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Alhammoud M, Trama R, Hautier CA, Girard O, Racinais S, Hansen C, Meyer F, Farooq A, Coint J, Trameau T, Brun L, Morel B. Joint kinematic responses of Olympic medallist skiers to repeated slalom runs. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39236311 DOI: 10.1113/ep091743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
This case study aims to examine changes in the lower limb joint kinematic profile and performance stability induced by repeated ski runs in two world-class alpine skiers. Two Olympic medallist alpine skiers were tested during their slalom training, with continuous recording of right knee and hip angles, along with turn time and run time. The eight runs of the training session were analysed with linear mixed models. Results showed no effect of runs repetition on performance (i.e., run and turn time; P ≥ 0.279). There was no global effect of runs repetition on minimal and maximal angles for either the knee or the hip (P > 0.151). There was an interaction between run and leg for the maximal angle of both the knee and hip (P ≤ 0.047), which increased across runs for the outside leg and decreased for the inside leg. The maximal angular velocity for both the knee and hip increased with runs repetition in extension (P ≤ 0.028). There were no overall changes in maximal angular velocity in flexion with runs repetition (P ≥ 0.264), but there was an interaction between run and leg for the knee (P < 0.001) due to faster eccentric velocities across runs for the outside leg and slower velocities for the inside leg. In conclusion, the observed joint kinematic alterations without concomitant performance impairment support the concept of multiple movement strategies in athletes to achieve similar performance, especially under fatigue conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Alhammoud
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Robin Trama
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christophe André Hautier
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Environnement Stress Unit, CREPS Montpellier Font-Romeu, Montpellier, France
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Medizinische Fakultat, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frédéric Meyer
- Digital Signal Processing Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abdulaziz Farooq
- FIFA Center Aspetar - Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Loïc Brun
- French Ski Federation, Annecy, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
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2
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Ahmadpour A, Fashi M, Hemmatinafar M. Consuming Beetroot Juice Improves Slalom Performance and Reduces Muscle Soreness in Alpine Skiers under Hypoxic Conditions. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:104408. [PMID: 39224139 PMCID: PMC11367456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation has been shown to increase sports performance under hypoxic conditions and to improve athletes' recovery. Objectives In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of acute BRJ supplementation on slalom (SL) run performance and muscle soreness (MS) in Alpine skiers at moderate to high altitudes. Methods Ten male Alpine skiers received 220 mL of BRJ (8.9 mmol/L nitrate) or placebo (PLA) in 2 sessions with a 7-d wash out interval in a randomized, crossover, PLA-controlled, double-blind study. The 90-s box jump (BJ90), agility hexagonal obstacle jump (Hex Jump), and wall-sit tests were measured before on-hill SL runs in both sessions. After the functional tests, SL run performance was measured by time to complete 2 runs on the SL course; immediately after each SL run, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded. In addition, perceived MS was recorded using the visual analog scale at 12, 24, and 48 h after the SL runs. Results The data were meticulously analyzed using 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t tests with significance set at P < 0.05. The findings were significant, indicating that compared with PLA, BRJ notably improved wall-sit and BJ90 performances (P < 0.05), while a substantial reduction was observed in RPE, Hex Jump, and MS (P < 0.05). A 1.74% shorter time to complete SL runs was observed in the BRJ group compared with the PLA group; however, there were no significant differences between the PLA and BRJ groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions These results underscore the potential of BRJ supplementation to enhance sports performance and reduce MS in Alpine skiers under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ahmadpour
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fashi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hemmatinafar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Penitente G, Young HA, Sands WA, McNeal JR. A Classification of Fitness Components in Elite Alpine Skiers: A Cluster Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105841. [PMID: 37239567 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The current study is an exploratory, secondary data analysis of a selection of physiological and biomechanical fitness components used to assess elite alpine skiers. The present study will provide new knowledge that can be used to aid training prescription and talent identification. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify groups of variables that are crucial for elite alpine skiers and differences based on sex and competition level. The key findings of the study are the patterns that emerged in the generated dendrograms. Physiological and biomechanical fitness components are differentiated in the dendrograms of male and female world-cup-level alpine skiers, but not in non-world-cup athletes. Components related to the aerobic and anaerobic capacity tightly cluster in male athletes at world cup and non-world-cup level, and female world cup athletes. Lower body explosive force production appears to be more critical in male world cup athletes than female world cup athletes. More research is needed into the importance of isometric strength in the lower body. Future research should use larger sample sizes and consider other alpine ski demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Penitente
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Hayden A Young
