1
|
Kafkas A, Mayes AR, Montaldi D. The hippocampus supports the representation of abstract concepts: Implications for the study of recognition memory. Neuropsychologia 2024; 199:108899. [PMID: 38697557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Words, unlike images, are symbolic representations. The associative details inherent within a word's meaning and the visual imagery it generates, are inextricably connected to the way words are processed and represented. It is well recognised that the hippocampus associatively binds components of a memory to form a lasting representation, and here we show that the hippocampus is especially sensitive to abstract word processing. Using fMRI during recognition, we found that the increased abstractness of words produced increased hippocampal activation regardless of memory outcome. Interestingly, word recollection produced hippocampal activation regardless of word content, while the parahippocampal cortex was sensitive to concreteness of word representations, regardless of memory outcome. We reason that the hippocampus has assumed a critical role in the representation of uncontextualized abstract word meaning, as its information-binding ability allows the retrieval of the semantic and visual associates that, when bound together, generate the abstract concept represented by word symbols. These insights have implications for research on word representation, memory, and hippocampal function, perhaps shedding light on how the human brain has adapted to encode and represent abstract concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Andrew R Mayes
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Humphreys MS, Hockley WE, Chalmers KA. Recognition memory: The probe, the returned signal, and the decision. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:568-598. [PMID: 37803230 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to better understand recognition memory we look at how three approaches (dual processing, signal detection, and global matching) have addressed the probe, the returned signal and the decision in four recognition paradigms. These are single-item recognition (including the remember/know paradigm), recognition in relational context, associative recognition, and source monitoring. The contrast, with regards to the double-miss rate (the probability of recognizing neither item in intact and rearranged pairs) and the effect of the oldness of the other member of the test pair, between identifying the old words in test pairs (the relational context paradigm) and first identifying the intact test pairs and then identifying the old words (adding associative recognition to the relational context paradigm) suggests that the retrieval of associative information in the relational context paradigm is unintentional, unlike the retrieval of associative information in associative recognition. It also seems possible that the information that is spontaneously retrieved in single-item recognition, possibly including the remember/know paradigm, is also unintentional, unlike the retrieval of information in source monitoring. Probable differences between intentional and unintentional retrieval, together with the pattern of effects with regards to the double-miss rate and the effect of the other member of the test pair, are used to evaluate the three approaches. Our conclusion is that all three approaches have something valid to say about recognition, but none is equally applicable across all four paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Humphreys
- Department of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William E Hockley
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kerry A Chalmers
- Department of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smulders TV, Douglas LJ, Reza D, Male LH, Prysce A, Alix A, de Guzman Dodd A, Read JCA. Hoarding titmice predominantly use Familiarity, and not Recollection, when remembering cache locations. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1929-1943. [PMID: 37865619 PMCID: PMC10769918 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Scatter-hoarding birds find their caches using spatial memory and have an enlarged hippocampus. Finding a cache site could be achieved using either Recollection (a discrete recalling of previously experienced information) or Familiarity (a feeling of "having encountered something before"). In humans, these two processes can be distinguished using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. ROC curves for olfactory memory in rats have shown the hippocampus is involved in Recollection, but not Familiarity. We test the hypothesis that food-hoarding birds, having a larger hippocampus, primarily use Recollection to find their caches. We validate a novel method of constructing ROC curves in humans and apply this method to cache retrieval by coal tits (Periparus ater). Both humans and birds mainly use Familiarity in finding their caches, with lower contribution of Recollection. This contribution is not significantly different from chance in birds, but a small contribution cannot be ruled out. Memory performance decreases with increasing retention interval in birds. The ecology of food-hoarding Parids makes it plausible that they mainly use Familiarity in the memory for caches. The larger hippocampus could be related to associating cache contents and temporal context with cache locations, rather than Recollection of the spatial information itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom V Smulders
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK.
| | - Laura J Douglas
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Reza
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK
| | - Lucinda H Male
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alexander Prysce
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK
| | - Amélie Alix
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Jenny C A Read
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams HL, Bodner GE, Lindsay DS. Recognition, remember-know, and confidence judgments: no evidence of cross-contamination here! Memory 2023; 31:905-917. [PMID: 37165509 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2207804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWe report three experiments designed to reveal the mechanisms that underlie subjective experiences of recognition by examining effects of how those experiences are measured. Prior research has explored the potential influences of collecting metacognitive measures on memory performance. Building on this work, here we systematically evaluated whether cross-measure contamination occurs when remember-know (RK) and/or confidence (C) judgments are made after old/new recognition decisions. In Experiment 1, making either RK or C judgments did not significantly influence recognition relative to a standard no-judgment condition. In Experiment 2, making RK judgments in addition to C judgments did not significantly affect recognition or confidence. In Experiment 3, making C judgments in addition to RK judgments did not significantly affect recognition or patterns of RK responses. Cross-contamination was not apparent regardless of whether items were studied using a shallow or deep levels-of-processing task - a manipulation that yielded robust effects on recognition, RK judgments, and C. Our results indicate that under some conditions, participants can independently evaluate their recognition, subjective recognition experience, and confidence. Though contamination across measures of metamemory and memory is always possible, it may not be inevitable. This has implications for the mechanisms that underlie subjective experiences that accompany recognition judgments.
