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Gaspari V, Bogdanis GC, Panidi I, Konrad A, Terzis G, Donti A, Donti O. The Importance of Physical Fitness Parameters in Rhythmic Gymnastics: A Scoping Review. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:248. [PMID: 39330725 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review presents an overview of physical fitness parameters in rhythmic gymnastics as well as the association of fitness with gymnasts' performance, competitive level, and age. PubMed, Scopus, and Sport Discus databases were searched. Of the 586 records retrieved, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 1915 participants). The included studies examined flexibility, aerobic capacity, muscle power, muscle endurance, muscle strength, sprint speed, agility, balance, and coordination. Performance was associated with flexibility, aerobic capacity, lower-limb muscle power, agility, muscular endurance, balance, and coordination from a young age. Flexibility, aerobic capacity, and muscle power were, in general, higher in high-level gymnasts than in low-level gymnasts or controls. Older rhythmic gymnasts demonstrated higher scores than the younger ones in flexibility, aerobic capacity, balance, and sport-specific coordination but not in muscle endurance, while some studies reported a decline in muscle power with age. Supplementary physical fitness training improved all physical abilities irrespective of the gymnasts' level. Rhythmic gymnastics training alone improved muscle power, agility, speed, muscular endurance, and balance to a lesser extent than targeted fitness training. Muscular strength, speed, and agility are largely under-researched in rhythmic gymnastics. Emphasis should be given to targeted strength and power training due to the high mechanical loads placed on skeletally immature athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Gaspari
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioli Panidi
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Olyvia Donti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Radnor JM, Haff GG, Myer GD, Ramachandran AK, Kember LS, Pedley JS, Lloyd RS. Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Muscle Architecture, Isometric Force Production, and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Trained Young Female Gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1640-1650. [PMID: 39016320 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moeskops, S, Oliver, JL, Radnor, JM, Haff, GG, Myer, GD, Ramachandran, AK, Kember, LS, Pedley, JS, and Lloyd, RS. Effects of neuromuscular training on muscle architecture, isometric force production, and stretch-shortening cycle function in trained young female gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1640-1650, 2024-This study evaluated the effects of a 10-month neuromuscular training (NMT) intervention on muscle architecture, isometric force production, and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function. Thirty-seven girls aged 6-12 years were placed into gymnastics + NMT (gNMT; n = 15), gymnastics only (GYM; n = 10), or maturity-matched control (CON; n = 12) groups. The gNMT group followed a 10-month NMT program in addition to gymnastics training, whereas the GYM group only participated in gymnastics training. Isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and drop jump (DJ) kinetics were measured, in addition to muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis at baseline and at 4, 7, and 10 months. A 3 × 4 (group × time) repeated-measures ANCOVA (covariate, % predicted adult height) was used to evaluate within-group changes. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Significant interaction effects were observed in muscle thickness, absolute (PF abs ) and relative peak force (PF rel ) in the IMTP and various DJ variables. The gNMT group demonstrated improvements in muscle thickness, IMTP PF abs and PF rel , and DJ kinetics, most commonly evidenced from 7 months onward. The GYM group's muscle thickness also significantly improved, accompanied by improvements in some DJ kinetics. The CON group did not experience any desirable changes. Overall, NMT elicited positive changes in muscle thickness, PF abs and PF rel , and SSC function to a greater extent than gymnastics training alone or growth and maturation. As most adaptations took 7 months, longer-term NMT programs should be implemented with youth female gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John M Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Akhilesh K Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S Kember
