with liver metastases animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maojin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Nanovectors Design for Theranostic Applications in Colorectal Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2740923. [PMID: 31662751 PMCID: PMC6791220 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2740923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a diffused disease with limited therapeutic options, none of which are often curative. Based on the molecular markers and targets expressed by the affected tissues, numerous novel approaches have been developed to study and treat this disease. In particular, the field of nanotechnology offers an astonishingly wide array of innovative nanovectors with high versatility and adaptability for both diagnosis and therapy (the so called “theranostic platforms”). However, such complexity can make the selection of a specific nanocarrier model to study a perplexing endeavour for the biomedical scientist or clinician not familiar with this field of inquiry. This review offers a comprehensive overview of this wide body of knowledge, in order to outline the essential requirements for the clinical viability evaluation of a nanovector model in CRC. In particular, the differences among the foremost designs, their specific advantages, and technological caveats will be treated, never forgetting the ultimate endpoint for these systems development: the clinical practice.
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Almeqdadi M, Mana MD, Roper J, Yilmaz ÖH. Gut organoids: mini-tissues in culture to study intestinal physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C405-C419. [PMID: 31216420 PMCID: PMC6766612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, cell cultures are essential tools in the study of intestinal function and disease. For the past few decades, monolayer cellular cultures, such as cancer cell lines or immortalized cell lines, have been widely applied in gastrointestinal research. Recently, the development of three-dimensional cultures known as organoids has permitted the growth of normal crypt-villus units that recapitulate many aspects of intestinal physiology. Organoid culturing has also been applied to study gastrointestinal diseases, intestinal-microbe interactions, and colorectal cancer. These models are amenable to CRISPR gene editing and drug treatments, including high-throughput small-molecule testing. Three-dimensional intestinal cultures have been transplanted into mice to develop versatile in vivo models of intestinal disease, particularly cancer. Limitations of currently available organoid models include cost and challenges in modeling nonepithelial intestinal cells, such as immune cells and the microbiota. Here, we describe the development of organoid models of intestinal biology and the applications of organoids for study of the pathophysiology of intestinal diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Almeqdadi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Miyeko D Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jatin Roper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Cruz-Gil S, Sánchez-Martínez R, Wagner-Reguero S, Stange D, Schölch S, Pape K, Ramírez de Molina A. A more physiological approach to lipid metabolism alterations in cancer: CRC-like organoids assessment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219944. [PMID: 31339921 PMCID: PMC6655698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine might be the response to the recent questioning of the use of metformin as an anticancer drug in colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, in order to establish properly its benefits, metformin application needs to be assayed on the different progression stages of CRC. In this way, intestinal organoids imply a more physiological tool, representing a new therapeutic opportunity for CRC personalized treatment to assay tumor stage-dependent drugs. The previously reported lipid metabolism-related axis, Acyl-CoA synthetases/ Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (ACSLs/SCD), stimulates colon cancer progression and metformin is able to rescue the invasive and migratory phenotype conferred to cancer cells upon this axis overexpression. Therefore, we checked ACSL/SCD axis status, its regulatory miRNAs and the effect of metformin treatment in intestinal organoids with the most common acquired mutations in a sporadic CRC (CRC-like organoids) as a model for specific and personalized treatment. Despite ACSL4 expression is upregulated progressively in CRC-like organoids, metformin is able to downregulate its expression, especially in the first two stages (I, II). Besides, organoids are clearly more sensitive in the first stage (Apc mutated) to metformin than current chemotherapeutic drugs such as fluorouracil (5-FU). Metformin performs an independent "Warburg effect" blockade to cancer progression and is able to reduce crypt stem cell markers expression such as LGR5+. These results suggest a putative increased efficiency of the use of metformin in early stages of CRC than in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cruz-Gil
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Sánchez-Martínez
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Wagner-Reguero
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Stange
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Pape