Collapse
|
5
|
Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M. Forgetting of specific and gist visual associative episodic memory representations across time. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1484-1501. [PMID: 36877363 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Associative binding between components of an episode is vulnerable to forgetting across time. We investigated whether these forgetting effects on inter-item associative memory occur only at specific or also at gist levels of representation. In two experiments, young adult participants (n = 90, and 86, respectively) encoded face-scene pairs and were then tested either immediately after encoding or following a 24-hour delay. Tests featured conjoint recognition judgments, in which participants were tasked with discriminating intact pairs from highly similar foils, less similar foils, and completely dissimilar foils. In both experiments, the 24-hour delay resulted in deficits in specific memory for face-scene pairs, as measured using multinomial-processing-tree analyses. In Experiment 1, gist memory was not affected by the 24-hour delay, but when associative memory was strengthened through pair repetition (Experiment 2), deficits in gist memory following a 24-hour delay were observed. Results suggest that specific representations of associations in episodic memory, and under some conditions gist representations, as well, are susceptible to forgetting across time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Greene
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 9J McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Moshe Naveh-Benjamin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 106 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chao OY, Nikolaus S, Yang YM, Huston JP. Neuronal circuitry for recognition memory of object and place in rodent models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104855. [PMID: 36089106 PMCID: PMC10542956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice are used for studying neuronal circuits underlying recognition memory due to their ability to spontaneously remember the occurrence of an object, its place and an association of the object and place in a particular environment. A joint employment of lesions, pharmacological interventions, optogenetics and chemogenetics is constantly expanding our knowledge of the neural basis for recognition memory of object, place, and their association. In this review, we summarize current studies on recognition memory in rodents with a focus on the novel object preference, novel location preference and object-in-place paradigms. The evidence suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex- and hippocampus-connected circuits contribute to recognition memory for object and place. Under certain conditions, the striatum, medial septum, amygdala, locus coeruleus and cerebellum are also involved. We propose that the neuronal circuitry for recognition memory of object and place is hierarchically connected and constructed by different cortical (perirhinal, entorhinal and retrosplenial cortices), thalamic (nucleus reuniens, mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei) and primeval (hypothalamus and interpeduncular nucleus) modules interacting with the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Susanne Nikolaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Recruitment of a long-term memory supporting neural network during repeated maintenance of a multi-item abstract visual image in working memory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:575. [PMID: 35022456 PMCID: PMC8755800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can flexibly transfer information between different memory systems. Information in visual working memory (VWM) can for instance be stored in long-term memory (LTM). Conversely, information can be retrieved from LTM and temporarily held in WM when needed. It has previously been suggested that a neural transition from parietal- to midfrontal activity during repeated visual search reflects transfer of information from WM to LTM. Whether this neural transition indeed reflects consolidation and is also observed when memorizing a rich visual scene (rather than responding to a single target), is not known. To investigate this, we employed an EEG paradigm, in which abstract six-item colour-arrays were repeatedly memorized and explicitly visualized, or merely attended to. Importantly, we tested the functional significance of a potential neural shift for longer-term consolidation in a subsequent recognition task. Our results show a gradually enhanced- and sustained modulation of the midfrontal P170 component and a decline in parietal CDA, during repeated WM maintenance. Improved recollection/visualization of memoranda upon WM-cueing, was associated with contralateral parietal- and right temporal activity. Importantly, only colour-arrays previously held in WM, induced a greater midfrontal P170-response, together with left temporal- and late centro-parietal activity, upon re-exposure. These findings provide evidence for recruitment of an LTM-supporting neural network which facilitates visual WM maintenance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dave S, VanHaerents S, Bonakdarpour B, Mesulam MM, Voss JL. Stimulation of distinct parietal locations differentiates frontal versus hippocampal network involvement in memory formation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
9
|
Goshen-Gottstein Y, Levi A, Mickes L. Signal-detection theory separates the chaff of bias from the wheat of memory: Illuminating the triviality of high-confidence judgments. Neuropsychologia 2021; 166:108116. [PMID: 34906565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adva Levi
- Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sommer T, Schröter R, Bayer J. Probing emotional recognition memory: how different response formats affect response behaviour. Memory 2021; 29:1216-1231. [PMID: 34486950 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1974049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Receiver-operating characteristic curves from confidence ratings and remember/know (R/K) judgments are often used to estimate the contribution of familiarity and recollection to recognition memory. Both coming with specific advantages and disadvantages, which could be reduced by their combination. Little is known how the combination of both methods impacts response behaviour. This could be particularly important for emotional memory research, which is susceptible to variation in meta-mnemonic processes. We obtained reference performance indices from the two methods, instructing individuals to give confidence ratings or R/K judgments in one step. Against these, we contrasted R/K judgments in a two-step format and two combined formats, confidence ratings followed by R/K judgments and vice versa. Regarding reference formats, confidence ratings resulted in more liberal response criteria and false alarm rates than R/K judgments. Two-step R/K judgments and confidence ratings followed by R/K judgments resulted in patterns similar to one-step R/K judgments. Reversing the order resulted in more liberal response biases, higher hit and false alarms rates. Recollection and familiarity were unaffected by response formats. Valence effects did not vary with response formats. The present results suggest that confidence ratings followed by R/K judgments provide the advantages of both without biasing response behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sommer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Romy Schröter
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Bayer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Imaging recollection, familiarity, and novelty in the frontoparietal control and default mode networks and the anterior-posterior medial temporal lobe: An integrated view and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:491-508. [PMID: 33857579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A network-level model of recollection-based recognition (R), familiarity-based recognition (F), and novelty recognition (N) was constructed, and its validity was evaluated through meta-analyses to produce an integrated view of neuroimaging data. The model predicted the following: (a) the overall magnitude of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) activity (which supports retrieval and decision effort) is in the order of F > R > N; (b) that of the posterior medial temporal network (MTL) activity (which plays a direct role in retrieval) is in the order of R > N > F; (c) that of the anterior MTL activity (which supports novelty-encoding) is in the order of N > R > F; (d) that of the default mode network (DMN) activity (which supports the subjective experience of remembering) is in the order of R > N > F. The meta-analyses results were consistent with these predictions. Subsystem analysis indicated a functional dissociation between the cingulo-opercular vs. frontoparietal components of the FPCN and between the core vs. medial temporal components of the DMN.