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Kyselovičová O, Zemková E. The effects of aerobic gymnastics training on performance-related variables in an elite athlete: a 2-year follow-up study. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1380024. [PMID: 38978821 PMCID: PMC11228265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1380024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates individual performance adaptations on 2 years of training between European Aerobics Championships. An elite, 22-year-old aerobic gymnast performed postural coordination test, Y-Balance test, squat and countermovement jumps, 60 s test of repeated jumps, an isokinetic leg muscle strength test, and the Wingate test. Postural stability and flexibility improved in terms of increased distance achieved in the Y-Balance test in the anterior (by 6.3%), posteromedial (by 2%), and posterolateral (by 4.8%) directions. Lower limb muscular endurance also increased, which can be corroborated by a reduced fatigue index in the 60 s test of repeated jumps (from 42% to 27% after the 1st and to 22% after the 2nd year of training). In addition, mean power increased during dominant (by 23.2% at 60°/s and by 18.5% at 180°/s) and non-dominant leg extension (by 4.9% at 180°/s and by 15.5% at 300°/s), plus dominant leg flexion (by 2.0% at 60°/s and by 6.9% at 300°/s). Similarly, peak torque/body weight ratio increased during dominant (by 24.9% at 60°/s, by 11.5% at 180°/s, and by 2.1% at 300°/s) and non-dominant leg extension (by 0.5% at 60°/s and by 6.4% at 300°/s), plus dominant leg flexion (by 1.7% at 60°/s and by 5.4% at 300°/s). However, 2 years of training failed to show any significant improvements in the explosive power of lower limbs and anaerobic performance. These findings indicate that general aerobic gymnastics training without any specific inputs leads to performance adaptation, namely, in abilities closely related to competition routine (dynamic balance and strength endurance of lower limbs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oľga Kyselovičová
- Department of Gymnastics, Dance, Fitness & Combat Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Esen O, Fox J, Karayigit R, Walshe I. Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Has No Effect on Upper- and Lower-Body Maximal Isokinetic Strength and Muscular Endurance in International-Level Male Gymnasts. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:164-171. [PMID: 38237581 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) has properties that can improve muscle function, leading to improvements in metabolic cost of exercise as well as enhance force production. Gymnastics is a whole-body sport, involving events that demand a high level of strength and fatigue resistance. However, the effect of NO3- supplementation on both upper- and lower-body function in gymnasts is unknown. This study examined the effect of acute beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on isokinetic strength and endurance of the upper- and lower-body in highly trained international-level male gymnasts. In a double-blind, randomized crossover design, 10 international-level male gymnasts completed two acute supplementation periods, consuming either 2 × 70 ml NO3--rich (∼12.8 mmol/L of NO3-) or NO3--depleted (PLA) BRJ. Maximal strength of the upper-leg and upper-arm at 60°/s, 120°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s, and muscular endurance (50 repeated isokinetic contractions at 180°/s) were assessed. Plasma NO3- (BRJ: 663 ± 164 μM, PLA: 89 ± 48 μM) and nitrite (NO2-) concentrations (BRJ: 410 ± 137 nmol/L, PLA: 125 ± 36 nmol/L) were elevated following BRJ compared to PLA (both p < .001). Maximal strength of knee and elbow extensors and flexors did not differ between supplements (p > .05 for all velocities). Similarly, fatigue index of knee and elbow extension and flexion was not different between supplements (all p > .05). Acute BRJ supplementation, containing ∼12.8 mmol/L of NO3-, increased plasma NO3- and NO2- concentrations, but did not enhance isokinetic strength or fatigue resistance of either upper or lower extremities in international-level male gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport and Exercise Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Fox
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Turkey
| | - Ian Walshe
- Department of Sport and Exercise Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Bin Dous Y, Hamd ZY, Aldhahi MI, Alhussein N, Alkhateeb BA, Alorainy AI, Alhomida BA. Olecranon stress fracture in a gymnastics player: Insight into an early detection and integrated care approach: Case report. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:1228-1231. [PMID: 38259697 PMCID: PMC10801147 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a case report of a 13 year-old a gymnastic athlete who was diagnosed with an olecranon stress fracture associated with mild medial epicondyle apophysitis, Following a brief review of the literature on this case, the researchers call attention to the significance of and imaging assessment especially MR in determining the correct diagnosis and identifying concomitant injuries. MRI findings concluded firstly a marked bone marrow edema seen at the posterior medial aspect of the olecranon with linear low signal traversing the olecranon related to a stress fracture. Secondly, subchondral linear low signal and bone marrow edema at the radial head related to another stress fracture/reaction injury. Thirdly, bone marrow edema at the medial apophysis with overlying soft tissue edema suggestive for medial epicondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed Bin Dous
- Medical Imaging Department, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhal Y. Hamd
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monira I. Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagwan Alhussein
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader A. Alkhateeb
