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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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2
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Windrem MS, Schanz SJ, Zou L, Chandler-Militello D, Kuypers NJ, Nedergaard M, Lu Y, Mariani JN, Goldman SA. Human Glial Progenitor Cells Effectively Remyelinate the Demyelinated Adult Brain. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107658. [PMID: 32433967 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatally transplanted human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) can myelinate the brains of myelin-deficient shiverer mice, rescuing their phenotype and survival. Yet, it has been unclear whether implanted hGPCs are similarly able to remyelinate the diffusely demyelinated adult CNS. We, therefore, ask if hGPCs could remyelinate both congenitally hypomyelinated adult shiverers and normal adult mice after cuprizone demyelination. In adult shiverers, hGPCs broadly disperse and differentiate as myelinating oligodendrocytes after subcortical injection, improving both host callosal conduction and ambulation. Implanted hGPCs similarly remyelinate denuded axons after cuprizone demyelination, whether delivered before or after demyelination. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of hGPCs back from cuprizone-demyelinated brains reveals their transcriptional activation of oligodendrocyte differentiation programs, while distinguishing them from hGPCs not previously exposed to demyelination. These data indicate the ability of transplanted hGPCs to disperse throughout the adult CNS, to broadly myelinate regions of dysmyelination, and also to be recruited as myelinogenic oligodendrocytes later in life, upon demyelination-associated demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Windrem
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Steven J Schanz
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lisa Zou
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Devin Chandler-Militello
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kuypers
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuan Lu
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John N Mariani
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Köse S, Aerts-Kaya F, Uçkan Çetinkaya D, Korkusuz P. Stem Cell Applications in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Progress and Ongoing Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:135-162. [PMID: 33977438 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are rare inborn errors of metabolism caused by defects in lysosomal function. These diseases are characterized by accumulation of completely or partially degraded substrates in the lysosomes leading to cellular dysfunction of the affected cells. Currently, enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs), treatments directed at substrate reduction (SRT), and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation are the only treatment options for LSDs, and the effects of these treatments depend strongly on the type of LSD and the time of initiation of treatment. However, some of the LSDs still lack a durable and curative treatment. Therefore, a variety of novel treatments for LSD patients has been developed in the past few years. However, despite significant progress, the efficacy of some of these treatments remains limited because these therapies are often initiated after irreversible organ damage has occurred.Here, we provide an overview of the known effects of LSDs on stem cell function, as well as a synopsis of available stem cell-based cell and gene therapies that have been/are being developed for the treatment of LSDs. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of use of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-related (gene) therapies. An overview of current research data indicates that when stem cell and/or gene therapy applications are used in combination with existing therapies such as ERT, SRT, and chaperone therapies, promising results can be achieved, showing that these treatments may result in alleviation of existing symptoms and/or prevention of progression of the disease. All together, these studies offer some insight in LSD stem cell biology and provide a hopeful perspective for the use of stem cells. Further development and improvement of these stem cell (gene) combination therapies may greatly improve the current treatment options and outcomes of patients with a LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Köse
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.,Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PEDI-STEM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Uçkan Çetinkaya
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PEDI-STEM), Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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4
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Edelmann MJ, Maegawa GHB. CNS-Targeting Therapies for Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Current Advances and Challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:559804. [PMID: 33304924 PMCID: PMC7693645 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.559804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, several therapeutic approaches have been developed and made rapidly available for many patients afflicted with lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), inborn organelle disorders with broad clinical manifestations secondary to the progressive accumulation of undegraded macromolecules within lysosomes. These conditions are individually rare, but, collectively, their incidence ranges from 1 in 2,315 to 7,700 live-births. Most LSDs are manifested by neurological symptoms or signs, including developmental delay, seizures, acroparesthesia, motor weakness, and extrapyramidal signs. The chronic and later-onset clinical forms are at one end of the continuum spectrum and are characterized by a subtle and slow progression of neurological symptoms. Due to its inherent physiological properties, unfortunately, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a significant obstacle for current and upcoming therapies to achieve the central nervous system (CNS) and treat neurological problems so prevalent in these conditions. To circumvent this limitation, several strategies have been developed to make the therapeutic agent achieve the CNS. This narrative will provide an overview of current therapeutic strategies under development to permeate the BBB, and address and unmet need for treatment of the progressive neurological manifestations, which are so prevalent in these inherited lysosomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, The University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gustavo H B Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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5
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Luciani M, Gritti A, Meneghini V. Human iPSC-Based Models for the Development of Therapeutics Targeting Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:224. [PMID: 33062642 PMCID: PMC7530250 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare genetic conditions. The absence or deficiency of lysosomal proteins leads to excessive storage of undigested materials and drives secondary pathological mechanisms including autophagy, calcium homeostasis, ER stress, and mitochondrial abnormalities. A large number of LSDs display mild to severe central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Animal disease models and post-mortem tissues partially recapitulate the disease or represent the final stage of CNS pathology, respectively. In the last decades, human models based on induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been extensively applied to investigate LSD pathology in several tissues and organs, including the CNS. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) derived from patient-specific hiPSCs (hiPS-NSCs) are a promising tool to define the effects of the pathological storage on neurodevelopment, survival and function of neurons and glial cells in neurodegenerative LSDs. Additionally, the development of novel 2D co-culture systems and 3D hiPSC-based models is fostering the investigation of neuron-glia functional and dysfunctional interactions, also contributing to define the role of neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of the disease, with important implications in terms of timing and efficacy of treatments. Here, we discuss the advantages and limits of the application of hiPS-NSC-based models in the study and treatment of CNS pathology in different LSDs. Additionally, we review the state-of-the-art and the prospective applications of NSC-based therapy, highlighting the potential exploitation of hiPS-NSCs for gene and cell therapy approaches in the treatment of neurodegenerative LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vasco Meneghini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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6
