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Park J, Won J, Yang E, Seo J, Cho J, Seong JB, Yeo HG, Kim K, Kim YG, Kim M, Jeon CY, Lim KS, Lee DS, Lee Y. Peroxiredoxin 1 inhibits streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in hippocampal neuronal cells via the blocking of Ca 2+/Calpain/Cdk5-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15642. [PMID: 38977865 PMCID: PMC11231305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced abnormal brain insulin signaling and oxidative stress play crucial roles in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are associated with protection from neuronal death induced by oxidative stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Prxs on STZ-induced progression of AD in the hippocampal neurons are not yet fully understood. Here, we evaluated whether Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) affects STZ-induced AD-like pathology and cellular toxicity. Prx1 expression was increased by STZ treatment in the hippocampus cell line, HT-22 cells. We evaluated whether Prx1 affects STZ-induced HT-22 cells using overexpression. Prx1 successfully protected the forms of STZ-induced AD-like pathology, such as neuronal apoptosis, synaptic loss, and tau phosphorylation. Moreover, Prx1 suppressed the STZ-induced increase of mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation by down-regulating Drp1 phosphorylation and mitochondrial location. Prx1 plays a role in an upstream signal pathway of Drp1 phosphorylation, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) by inhibiting the STZ-induced conversion of p35 to p25. We found that STZ-induced of intracellular Ca2+ accumulation was an important modulator of AD-like pathology progression by regulating Ca2+-mediated Calpain activation, and Prx1 down-regulated STZ-induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and Ca2+-mediated Calpain activation. Finally, we identified that Prx1 antioxidant capacity affected Ca2+/Calpain/Cdk5-mediated AD-like pathology progress. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that Prx1 is a key factor in STZ-induced hippocampal neuronal death through inhibition of Ca2+/Calpain/Cdk5-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction by protecting against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyeoung Yang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jincheol Seo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Cho
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bae Seong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Gyeong Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Kim A, Lee DY, Sung JJ. Cdk5 inhibition in the SOD1 G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis suppresses neurodegeneration and extends survival. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38934222 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Deregulated cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity closely correlates with hyperphosphorylated tau, a common pathology found in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous postmortem studies had revealed increased Cdk5 immunoreactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); hence, we investigated the effects of Cdk5 inhibition on ALS model mice and neurons in this study. For the in vitro study, motor neuron cell lines with wild-type superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) or SOD1G93A and primary neuronal cultures from SOD1G93A transgenic (TG) mice or non-TG mice were compared for the expression of proteins involved in tau pathology, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and neuritic outgrowth by applying Cdk5-small interfering RNA or Cdk5-short hairpin RNA (shRNA). For the in vivo study, SOD1G93A mice and non-TG mice were intrathecally injected with adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-scramble (SCR)-shRNA or AAV9-Cdk5-shRNA at the age of 5 weeks. Weight and motor function were measured three times per week from 60 days of age, longevity was evaluated, and the tissues were collected from 90-day-old or 120-day-old mice. Neurons with SOD1G93A showed increased phosphorylated tau, attenuated neuritic growth, mislocalization of SOD1, and enhanced neuroinflammation and apoptosis, all of which were reversed by Cdk5 inhibition. Weights did not show significant differences among non-TG and SOD1G93A mice with or without Cdk5 silencing. SOD1G93A mice treated with AAV9-Cdk5-shRNA showed significantly delayed disease onset, delayed rotarod failure, and prolonged survival compared with those treated with AAV9-SCR-shRNA. The brain and spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice intrathecally injected with AAV9-Cdk5-shRNA exhibited suppressed tau pathology, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and an increased number of motor neurons compared to those of SOD1G93A mice injected with AAV9-SCR-shRNA. Cdk5 inhibition could be an important mechanism in the development of a new therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahwon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Heier JL, Boselli DJ, Parker LL. Antibody-free time-resolved terbium luminescence assays designed for cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590988. [PMID: 38712268 PMCID: PMC11071522 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Novel time-resolved terbium luminescence assays were developed for CDK5 and CDK2 by designing synthetic substrates which incorporate phospho-inducible terbium sensitizing motifs with kinase substrate consensus sequences. Substrates designed for CDK5 showed no phosphorylation by CDK2, opening the possibility for CDK5-specific assay development for selective drug discovery.