- Radiology Department, King Salman Hospital, Cluster One Riyadh, Ministry of Health (MOH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal I. Alorainy
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kara E, Sağıroğlu İ, Vurgun H, Eken Ö, Ceylan Hİ, Gabrys T, Barasinska M, Szmatlan-Gabrys U, Valach P. The Risk Factors Associated with Grip Lock Injuries in Artistic Gymnasts: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3589. [PMID: 36834283 PMCID: PMC9965130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that demands grace, strength, and flexibility, leading to a broad spectrum of injuries. The dowel grip (DG) is widely used by gymnasts to securely hold onto the high bar or uneven bars. However, incorrect usage of the DG can result in grip lock (GL) injuries. This systematic review aims to (1) identify studies that have investigated the risk factors related to GL injuries among gymnasts and (2) synthesize the key evidence. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar, covering the period from their inception until November 2022. The data extraction and analysis were independently completed by two investigators. A total of 90 relevant studies were initially identified, out of which seven clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. For the quantitative synthesis, five studies were included. The details extracted from each article include: the sample characteristics (number, gender, age, and health status), the study design, the instrumentation or intervention used, and the final results. Our results revealed that the underlying causes of the risk factors of GL injuries were the irregular checking of the dowel grip and the mating surface of the bar, the tearing of the dowel of the leather strap, and the use of the dowel grip in different competition apparatuses. In addition, GL injuries may occur either as severe forearm fractures or mild injuries. Excessive flexion of the forearm and overpronation of the wrist during rotational movements, such as the swing or backward/forward giant circle, may increase the possibility of GL injury on the high bar. Future studies should focus on GL injury prevention strategy and rehabilitation protocol for GL injuries. Further high-quality research is required to establish the validity of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Kara
- Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59000, Turkey
| | - İsa Sağıroğlu
- Kirkpinar Faculty of Sport Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne 22030, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Vurgun
- Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45040, Turkey
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education of Sports Teaching, Faculty of Kazim Karabekir Education, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Barasinska
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Urszula Szmatlan-Gabrys
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter Valach
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Kyselovičová O, Zemková E, Péliová K, Matejová L. Isokinetic leg muscle strength relationship to dynamic balance reflects gymnast-specific differences in adolescent females. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1084019. [PMID: 36699678 PMCID: PMC9868603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1084019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Balance, together with other motor qualities, plays an important role in the successful execution of specific gymnastic skills. However, it is also not clear whether different demands on dynamic balance and power produced by lower limb can be observed in sport-specific differences among gymnasts of various modalities. The question also is as to what extent isokinetic leg muscle strength contributes to anterior and posterior postural stability in gymnasts. Therefore, the aim of the study was i) to compare variables of dynamic balance and isokinetic leg muscle strength in rhythmic, artistic, and aerobic gymnasts, and ii) to investigate the relationship of reach distances in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, as well as the composite score in the Y-balance test with an isokinetic muscle strength during knee extension and flexion at different velocities in female gymnasts of various disciplines. Altogether seven aerobic, five artistic, and six rhythmic gymnasts performed the Y-balance test and isokinetic leg muscle strength test at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s. Results showed significant between-group differences in the composite score in the Y-balance test of the dominant (F = 3.536, p = .041) and non-dominant symmetry (F = 4.804, p = .015). Similarly, average power produced during knee extension and knee flexion at 60°/s, 180°/s and 300°/s differed significantly among these groups (all at p˂0.05). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the composite score of the dominant limb symmetry and isokinetic dominant limb extension strength at 60°/s (r = .54), 180°/s (r = .87), and 300°/s (r = .84) in aerobic gymnasts. The composite score of the dominant limb symmetry was also associated with isokinetic dominant limb extension strength, albeit only at 60°/s in both artistic (r = .60) and rhythmic gymnasts (r = .55). Such between-group differences may be ascribed to their different demands on maintenance of balance under dynamic conditions and leg muscle power within their sport specializations. Taking into account significant association between the dominant limb symmetry and isokinetic dominant limb extension strength, it may be concluded that both muscle strength and fast speeds contribute to dynamic balance in adolescent gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oľga Kyselovičová