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Teng YD. Functional multipotency of stem cells: Biological traits gleaned from neural progeny studies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Gigliobianco MR, Di Martino P, Deng S, Casadidio C, Censi R. New Advanced Strategies for the Treatment of Lysosomal Diseases Affecting the Central Nervous System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1933-1950. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190708213159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs), also known as lysosomal diseases (LDs) are a group of serious genetic diseases characterized by not only the accumulation of non-catabolized compounds in the lysosomes due to the deficiency of specific enzymes which usually eliminate these compounds, but also by trafficking, calcium changes and acidification. LDs mainly affect the central nervous system (CNS), which is difficult to reach for drugs and biological molecules due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While some therapies have proven highly effective in treating peripheral disorders in LD patients, they fail to overcome the BBB. Researchers have developed many strategies to circumvent this problem, for example, by creating carriers for enzyme delivery, which improve the enzyme’s half-life and the overexpression of receptors and transporters in the luminal or abluminal membranes of the BBB. This review aims to successfully examine the strategies developed during the last decade for the treatment of LDs, which mainly affect the CNS. Among the LD treatments, enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) and gene therapy have proven effective, while nanoparticle, fusion protein, and small molecule-based therapies seem to offer considerable promise to treat the CNS pathology. This work also analyzed the challenges of the study to design new drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of LDs. Polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes are explored from their technological point of view and for the most relevant preclinical studies showing that they are excellent choices to protect active molecules and transport them through the BBB to target specific brain substrates for the treatment of LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R. Gigliobianco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Piera Di Martino
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Siyuan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Cristina Casadidio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Roberta Censi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
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8
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Christensen CL, Ashmead RE, Choy FYM. Cell and Gene Therapies for Mucopolysaccharidoses: Base Editing and Therapeutic Delivery to the CNS. Diseases 2019; 7:E47. [PMID: 31248000 PMCID: PMC6787741 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although individually uncommon, rare diseases collectively account for a considerable proportion of disease impact worldwide. A group of rare genetic diseases called the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are characterized by accumulation of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans cellularly. MPS results in varied systemic symptoms and in some forms of the disease, neurodegeneration. Lack of treatment options for MPS with neurological involvement necessitates new avenues of therapeutic investigation. Cell and gene therapies provide putative alternatives and when coupled with genome editing technologies may provide long term or curative treatment. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing technology and, more recently, advances in genome editing research, have allowed for the addition of base editors to the repertoire of CRISPR-based editing tools. The latest versions of base editors are highly efficient on-targeting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) editors. Here, we describe a number of putative guide ribonucleic acid (RNA) designs for precision correction of known causative mutations for 10 of the MPSs. In this review, we discuss advances in base editing technologies and current techniques for delivery of cell and gene therapies to the site of global degeneration in patients with severe neurological forms of MPS, the central nervous system, including ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe L Christensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Rhea E Ashmead
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Francis Y M Choy
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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9
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Mokhtariye A, Hagh-Nazari L, Varasteh AR, Keyfi F. Diagnostic methods for Lysosomal Storage Disease. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 7:119-128. [PMID: 30805390 PMCID: PMC6374068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are a class of metabolic disturbance in which manifested by the accumulation of large molecules (complex lipids, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, etc.) in lysosomes. LSDs have a wide range of clinical symptoms that may contain organ dysfunction, neurological and skeletal disorders. The first stage of diagnosis is clinically suspected by a physician. Next stage is enzyme activity assays including Fluorometry and MS/MS methods. These methods usually placed in newborn program screening. The second laboratory diagnostic stage is molecular examination (RFLP-PCR and ARMS-PCR, Mutations Scanning Methods, DNA sequencing, MLPA and NGS methods) that is confirmation of the enzyme assays. In this article, routine diagnostic methods for LSDs were discussed. The gold standard for enzyme activity assay and molecular diagnosis is TMS and NGS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mokhtariye
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of
Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical
Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Hagh-Nazari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of
Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abdol-Reza Varasteh
- Immunobiochemistry Lab, Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Keyfi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical
Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Abstract
Diseases of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are among the most prevalent and disabling, yet least appreciated, conditions in neurology. In recent years, it has become clear that besides the overtly glial disorders of oligodendrocyte loss and myelin failure, such as the leukodystrophies and inflammatory demyelinations, a number of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders may also be causally linked to glial dysfunction and derive from astrocytic as well as oligodendrocytic pathology. The relative contribution of glial dysfunction to many of these disorders may be so great as to allow their treatment by the delivery of allogeneic glial progenitor cells, the precursors to both astroglia and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Given the development of new methods for producing and isolating these cells from pluripotent stem cells, both the myelin disorders and appropriate glial-based neurodegenerative conditions may now be compelling targets for cell-based therapy. As such, glial cell-based therapies may offer potential benefit to a broader range of diseases than ever before contemplated, including disorders such as Huntington's disease and the motor neuron degeneration of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which have traditionally been considered neuronal in nature.