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Ariafar S, Makhdoomi S, Mohammadi M. Arsenic and Tau Phosphorylation: a Mechanistic Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5708-5720. [PMID: 37211576 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic poisoning can affect the peripheral nervous system and cause peripheral neuropathy. Despite different studies on the mechanism of intoxication, the complete process is not explained yet, which can prevent further intoxication and produce effective treatment. In the following paper, we would like to consider the idea that arsenic might cause some diseases via inflammation induction, and tauopathy in neurons. Tau protein, one of the microtubule-associated proteins expressed in neurons, contributes to neuronal microtubules structure. Arsenic may be involved in cellular cascades involved in modulating tau function or hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which ultimately leads to nerve destruction. For proof of this assumption, some investigations have been planned to measure the association between arsenic and quantities of phosphorylation of tau protein. Additionally, some researchers have investigated the association between microtubule trafficking in neurons and the levels of tau protein phosphorylation. It should be noticed that changing tau phosphorylation in arsenic toxicity may add a new feature to understanding the mechanism of poisonousness and aid in discovering novel therapeutic candidates such as tau phosphorylation inhibitors for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ariafar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Makhdoomi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Chen X, Xie L, Sheehy R, Xiong Y, Muneer A, Wrobel J, Park KS, Liu J, Velez J, Luo Y, Li YD, Quintanilla L, Li Y, Xu C, Wen Z, Song J, Jin J, Deshmukh M. Novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks Alzheimer's disease proteopathology for precision medication. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2743792. [PMID: 38045363 PMCID: PMC10690335 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2743792/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Current amyloid beta-targeting approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics only slow cognitive decline for small numbers of patients. This limited efficacy exists because AD is a multifactorial disease whose pathological mechanism(s) and diagnostic biomarkers are largely unknown. Here we report a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis in which the histone methyltransferase G9a noncanonically regulates translation of a hippocampal proteome that defines the proteopathic nature of AD. Accordingly, we developed a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a, MS1262, across the blood-brain barrier to block this G9a-regulated, proteopathologic mechanism. Intermittent MS1262 treatment of multiple AD mouse models consistently restored both cognitive and noncognitive functions to healthy levels. Comparison of proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of MS1262-treated AD mice with human AD patient data identified multiple pathological brain pathways that elaborate amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles as well as blood coagulation, from which biomarkers of early stage of AD including SMOC1 were found to be affected by MS1262 treatment. Notably, these results indicated that MS1262 treatment may reduce or avoid the risk of blood clot burst for brain bleeding or a stroke. This mouse-to-human conservation of G9a-translated AD proteopathology suggests that the global, multifaceted effects of MS1262 in mice could extend to relieve all symptoms of AD patients with minimum side effect. In addition, our mechanistically derived biomarkers can be used for stage-specific AD diagnosis and companion diagnosis of individualized drug effects.
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Wong B, Birtch R, Rezaei R, Jamieson T, Crupi MJF, Diallo JS, Ilkow CS. Optimal delivery of RNA interference by viral vectors for cancer therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3127-3145. [PMID: 37735876 PMCID: PMC10638062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge in the innovative modification and application of the viral vector-based gene therapy field. Significant and consistent improvements in the engineering, delivery, and safety of viral vectors have set the stage for their application as RNA interference (RNAi) delivery tools. Viral vector-based delivery of RNAi has made remarkable breakthroughs in the treatment of several debilitating diseases and disorders (e.g., neurological diseases); however, their novelty has yet to be fully applied and utilized for the treatment of cancer. This review highlights the most promising and emerging viral vector delivery tools for RNAi therapeutics while discussing the variables limiting their success and suitability for cancer therapy. Specifically, we outline different integrating and non-integrating viral platforms used for gene delivery, currently employed RNAi targets for anti-cancer effect, and various strategies used to optimize the safety and efficacy of these RNAi therapeutics. Most importantly, we provide great insight into what challenges exist in their application as cancer therapeutics and how these challenges can be effectively navigated to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Wong
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rayanna Birtch
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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7
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Xie L, Sheehy RN, Xiong Y, Muneer A, Wrobel JA, Park KS, Velez J, Liu J, Luo YJ, Li YD, Quintanilla L, Li Y, Xu C, Deshmukh M, Wen Z, Jin J, Song J, Chen X. Novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks Alzheimer's disease proteopathology for precision medication. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.25.23297491. [PMID: 37961307 PMCID: PMC10635198 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.23297491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Current amyloid beta-targeting approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics only slow cognitive decline for small numbers of patients. This limited efficacy exists because AD is a multifactorial disease whose pathological mechanism(s) and diagnostic biomarkers are largely unknown. Here we report a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis in which the histone methyltransferase G9a noncanonically regulates translation of a hippocampal proteome that defines the proteopathic nature of AD. Accordingly, we developed a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a, MS1262, across the blood-brain barrier to block this G9a-regulated, proteopathologic mechanism. Intermittent MS1262 treatment of multiple AD mouse models consistently restored both cognitive and noncognitive functions to healthy levels. Comparison of proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of MS1262-treated AD mice with human AD patient data identified multiple pathological brain pathways that elaborate amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles as well as blood coagulation, from which biomarkers of early stage of AD including SMOC1 were found to be affected by MS1262 treatment. Notably, these results indicated that MS1262 treatment may reduce or avoid the risk of blood clot burst for brain bleeding or a stroke. This mouse-to-human conservation of G9a-translated AD proteopathology suggests that the global, multifaceted effects of MS1262 in mice could extend to relieve all symptoms of AD patients with minimum side effect. In addition, our mechanistically derived biomarkers can be used for stage-specific AD diagnosis and companion diagnosis of individualized drug effects. One-Sentence Summary A brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks G9a translational mechanism to reverse Alzheimer's disease related proteome for effective therapy.