- Department of Gymnastics, Dance, Fitness & Combat Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia,*Correspondence: Oľga Kyselovičová,
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia,Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Péliová
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Economics Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Matejová
- Department of Sports Diagnostics and Physiotherapy, National Sport Centre, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Mkaouer B, Amara S, Bouguezzi R, Ben Abderrahmen A, Chaabene H. Validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1159807. [PMID: 37168521 PMCID: PMC10165550 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1159807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction General and particularly sport-specific testing is an integral aspect of performance optimization in artistic gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, however, only non-specific field tests have been used to assess endurance performance (e.g., Multistage Shuttle Run Test; Cooper's Test). Methods This study aimed to examine the validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics. Fourteen elite-level gymnasts (i.e., eight males and six females) participated in this study. The newly developed artistic gymnastics-specific endurance test (AGSET) was conducted on two different occasions seven days apart to determine its reliability. To assess the concurrent validity of AGSET, participants performed the multistage shuttle run test (MSRT). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were directly assessed using a portable gas analyzer system during both protocols. Additionally, the total time maintained (TTM) during the AGSET, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) during the two protocols were collected. Results The main findings indicated that all variables derived from the AGSET (i.e., VO2max, MAS, HRmax, BLa, and RER) displayed very good relative (all intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] > 0.90) and absolute (all typical errors of measurement [TEM] < 5%) reliability. Further, results showed that the ability of the AGSET to detect small changes in VO2max, MAS, BLa, and RER was good (smallest worthwhile change [SWC0.2] > TEM), except HRmax (SWC0.2 < TEM). Additionally, results showed a nearly perfect association between the VO2max values derived from the AGSET and MSRT (r = 0.985; coefficient of determination [R²] = 97%) with no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). The mean (bias) ± 95% limits of agreement between the two protocols were 0.28 ± 0.55 mlminkg-1. Discussion AGSET seems to present very good reliability and concurrent validity for assessing endurance performance in elite artistic gymnastics. In addition, the newly developed protocol presents a good ability to detect small changes in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessem Mkaouer
- Department of Individual Sports, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samiha Amara
- Department of Individual Sports, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahmen
- Department of Individual Sports, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: Helmi Chaabene
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Yuan X, Hu J. AEROBIC CAPACITY-BASED FITNESS TRAINING IN CHEERLEADERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The popularity of the sport, of cheerleading has become increasingly relevant although scientific knowledge and specific fitness training programs still lack formal research. Objective: Establish a scientific fitness training system based on aerobic capacity by exercise oxygen consumption in cheerleaders. Methods: Female college students in the final-year College of Physical Education cheerleading club were randomly divided into groups for training experiment at 60% and 80% aerobic capacity. The maximum oxygen consumption of the volunteers determined the trial standard. The experiment lasted 6 weeks, with 60-minute interventions three times a week. The results of the fitness tests performed before and after the intervention were statistically analyzed and discussed. Results: Exercise at an index of 80% VO2max demonstrated a better ability to improve overall fitness. Still, some deviations were observed regarding improved physical quality in cheerleaders. Conclusion: The scientific system of physical training can be established, demonstrating that fitness training based on aerobic capacity in cheerleaders can effectively improve physical training, especially with the index at 80% VO2max. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yuan
- Guangdong University of Finance & Economics, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Guangdong Vocational Institute of Sport, China