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11
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Christensen CL, Choy FYM. A Prospective Treatment Option for Lysosomal Storage Diseases: CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology for Mutation Correction in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Diseases 2017; 5:E6. [PMID: 28933359 PMCID: PMC5456334 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ease of design, relatively low cost and a multitude of gene-altering capabilities have all led to the adoption of the sophisticated and yet simple gene editing system: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). The CRISPR/Cas9 system holds promise for the correction of deleterious mutations by taking advantage of the homology directed repair pathway and by supplying a correction template to the affected patient's cells. Currently, this technique is being applied in vitro in human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to correct a variety of severe genetic diseases, but has not as of yet been used in iPSCs derived from patients affected with a lysosomal storage disease (LSD). If adopted into clinical practice, corrected iPSCs derived from cells that originate from the patient themselves could be used for therapeutic amelioration of LSD symptoms without the risks associated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. CRISPR/Cas9 editing in a patient's cells would overcome the costly, lifelong process associated with currently available treatment methods, including enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapies. In this review, the overall utility of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique for treatment of genetic diseases, the potential for the treatment of LSDs and methods currently employed to increase the efficiency of this re-engineered biological system will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe L Christensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Francis Y M Choy
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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12
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Egawa N, Takase H, Josephine L, Takahashi R, Arai K. Clinical application of oligodendrocyte precursor cells for cell-based therapy. Brain Circ 2016; 2:121-125. [PMID: 30276286 PMCID: PMC6126271 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.192515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which give rise to mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), play important roles in maintaining white matter function. Even during the adulthood period, OPCs comprise roughly 5% of all cells in the forebrain and retain a capability to become myelinated OLs. Recently, OPCs have been proposed as a novel source for cell-based therapy. For the purpose, OPCs can be obtained from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and directly converted cells derived from patients. Here, we will provide a brief review of the potential of using OPCs as a cell-based therapy for treating various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Egawa
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Takase
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lok Josephine
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Arai
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Siddiqi F, Wolfe JH. Stem Cell Therapy for the Central Nervous System in Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:749-757. [PMID: 27420186 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases with genetic etiologies result in the loss or dysfunction of neural cells throughout the CNS. At present, few treatment options exist for the majority of neurogenetic diseases. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) into the CNS has the potential to be an effective treatment modality because progenitor cells may replace lost cells in the diseased brain, provide multiple trophic factors, or deliver missing proteins. This review focuses on the use of SCT in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a large group of monogenic disorders with prominent CNS disease. In most patients the CNS disease results in intellectual disability that is refractory to current standard-of-care treatment. A large amount of preclinical work on brain-directed SCT has been performed in rodent LSD models. Cell types that have been used for direct delivery into the CNS include neural stem cells, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells have been an effective therapy for the CNS in a few LSDs and may be augmented by overexpression of the missing gene. Current barriers and potential strategies to improve SCT for translation into effective patient therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faez Siddiqi
- 1 Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John H Wolfe
- 1 Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine and W.F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Macauley SL. Combination Therapies for Lysosomal Storage Diseases: A Complex Answer to a Simple Problem. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY REVIEWS : PER 2016; 13 Suppl 1:639-648. [PMID: 27491211 PMCID: PMC5374980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of 40-50 rare monogenic disorders that result in disrupted lysosomal function and subsequent lysosomal pathology. Depending on the protein or enzyme deficiency associated with each disease, LSDs affect an array of organ systems and elicit a complex set of secondary disease mechanisms that make many of these disorders difficult to fully treat. The etiology of most LSDs is known and the innate biology of lysosomal enzymes favors therapeutic intervention, yet most attempts at treating LSDs with enzyme replacement strategies fall short of being curative. Even with the advent of more sophisticated approaches, like substrate reduction therapy, pharmacologic chaperones, gene therapy or stem cell therapy, comprehensive treatments for LSDs have yet to be achieved. Given the limitations with individual therapies, recent research has focused on using a combination approach to treat LSDs. By coupling protein-, cell-, and gene- based therapies with small molecule drugs, researchers have found greater success in eradicating the clinical features of disease. This review seeks to discuss the positive and negatives of singular therapies used to treat LSDs, and discuss how, in combination, studies have demonstrated a more holistic benefit on pathological and functional parameters. By optimizing routes of delivery, therapeutic timing, and targeting secondary disease mechanisms, combination therapy represents the future for LSD treatment.
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15
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Osorio MJ, Goldman SA. Glial progenitor cell-based treatment of the childhood leukodystrophies. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:476-88. [PMID: 27170209 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The childhood leukodystrophies comprise a group of hereditary disorders characterized by the absence, malformation or destruction of myelin. These disorders share common clinical, radiological and pathological features, despite their diverse molecular and genetic etiologies. Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are the major affected cell populations, and are either structurally impaired or metabolically compromised through cell-intrinsic pathology, or are the victims of mis-accumulated toxic byproducts of metabolic derangement. In either case, glial cell replacement using implanted tissue or pluripotent stem cell-derived human neural or glial progenitor cells may comprise a promising strategy for both structural remyelination and metabolic rescue. A broad variety of pediatric white matter disorders, including the primary hypomyelinating disorders, the lysosomal storage disorders, and the broader group of non-lysosomal metabolic leukodystrophies, may all be appropriate candidates for glial progenitor cell-based treatment. Nonetheless, a variety of specific challenges remain before this therapeutic strategy can be applied to children. These include timely diagnosis, before irreparable neuronal injury has ensued; understanding the natural history of the targeted disease; defining the optimal cell phenotype for each disorder; achieving safe and scalable cellular compositions; designing age-appropriate controlled clinical trials; and for autologous therapy of genetic disorders, achieving the safe genetic editing of pluripotent stem cells. Yet these challenges notwithstanding, the promise of glial progenitor cell-based treatment of the childhood myelin disorders offers hope to the many victims of this otherwise largely untreatable class of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joana Osorio
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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16
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Cell Therapy for Pediatric Disorders of Glia. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Gabandé-Rodríguez E, Boya P, Labrador V, Dotti CG, Ledesma MD. High sphingomyelin levels induce lysosomal damage and autophagy dysfunction in Niemann Pick disease type A. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:864-75. [PMID: 24488099 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann Pick disease type A (NPA), which is caused by loss of function mutations in the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gene, is a lysosomal storage disorder leading to neurodegeneration. Yet, lysosomal dysfunction and its consequences in the disease are poorly characterized. Here we show that undegraded molecules build up in neurons of acid sphingomyelinase knockout mice and in fibroblasts from NPA patients in which autophagolysosomes accumulate. The latter is not due to alterations in autophagy initiation or autophagosome-lysosome fusion but because of inefficient autophago-lysosomal clearance. This, in turn, can be explained by lysosomal membrane permeabilization leading to cytosolic release of Cathepsin B. High sphingomyelin (SM) levels account for these effects as they can be induced in control cells on addition of the lipid and reverted on SM-lowering strategies in ASM-deficient cells. These results unveil a relevant role for SM in autophagy modulation and characterize autophagy anomalies in NPA, opening new perspectives for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Boya
- Centro Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - V Labrador
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - C G Dotti
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - M D Ledesma
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
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18
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Schulze H, Sandhoff K. Sphingolipids and lysosomal pathologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:799-810. [PMID: 24184515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosed (glyco)sphingolipids are degraded, together with other membrane lipids in a stepwise fashion by endolysosomal enzymes with the help of small lipid binding proteins, the sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs), at the surface of intraluminal lysosomal vesicles. Inherited defects in a sphingolipid-degrading enzyme or SAP cause the accumulation of the corresponding lipid substrates, including cytotoxic lysosphingolipids, such as galactosylsphingosine and glucosylsphingosine, and lead to a sphingolipidosis. Analysis of patients with prosaposin deficiency revealed the accumulation of intra-endolysosmal vesicles and membrane structures (IM). Feeding of prosaposin reverses the storage, suggesting inner membrane structures as platforms of sphingolipid degradation. Water soluble enzymes can hardly attack sphingolipids embedded in the membrane of inner endolysosomal vesicles. The degradation of sphingolipids with few sugar residues therefore requires the help of the SAPs, and is strongly stimulated by anionic membrane lipids. IMs are rich in anionic bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schulze
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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19
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Tsukamoto A, Uchida N, Capela A, Gorba T, Huhn S. Clinical translation of human neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:102. [PMID: 23987648 PMCID: PMC3854682 DOI: 10.1186/scrt313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neural stem cell transplants have potential as therapeutic candidates to treat a vast number of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). StemCells, Inc. has purified human neural stem cells and developed culture conditions for expansion and banking that preserve their unique biological properties. The biological activity of these human central nervous system stem cells (HuCNS-SC®) has been analyzed extensively in vitro and in vivo. When formulated for transplantation, the expanded and cryopreserved banked cells maintain their stem cell phenotype, self-renew and generate mature oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes, cells normally found in the CNS. In this overview, the rationale and supporting data for pursuing neuroprotective strategies and clinical translation in the three components of the CNS (brain, spinal cord and eye) are described. A phase I trial for a rare myelin disorder and phase I/II trial for spinal cord injury are providing intriguing data relevant to the biological properties of neural stem cells, and the early clinical outcomes compel further development.