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Vianello C, Salluzzo M, Anni D, Boriero D, Buffelli M, Carboni L. Increased Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes in Alzheimer's Disease-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity Models in Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054540. [PMID: 36901549 PMCID: PMC10002426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been extensively demonstrated, but despite this, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying it are still unknown. In previous work, we discovered a central role for the autophagy pathway in the common alterations observed between AD and T2DM. In this study, we further investigate the role of genes belonging to this pathway, measuring their mRNA expression and protein levels in 3xTg-AD transgenic mice, an animal model of AD. Moreover, primary mouse cortical neurons derived from this model and the human H4Swe cell line were used as cellular models of insulin resistance in AD brains. Hippocampal mRNA expression showed significantly different levels for Atg16L1, Atg16L2, GabarapL1, GabarapL2, and Sqstm1 genes at different ages of 3xTg-AD mice. Significantly elevated expression of Atg16L1, Atg16L2, and GabarapL1 was also observed in H4Swe cell cultures, in the presence of insulin resistance. Gene expression analysis confirmed that Atg16L1 was significantly increased in cultures from transgenic mice when insulin resistance was induced. Taken together, these results emphasise the association of the autophagy pathway in AD-T2DM co-morbidity, providing new evidence about the pathophysiology of both diseases and their mutual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vianello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Salluzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Anni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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The Mechanism of Two Benzaldehydes from Aspergillus terreus C23-3 Improve Neuroinflammatory and Neuronal Damage to Delay the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020905. [PMID: 36674443 PMCID: PMC9866346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, is the most common cause of dementia in humans worldwide. Although more in-depth research has been carried out on AD, the therapeutic effect of AD is not as expected, and natural active substances are increasingly sought after by scientists. In the present study, we evaluated two benzaldehydes from a coral-derived Aspergillus terreus strain C23-3, their anti-neuroinflammatory activity in microglia (BV-2), and their neuroprotective activity and mechanisms in hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22). These include the protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, MAPKs pathways, Tau protein-related pathways, caspases family-related signaling pathways. They also include the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18 and ROS, as well as the level of mitochondrial oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis. The results showed that both benzaldehydes were effective in reducing the secretion of various inflammatory mediators, as well as pro-inflammatory factors. Among these, benzaldehyde 2 inhibited mitochondrial oxidative stress and blocked neuronal cell apoptosis through Tau protein-related pathways and caspases family-related signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurological damage. This study reveals that benzaldehyde 2 has potential as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease, and offers a new approach to the high-value use of marine natural products.