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | | | - Jeni R McNeal
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004-2431, USA
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4
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Alhammoud M, Girard O, Hansen C, Racinais S, Meyer F, Hautier CA, Morel B. Repeated practice runs during on-snow training do not generate any measurable neuromuscular alterations in elite alpine skiers. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:829195. [PMID: 35966108 PMCID: PMC9372580 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.829195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpine skiers typically train using repeated practice runs requiring high bursts of muscle activity but there is little field-based evidence characterizing neuromuscular function across successive runs. Purpose To examine the impact of repeated ski runs on electromyographic activity (EMG) of the knee extensors and flexors in elite alpine skiers. Methods Nineteen national team alpine skiers were tested during regular ski training [Slalom (SL), Giant Slalom (GS), Super Giant Slalom and Downhill (Speed)] for a total of 39 training sessions. The surface EMG of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF) and semimembranosus/semitendinosus (SMST) muscles was continuously recorded along with right knee and hip angles. The EMG root mean square signal was normalized to a maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). The first and fourth runs of the training session were compared. Results There was no meaningful main effect of run on EMG relative activation time or mean power frequency beyond the skier's intrinsic variability. However, EMG activity of the vastii increased from the first to the fourth run in SL [VM, ~+3%MVC for IL and outside leg (OL), p = 0.035)], speed (VL, IL:+6%/OL:+11%, p = 0.015), and GS (VM, IL:0/OL:+7%, p < 0.001); the later with an interaction with leg (p < 0.001) due to a localized increase on the OL. The run time and turn time did not change from the first to the fourth run. There were no meaningful changes in angular velocities, amplitude of movement, or maximal and minimal angles. Conclusion Neuromuscular activity remains highly stable in elite skiers with low variability across four runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Alhammoud
- Aspetar–Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- French Ski Federation, Annecy, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Medizinische Fakultat, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Frédéric Meyer
- Digital Signal Processing Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christophe André Hautier
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
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5
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Senécal I, Howarth SJ, Wells GD, Raymond I, Mior S. The Impact of Moderate and High Intensity Cardiovascular Exertion on Sub-Elite Soccer Referee's Cognitive Performance: A Lab-Based Study. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:618-625. [PMID: 35321134 PMCID: PMC8488827 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soccer referees represent a specialized population who are required to perform decisional or perceptual tasks during physical exertion. Recent studies have demonstrated that submaximal acute exercise has a positive impact on cognitive performance. However, less is known about the impact of more strenuous exertion on cognitive performance. This study assessed the effect of moderate and maximal intensity exercise exertion on a cognitive performance in sub-elite soccer referees. Twelve experienced soccer referees (4 female, 8 male) were recruited. Data were collected on 2 separate days. Baseline fitness level was assessed by a standardized aerobic capacity test (VO2max Test) on Day 1, along with practice trials of the Stroop Color Word Test (Stroop Test) for evaluating cognitive performance. On Day 2, cognitive performance was assessed before, during, and after an incremental intensity exercise protocol based on the Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) referee fitness test. Relative to results obtained at rest performance on the Stroop Test improved at moderate exertion and at maximal exertion during the modified FIFA fitness test (F = 18.97, p = .005). Mean time to completion (in seconds) of the interference Stroop task significantly improved (p < .05) between rest and moderate exertion [-3.0 ± 3.0 seconds] and between rest and maximal exertion [-4.8 ± 2.6 seconds]. In summary, we observed that cognitive performance was found to improve when sub-elite soccer referees performed moderate and maximal exercise relative to results obtained at rest. It is possible that referees focus their attention to improve goal-oriented processing in the brain during physical exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Senécal
- Division of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada
| | - Samuel J Howarth
- Division of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada
| | - Greg D Wells
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, The University of Toronto & Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
| | | | - Silvano Mior
- Division of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada
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Olle-Casanovas A, Ahtiainen JP. The effects of active vs. passive recovery on riding performance during a simulated motocross race. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Feletti F, Bonato M. The Incidence of Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion in Action Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8728. [PMID: 33255389 PMCID: PMC7727801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence of concussion risk in youth athletes involved in action sports (AS). METHODS A search of PubMed and Web of Science (from January 1980 to August 2020). Titles, abstracts, and full text were screened according to predefined inclusion criteria to find relevant studies. Moreover, the methodological quality of the studies selected was assessed. RESULTS Nineteen of 1.619 studies were included in the systematic review and 14 in the meta-analysis. Motocross, sailing and snowboarding presented the highest incidence rates per 1000 athlete exposure at 39.22, 3.73 and 2.77 respectively, whereas alpine skiing had the lowest incidence rates resulting in 0.30. Overall risk of concussion was estimated at 0.33 (CI: 0.22, 0.45). Regarding the methodological quality, we have to report that 26.3% of the studies reported the definition of concussion while 36.8% presented age and gender-specific incidence rates. The mechanism of injury and follow up were reported only in one study. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the rates of incident youth concussion across AS. Despite some limitations, the data from this research can serve as the current sport-specific baseline risk of concussion among youth athletes who practice action sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Feletti