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20
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Chaubey S, Wolfe JH. Transplantation of CD15-enriched murine neural stem cells increases total engraftment and shifts differentiation toward the oligodendrocyte lineage. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:444-54. [PMID: 23681951 PMCID: PMC3673756 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for neurological diseases. However, only a limited number of cells can be transplanted into the brain, resulting in relatively low levels of engraftment. This study investigated the potential of using a cell surface marker to enrich a primary NSC population to increase stable engraftment in the recipient brain. NSCs were enriched from the neonatal mouse forebrain using anti-CD15 (Lewis X antigen, or SSEA-1) in a "gentle" fluorescence-activated cell sorting protocol, which yielded >98% CD15-positive cells. The CD15-positive cells differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro, after withdrawal of growth factors, demonstrating multipotentiality. CD15-positive cells were expanded in vitro and injected bilaterally into the ventricles of neonatal mice. Cells from enriched and unenriched donor populations were found throughout the neuraxis, in both neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions. Total engraftment was similar at 7 days postinjection, but by 28 days postinjection, after brain organogenesis was complete, the survival of donor cells was significantly increased in CD15-enriched grafts over the unenriched cell grafts. The engrafted cells were heterogeneous in morphology and differentiated into all three neural lineages. Furthermore, in the CD15-enriched grafts, there was a significant shift toward differentiation into oligodendrocytes. This strategy may allow better delivery of therapeutic cells to the developing central nervous system and may be particularly useful for treating diseases involving white matter lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Chaubey
- Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John H. Wolfe
- Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- W.F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Goldman SA, Nedergaard M, Windrem MS. Glial progenitor cell-based treatment and modeling of neurological disease. Science 2012; 338:491-5. [PMID: 23112326 PMCID: PMC3548656 DOI: 10.1126/science.1218071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The diseases of myelin are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions in neurology. These diseases include both the vascular and inflammatory demyelinating disorders of adulthood, as well as the childhood leukodystrophies and cerebral palsy. These fundamentally glial disorders may be amenable to treatment by glial progenitor cells (GPCs), which give rise to astroglia and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Given the development of new methods for generating and isolating human GPCs, the myelin disorders may now be compelling targets for cell-based therapy. In addition, the efficient engraftment and expansion of human GPCs in murine hosts has led to the development of human glial chimeric mouse brains, which provides new opportunities for studying the species-specific roles of human glia in cognition, as well as in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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22
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Gene transfer to the CNS is efficacious in immune-primed mice harboring physiologically relevant titers of anti-AAV antibodies. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1713-23. [PMID: 22735381 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS)-directed gene therapy with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has been used effectively to slow disease course in mouse models of several neurodegenerative diseases. However, these vectors were typically tested in mice without prior exposure to the virus, an immunological scenario unlikely to be duplicated in human patients. Here, we examined the impact of pre-existing immunity on AAV-mediated gene delivery to the CNS of normal and diseased mice. Antibody levels in brain tissue were determined to be 0.6% of the levels found in systemic circulation. As expected, transgene expression in brains of mice with relatively high serum antibody titers was reduced by 59-95%. However, transduction activity was unaffected in mice that harbored more clinically relevant antibody levels. Moreover, we also showed that markers of neuroinflammation (GFAP, Iba1, and CD3) and histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)) were not enhanced in immune-primed mice (regardless of pre-existing antibody levels). Importantly, we also demonstrated in a mouse model of Niemann Pick Type A (NPA) disease that pre-existing immunity did not preclude either gene transfer to the CNS or alleviation of disease-associated neuropathology. These findings support the continued development of AAV-based therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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23
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Cancer and sphingolipid storage disease therapy using novel synthetic analogs of sphingolipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:462-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Transduction of E13 murine neural precursor cells by non-immunogenic recombinant adeno-associated viruses induces major changes in neuronal phenotype. Neuroscience 2012; 210:82-98. [PMID: 22406416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) provide a cellular model to compare transduction efficiency and toxicity for a series of recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs). Results led to the choice of rAAV9 as a preferred candidate to transduce NPCs for in vivo transplantation. Importantly, transduction promoted a neuronal phenotype characterized by neurofilament M (NFM) with a concomitant decrease in the embryonic marker, nestin, without significant change in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In marked contrast to recent studies for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), exposure to rAAVs is non-immunogenic and these do not result in genetic abnormalities, thus bolstering the earlier use of NPCs such as those isolated from E13 murine cells for clinical applications. Mechanisms of cellular interactions were explored by treatment with genistein, a pan-specific inhibitor of protein receptor tyrosine kinases (PRTKs) that blocked the transduction and differentiation, thus implying a central role for this pathway for inducing infectivity along with observed phenotypic changes and as a method for drug design. Implantation of transduced NPCs into adult mouse hippocampus survived up to 28 days producing a time line for targeting or migration to dentate gyrus and CA3-1 compatible with future clinical applications. Furthermore, a majority showed commitment to highly differentiated neuronal phenotypes. Lack of toxicity and immune response of rAAVs plus ability for expansion of NPCs in vitro auger well for their isolation and suggest potential therapeutic applications in repair or replacement of diseased neurons in neurodegeneration.