Collapse
|
12
|
Alekseichuk I, Turi Z, Veit S, Paulus W. Model-driven neuromodulation of the right posterior region promotes encoding of long-term memories. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:474-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
13
|
Buck S, Sidhu MK. A Guide to Designing a Memory fMRI Paradigm for Pre-surgical Evaluation in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1354. [PMID: 31998216 PMCID: PMC6962296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the clinical and experimental use of memory functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The 2017 American Academy of Neurology practice guidelines on the use of pre-surgical cognitive fMRI suggests that verbal memory fMRI could be used to lateralize memory functions in people with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and should be used to predict post-operative verbal memory outcome. There are however technical and methodological considerations, to optimize both the sensitivity and specificity of this imaging modality. Below we discuss these constraints and suggest recommendations to consider when designing a memory fMRI paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buck
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont Saint Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Meneka K. Sidhu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont Saint Peter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
学习材料组块方式对相似词长时记忆的影响. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2019. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Mayes AR, Montaldi D, Roper A, Migo EM, Gholipour T, Kafkas A. Amount, not strength of recollection, drives hippocampal activity: A problem for apparent word familiarity-related hippocampal activation. Hippocampus 2018; 29:46-59. [PMID: 30411437 PMCID: PMC6492455 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of the hippocampus in recollection and familiarity remains debated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we explored whether hippocampal activity is modulated by increasing recollection confidence, increasing amount of recalled information, or both. We also investigated whether any hippocampal differences between recollection and familiarity relate to processing differences or amount of information in memory. Across two fMRI tasks, we separately compared brain responses to levels of confidence for cued word recall and word familiarity, respectively. Contrary to previous beliefs, increasing confidence/accuracy of cued recall of studied words did not increase hippocampal activity, when unconfounded by amount recollected. In contrast, additional recollection (i.e., recollecting more information than the word alone) increased hippocampal activity, although its accuracy matched that of word recall alone. Unlike cued word recall, increasing word familiarity accuracy did increase hippocampal activity linearly, although at an uncorrected level. This finding occurred although cued word recall and familiarity memory seemed matched with respect to information in memory. The detailed characteristics of these effects do not prove that word familiarity is exceptional in having hippocampal neural correlates. They suggest instead that participants fail to identify some aspects of recollection, misreporting it as familiarity, a problem with word‐like items that have strong and recallable semantic associates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mayes
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Roper
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen M Migo
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Taha Gholipour
- Epilepsy Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Turk KW, Elshaar AA, Deason RG, Heyworth NC, Nagle C, Frustace B, Flannery S, Zumwalt A, Budson AE. Late Positive Component Event-related Potential Amplitude Predicts Long-term Classroom-based Learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:1323-1329. [PMID: 29791297 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to predict whether newly learned information will be retrievable in the future. A biomarker of long-lasting learning, capable of predicting an individual's future ability to retrieve a particular memory, could positively influence teaching and educational methods. ERPs were investigated as a potential biomarker of long-lasting learning. Prior ERP studies have supported a dual-process model of recognition memory that categorizes recollection and familiarity as distinct memorial processes with distinct ERP correlates. The late positive component is thought to underlie conscious recollection and the frontal N400 signal is thought to reflect familiarity [Yonelinas, A. P. Components of episodic memory: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 356, 1363-1374, 2001]. Here we show that the magnitude of the late positive component, soon after initial learning, is predictive of subsequent recollection of anatomical terms among medical students 6 months later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Turk
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Ala'a A Elshaar
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Corrine Nagle
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Bruno Frustace
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Sean Flannery
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Andrew E Budson
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee J, Nuechterlein KH, Knowlton BJ, Bearden CE, Cannon TD, Fiske AP, Ghermezi L, Hayata JN, Hellemann GS, Horan WP, Kee K, Kern RS, Subotnik KL, Sugar CA, Ventura J, Yee CM, Green MF. Episodic Memory for Dynamic Social Interaction Across Phase of Illness in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:620-630. [PMID: 29106694 PMCID: PMC5890490 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although a number of studies examined recollection and familiarity memory in schizophrenia, most of studies have focused on nonsocial episodic memory. Little is known about how schizophrenia patients remember social information in everyday life and whether social episodic memory changes over the course of illness. This study aims to examine episodic memory for dynamic social interaction with multimodal social stimuli in schizophrenia across phase of illness. Within each phase of illness, probands and demographically matched controls participated: 51 probands at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and 36 controls, 80 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 49 controls, and 50 chronic schizophrenia patients and 39 controls. The participants completed the Social Remember-Know Paradigm that assessed overall social episodic memory, social recollection and familiarity memory, and social context memory, in addition to social cognitive measures and measures on community functioning. Probands showed impairment for recollection but not in familiarity memory and this pattern was similar across phase of illness. In contrast, impaired social context memory was observed in the first-episode and chronic schizophrenia samples, but not in CHR samples. Social context memory was associated with community functioning only in the chronic sample. These findings suggest that an impaired recollection could be a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia whereas impaired social context memory could be a disease-related marker. Further, a pattern of impaired recollection with intact familiarity memory for social stimuli suggests that schizophrenia patients may have a different pattern of impaired episodic memory for social vs nonsocial stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, 72–460, Los Angeles, CA 90024, US; tel: 310-794-9010, fax: 310-268-4056, e-mail:
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Barbara J Knowlton
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Alan P Fiske
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Livon Ghermezi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jacqueline N Hayata
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gerhard S Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William P Horan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kimmy Kee
- Department of Psychology, California State University Channel Islands, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert S Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kenneth L Subotnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cindy M Yee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Geddes MR, Mattfeld AT, Angeles CDL, Keshavan A, Gabrieli JD. Human aging reduces the neurobehavioral influence of motivation on episodic memory. Neuroimage 2017; 171:296-310. [PMID: 29274503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural circuitry mediating the influence of motivation on long-term declarative or episodic memory formation is delineated in young adults, but its status is unknown in healthy aging. We examined the effect of reward and punishment anticipation on intentional declarative memory formation for words using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) monetary incentive encoding task in twenty-one younger and nineteen older adults. At 24-hour memory retrieval testing, younger adults were significantly more likely to remember words associated with motivational cues than neutral cues. Motivational enhancement of memory in younger adults occurred only for recollection ("remember" responses) and not for familiarity ("familiar" responses). Older adults had overall diminished memory and did not show memory gains in association with motivational cues. Memory encoding associated with monetary rewards or punishments activated motivational (substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area) and memory-related (hippocampus) brain regions in younger, but not older, adults during the target word periods. In contrast, older and younger adults showed similar activation of these brain regions during the anticipatory motivational cue interval. In a separate monetary incentive delay task that did not require learning, we found evidence for relatively preserved striatal reward anticipation in older adults. This supports a potential dissociation between incidental and intentional motivational processes in healthy aging. The finding that motivation to obtain rewards and avoid punishments had reduced behavioral and neural influence on intentional episodic memory formation in older compared to younger adults is relevant to life-span theories of cognitive aging including the dopaminergic vulnerability hypothesis.