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology Group/ IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra, De Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Yin YB, de Jonge HR, Wu X, Yin YL. Mini-gut: a promising model for drug development. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1784-1794. [PMID: 31212027 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, major advances in drug development have been hampered by a lack of proper cell and tissue models; but the introduction of organoid technology has revolutionized this field. At the level of the gastrointestinal tract, the so-called mini-gut comprises all major cell types of native intestine and recapitulates the composition and function of native intestinal epithelium. The mini-gut can be classified as an intestinal organoid (IO), derived from pluripotent stem cells, or as an enteroid, consisting only of epithelial cells and generated from adult stem cells. Both classifications have been used as models to develop drugs against cystic fibrosis, cancer and infectious disease, as well as for drug screening, personalized medicine and the development of new medical tools. In this review, we highlight and discuss the importance of mini-guts for drug development and point out their limitations and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Bang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
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24
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Dzobo K, Rowe A, Senthebane DA, AlMazyadi MAM, Patten V, Parker MI. Three-Dimensional Organoids in Cancer Research: The Search for the Holy Grail of Preclinical Cancer Modeling. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:733-748. [PMID: 30571609 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most solid tumors become therapy resistant and will relapse, with no durable treatment option available. One major impediment to our understanding of cancer biology and finding innovative approaches to cancer treatment stems from the lack of better preclinical tumor models that address and explain tumor heterogeneity and person-to-person differences in therapeutic and toxic responses. Past cancer research has been driven by inadequate in vitro assays utilizing two-dimensional monolayers of cancer cells and animal models. Additionally, animal models do not truly mimic the original human tumor, are time consuming, and usually costly. New preclinical models are needed for innovation in cancer translational research. Hence, it is time to welcome the three-dimensional (3D) organoids: self-organizing cells grown in 3D culture systems mimicking the parent tissues from which the primary cells originate. The 3D organoids offer deeper insights into the crucial cellular processes in tissue and organ formation and pathological processes. Generation of near-perfect physiological microenvironments allow 3D organoids to couple with gene editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 and the transcription activator-like effector nucleases to model human diseases, offering distinct advantages over current models. We explain in this expert review that through recapitulating patients' normal and tumor tissues, organoid technology can markedly advance personalized medicine and help reveal once hidden aspects of cancers. The use of defined tissue- or organ-specific matrices, among other factors, will likely allow organoid technology to realize its potential in innovating many fields of life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- 1 International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa .,2 Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arielle Rowe
- 1 International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso A Senthebane
- 1 International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa .,2 Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mousa A M AlMazyadi
- 3 Al-Ahsa College of Medicine, King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Victoria Patten
- 2 Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- 2 Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Felton J, Cheng K, Shang AC, Hu S, Larabee SM, Drachenberg CB, Raufman JP. Two sides to colon cancer: mice mimic human anatomical region disparity in colon cancer development and progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4. [PMID: 31742233 PMCID: PMC6860924 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2018.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Strong evidence reveals important differences between cancers in the proximal vs. distal colon. Animal models of metastatic colon cancer are available but with varying degrees of reproducibility and several important limitations. We explored whether there were regional differences in the location of murine colon cancers and assessed the utility of murine models to explore the biological basis for such differences. Methods: We re-analyzed data from our previous studies to assess the regional distribution of murine colon cancer. In survival surgery experiments, we injected HT-29 human colon cancer cells into the wall of the cecum or distal colon of Nu(NCr)-Foxn1nu or NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgTim1Wji/SzJ mice and compared the development of primary tumors and metastases. Results: Within 7–17 weeks after intramural cecal injection of HT-29 cells, eight mice failed to develop solid primary tumors or metastases. In contrast, within four weeks after cell injection into the distal colon, 13 mice developed metastases - 12 mice developed subcutaneous metastases; of these, four developed liver metastases and one developed both liver and lung metastases. One mouse developed liver metastases only. Histological examination confirmed these lesions were adenocarcinomas. Conclusion: Our findings reveal the preferential growth of murine colon neoplasia and invasive human orthotopic xenografts in the distal mouse colon. The new approach of injecting cells into the distal colon wall results in a pattern of colon cancer development that closely mimics the progression of metastatic colon cancer in humans. This novel model of colon neoplasia has great potential for exploring anatomical differences in colon cancer and testing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Felton
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kunrong Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aaron C Shang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shien Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shannon M Larabee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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26