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Polak E, Gardzińska A, Zadarko-Domaradzka M. Anorexic Readiness Syndrome in Elite Female Acrobatic Gymnasts-International Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13181. [PMID: 36293760 PMCID: PMC9603453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anorexic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) is a concept used in research for the early detection of disordered eating (DE). It is a set of indicators located primarily within the cognitive and behavioral sphere of an individual's functioning. The aim of this study was to examine whether among the elite acrobats there are girls showing a high level of anorexic tendency, and if so, what behaviors and attitudes are the most common. In addition, an attempt to determine what sport-related factors or other non-sport variables may increase the risk of ARS was conducted. The study group was made up of 133 acrobatic gymnasts aged 10-19, representing six countries that participated in the Acro World Cup competition held in Poland. The study procedures included surveys (personal questionnaire and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire), anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and determination of the Body Mass Index (BMI), fat percentage (Fat%), and waist to height ratio (WHtR). A high level of ARS was found in 9.8% of acrobats. This group most often declared attitudes and behaviors indicative of anorexic tendencies. A strong relationship with the level of ARS was noted in the following: the use of fasting and diets (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.54), limiting of fats and carbohydrates (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.60), feeling angry after eating too much (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.55), knowing the caloric value of many food products (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.59), and the desire to improve the appearance of one's body (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.52). The role played in the acrobatic partnership and the region of residence were considered as the sport-related risk factors. Among non-sport factors, the strongest predictor of ARS was the age of gymnasts (β = 0.516; p ≤ 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Polak
- Academic Sports Centre, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gardzińska
- Academic Sports Centre, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Moeskops S, Pedley JS, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS. The Influence of Competitive Level on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Young Female Gymnasts. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070107. [PMID: 35878118 PMCID: PMC9323029 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated how stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function and kinetic variables differed between young female gymnasts of varying competitive levels. Drop jump (DJ) force−time profiles were examined in 118 female gymnasts, sub-divided by competitive level (n = 21 recreational, n = 41 regional and n = 50 elite). DJ force−time data were analyzed to calculate performance and kinetic variables. Participants’ SSC function was categorized as poor, moderate, or good, depending on the presence of an impact peak and spring-like behavior. A high proportion of gymnasts across each group were categorized as having “good” or “moderate” SSC function (i.e., >94.8%), with a trend of increasingly better SSC function observed with competitive level. Significant differences in reactive strength index, contact time, time of landing peak force, relative propulsive peak force, impulse, and ratio of braking: propulsive impulse were found between the elite and recreational group (p < 0.05). While SSC function was generally good to moderate, elite gymnasts had a more desirable kinetic jump-landing strategy than recreational level gymnasts. Drop jump kinetic variables appear to distinguish between elite and recreational gymnasts but not between regional standard gymnasts. Practitioners should consider the kinetic profile of gymnasts when benchmarking and setting training objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.S.P.); (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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12
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Haff GG, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. Effects of a 10-Month Neuromuscular Training Program on Strength, Power, Speed, and Vault Performance in Young Female Gymnasts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:861-871. [PMID: 35072661 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate a 10-month neuromuscular training (NMT) intervention on isometric and dynamic kinetics, standing long jump (SLJ) distance, speed, and sport-specific performance. METHODS Forty-three prepubertal female gymnasts were allocated into either a gymnastics + NMT (gNMT; n = 16), gymnastics only (GYM, n = 15), or maturity-matched control (CON; n = 12) group. The gNMT followed a 10-month, twice-weekly NMT program that targeted movement competency, strength, power, and speed. Vaulting vertical take-off velocity, speed, SLJ distance, and kinetics during an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ) were measured at baseline and