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Ausl della Romagna, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
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Nilsson R, Lindberg AS, Theos A, Ferguson RA, Malm C. Aerobic Variables for Prediction of Alpine Skiing Performance - A Novel Approach. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E105-E112. [PMID: 30539126 PMCID: PMC6277242 DOI: 10.1055/a-0655-7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive power of aerobic test results and anthropometric variables on FIS-ranking of junior elite alpine skiers. Results from twenty-three male and female adolescent elite alpine skiers from two seasons were included in the multivariate statistical models. Physical work capacity was determined by V̇O2peak, blood lactate concentration ([HLa]b), and heart rate (HR) during ergometer cycling. Anthropometric variables were body stature, body weight and calculated BMI. No significant correlation between competitive performance and aerobic work capacity or anthropometric data was observed neither in male nor female adolescent skiers. Pre-season physical tests and anthropometric data could therefore not predict end-season FIS-ranking. The best regression (R2) and prediction (Q2) models of FIS slalom (SL) and giant slalom (GS) rank reached R2=0.51 to 0.86, Q2=−0.73 to 0.18, indicating no valid models. This study could not establish V̇O2peak and other included variables as predictors of competitive performance. When combining results from commonly used tests for alpine skiers, and applying multivariate statistical models, investigated tests seems of limited used for athletes, coaches, and ski federations. Performance-specific pre-season tests must be developed and validated for prediction of performance and guidance of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nilsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine Unit, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Apostolos Theos
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine Unit, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Christer Malm
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine Unit, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Chen YM, Huang CC, Hsiao CY, Hu S, Wang IL, Sung HC. Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) raven extract supplementation enhances muscle glycogen content and endurance exercise performance in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 81:667-674. [PMID: 29962382 PMCID: PMC6541843 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ludwigia octovalvis extract (LOE) is a widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicine. To date, few studies have demonstrated the effect of LOE supplementation on exercise
performance, physical fatigue and biochemical profile. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of LOE extract on fatigue and ergogenic functions following
physiological challenge. Male ICR mice from 3 groups (n=8 per group) were orally administered LOE for 4 weeks at 0 (vehicle), 61.5 (LOE-1X) or 307.5 (LOE-5X) mg/kg/day. LOE
supplementation was able to dose-dependently increase endurance swimming time (P<0.0001) and decrease levels of serum lactate (P=0.0022), ammonia
(P<0.0001), creatine kinase (P<0.0001), blood urea nitrogen (P<0.0001) and glucose utilization (P<0.0001)
after acute exercise challenge. The glycogen in gastrocnemius muscle also increased with LOE treatment in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.0001). Biochemically, AST, ALT,
LDH, CK, BUN, creatinine and UA levels were decreased with LOE treatment. Our study shows that 4-week supplementation with LOE increases muscle glycogen content storage to enhance exercise
performance and anti-fatigue effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chen
- Health Technology College, Jilin Sport University, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.,Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Sindy Hu
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Wang
- Health Technology College, Jilin Sport University, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Hsin-Ching Sung
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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Abstract
Alpine ski racing is known to be a sport with a high risk of injury and a high proportion of time-loss injuries. In recent years, substantial research efforts with regard to injury epidemiology, injury etiology, potential prevention measures, and measures’ evaluation have been undertaken. Therefore, the aims of this review of the literature were (i) to provide a comprehensive overview of what is known about the aforementioned four steps of injury prevention research in the context of alpine ski racing; and (ii) to derive potential perspectives for future research. In total, 38 injury risk factors were previously reported in literature; however, a direct relation to injury risk was proven for only five factors: insufficient core strength/core strength imbalance, sex (depending on type of injury), high skill level, unfavorable genetic predisposition, and the combination of highly shaped, short and wide skis. Moreover, only one prevention measure (i.e. the combination of less-shaped and longer skis with reduced profile width) has demonstrated a positive impact on injury risk. Thus, current knowledge deficits are mainly related to verifying the evidence of widely discussed injury risk factors and assessing the effectiveness of reasonable prevention ideas. Nevertheless, the existing knowledge should be proactively communicated and systematically implemented by sport federations and sport practitioners.