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25
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Shihabuddin LS, Cheng SH. Neural stem cell transplantation as a therapeutic approach for treating lysosomal storage diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:659-67. [PMID: 21904790 PMCID: PMC3250293 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating the central nervous system manifestations of subjects with neuropathic lysosomal storage diseases remains a major technical challenge. This is because of the low efficiency by which lysosomal enzymes in systemic circulation are able to traverse the blood brain barrier into the central nervous system. Intracranial transplantation of neural stems cells genetically modified to overexpress the respective deficient enzymes represents a potential approach to addressing this group of diseases. The unique properties of neural stem cells and progenitor cells, such as their ability to migrate to distal sites, differentiate into various cell types and integrate within the host brain without disrupting normal function, making them particularly attractive therapeutic agents. In addition, neural stem cells are amenable to ex vivo propagation and modification by gene transfer vectors. In this regard, transplanted cells can serve not only as a source of lysosomal enzymes but also as a means to potentially repair the injured brain by replenishing the organ with healthy cells and effecting the release of neuroprotective factors. This review discusses some of the well-characterized neural stem cell types and their possible use in treating neuropathic lysosomal storage diseases such as the Niemann Pick A disease.
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26
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the conception of brain development has radically changed from a fixed and limited hierarchical process to a more plastic and continuous one. Most surprising, the field has learned that postnatal neurogenesis is not just a seasonal phenomenon in songbirds but a process that occurs across species and seasons. Astrocytes, whose primary role in the central nervous system was thought to be strictly supportive, have emerged as a heterogeneous population, a subset of which is the neural stem cell. Postnatal neurogenesis persists in specialized niches within the rostral subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus and, for a limited period, within the white matter tracts and external granular layer of the cerebellum. These specialized microenvironments are influenced by factors in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and local extracellular matrix. This article reviews the current understanding of adult neurogenesis, which is conserved across many vertebrate species, underscoring the value of animal models in past and present studies of human neurogenesis and neurogenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Walton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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27
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) encompass more than 50 distinct diseases, caused by defects in various aspects of lysosomal function. Neurodegeneration and/or dysmyelination are the hallmark of roughly 70% of LSDs. Gene therapy represents a promising approach for the treatment of CNS manifestations in LSDs, as it has the potential to provide a permanent source of the deficient enzyme, either by direct injection of vectors or by transplantation of gene-corrected cells. In this latter approach, the biology of neural stem/progenitor cells and hematopoietic cells might be exploited. AREAS COVERED Based on an extensive literature search up until March 2011, the author reviews and discusses the progress, the crucial aspects and the major challenges towards the development of novel gene therapy strategies aimed to target the CNS, with particular attention to direct intracerebral gene delivery and transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells. EXPERT OPINION The implementation of viral vector delivery systems with specific tropism, regulated transgene expression, low immunogenicity and low genotoxic risk and the improvement in isolation and manipulation of relevant cell types to be transplanted, are fundamental challenges to the field. Also, combinatorial strategies might be required to achieve full correction in LSDs with neurological involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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28
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Treleaven CM, Tamsett T, Fidler JA, Taksir TV, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS, Dodge JC. Comparative analysis of acid sphingomyelinase distribution in the CNS of rats and mice following intracerebroventricular delivery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16313. [PMID: 21283548 PMCID: PMC3026829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick A (NPA) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by a deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity. Previously, we reported that biochemical and functional abnormalities observed in ASM knockout (ASMKO) mice could be partially alleviated by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of hASM. We now show that this route of delivery also results in widespread enzyme distribution throughout the rat brain and spinal cord. However, enzyme diffusion into CNS parenchyma did not occur in a linear dose-dependent fashion. Moreover, although the levels of hASM detected in the rat CNS were determined to be within the range shown to be therapeutic in ASMKO mice, the absolute amounts represented less than 1% of the total dose administered. Finally, our results also showed that similar levels of enzyme distribution are achieved across rodent species when the dose is normalized to CNS weight as opposed to whole body weight. Collectively, these data suggest that the efficacy observed following ICV delivery of hASM in ASMKO mice could be scaled to CNS of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Tamsett
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Fidler
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatyana V. Taksir
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seng H. Cheng
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - James C. Dodge
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Ledesma MD, Prinetti A, Sonnino S, Schuchman EH. Brain pathology in Niemann Pick disease type A: insights from the acid sphingomyelinase knockout mice. J Neurochem 2011; 116:779-88. [PMID: 21214563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe neurological involvement characterizes Niemann Pick disease (NPD) type A, an inherited disorder caused by loss of function mutations in the gene encoding acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Mice lacking ASM, which mimic NPD type A, have provided important insights into the aberrant brain phenotypes induced by ASM deficiency. For example, lipid alterations, including the accumulation of sphingolipids, affect the membranes of different subcellular compartments of neurons and glial cells, leading to anomalies in signalling pathways, neuronal polarization, calcium homeostasis, synaptic plasticity, myelin production or immune response. These findings contribute to our understanding of the overall role of sphingolipids and their metabolic enzymes in brain physiology, and pave the way to design and test new therapeutic strategies for type A NPD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Some of these have already been tested in mice lacking ASM with promising results.