thereafter at 4, 7, and 10 months. Within-group differences were calculated using 3 × 4 repeated-measures ANCOVA. RESULTS Interaction effects were observed for SLJ distance and various IMTP, DJ, and vaulting variables. The gNMT showed significant improvements in IMTP absolute force and SLJ distance after 4 months and each subsequent testing session. IMTP relative force and various CMJ and DJ kinetics significantly improved in the gNMT from 7 months. Significant gains in speed and vaulting take-off velocity occurred after 10 months. The GYM group achieved some significant improvements in CMJ impulse, absolute isometric strength, and DJ spring-like behavior, whereas the CON group did not experience any changes. CONCLUSIONS The addition of NMT to gymnastics training improved various isometric and dynamic kinetics, SLJ distance, speed, and vaulting take-off velocity in the gNMT, changes that were not equally evidenced for GYM or CON. The threshold for most of the training-induced adaptations observed in IMTP relative force, CMJ and DJ kinetics, sprint speed, and vaulting were achieved after 7 months, emphasizing the efficacy of long-term NMT programs for young gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
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13
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Goulart KNDO, Vieira MM, Aleixo IMS, Wilke CF, Wanner SP. Estimated energy expenditure and training intensity in young female artistic gymnasts. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220009821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolina Franco Wilke
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro Unificado de Identificação e Desenvolvimento do Atleta de Rendimento, Brazil
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14
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Goulart KNDO, Fortunato SM, Dias GB, Cerqueira LLR, Wanner SP, Nunomura M, Aleixo IMS. Fatores motivacionais dos alunos e avaliação da qualidade de aulas online de ginástica artística. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/rbce.44.e20220020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar fatores motivacionais para a participação em aulas online de ginástica artística (GA) e a satisfação dos alunos quanto à qualidade dessas aulas. Uma amostra de 39 alunos respondeu ao Inventário de Motivação para Prática Desportiva e a um questionário estruturado para avaliação da qualidade das aulas online. Um total de 67%, 53% e 30% dos alunos consideraram “muito importante” os motivos relacionados à “competência esportiva”, “saúde” e “amizade/lazer”, respectivamente. Todas as dimensões avaliadas no questionário sobre a qualidade das aulas apresentaram satisfação superior a 75%. Portanto, a “Competência esportiva” é o principal fator motivacional para a prática de aulas online de GA. De maneira geral, os alunos se mostraram satisfeitos com a qualidade dessas aulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Naves de Oliveira Goulart
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brasil
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15
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Cronin JB, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. Practical Strategies for Integrating Strength and Conditioning Into Early Specialization Sports. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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The Influence of Biological Maturity on Sprint Speed, Standing Long Jump, and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:934-941. [PMID: 33540382 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify speed, peak momentum, standing long jump (SLJ), and the ratio of vertical to horizontal take-off velocity (Ratiovert-hori TOV) in young female gymnasts of different maturity status and their influence on vaulting vertical TOV. METHODS One hundred twenty gymnasts age 5-14 years were subdivided into maturity groupings using percentage of predicted adult height. Participants performed three 20-m sprints, SLJ, and straight jump vaults that were recorded using 2-dimensional video and analyzed using digitizing software. RESULTS All speed intervals, peak speed, peak momentum, SLJ distance, vault height, and vertical TOV increased between the early prepubertal and late prepubertal (P < .001; d = 0.65-1.10) and early prepubertal and pubertal (P < .001; d = 0.75-1.00) groups. No differences between these metrics were observed between the 2 most mature groups (d = 0.01-0.55). Multiple regression analyses revealed peak speed had the strongest association with vertical TOV (R2 = 59%) and also identified the Ratiovert-hori as a secondary determinant (R2 = 12%). A separate regression model indicated that maturity status (percentage of predicted adult height) moderately influences vertical TOV during vaulting (R2 = 41%). CONCLUSION Speed and SLJ performance increase between the early prepubertal and late prepubertal years in young female gymnasts. However, given that peak speed and Ratiovert-hori combined to explain 71% of the total variance in vaulting vertical TOV, in order to increase aerial time for more advanced vaulting, practitioners should attempt to enhance peak speed alongside takeoff technique to develop gymnasts' ability to transfer linear speed to vertical TOV.