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11
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Effects of seawater ingestion on lactate response to exercise in runners. Biol Sport 2018; 34:407-412. [PMID: 29472745 PMCID: PMC5819471 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.70733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of microfiltered and sterilized seawater ingestion on running performance in a hot environment. This cross-over, double-blind randomized trial included 12 experienced male runners. The subjects randomly consumed seawater (SW) or pure water (placebo) in an equivalent amount of 50 ml five minutes prior to running at 40% of their VO2 max for 95.0 ± 18.5 min, at 30°C, until they lost 3% of body weight. Every 20 minutes, a measurement of their body weight was taken and a blood lactate analysis was performed. The concentration of lactate was significantly lower after the running exercise in the SW condition compared to placebo. The results of this study provide evidence supporting the ergogenic effects of microfiltered and sterilized seawater ingestion on running performance and lactate production.
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12
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Lesnik B, Sekulic D, Supej M, Esco MR, Zvan M. Balance, Basic Anthropometrics and Performance in Young Alpine Skiers; Longitudinal Analysis of the Associations During two Competitive Seasons. J Hum Kinet 2017; 57:7-16. [PMID: 28713454 PMCID: PMC5504574 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance is hypothesized to be important in alpine skiing, while it is known that balance depends on anthropometric indices. The aim of this investigation was to explore the association between balance, anthropometrics and skiing-results over two competitive seasons among youth alpine-skiers. Eighty-one skiers (40 females) participated in this study. The participants were tested twice over two competitive seasons: when they were 12-13 years old (U14) and when they were 14-15 years old (U16). The variables consisted of anthropometrics (body height and body mass) and three balance indexes (medio-lateral-, anterio-posterior- and overall-stability-index). Additionally, skiing results in U14 and U16 were evaluated. The balance status did not change significantly over the observed period of time regardless of the significant changes in body mass and height. The relationships between balance and skiing results were higher in the U14 (Pearson’s r = 0.45-0.54) than in the U16 (Pearson’s r = 0.05-0.28). The relationships between anthropometrics and competitive results were generally stronger in girls (Pearson’s r = 0.39-0.88) than in boys (Pearson’s r = 0.26-0.58). After clustering athletes into three achievement groups on a basis of their competitive performance, discriminant canonical analysis showed that relationships between balance and skiing results decreased, while the relationships between anthropometrics and skiing results increased over the two observed seasons. This study highlighted the importance of balance in youth alpine skiing in the age range of 11-14 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaz Lesnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia.,University of Split, University Department of Health Care Studies, Split, Croatia
| | - Matej Supej
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael R Esco
- University of Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Milan Zvan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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HSIAO CY, CHEN YM, HSU YJ, HUANG CC, SUNG HC, CHEN SS. Supplementation with Hualian No. 4 wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Linn. var. abbreviata ser.) extract increases anti-fatigue activities and enhances exercise performance in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1110-1119. [PMID: 28458274 PMCID: PMC5487792 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hualian No. 4 wild bitter gourd (WBG) is a specific vegetable cultivated by the Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station in Taiwan. WBG is commonly consumed as a vegetable and used as a popular folk medicine. However, few studies have demonstrated the effects of WBG supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue and the biochemical profile. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of WBG extract on fatigue and ergogenic functions following physiological challenge. Three groups of male ICR mice (n=8 per group) were orally administered 0, 1 or 2.5 g/kg/day of WBG for 4 weeks. They were respectively designated the vehicle, WBG-1X and WBG-2.5X groups. WBG significantly decreased body weight (BW) and epididymal fat pad (EFP) weight. Concerning physical performance, WBG supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength and endurance swimming time. Concerning anti-fatigue activity, WBG decreased levels of serum lactate, ammonia, creatine kinase and blood urea nitrogen, and economized glucose metabolism after acute exercise challenge. Glycogen in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle dose-dependently increased with WBG treatment. Concerning the biochemical profile, WBG treatment significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urea acid (UA), and increased total protein (TP). Therefore, 4-week supplementation with WBG may decrease white adipose weight, enhance energy economy, increase glycogen storage to enhance exercise performance and reduce fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu HSIAO