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30
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Yang WW, Sidman RL, Taksir TV, Treleaven CM, Fidler JA, Cheng SH, Dodge JC, Shihabuddin LS. Relationship between neuropathology and disease progression in the SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse. Exp Neurol 2010; 227:287-95. [PMID: 21145892 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. However, recent reports suggest an active role of non-neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we examined quantitatively the temporal development of neuropathologic features in the brain and spinal cord of a mouse model of ALS (SOD1(G93A)). Four phases of the disease were studied in both male and female SOD1(G93A) mice: presymptomatic (PRE-SYM), symptomatic (SYM), endstage (ES) and moribund (MB). Compared to their control littermates, SOD1(G93A) mice showed an increase in astrogliosis in the motor cortex, spinal cord and motor trigeminal nucleus in the SYM phase that worsened progressively in ES and MB animals. Associated with this increase in astrogliosis was a concomitant increase in motor neuron cell death in the spinal cord and motor trigeminal nucleus in both ES and MB mice, as well as in the ventrolateral thalamus in MB animals. In contrast, microglial activation was significantly increased in all the same regions but only when the mice were in the MB phase. These results suggest that astrogliosis preceded or occurred concurrently with neuronal degeneration whereas prominent microgliosis was evident later (MB stage), after significant motor neuron degeneration had occurred. Hence, our findings support a role for astrocytes in modulating the progression of non-cell autonomous degeneration of motor neurons, with microglia playing a role in clearing degenerating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Yang
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Ave, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA.
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31
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Shihabuddin LS, Aubert I. Stem cell transplantation for neurometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:845-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Muro S. New biotechnological and nanomedicine strategies for treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:189-204. [PMID: 20112244 PMCID: PMC4002210 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the multiple bio- and nanotechnological strategies developed in the last few decades for treatment of a group of fatal genetic diseases termed lysosomal storage disorders. Some basic foundation on the biomedical causes and social and clinical relevance of these diseases is provided. Several treatment modalities, from those currently available to novel therapeutic approaches under development, are also discussed; these include gene and cell therapies, substrate reduction therapy, chemical chaperones, enzyme replacement therapy, multifunctional chimeras, targeting strategies, and drug carrier approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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33
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Exploitation of Genetically Modified Neural Stem Cells for Neurological Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 671:74-92. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5819-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Zhang N, Wimmer J, Qian SJ, Chen WS. Stem Cells: Current Approach and Future Prospects in Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 293:519-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Jeyakumar M, Lee JP, Sibson NR, Lowe JP, Stuckey DJ, Tester K, Fu G, Newlin RM, Smith DA, Snyder EY, Platt FM. Neural stem cell transplantation benefits a monogenic neurometabolic disorder during the symptomatic phase of disease. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2362-70. [PMID: 19591217 PMCID: PMC3411354 DOI: 10.1002/stem.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although we and others have demonstrated that neural stem cells (NSCs) may impact such neurogenetic conditions as lysosomal storage diseases when transplanted at birth, it has remained unclear whether such interventions can impact well-established mid-stage disease, a situation often encountered clinically. Here we report that when NSCs were injected intracranially into the brain of adult symptomatic Sandhoff (Hexb(-/-)) mice, cells migrated far from the injection site and integrated into the host cytoarchitecture, restoring beta-hexosaminidase enzyme activity and promoting neuropathologic and behavioral improvement. Mouse lifespan increased, neurological function improved, and disease progression was slowed. These clinical benefits correlated with neuropathological correction at the cellular and molecular levels, reflecting the multiple potential beneficial actions of stem cells, including enzyme cross-correction, cell replacement, tropic support, and direct anti-inflammatory action. Pathotropism (i.e., migration and homing of NSCs to pathological sites) could be imaged in real time by magnetic resonance imaging. Differentially expressed chemokines might play a role in directing the migration of transplanted stem cells to sites of pathology. Significantly, the therapeutic impact of NSCs implanted in even a single location was surprisingly widespread due to both cell migration and enzyme diffusion. Because many of the beneficial actions of NSCs observed in newborn brains were recapitulated in adult brains to the benefit of Sandhoff recipients, NSC-based interventions may also be useful in symptomatic subjects with established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylvaganam Jeyakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford 0X1 3QT, UK
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Stem Cell & Regeneration Program, Center for Neuroscience and Aging Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Experimental Neuroimaging Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - John P Lowe
- Experimental Neuroimaging Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Experimental Neuroimaging Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Katie Tester
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford 0X1 3QT, UK
| | - Gerald Fu
- Stem Cell & Regeneration Program, Center for Neuroscience and Aging Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robbin M Newlin
- Stem Cell & Regeneration Program, Center for Neuroscience and Aging Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford 0X1 3QT, UK
| | - Evan Y Snyder
- Stem Cell & Regeneration Program, Center for Neuroscience and Aging Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford 0X1 3QT, UK
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Macauley SL, Sands MS. Promising CNS-directed enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage diseases. Exp Neurol 2009; 218:5-8. [PMID: 19361502 PMCID: PMC2701189 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Macauley
- Washington University School of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark S. Sands
- Washington University School of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Burgess A, Wainwright SR, Shihabuddin LS, Rutishauser U, Seki T, Aubert I. Polysialic acid regulates the clustering, migration, and neuronal differentiation of progenitor cells in the adult hippocampus. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:1580-90. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dodge JC, Clarke J, Treleaven CM, Taksir TV, Griffiths DA, Yang W, Fidler JA, Passini MA, Karey KP, Schuchman EH, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS. Intracerebroventricular infusion of acid sphingomyelinase corrects CNS manifestations in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick A disease. Exp Neurol 2008; 215:349-57. [PMID: 19059399 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick A (NPA) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by a deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity. Previously, we showed that the storage pathology in the ASM knockout (ASMKO) mouse brain could be corrected by intracerebral injections of cell, gene and protein based therapies. However, except for instances where distal areas were targeted with viral vectors, correction of lysosomal storage pathology was typically limited to a region within a few millimeters from the injection site. As NPA is a global neurometabolic disease, the development of delivery strategies that maximize the distribution of the enzyme throughout the CNS is likely necessary to arrest or delay progression of the disease. To address this challenge, we evaluated the effectiveness of intracerebroventricular (ICV) delivery of recombinant human ASM into ASMKO mice. Our findings showed that ICV delivery of the enzyme led to widespread distribution of the hydrolase throughout the CNS. Moreover, a significant reduction in lysosomal accumulation of sphingomyelin was observed throughout the brain and also within the spinal cord and viscera. Importantly, we demonstrated that repeated ICV infusions of ASM were effective at improving the disease phenotype in the ASMKO mouse as indicated by a partial alleviation of the motor abnormalities. These findings support the continued exploration of ICV delivery of recombinant lysosomal enzymes as a therapeutic modality for LSDs such as NPA that manifests substrate accumulation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Dodge
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA.