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Karagianni K, Donti O, Katsikas C, Bogdanis GC. Effects of Supplementary Strength-Power Training on Neuromuscular Performance in Young Female Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080104. [PMID: 32722084 PMCID: PMC7466675 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a short-duration supplementary strength–power training program on neuromuscular performance and sport-specific skills in adolescent athletes. Twenty-three female “Gymnastics for All” athletes, aged 13 ± 2 years, were divided into a training group (TG, n = 12) and a control group (CG, n = 11). Both groups underwent a test battery before and after 10 weeks of intervention. TG completed, in addition to gymnastics training, a supplementary 7–9 min program that included two rounds of strength and power exercises for arms, torso, and legs, executed in a circuit fashion with 1 min rest between rounds, three times per week. Initially, six exercises were performed (15 s work–15 s rest), while the number of exercises was decreased to four and the duration of each exercise was increased to 30 s (30 s rest) after the fifth week. TG improved countermovement jump performance with one leg (11.5% ± 10.4%, p = 0.002) and two legs (8.2% ± 8.8%, p = 0.004), drop jump performance (14.4% ± 12.6%, p = 0.038), single-leg jumping agility (13.6% ± 5.2%, p = 0.001), and sport-specific performance (8.8% ± 7.4%, p = 0.004), but not 10 m sprint performance (2.4% ± 6.6%, p = 0.709). No change was observed in the CG (p = 0.41 to 0.97). The results of this study indicated that this supplementary strength–power program performed for 7–9 min improves neuromuscular and sport-specific performance after 10 weeks of training.
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18
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Cronin JB, Myer GD, Haff GG, Lloyd RS. The Influence of Biological Maturity and Competitive Level on Isometric Force-Time Curve Variables and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2136-2145. [PMID: 32569118 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moeskops, S, Oliver, JL, Read, PJ, Cronin, JB, Myer, GD, Haff, GG, and Lloyd, RS. The influence of biological maturity and competitive level on isometric force-time curve variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2136-2145, 2020-This cross-sectional study investigated isometric force-time curve variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts of varying maturity and competitive levels. One hundred twenty gymnasts aged 5-14 years were subdivided into maturity groupings and also according to their competitive level. Subjects performed isometric midthigh pulls (IMTP) before completing straight jump vaults that were recorded using two-dimensional video. All significance values were accepted at p < 0.05. Absolute peak force (PF abs) and force at various time epochs were significantly greater in more mature gymnasts, although no significant differences were observed in relative peak force (PF rel). When grouped by competitive level, elite gymnasts produced a significantly greater absolute rate of force development (RFD abs) at 0-150, 0-200, and 0-250 ms as well as relative RFD (RFD rel) at 0-200 and 0-250 ms than recreational gymnasts. Based upon regression analyses, force at 50 ms during the IMTP test explained 15% of vertical takeoff velocity during vaulting. Biological maturation seems to impact isometric force-time curve characteristics in young female gymnasts, and higher-level gymnasts produce greater RFD than those competing at a lower level. Vaulting vertical takeoff velocity seems to be largely independent of isometric force-time characteristics with only a small amount of variance explained by force at 50 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia.,Australian Center for Research Into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia; and
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Unit, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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19
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Salagas A, Donti O, Katsikas C, Bogdanis GC. Heart Rate Responses during Sport-Specific High-Intensity Circuit Exercise in Child Female Gymnasts. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E68. [PMID: 32443574 PMCID: PMC7281297 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined heart rate (HR) responses during a sport-specific high-intensity circuit training session to indirectly assess cardiorespiratory stress in child athletes. Seventeen, female gymnasts, aged 9-11 years performed two 5-min 15 s sets of circuit exercise, interspersed by a 3 min rest interval. Each set included five rounds of five gymnastic exercises (7 s work, 7 s rest) executed with maximal effort. During the first circuit training set, peak heart rate (HR) was 192 ± 7 bpm and average HR was 83 ± 4% of maximum HR (HRmax), which was determined in a separate session. In the second set, peak HR and average HR were increased to 196 ± 8 bpm (p < 0.001, d = 0.55) and to 89 ± 4% HRmax (p < 0.001, d = 2.19), respectively, compared with the first set. HR was above 80% HRmax for 4.1 ± 1.2 min during set 1 and this was increased to 5.1 ± 0.4 min in set 2 (p < 0.001, d = 1.15). Likewise, HR was above 90% of HRmax for 2.0 ± 1.2 min in set 1 and was increased to 3.4 ± 1.7 min in set 2 (p < 0.001, d = 0.98). In summary, two 5-min 15 s sets of high-intensity circuit training using sport-specific exercises, increased HR to levels above 80% and 90% HRmax for extended time periods, and thus may be considered as an appropriate stimulus, in terms of intensity, for improving aerobic fitness in child female gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (O.D.); (C.K.)