Collapse
|
19
|
The contribution of different prefrontal cortex regions to recollection and familiarity: a review of fMRI data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Panoz-Brown D, Carey LM, Smith AE, Gentry M, Sluka CM, Corbin HE, Wu JE, Hohmann AG, Crystal JD. The chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel selectively impairs reversal learning while sparing prior learning, new learning and episodic memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 144:259-270. [PMID: 28811227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is widely used to treat patients with systemic cancer. The efficacy of cancer therapies is frequently undermined by adverse side effects that have a negative impact on the quality of life of cancer survivors. Cancer patients who receive chemotherapy often experience chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment across a variety of domains including memory, learning, and attention. In the current study, the impact of paclitaxel, a taxane derived chemotherapeutic agent, on episodic memory, prior learning, new learning, and reversal learning were evaluated in rats. Neurogenesis was quantified post-treatment in the dentate gyrus of the same rats using immunostaining for 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki67. Paclitaxel treatment selectively impaired reversal learning while sparing episodic memory, prior learning, and new learning. Furthermore, paclitaxel-treated rats showed decreases in markers of hippocampal cell proliferation, as measured by markers of cell proliferation assessed using immunostaining for Ki67 and BrdU. This work highlights the importance of using multiple measures of learning and memory to identify the pattern of impaired and spared aspects of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Panoz-Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Lawrence M Carey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Alexandra E Smith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Meredith Gentry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Christina M Sluka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Hannah E Corbin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Jie-En Wu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Madan CR, Fujiwara E, Caplan JB, Sommer T. Emotional arousal impairs association-memory: Roles of amygdala and hippocampus. Neuroimage 2017; 156:14-28. [PMID: 28483720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional arousal is well-known to enhance memory for individual items or events, whereas it can impair association memory. The neural mechanism of this association memory impairment by emotion is not known: In response to emotionally arousing information, amygdala activity may interfere with hippocampal associative encoding (e.g., via prefrontal cortex). Alternatively, emotional information may be harder to unitize, resulting in reduced availability of extra-hippocampal medial temporal lobe support for emotional than neutral associations. To test these opposing hypotheses, we compared neural processes underlying successful and unsuccessful encoding of emotional and neutral associations. Participants intentionally studied pairs of neutral and negative pictures (Experiments 1-3). We found reduced association-memory for negative pictures in all experiments, accompanied by item-memory increases in Experiment 2. High-resolution fMRI (Experiment 3) indicated that reductions in associative encoding of emotional information are localizable to an area in ventral-lateral amygdala, driven by attentional/salience effects in the central amygdala. Hippocampal activity was similar during both pair types, but a left hippocampal cluster related to successful encoding was observed only for negative pairs. Extra-hippocampal associative memory processes (e.g., unitization) were more effective for neutral than emotional materials. Our findings suggest that reduced emotional association memory is accompanied by increases in activity and functional coupling within the amygdala. This did not disrupt hippocampal association-memory processes, which indeed were critical for successful emotional association memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Madan
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Esther Fujiwara
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeremy B Caplan
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tobias Sommer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schoemaker D, Mascret C, Collins DL, Yu E, Gauthier S, Pruessner JC. Recollection and familiarity in aging individuals: Gaining insight into relationships with medial temporal lobe structural integrity. Hippocampus 2017; 27:692-701. [PMID: 28281326 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dual-process theories posit that two separate processes are involved in recognition, namely recollection and familiarity. Studies investigating the neuroanatomical substrates of these two processes have frequently revealed that, while recollection is functionally linked with the hippocampus, familiarity appears to be associated with perirhinal and/or entorhinal cortices integrity. Interestingly these regions are known to be sensitive to normal and neuropathological aging processes. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of aging on recollection and familiarity performance, as well as to investigate associations with the rate of false alarms. In older individuals, we further aimed to explore relationships between these recognition variables and structural integrity of the hippocampus and the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. Younger (N = 56) and older (N = 59) adults were tested on a computerized recollection and familiarity task. In a separate session, older adults (N = 56) underwent a structural MRI. Hippocampal, entorhinal and perihinal cortices volumes were automatically segmented and then manually corrected to ensure validity of the volumetric assessment. Regional volumes were normalized for total intracranial volume. While the overall recognition performance did not significantly differ across groups, our results reveal a decrease in recollection, together with an increase in familiarity in older adults. The increase reliance on familiarity was significantly and positively associated with the rate of false alarms. In the older adult sample, significant positive associations were found between recollection estimates and normalized hippocampal volumes. The normalized total hippocampal volume accounted for 25% of the variance in recollection performance. No correlation was found between any recognition variables and perirhinal or entorhinal cortices volumes. Overall, our results suggest that the age-related impairment in recollection is linked with reduced hippocampal structural integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Schoemaker
- McGill University Research Center for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charlotte Mascret
- McGill University Research Center for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elsa Yu
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Gauthier
- McGill University Research Center for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jens C Pruessner
- McGill University Research Center for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kafkas A, Migo EM, Morris RG, Kopelman MD, Montaldi D, Mayes AR. Material Specificity Drives Medial Temporal Lobe Familiarity But Not Hippocampal Recollection. Hippocampus 2016; 27:194-209. [PMID: 27859925 PMCID: PMC5299537 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The specific role of the perirhinal (PRC), entorhinal (ERC) and parahippocampal cortices (PHC) in supporting familiarity‐based recognition remains unknown. An fMRI study explored whether these medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures responded in the same way or differentially to familiarity as a function of stimulus type at recognition. A secondary aim was to explore whether the hippocampus responds in the same way to equally strong familiarity and recollection and whether this is influenced by the kind of stimulus involved. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that familiarity responses in the PRC, ERC, PHC and the amygdala are material‐specific. Specifically, the PRC and ERC selectively responded to object familiarity, while the PHC responded to both object and scene familiarity. The amygdala only responded to familiarity memory for faces. The hippocampus did not respond to stimulus familiarity for any of the three types of stimuli, but it did respond to recollection for all three types of stimuli. This was true even when recollection was contrasted to equally accurate familiarity. Overall, the findings suggest that the role of the MTL neocortices and the amygdala in familiarity‐based recognition depends on the kind of stimulus in memory, whereas the role of the hippocampus in recollection is independent of the type of cuing stimulus. © 2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen M Migo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin G Morris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Kopelman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Mayes
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Impaired Word and Face Recognition in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Arch Med Res 2016; 47:372-381. [PMID: 27751371 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) exhibit accelerated decline in some domains of cognition including verbal episodic memory. Few studies have investigated the influence of DM2 status in older adults on recognition memory for more complex stimuli such as faces. In the present study we sought to compare recognition memory performance for words, objects and faces under conditions of relatively low and high cognitive load. METHODS Healthy older adults with good glucoregulatory control (n = 13) and older adults with DM2 (n = 24) were administered recognition memory tasks in which stimuli (faces, objects and words) were presented under conditions of either i) low (stimulus presented without a background pattern) or ii) high (stimulus presented against a background pattern) cognitive load. RESULTS In a subsequent recognition phase, the DM2 group recognized fewer faces than healthy controls. Further, the DM2 group exhibited word recognition deficits in the low cognitive load condition. CONCLUSIONS The recognition memory impairment observed in patients with DM2 has clear implications for day-to-day functioning. Although these deficits were not amplified under conditions of increased cognitive load, the present study emphasizes that recognition memory impairment for both words and more complex stimuli such as face are a feature of DM2 in older adults.
Collapse
|
25
|
Brezis N, Bronfman ZZ, Yovel G, Goshen-Gottstein Y. The Electrophysiological Signature of Remember-Know Is Confounded with Memory Strength and Cannot Be Interpreted as Evidence for Dual-process Theory of Recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:322-336. [PMID: 27991029 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The quantity and nature of the processes underlying recognition memory remains an open question. A majority of behavioral, neuropsychological, and brain studies have suggested that recognition memory is supported by two dissociable processes: recollection and familiarity. It has been conversely argued, however, that recollection and familiarity map onto a single continuum of mnemonic strength and hence that recognition memory is mediated by a single process. Previous electrophysiological studies found marked dissociations between recollection and familiarity, which have been widely held as corroborating the dual-process account. However, it remains unknown whether a strength interpretation can likewise apply for these findings. Here we describe an ERP study, using a modified remember-know (RK) procedure, which allowed us to control for mnemonic strength. We find that ERPs of high and low mnemonic strength mimicked the electrophysiological distinction between R and K responses, in a lateral positive component (LPC), 500-1000 msec poststimulus onset. Critically, when contrasting strength with RK experience, by comparing weak R to strong K responses, the electrophysiological signal mapped onto strength, not onto subjective RK experience. Invoking the LPC as support for dual-process accounts may, therefore, be amiss.