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Transplantation and magnetic resonance imaging of canine neural progenitor cell grafts in the postnatal dog brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:954-62. [PMID: 18800012 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181875b2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular transplantation in the form of bone marrow has been one of the primary treatments of many lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Although bone marrow transplantation can help central nervous system manifestations in some cases, it has little impact in many LSD patients. Canine models of neurogenetic LSDs provide the opportunity for modeling central nervous system transplantation strategies in brains that more closely approximate the size and architectural complexity of the brains of children. Canine olfactory bulb-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from dog brains were expanded ex vivo and implanted into the caudate nucleus/thalamus or cortex of allogeneic dogs. Canine olfactory bulb-derived NPCs labeled with micron-sized superparamagnetic iron oxide particles were detected by magnetic resonance imaging both in vivo and postmortem. Grafts expressed markers of NPCs (i.e. nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein), but not the neuronal markers Map2ab or beta-tubulin III. The NPCs were from dogs with the LSD mucopolysaccharidosis VII, which is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase. When mucopolysaccharidosis VII canine olfactory bulb-NPCs that were genetically corrected with a lentivirus vector ex vivo were transplanted into mucopolysaccharidosis VII recipient brains, they were detected histologically by beta-glucuronidase expression in areas identified by antemortem magnetic resonance imaging tracking. These results demonstrate the potential for ex vivo stem cell-based gene therapy and noninvasive tracking of therapeutic grafts in vivo.
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Macauley SL, Sidman RL, Schuchman EH, Taksir T, Stewart GR. Neuropathology of the acid sphingomyelinase knockout mouse model of Niemann-Pick A disease including structure-function studies associated with cerebellar Purkinje cell degeneration. Exp Neurol 2008; 214:181-92. [PMID: 18778708 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick A (NP-A) is an inherited metabolic (lysosomal storage) disease characterized by neurovisceral accumulation of sphingomyelin due to deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). An ASM knockout (ASMKO) mouse model of NP-A is available through targeted disruption of the parent gene. This study presents the pattern and time course of lysosomal pathology and neurodegeneration in the ASMKO mouse nervous system. Cells throughout the nervous system developed the classic foamy appearance associated with lysosomal storage disorders. Despite this, neurons were capable of retrogradely transporting dyes within established brain pathways comparable to control animals. A silver degeneration staining method demonstrated widespread damage in the form of 'classic' impregnation of cells, fibers and synaptic terminals. Of particular interest was the degeneration of Purkinje cells (PC) within the cerebellum, beginning by 7 weeks of age in parasagittal bands and culminating with near complete degeneration of this cell type by 20 weeks. In parallel, ASMKO mice had progressively deteriorating motor performance on two versions of the rotating rod test (accelerating and rocking). ASMKO mice at 5-7 weeks of age performed similarly to controls on both rotating rod tests, but performance sharply deteriorated between 7 and 20 weeks of age. This study further characterized the neuropathology associated with ASM deficiency, and identifies quantitative histological and behavioral endpoints for evaluation of therapeutic intervention in this authentic NP-A mouse model.
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Abstract
Self-renewing multipotent stem/progenitor cells have been isolated from various areas of the adult central nervous system, both neurogenic and non-neurogenic, in vitro by using a variety of mitogens and culture conditions. Mitogenic growth factors stimulate the proliferation of multipotent stem/progenitor cells from embryonic and adult rodent, primates, and human. Neural stem cells were isolated from the adult rat spinal cord as follows: Adult rat spinal cords were dissected, and tissue was mechanically and enzymatically dissociated. The cell suspension was filtered and further purified from debris and enriched for progenitors by using a Percoll density gradient. The dissociated cells were grown on polyornithine- and laminin-coated plates in N2 medium containing fibroblast growth factor-2. The cells grew as attached layers. Cultures were passaged by trypsinization, and rapidly proliferating cells that could be passaged, frozen, and thawed were isolated. Clonal cultures derived from single founder cells identified by marker genes generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, confirming the multipotent nature of the parent cell. Subcloning analysis showed that after serial passaging, recloning, and expansion, these cells retained multipotentiality, indicating that they are self-renewing.
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Abstract
✓ Most lysosomal storage disorders are characterized by progressive central nervous system impairment, with or without systemic involvement. Affected individuals have an array of symptoms related to brain dysfunction, the most devastating of which is neurodegeneration following a period of normal development. The blood–brain barrier has represented a significant impediment to developing therapeutic approaches to treat brain disease, but novel approaches—including enzyme replacement, small-molecule, gene, and cell-based therapies—have given children afflicted by these conditions and those who care for them hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Enns
- 1Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Stephen L. Huhn
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford; and
- 3StemCells, Inc., Palo Alto, California
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Glaser T, Schmandt T, Brüstle O. Generation and potential biomedical applications of embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors. J Neurol Sci 2008; 265:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Taupin P. Potential of neural stem cells for the treatment of brain tumors. Clin Med Oncol 2008; 2:451-4. [PMID: 21892316 PMCID: PMC3161643 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing multipotent cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. As such they hold the promise to treat a broad range of neurological diseases and injuries. Neural progenitor and stem cells have been isolated and characterized in vitro, from adult, fetal and post-mortem tissues, providing sources of material for cellular therapy. However, NSCs are still elusive cells and remain to be unequivocally identified and characterized, limiting their potential use for therapy. Neural progenitor and stem cells, isolated and cultured in vitro, can be genetically modified and when transplanted migrate to tumor sites in the brain. These intrinsic properties of neural progenitor and stem cells provide tremendous potential to bolster the translation of NSC research to therapy. It is proposed to combine gene therapy and cellular therapy to treat brain cancers. Hence, neural progenitor and stem cells provide new opportunities for the treatment of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Taupin
- Fighting Blindness Vision Research Institute
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Abstract
ES cell research represents an exploding field of exploration. Initially predicted to provide rapid cures for numerous human diseases, the clinical usefulness of ES cell-derived cells remains untested in humans. However, ES cells have rapidly expanded our knowledge of human development and the molecular details of differentiation. Our ability to generate relatively pure populations of specifically differentiated cells for transplantation has markedly improved. It is hoped that soon researchers will overcome the biologic impediments to successful treatment of human disease with ES cell-derived cells.