- Department of Nutrition and Health
Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and
Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human
Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming CHEN
- Graduate Institute of Sports
Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju HSU
- Graduate Institute of Sports
Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang HUANG
- Graduate Institute of Sports
Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ching SUNG
- Department of Anatomy, College of
Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Shih CHEN
- Department of General Surgery,
Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
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14
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Ma GD, Chiu CH, Hsu YJ, Hou CW, Chen YM, Huang CC. Changbai Mountain Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) Extract Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Energy Utilization and Decreases Fatigue-Associated Parameters in Mice. Molecules 2017; 22:E237. [PMID: 28165424 PMCID: PMC6155832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Changbai Mountain Ginseng (CMG, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is a traditional medicine commonly found in Northeast China and grows at elevations of 2000 m or higher in the Changbai Mountain Range. CMG, considered to be a "buried treasure medicine", is priced higher than other types of ginseng. However, few studies have demonstrated the effects of CMG supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue, and the biochemical profile. The major compound of CMG extract was characterized by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Male ICR mice were divided into 3 groups, the vehicle, CMG-1X and CMG-5X groups (n = 8 per group), and respectively administered 0, 5, or 25 mg/kg/day of CMG extract orally for four weeks. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS results showed that the major compound in CMG extract is ginsenoside Ro. CMG extract significantly increased muscle weight and relative muscle weight (%). CMG extract supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength (p < 0.0001) and endurance swimming time, decreased levels of serum lactate (p < 0.0001), ammonia (p < 0.0001), creatine kinase (CK, p = 0.0002), and blood urea nitrogen (p < 0.0001), and economized glucose levels (p < 0.0001) after acute exercise challenge. The glycogen in the gastrocnemius muscle was significantly increased with CMG extract treatment. Biochemical profile results showed that creatinine and triacylglycerol significantly decreased and total protein and glucose increased with CMG treatment. This is the first report that CMG extract supplementation increases muscle mass, improves exercise performance and energy utilization, and decreases fatigue-associated parameters in vivo. The major component of CMG extract is ginsenoside Ro, which could be a potential bioactive compound for use as an ergogenic aid ingredient by the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Ma
- Sport Science College, Jilin Sport University, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Wen Hou
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
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15
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Fan H, Tan Z, Hua Y, Huang X, Gao Y, Wu Y, Liu B, Zhou Y. Deep sea water improves exercise and inhibits oxidative stress in a physical fatigue mouse model. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:751-757. [PMID: 27284418 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fatigue is extremely common and occurs daily, and is considered to be associated with oxidative stress. The diverse functions of deep sea water (DSW) have recently gained increasing attention. Previous studies have emphasized the anti-fatigue effect of DSW, but the intrinsic mechanism behind the effect remains to be elucidated. In the imprinting control region (ICR) mice model, DSW delayed the exhaustive swimming time. In addition, DSW decreased the area under the blood lactate (BLA) curve, which was associated with the area under the BLA curve of pre-swimming, post-swimming and post-rest. Furthermore, DSW reduced the basal levels of malondialdehyde and the post-swimming concentration of blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase after swimming, along with an increase in the normal level of antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. However, no significant effect on body weight, hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen was observed between any group. In conclusion, DSW can improve the athletic ability and alleviate physical fatigue of ICR mice. This effect is achieved by enhancing the antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhangbin Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yue Hua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China; Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, P.R. China
| | - Yingchun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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