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20
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Bogdanis GC, Donti O, Papia A, Donti A, Apostolidis N, Sands WA. Effect of Plyometric Training on Jumping, Sprinting and Change of Direction Speed in Child Female Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050116. [PMID: 31108905 PMCID: PMC6572020 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of plyometric training on jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) performance. METHODS Fifty female 7-9-year-old gymnasts were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group (PG; n = 33), that performed supplementary plyometric training twice per week, and a control group (CG; n = 17) that continued regular training. The following tests were performed before and after the intervention: 10 and 20 m sprints, 5 + 5 m and 10 + 10 m COD tests, one-leg and two-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), squat jump (SJ), and standing long jump (SLJ). RESULTS Only a main effect for time was found for all jumping performance parameters (p = 0.001). However, the improvement of one- and two-leg CMJ in PG had a greater effect size than CG (0.72 and 0.67 vs. 0.34 and 0.18, respectively). Group × time interactions were found for 10 and 20 m sprint tests (p = 0.018 and p = 0.011, respectively) and for 10 + 10 m COD (p = 0.008) with the post hoc test showing improvement only for the PG (p = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.003 and d = 1.1, 1.14, and 0.6, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Supplementary plyometric training increased sprint and COD performance more than regular gymnastics training, while jumping performance was equally improved in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Papia
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Apostolidis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - William A Sands
- United States Ski and Snowboard Association; Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA.
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Moeskops S, Read PJ, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS. Individual Responses to an 8-Week Neuromuscular Training Intervention in Trained Pre-Pubescent Female Artistic Gymnasts. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040128. [PMID: 30356010 PMCID: PMC6316507 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined individual responses in leg stiffness, reactive strength index (RSI), movement proficiency (deep overhead squat and in-line lunge), and trunk muscular endurance (flexor and extensor tests) in young female gymnasts following an 8-week neuromuscular training intervention. Thirty-four pre-peak height velocity (PHV) female gymnasts were divided into either an experimental group (EXP n = 17) or control group (CON n = 17). The EXP replaced their normal gymnastics physical preparation with a neuromuscular training program, while the CON continued with their habitual gymnastics program. Chi square analysis showed that the EXP resulted in significantly more positive responders compared to CON for measures of leg stiffness (41% versus 12% responded positively), extensor muscular endurance, (76% versus 29%), and competency in the deep overhead squat, (76% versus 29%) and in-line lunge (left lead leg) (65% versus 18%). Conversely, the number of positive responders for RSI (53% versus 61%), the flexor endurance test (88% versus 53%), and the right in-line lunge (47% versus 35%) were not significantly different between groups. These findings suggest that most young gymnasts responded positively to neuromuscular training from the perspective of improving movement proficiency and trunk endurance; however, changes in leg stiffness and RSI were more variable and may require higher intensities to realise further adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
| | - Paul J Read
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha 29222, Qatar.
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Rosedale, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Rosedale, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3204, New Zealand.
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