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Cattin S, Ramont L, Rüegg C. Characterization and In Vivo Validation of a Three-Dimensional Multi-Cellular Culture Model to Study Heterotypic Interactions in Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth, Invasion and Metastasis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:97. [PMID: 30065926 PMCID: PMC6056662 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third cause of cancer-related mortality in industrialized countries. Local invasion and metastasis formation are events associated with poor prognosis for which today there are no effective therapeutic options. Invasion and metastasis are strongly modulated by cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), in particular fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Unraveling interactions between tumor cells and cells of the TME may identify novel mechanisms and therapeutic targets to prevent or treat metastasis. We report here the development and in vivo validation of a 3D tumor spheroid model to study the interactions between CRC cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro. Co-cultured fibroblasts promoted SW620 and HCT116 CRC spheroid invasion, and this was prevented by the SRC and FGFR kinase inhibitors Dasatinib and Erdafitinib, respectively. To validate these findings in vivo, we injected SW620 cells alone or together with fibroblasts orthotopically in the caecum of mice. Co-injection with fibroblasts promoted lung metastasis growth, which was fully reversed by treatment with Dasatinib or Erdafitinib. Co-culture of SW620 or HCT116 CRC spheroids with endothelial cells suppressed spheroid growth while it had no effect on cancer cell migration or invasion. Consistent with this in vitro effect, co-injected endothelial cells significantly inhibited primary tumor growth in vivo. From these experiments we conclude that effects on cancer cell invasion and growth induced by co-cultured TME cells and drug treatment in the 3D spheroid model in vitro, are predictive of in vivo effects. The 3D spheroid model may be considered as an attractive model to study the effect of heterotypic cellular interactions and drug activities on cancer cells, as animal testing alternative. This model may be adapted and further developed to include different types of cancer and host cells and to investigate additional functions and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cattin
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Ramont
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Reims, France
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Integrative Center for Human Health, Fribourg, Switzerland
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27
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Roper J, Tammela T, Akkad A, Almeqdadi M, Santos SB, Jacks T, Yilmaz ÖH. Colonoscopy-based colorectal cancer modeling in mice with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and organoid transplantation. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:217-234. [PMID: 29300388 PMCID: PMC6145089 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of colorectal cancer are limited by tumor formation in the small intestine, a high tumor burden that limits metastasis, and the need to generate and cross mutant mice. Cell line or organoid transplantation models generally produce tumors in ectopic locations-such as the subcutaneous space, kidney capsule, or cecal wall-that do not reflect the native stromal environment of the colon mucosa. Here, we describe detailed protocols to rapidly and efficiently induce site-directed tumors in the distal colon of mice that are based on colonoscopy-guided mucosal injection. These techniques can be adapted to deliver viral vectors carrying Cre recombinase, CRISPR-Cas9 components, CRISPR-engineered mouse tumor organoids, or human cancer organoids to mice to model the adenoma-carcinoma-metastasis sequence of tumor progression. The colonoscopy injection procedure takes ∼15 min, including preparation. In our experience, anyone with reasonable hand-eye coordination can become proficient with mouse colonoscopy and mucosal injection with a few hours of practice. These approaches are ideal for a wide range of applications, including assessment of gene function in tumorigenesis, examination of tumor-stroma interactions, studies of cancer metastasis, and translational research with patient-derived cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Roper
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam Akkad
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammad Almeqdadi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian B Santos
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Organoids, organs-on-chips and other systems, and microbiota. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:385-400. [PMID: 33525777 PMCID: PMC7289039 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is considered an organ in its entirety and has been the subject of extensive research due to its role in physiology, metabolism, digestion, and immune regulation. Disequilibria of the normal microbiome have been associated with the development of several gastrointestinal diseases, but the exact underlying interactions are not well understood. Conventional in vivo and in vitro modelling systems fail to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of the human host–gut microbiome, emphasising the requirement for novel systems that provide a platform to study human host–gut microbiome interactions with a more holistic representation of the human in vivo microenvironment. In this review, we outline the progression and applications of new and old modelling systems with particular focus on their ability to model and to study host–microbiome cross-talk.