Collapse
|
26
|
Didi-Barnea C, Peremen Z, Goshen-Gottstein Y. The unitary zROC slope in amnesics does not reflect the absence of recollection: critical simulations in healthy participants of the zROC slope. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:94-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
27
|
Yang J, Zhan L, Wang Y, Du X, Zhou W, Ning X, Sun Q, Moscovitch M. Effects of learning experience on forgetting rates of item and associative memories. Learn Mem 2016; 23:365-78. [PMID: 27317197 PMCID: PMC4918786 DOI: 10.1101/lm.041210.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Are associative memories forgotten more quickly than item memories, and does the level of original learning differentially influence forgetting rates? In this study, we addressed these questions by having participants learn single words and word pairs once (Experiment 1), three times (Experiment 2), and six times (Experiment 3) in a massed learning (ML) or a distributed learning (DL) mode. Then they were tested for item and associative recognition separately after four retention intervals: 10 min, 1 d, 1 wk, and 1 mo. The contribution of recollection and familiarity processes were assessed by participants' remember/know judgments. The results showed that for both item and associative memories, across different degrees of learning, recollection decreased significantly and was the main source of forgetting over time, whereas familiarity remained relatively stable over time. Learning multiple times led to slower forgetting at shorter intervals, depending on recollection and familiarity processes. Compared with massed learning, distributed learning (six times) especially benefited associative memory by increasing recollection, leading to slower forgetting at longer intervals. This study highlighted the importance of process contribution and learning experiences in modulating the forgetting rates of item and associative memories. We interpret these results within the framework of a dual factor representational model of forgetting (as noted in a previous study) in which recollection is more prone to decay over time than familiarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjiong Yang
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Lexia Zhan
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiaoya Du
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Wenxi Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xueling Ning
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Macedonia M, Mueller K. Exploring the Neural Representation of Novel Words Learned through Enactment in a Word Recognition Task. Front Psychol 2016; 7:953. [PMID: 27445918 PMCID: PMC4923151 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocabulary learning in a second language is enhanced if learners enrich the learning experience with self-performed iconic gestures. This learning strategy is called enactment. Here we explore how enacted words are functionally represented in the brain and which brain regions contribute to enhance retention. After an enactment training lasting 4 days, participants performed a word recognition task in the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scanner. Data analysis suggests the participation of different and partially intertwined networks that are engaged in higher cognitive processes, i.e., enhanced attention and word recognition. Also, an experience-related network seems to map word representation. Besides core language regions, this latter network includes sensory and motor cortices, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. On the basis of its complexity and the involvement of the motor system, this sensorimotor network might explain superior retention for enactment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Macedonia
- Information Engineering, Johannes Kepler University LinzLinz, Austria; Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Forkmann K, Schmidt K, Schultz H, Sommer T, Bingel U. Experimental pain impairs recognition memory irrespective of pain predictability. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:977-88. [PMID: 26685005 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is hardwired to signal threat and tissue damage and therefore automatically attracts attention to initiate withdrawal or defensive behaviour. This well-known interruptive function of pain interferes with cognitive functioning and is modulated by bottom-up and top-down variables. Here, we applied predictable or unpredictable painful heat stimuli simultaneously to the presentation of neutral images to investigate (I) whether the predictability of pain modulated its effect on the encoding of images (episodic memory) and (II) whether subjects remember that certain images have been previously presented with pain (source memory). METHODS Twenty-four healthy subjects performed a categorization task in which 80 images had to be categorized into living or non-living objects. We compared the processing and encoding of these images during cued and non-cued pain trials as well as cued and non-cued pain-free trials. Effects on recognition performance and source memory for pain were immediately tested using a surprise recognition task. RESULTS Painful thermal stimulation impaired recognition accuracy (d', recollection, familiarity). This negative effect of pain was positively correlated with the individual expectation of pain interference and the attentional avoidance of pain-related words. However, the interruptive effect of pain was not modulated by the predictability of pain. Source memory for painful stimulation was at chance level, indicating that subjects did not explicitly remember that images had been paired with pain. CONCLUSIONS Targeting negative expectations and a maladaptive attentional bias for pain-related material might help reducing frequently reported pain-induced cognitive impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Forkmann
- Clinic for Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Germany
| | - K Schmidt
- Clinic for Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Germany
| | - H Schultz
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - T Sommer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - U Bingel
- Clinic for Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ben-Yakov A, Dudai Y, Mayford MR. Memory Retrieval in Mice and Men. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:cshperspect.a021790. [PMID: 26438596 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval, the use of learned information, was until recently mostly terra incognita in the neurobiology of memory, owing to shortage of research methods with the spatiotemporal resolution required to identify and dissect fast reactivation or reconstruction of complex memories in the mammalian brain. The development of novel paradigms, model systems, and new tools in molecular genetics, electrophysiology, optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging, have contributed markedly in recent years to our ability to investigate brain mechanisms of retrieval. We review selected developments in the study of explicit retrieval in the rodent and human brain. The picture that emerges is that retrieval involves coordinated fast interplay of sparse and distributed corticohippocampal and neocortical networks that may permit permutational binding of representational elements to yield specific representations. These representations are driven largely by the activity patterns shaped during encoding, but are malleable, subject to the influence of time and interaction of the existing memory with novel information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ben-Yakov
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yadin Dudai
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Mark R Mayford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jeong W, Chung CK, Kim JS. Episodic memory in aspects of large-scale brain networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:454. [PMID: 26321939 PMCID: PMC4536379 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human episodic memory in aspects of large-scale brain networks has become one of the central themes in neuroscience over the last decade. Traditionally, episodic memory was regarded as mostly relying on medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. However, recent studies have suggested involvement of more widely distributed cortical network and the importance of its interactive roles in the memory process. Both direct and indirect neuro-modulations of the memory network have been tried in experimental treatments of memory disorders. In this review, we focus on the functional organization of the MTL and other neocortical areas in episodic memory. Task-related neuroimaging studies together with lesion studies suggested that specific sub-regions of the MTL are responsible for specific components of memory. However, recent studies have emphasized that connectivity within MTL structures and even their network dynamics with other cortical areas are essential in the memory process. Resting-state functional network studies also have revealed that memory function is subserved by not only the MTL system but also a distributed network, particularly the default-mode network (DMN). Furthermore, researchers have begun to investigate memory networks throughout the entire brain not restricted to the specific resting-state network (RSN). Altered patterns of functional connectivity (FC) among distributed brain regions were observed in patients with memory impairments. Recently, studies have shown that brain stimulation may impact memory through modulating functional networks, carrying future implications of a novel interventional therapy for memory impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woorim Jeong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital Seoul, South Korea ; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Science Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital Seoul, South Korea ; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Science Seoul, South Korea ; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences Seoul, South Korea