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Baek RC, Kasperzyk JL, Platt FM, Seyfried TN. N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin reduces brain ganglioside and GM2 content in neonatal Sandhoff disease mice. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:1125-33. [PMID: 18207611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sandhoff disease involves the CNS accumulation of ganglioside GM2 and asialo-GM2 (GA2) due to inherited defects in the beta-subunit gene of beta-hexosaminidase A and B (Hexb gene). Accumulation of these glycosphingolipids (GSLs) produces progressive neurodegeneration, ultimately leading to death. Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) aims to decrease the rate of glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis to compensate for the impaired rate of catabolism. The imino sugar, N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ) inhibits the first committed step in GSL biosynthesis. NB-DGJ treatment, administered from postnatal day 2 (p-2) to p-5 (600 mg/kg/day)), significantly reduced total brain ganglioside and GM2 content in the Sandhoff disease (Hexb(-/-)) mice, but did not reduce the content of GA2. We also found that NB-DGJ treatment caused a slight, but significant elevation in brain sialidase activity. The drug had no adverse effects on viability, body weight, brain weight, or brain water content in the mice. No significant alterations in neutral lipids or acidic phospholipids were observed in the NB-DGJ-treated Hexb(-/-) mice. Our results show that NB-DGJ is effective in reducing total brain ganglioside and GM2 content at early neonatal ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena C Baek
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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Katz S, Ben-Hur T, Ben-Shaanan TL, Yanai J. Reversal of heroin neurobehavioral teratogenicity by grafting of neural progenitors. J Neurochem 2007; 104:38-49. [PMID: 18004998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major objective in identifying the mechanisms underlying neurobehavioral teratogenicity in an animal model is the possibility of designing therapies that reverse or offset teratogen-induced neural damage. In our previous studies, we identified deficits in hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptor-induced translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) gamma as the likely central factor responsible for the adverse behavioral effects of pre-natal heroin exposure. Neural progenitors (NP) have the ability to recover behavioral deficits after focal hippocampal damage. Therefore, we explored whether behavioral and synaptic defects could be reversed in adulthood by neural progenitor grafting. Pregnant mice were injected daily with 10 mg/kg of heroin on gestational days 9-18. In adulthood, offspring showed deficits in the Morris maze, a behavior dependent on the integrity of septohippocampal cholinergic synaptic function, along with the loss of the PKCgamma and PKCbetaII responses to cholinergic stimulation. Mice that were exposed pre-natally to heroin and vehicle control mice were then grafted in adulthood with NP. Importantly, most grafted cells differentiated to astrocytes. NP reversed the behavioral deficits (p = 0.0043) and restored the normal response of hippocampal PKCgamma and PKCbetaII (p = 0.0337 and p = 0.0265 respectively) to cholinergic receptor stimulation. The effects were specific as the PKCalpha isoform, which is unrelated to the behavioral deficits, showed almost no changes. Neural progenitor grafting thus offers an animal model for reversing neurobehavioral deficits originating in septohippocampal cholinergic defects elicited by pre-natal exposure to insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Katz
- The Ross Laboratory for Studies in Neural Birth Defects, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Yang WW, Dodge JC, Passini MA, Taksir TV, Griffiths D, Schuchman EH, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS. Intraparenchymal injections of acid sphingomyelinase results in regional correction of lysosomal storage pathology in the Niemann–Pick A mouse. Exp Neurol 2007; 207:258-66. [PMID: 17686472 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick A disease (NPD-A) is caused by a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) leading to the intracellular accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in lysosomes. We evaluated the effects of direct intraparenchymal brain injections of purified recombinant human ASM (hASM) at correcting the storage pathology in a mouse model of NPD-A (ASMKO). Different doses (0.1 ng to 10 mug of hASM) were injected into the right hemisphere of the hippocampus and thalamus of 12- to 14-week-old ASMKO mice. Immunohistochemical analysis after 1 week indicated that animals treated with greater than 1 mug hASM/site showed detectable levels of enzyme around the injected regions. However, localized clearance of sphingomyelin and cholesterol storage were observed in animals administered lower doses of enzyme, starting at 100 ng hASM/site. Areas of correction were also noted at distal sites such as in the contralateral hemispheres. Indications of storage re-accumulation were seen after 2 weeks post-injection. Injections of hASM did not cause any significant cell infiltration, astrogliosis, or microglial activation. These results indicate that intraparenchymal injection of hASM is associated with minimal toxicity and can lead to regional reductions in storage pathology in the ASMKO mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Yang
- Genzyme Corporation, One Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA
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50
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Wang L, Martin DR, Baker HJ, Zinn KR, Kappes JC, Ding H, Gentry AS, Harper S, Snyder EY, Cox NR. Neural progenitor cell transplantation and imaging in a large animal model. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:327-40. [PMID: 17897743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation therapy in cat models of neurodegenerative diseases, we have isolated, expanded and characterized feline NPCs (fNPCs) from normal fetal cat brain. Feline NPCs responsive to both human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) and human fibroblast growth factor 2 (hFGF2) proliferated as neurospheres, which were able to differentiate to neurons and glial cells. The analysis of growth factors indicated that both hEGF and hFGF2 were required for proliferation of fNPCs. In contrast to the effect on human NPCs, human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) enhanced differentiation of fNPCs. Expanded fNPCs were injected into the brains of normal adult cats. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the majority of transplanted cells were located adjacent to the injection site and some fNPCs differentiated into neurons. The survival of transplanted fNPCs over time was monitored using non-invasive bioluminescent imaging technology. This study provided the first evidence of allotransplantation of fNPCs into feline CNS. Cats have heterogeneous genetic backgrounds and possess neurological diseases that closely resemble analogous human diseases. The characterization of fNPCs and exploration of non-invasive bioluminescent imaging to track transplanted cells in this study will allow evaluation of NPC transplantation therapy using feline models of human neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5525, United States
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