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29
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Ex vivo treatment of patient biopsies as a novel method to assess colorectal tumour response to the MEK1/2 inhibitor, Selumetinib. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12020. [PMID: 28931905 PMCID: PMC5607258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although an array of new therapeutics has emerged for the treatment of colorectal cancer, their use is significantly impacted by variability in patient response. Better pre-clinical models could substantially improve efficacy as it may allow stratification of patients into the correct treatment regime. Here we explore acute, ex vivo treatment of fresh, surgically resected human colorectal tumour biopsies as a novel pre-clinical model for identifying patient response to specific therapeutics. The MEK1/2 inhibitor, Selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) was used as a tool compound. Firstly, we established an acute treatment protocol and demonstrated this protocol could differentiate phenotypic and pharmacodynamic responses to Selumetinib (0–3uM). We then used the protocol to evaluate Selumetinib response in tumours from 23 colon cancer patients. These studies revealed that the agent inhibited pERK1/2 phosphorylation in all tumours, caused a significant decrease in proliferation in 5/23 (22%) tumours, and that KRAS/BRAF mutant tumours were particularly sensitive to the anti-proliferative effects of the agent. These data are consistent with data from clinical trials of Selumetinib, suggesting that acute treatment of small tumour biopsies is worthy of further exploration as a pre-clinical model to evaluate colorectal cancer response to novel therapies.
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30
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Roper J, Tammela T, Cetinbas NM, Akkad A, Roghanian A, Rickelt S, Almeqdadi M, Wu K, Oberli MA, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Park YK, Liang X, Eng G, Taylor MS, Azimi R, Kedrin D, Neupane R, Beyaz S, Sicinska ET, Suarez Y, Yoo J, Chen L, Zukerberg L, Katajisto P, Deshpande V, Bass AJ, Tsichlis PN, Lees J, Langer R, Hynes RO, Chen J, Bhutkar A, Jacks T, Yilmaz ÖH. In vivo genome editing and organoid transplantation models of colorectal cancer and metastasis. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:569-576. [PMID: 28459449 PMCID: PMC5462879 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vivo interrogation of the function of genes implicated in tumorigenesis is limited by the need to generate and cross germline mutant mice. Here we describe approaches to model colorectal cancer (CRC) and metastasis, which rely on in situ gene editing and orthotopic organoid transplantation in mice without cancer-predisposing mutations. Autochthonous tumor formation is induced by CRISPR-Cas9-based editing of the Apc and Trp53 tumor suppressor genes in colon epithelial cells and by orthotopic transplantation of Apc-edited colon organoids. ApcΔ/Δ;KrasG12D/+;Trp53Δ/Δ (AKP) mouse colon organoids and human CRC organoids engraft in the distal colon and metastasize to the liver. Finally, we apply the orthotopic transplantation model to characterize the clonal dynamics of Lgr5+ stem cells and demonstrate sequential activation of an oncogene in established colon adenomas. These experimental systems enable rapid in vivo characterization of cancer-associated genes and reproduce the entire spectrum of tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Roper
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naniye Malli Cetinbas
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Akkad
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ali Roghanian
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Rickelt
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammad Almeqdadi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Wu
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthias A Oberli
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yoona K Park
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu Liang
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Eng
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roxana Azimi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitriy Kedrin
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachit Neupane
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ewa T Sicinska
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yvelisse Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Yoo
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lillian Chen
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Zukerberg
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline Lees
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Halfter K, Mayer B. Bringing 3D tumor models to the clinic - predictive value for personalized medicine. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28098436 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current decision-guiding algorithms in cancer drug treatment are based on decades of research and numerous clinical trials. For the majority of patients, this data is successfully applied for a systemic disease management. For a number of patients however, treatment stratification according to clinically based risk criteria will not be sufficient. The most effective treatment options are ideally identified prior to the start of clinical drug therapy. This review will discuss the implementation of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models as a preclinical testing paradigm for the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment. Patient tumor-derived cells in 3D cultures duplicate the individual tumor microenvironment with a minimum of confounding factors. Clinical implementation of such personalized tumor models requires a high quality of methodological and clinical validation comparable to other biomarkers. A non-systematic literature search demonstrated the small number of prospective studies that have been conducted in this area of research. This may explain the current reluctance of many physicians and insurance providers in implementing this type of assay into the clinical diagnostic routine despite potential benefit for patients. Achieving valid and reproducible results with a high level of evidence is central in improving the acceptance of preclinical 3D tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Mayer
- SpheroTec GmbH, Martinsried, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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