| | - June Sic Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moran R, Goshen-Gottstein Y. Old processes, new perspectives: Familiarity is correlated with (not independent of) recollection and is more (not equally) variable for targets than for lures. Cogn Psychol 2015; 79:40-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Laminar activity in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex related to novelty and episodic encoding. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5547. [PMID: 25424131 PMCID: PMC4263140 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form long-term memories for novel events depends on information processing within the hippocampus (HC) and entorhinal cortex (EC). The HC-EC circuitry shows a quantitative segregation of anatomical directionality into different neuronal layers. Whereas superficial EC layers mainly project to dentate gyrus (DG), CA3 and apical CA1 layers, HC output is primarily sent from pyramidal CA1 layers and subiculum to deep EC layers. Here we utilize this directionality information by measuring encoding activity within HC/EC subregions with 7 T high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Multivariate Bayes decoding within HC/EC subregions shows that processing of novel information most strongly engages the input structures (superficial EC and DG/CA2-3), whereas subsequent memory is more dependent on activation of output regions (deep EC and pyramidal CA1). This suggests that while novelty processing is strongly related to HC-EC input pathways, the memory fate of a novel stimulus depends more on HC-EC output.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ludmer R, Edelson MG, Dudai Y. The Naïve and the Distrustful: state dependency of hippocampal computations in manipulative memory distortion. Hippocampus 2014; 25:240-52. [PMID: 25242726 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flexible mnemonic mechanisms that adjust to different internal mental states can provide a major adaptive advantage. However, little is known regarding how this flexibility is achieved in the human brain. We examined brain activity during retrieval of false memories of a movie, generated by exposing participants to misleading information. Half of the participants suspected the memory manipulation (Distrustful), whereas the other half did not (Naïve). Distrustful displayed more accurate memory performance and a brain signature different than that of Naïve. In Distrustful, the ability to differentiate true from false information was driven by a qualitatively distinct hippocampal activity for endorsed items, consistent with the view that hippocampal encoding allows recollection of a specific source. Conversely, in Naïve, BOLD differences between true and false memories were linearly correlated with accuracy across participants, suggesting that Naïve subjects needed to reinstate and evaluate stored information to discern true from false. We propose that our results lend support to models suggesting that hippocampal activity can exhibit different computational schemes, depending on memorandum attributes. Furthermore, we show that trust, considered as a subjective state of mind, may alter basic hippocampal strategies, influencing the ability to separate real from false memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ludmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang WC, Dew ITZ, Cabeza R. Age-related differences in medial temporal lobe involvement during conceptual fluency. Brain Res 2014; 1612:48-58. [PMID: 25305568 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Not all memory processes are equally affected by aging. A widely accepted hypothesis is that older adults rely more on familiarity-based processing, typically linked with the perirhinal cortex (PRC), in the context of impaired recollection, linked with the hippocampus (HC). However, according to the dedifferentiation hypothesis, healthy aging reduces the specialization of MTL memory subregions so that they may mediate different memory processes than in young adults. Using fMRI, we tested this possibility using a conceptual fluency manipulation known to induce familiarity-related PRC activity. The study yielded two main findings. First, although fluency equivalently affected PRC in both young (18-28; N=14) and older (62-80; N=15) adults, it also uniquely affected HC activity in older adults. Second, the fluency manipulation reduced functional connectivity between HC and PRC in young adults, but it increased it in older adults. Taken together, the results suggest that aging may result in reduced specialization of the HC for recollection, such that the HC may be recruited when fluency increases familiarity-based responding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Memory & Aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wang
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
| | - Ilana T Z Dew
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shohamy D, Turk-Browne NB. Mechanisms for widespread hippocampal involvement in cognition. J Exp Psychol Gen 2014; 142:1159-70. [PMID: 24246058 DOI: 10.1037/a0034461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The quintessential memory system in the human brain--the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe--is often treated as a module for the formation of conscious, or declarative, memories. However, growing evidence suggests that the hippocampus plays a broader role in memory and cognition and that theories organizing memory into strictly dedicated systems may need to be updated. We first consider the historical evidence for the specialized role of the hippocampus in declarative memory. Then, we describe the serendipitous encounter that motivated the special section in this issue, based on parallel research from our labs that suggested a more pervasive contribution of the hippocampus to cognition beyond declarative memory. Finally, we develop a theoretical framework that describes 2 general mechanisms for how the hippocampus interacts with other brain systems and cognitive processes: the memory modulation hypothesis, in which mnemonic representations in the hippocampus modulate the operation of other systems, and the adaptive function hypothesis, in which specialized computations in the hippocampus are recruited as a component of both mnemonic and nonmnemonic functions. This framework is consistent with an emerging view that the most fertile ground for discovery in cognitive psychology and neuroscience lies at the interface between parts of the mind and brain that have traditionally been studied in isolation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Flegal KE, Marín-Gutiérrez A, Ragland JD, Ranganath C. Brain mechanisms of successful recognition through retrieval of semantic context. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:1694-704. [PMID: 24564467 PMCID: PMC5718629 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is associated with the encoding and retrieval of context information and with a subjective sense of reexperiencing past events. The neural correlates of episodic retrieval have been extensively studied using fMRI, leading to the identification of a "general recollection network" including medial temporal, parietal, and prefrontal regions. However, in these studies, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of context retrieval from recollection. In this study, we used fMRI to determine the extent to which the recruitment of regions in the recollection network is contingent on context reinstatement. Participants were scanned during a cued recognition test for target words from encoded sentences. Studied target words were preceded by either a cue word studied in the same sentence (thus congruent with encoding context) or a cue word studied in a different sentence (thus incongruent with encoding context). Converging fMRI results from independently defined ROIs and whole-brain analysis showed regional specificity in the recollection network. Activity in hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex was specifically increased during successful retrieval following congruent context cues, whereas parietal and prefrontal components of the general recollection network were associated with confident retrieval irrespective of contextual congruency. Our findings implicate medial temporal regions in the retrieval of semantic context, contributing to, but dissociable from, recollective experience.
Collapse
|
38
|
Rosenbaum RS, Gilboa A, Moscovitch M. Case studies continue to illuminate the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1316:105-33. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Shayna Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Rotman Research Institute; Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Canadian Partnership in Stroke Recovery, Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute; Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Canadian Partnership in Stroke Recovery, Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute; Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology, Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Hoz L, Martin SJ. Double dissociation between the contributions of the septal and temporal hippocampus to spatial learning: the role of prior experience. Hippocampus 2014; 24:990-1005. [PMID: 24753035 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hippocampus is anatomically heterogeneous along its longitudinal axis, and there is evidence that distinct functions are executed by different septotemporal subregions. The best documented example is the dependency of spatial learning on the septal, but not the temporal, hippocampus. Here, we carried out a watermaze memory task in rats with partial lesions of the septal or temporal hippocampus made either before or after training. We then studied memory retention, reversal, and new spatial learning in a novel environment. This resulted in the surprising finding that spatial learning in a new environment is dependent on the temporal hippocampus in rats with preoperative experience of a different pool. Rats with septal hippocampal lesions made after learning not only retained the focused search strategy that was acquired during preoperative training, but were also capable of rapid spatial learning in a second pool. This demonstrates that once spatial information has been acquired in one context, related new learning in a different context can be mediated by the temporal hippocampus, a result that challenges the widely held view that spatial memory is an exclusive function of the septal hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia de Hoz
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems (CCNS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dede AJO, Squire LR, Wixted JT. A novel approach to an old problem: analysis of systematic errors in two models of recognition memory. Neuropsychologia 2013; 52:51-6. [PMID: 24184486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, the high threshold dual process (HTDP) model has served as a guide for studying the functional neuroanatomy of recognition memory. The HTDP model's utility has been that it provides quantitative estimates of recollection and familiarity, two processes thought to support recognition ability. Important support for the model has been the observation that it fits experimental data well. The continuous dual process (CDP) model also fits experimental data well. However, this model does not provide quantitative estimates of recollection and familiarity, making it less immediately useful for illuminating the functional neuroanatomy of recognition memory. These two models are incompatible and cannot both be correct, and an alternative method of model comparison is needed. We tested for systematic errors in each model's ability to fit recognition memory data from four independent data sets from three different laboratories. Across participants and across data sets, the HTDP model (but not the CDP model) exhibited systematic error. In addition, the pattern of errors exhibited by the HTDP model was predicted by the CDP model. We conclude that the CDP model provides a better account of recognition memory than the HTDP model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J O Dede
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Larry R Squire
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Departments of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - John T Wixted
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kuchinke L, Fritzemeier S, Hofmann MJ, Jacobs AM. Neural correlates of episodic memory: Associative memory and confidence drive hippocampus activations. Behav Brain Res 2013; 254:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Gordon AM, Rissman J, Kiani R, Wagner AD. Cortical reinstatement mediates the relationship between content-specific encoding activity and subsequent recollection decisions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:3350-64. [PMID: 23921785 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Episodic recollection entails the conscious remembrance of event details associated with previously encountered stimuli. Recollection depends on both the establishment of cortical representations of event features during stimulus encoding and the cortical reinstatement of these representations at retrieval. Here, we used multivoxel pattern analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data to examine how cortical and hippocampal activity at encoding and retrieval drive recollective memory decisions. During encoding, words were associated with face or scene source contexts. At retrieval, subjects were cued to recollect the source associate of each presented word. Neurally derived estimates of encoding strength and pattern reinstatement in occipitotemporal cortex were computed for each encoding and retrieval trial, respectively. Analyses demonstrated that (1) cortical encoding strength predicted subsequent memory accuracy and reaction time, (2) encoding strength predicted encoding-phase hippocampal activity, and (3) encoding strength and retrieval-phase hippocampal activity predicted the magnitude of cortical reinstatement. Path analyses further indicated that cortical reinstatement partially mediated both the effect of cortical encoding strength and the effect of retrieval-phase hippocampal activity on subsequent source memory performance. Taken together, these results indicate that memory-guided decisions are driven in part by a pathway leading from hippocampally linked cortical encoding of event attributes to hippocampally linked cortical reinstatement at retrieval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse Rissman
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of a low dose of dexmedetomidine that impairs long-term memory. Anesthesiology 2013; 117:981-95. [PMID: 22929730 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e31826be467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work suggests the amnesia from dexmedetomidine (an α2-adrenergic agonist) is caused by a failure of information to be encoded into long-term memory and that dexmedetomidine might differentially affect memory for emotionally arousing material. We investigated these issues in humans using event-related neuroimaging to reveal alterations in brain activity and subsequent memory effects associated with drug exposure. METHODS Forty-eight healthy volunteers received a computer-controlled infusion of either placebo or low-dose dexmedetomidine (target = 0.15 ng/ml plasma) during neuroimaging while they viewed and rated 80 emotionally arousing (e.g., graphic war wound) and 80 nonarousing neutral (e.g., cup) pictures for emotional arousal content. Long-term picture memory was tested 4 days later without neuroimaging. Imaging data were analyzed for drug effects, emotional processing differences, and memory-related changes with statistical parametric mapping-8. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine impaired overall (mean ± SEM) picture memory (placebo: 0.58 ± 0.03 vs. dexmedetomidine: 0.45 ± 0.03, P = 0.001), but did not differentially modulate memory as a function of item arousal. Arousing pictures were better remembered for both groups. Dexmedetomidine had regionally heterogeneous effects on brain activity, primarily decreasing it in the cortex and increasing it in thalamic and posterior hippocampal regions. Nevertheless, a single subsequent memory effect for item memory common to both groups was identified only in the left hippocampus/amygdala. Much of this effect was found to be larger for the placebo than dexmedetomidine group. CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine impaired long-term picture memory, but did not disproportionately block memory for emotionally arousing items. The memory impairment on dexmedetomidine corresponds with a weakened hippocampal subsequent memory effect.
Collapse
|
45
|
Westerberg C, Mayes A, Florczak SM, Chen Y, Creery J, Parrish T, Weintraub S, Mesulam MM, Reber PJ, Paller KA. Distinct medial temporal contributions to different forms of recognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2450-61. [PMID: 23831717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The simplest expression of episodic memory is the experience of familiarity, the isolated recognition that something has been encountered previously. Brain structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) make essential contributions to episodic memory, but the distinct contributions from each MTL structure to familiarity are debatable. Here we used specialized tests to assess recognition impairments and their relationship to MTL integrity in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n=19), people with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD; n=10), and age-matched individuals without any neurological disorder (n=20). Recognition of previously presented silhouette objects was tested in two formats-forced-choice recognition with four concurrent choices (one target and three foils) and yes/no recognition with individually presented targets and foils. Every foil was extremely similar to a corresponding target, such that forced-choice recognition could be based on differential familiarity among the choices, whereas yes/no recognition necessitated additional memory and decision factors. Only yes/no recognition was impaired in the aMCI group, whereas both forced-choice and yes/no recognition were impaired in the AD group. Magnetic resonance imaging showed differential brain atrophy, as MTL volume was reduced in the AD group but not in the aMCI group. Pulsed arterial spin-labeled scans demonstrated that MTL blood flow was abnormally increased in aMCI, which could indicate physiological dysfunction prior to the emergence of significant atrophy. Regression analyses with data from all patients revealed that regional patterns of MTL integrity were differentially related to forced-choice and yes/no recognition. Smaller perirhinal cortex volume was associated with lower forced-choice recognition accuracy, but not with lower yes/no recognition accuracy. Instead, smaller hippocampal volumes were associated with lower yes/no recognition accuracy. In sum, familiarity memory can be specifically assessed using the forced-choice recognition test, it declines later than other MTL-dependent memory functions as AD progresses, and it has distinct anatomical substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Westerberg
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Balderas I, Moreno-Castilla P, Bermudez-Rattoni F. Dopamine D1 receptor activity modulates object recognition memory consolidation in the perirhinal cortex but not in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2013; 23:873-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israela Balderas
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-253 04510 México D.F México
| | - Perla Moreno-Castilla
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-253 04510 México D.F México
| | - Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-253 04510 México D.F México
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Markowitsch HJ. Memory and self-neuroscientific landscapes. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 2013:176027. [PMID: 24967303 PMCID: PMC4045540 DOI: 10.1155/2013/176027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Relations between memory and the self are framed from a number of perspectives-developmental aspects, forms of memory, interrelations between memory and the brain, and interactions between the environment and memory. The self is seen as dividable into more rudimentary and more advanced aspects. Special emphasis is laid on memory systems and within them on episodic autobiographical memory which is seen as a pure human form of memory that is dependent on a proper ontogenetic development and shaped by the social environment, including culture. Self and episodic autobiographical memory are seen as interlocked in their development and later manifestation. Aside from content-based aspects of memory, time-based aspects are seen along two lines-the division between short-term and long-term memory and anterograde-future-oriented-and retrograde-past-oriented memory. The state dependency of episodic autobiographical is stressed and implications of it-for example, with respect to the occurrence of false memories and forensic aspects-are outlined. For the brain level, structural networks for encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval are discussed both by referring to patient data and to data obtained in normal participants with functional brain imaging methods. It is elaborated why descriptions from patients with functional or dissociative amnesia are particularly apt to demonstrate the facets in which memory, self, and personal temporality are interwoven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Markowitsch
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Universitaetsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence “Cognitive Interaction Technology” (CITEC), University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Hanse Institute of Advanced Science, P. O. Box 1344, 27733 Delmenhorst, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mickes L, Seale-Carlisle TM, Wixted JT. Rethinking Familiarity: Remember/Know Judgments in Free Recall. JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2013; 68:333-349. [PMID: 23637470 PMCID: PMC3637981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although frequently used with recognition, a few studies have used the Remember/Know procedure with free recall. In each case, participants gave Know judgments to a significant number of recalled items (items that were presumably not remembered on the basis of familiarity). What do these Know judgments mean? We investigated this issue using a source memory/free-recall procedure. For each word that was recalled, participants were asked to (a) make a confidence rating on a 5-point scale, (b) make a Remember/Know judgment, and (c) recollect a source detail. The large majority of both Remember judgments and Know judgments were made with high confidence and high accuracy, but source memory was nevertheless higher for Remember judgments than for Know judgments. These source memory results correspond to what is found using recognition, and they raise the possibility that Know judgments in free recall identify the cue-dependent retrieval of item-only information from an episodic memory search set. In agreement with this idea, we also found that the temporal dynamics of free recall were similar for high-confidence Remember and high-confidence Know judgments (as if both judgments reflected retrieval from the same search set). If Know judgments in free recall do in fact reflect the episodic retrieval of item-only information, it seems reasonable to suppose that the same might be true of high-confidence Know judgments in recognition. If so, then a longstanding debate about the role of the hippocampus in recollection and familiarity may have a natural resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mickes
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
The effects of cell phone conversations on the attention and memory of bystanders. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58579. [PMID: 23516514 PMCID: PMC3596270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pervasive use of cell phones impacts many people–both cell phone users and bystanders exposed to conversations. This study examined the effects of overhearing a one-sided (cell phone) conversation versus a two-sided conversation on attention and memory. In our realistic design, participants were led to believe they were participating in a study examining the relationship between anagrams and reading comprehension. While the participant was completing an anagram task, the researcher left the room and participants overheard a scripted conversation, either two confederates talking with each other or one confederate talking on a cell phone. Upon the researcher’s return, the participant took a recognition memory task with words from the conversation, and completed a questionnaire measuring the distracting nature of the conversation. Participants who overheard the one-sided conversation rated the conversation as significantly higher in distractibility than those who overheard the two-sided conversation. Also, participants in the one-sided condition scored higher on the recognition task. In particular they were more confident and accurate in their responses to words from the conversation than participants in the two-sided condition. However, participants’ scores on the anagram task were not significantly different between conditions. As in real world situations, individual participants could pay varying amounts of attention to the conversation since they were not explicitly instructed to ignore it. Even though the conversation was irrelevant to the anagram task and contained less words and noise, one-sided conversations still impacted participants’ self-reported distractibility and memory, thus showing people are more attentive to cell phone conversations than two-sided conversations. Cell phone conversations may be a common source of distraction causing negative consequences in workplace environments and other public places.
Collapse
|
50
|
Wixted JT, Mickes L. On the Relationship Between fMRI and Theories of Cognition. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2013; 8:104-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691612469022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we ask about the contribution of fMRI data to our understanding of theories of cognition and about the contribution of theories of cognition to our understanding of fMRI data. Experiments using fMRI can contribute to our understanding of cognition when they are designed to test the predictions of a particular cognitive theory. Although not all cognitive theories make clear predictions about patterns of activity in the brain fMRI experiments are often well suited to testing the predictions of those that do. However, many fMRI studies that are concerned with cognitive functional neuroanatomy are not designed to test predictions of cognitive theories but are instead designed to investigate the role played by different regions of the brain in cognitive activity. These fMRI studies do not shed light on cognitive theories but instead depend on cognitive theories to interpret the data—an interpretation that is only as valid as the cognitive theory on which it is based. These considerations suggest that the relationship between fMRI and theories of cognition is a two-way street.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Wixted
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego
| | - Laura Mickes
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego
| |
Collapse
|