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Mumtaz I, Ayaz MO, Khan MS, Manzoor U, Ganayee MA, Bhat AQ, Dar GH, Alghamdi BS, Hashem AM, Dar MJ, Ashraf GM, Maqbool T. Clinical relevance of biomarkers, new therapeutic approaches, and role of post-translational modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:977411. [PMID: 36158539 PMCID: PMC9490081 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.977411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive loss of cognitive functions like thinking, memory, reasoning, behavioral abilities, and social skills thus affecting the ability of a person to perform normal daily functions independently. There is no definitive cure for this disease, and treatment options available for the management of the disease are not very effective as well. Based on histopathology, AD is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although several molecular events contribute to the formation of these insoluble deposits, the aberrant post-translational modifications (PTMs) of AD-related proteins (like APP, Aβ, tau, and BACE1) are also known to be involved in the onset and progression of this disease. However, early diagnosis of the disease as well as the development of effective therapeutic approaches is impeded by lack of proper clinical biomarkers. In this review, we summarized the current status and clinical relevance of biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and extracellular vesicles involved in onset and progression of AD. Moreover, we highlight the effects of several PTMs on the AD-related proteins, and provide an insight how these modifications impact the structure and function of proteins leading to AD pathology. Finally, for disease-modifying therapeutics, novel approaches, and targets are discussed for the successful treatment and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam Mumtaz
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mir Owais Ayaz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Mohamad Sultan Khan
- Neurobiology and Molecular Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Umar Manzoor
- Laboratory of Immune and Inflammatory Disease, Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Mohd Azhardin Ganayee
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Aadil Qadir Bhat
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Ghulam Hassan Dar
- Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Jamal Dar
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Gulam Md. Ashraf
- Pre-clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Maqbool
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Chen D, Lan G, Li R, Mei Y, Shui X, Gu X, Wang L, Zhang T, Gan CL, Xia Y, Hu L, Tian Y, Zhang M, Lee TH. Melatonin ameliorates tau-related pathology via the miR-504-3p and CDK5 axis in Alzheimer’s disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:27. [PMID: 35527277 PMCID: PMC9082841 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracellular accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein tau and its hyperphosphorylated forms is a key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Melatonin has been shown to prevent tau hyperphosphorylation in cellular and animal models. However, the molecular mechanisms by which melatonin attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation and tau-related pathologies are not fully understood. Methods Immunofluorescence, immunoblotting analysis and thioflavin-S staining were employed to examine the effects of early and late treatment of melatonin on tau-related pathology in hTau mice, in which nonmutated human tau is overexpressed on a mouse tau knockout background. High-throughput microRNA (miRNA) sequencing, quantitative RT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay and immunoblotting analysis were performed to determine the molecular mechanism. Results We found that both early and late treatment of melatonin efficiently decreased the phosphorylation of soluble and insoluble tau at sites related to AD. Moreover, melatonin significantly reduced the number of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and attenuated neuronal loss in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, using miRNA microarray analysis, we found that miR-504-3p expression was upregulated by melatonin in the hTau mice. The administration of miR-504-3p mimics dramatically decreased tau phosphorylation by targeting p39, an activator of the well-known tau kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). Compared with miR-504-3p mimics alone, co-treatment with miR-504-3p mimics and p39 failed to reduce tau hyperphosphorylation. Conclusions Our results suggest for the first time that melatonin alleviates tau-related pathologies through upregulation of miR-504-3p expression by targeting the p39/CDK5 axis and provide novel insights into AD treatment strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-022-00302-4.
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Ciraku L, Bacigalupa ZA, Ju J, Moeller RA, Le Minh G, Lee RH, Smith MD, Ferrer CM, Trefely S, Izzo LT, Doan MT, Gocal WA, D’Agostino L, Shi W, Jackson JG, Katsetos CD, Wellen KE, Snyder NW, Reginato MJ. O-GlcNAc transferase regulates glioblastoma acetate metabolism via regulation of CDK5-dependent ACSS2 phosphorylation. Oncogene 2022; 41:2122-2136. [PMID: 35190642 PMCID: PMC9410282 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) preferentially generate acetyl-CoA from acetate as a fuel source to promote tumor growth. O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to be elevated by increasing O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in many cancers and reduced O-GlcNAcylation can block cancer growth. Here, we identify a novel mechanism whereby OGT regulates acetate-dependent acetyl-CoA and lipid production by regulating phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). OGT is required and sufficient for GBM cell growth and regulates acetate conversion to acetyl-CoA and lipids. Elevating O-GlcNAcylation in GBM cells increases phosphorylation of ACSS2 on Ser-267 in a CDK5-dependent manner. Importantly, we show that ACSS2 Ser-267 phosphorylation regulates its stability by reducing polyubiquitination and degradation. ACSS2 Ser-267 is critical for OGT-mediated GBM growth as overexpression of ACSS2 Ser-267 phospho-mimetic rescues growth in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we show that pharmacologically targeting OGT and CDK5 reduces GBM growth ex vivo. Thus, the OGT/CDK5/ACSS2 pathway may be a way to target altered metabolic dependencies in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorela Ciraku
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA,These authors contributed equally: Lorela Ciraku, Zachary A. Bacigalupa
| | - Zachary A. Bacigalupa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA,These authors contributed equally: Lorela Ciraku, Zachary A. Bacigalupa
| | - Jing Ju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Moeller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Giang Le Minh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Rusia H. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael D. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Christina M. Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Luke T. Izzo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary T. Doan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wiktoria A. Gocal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Luca D’Agostino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Wenyin Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Joshua G. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Christos D. Katsetos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mauricio J. Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA,Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Mauricio J. Reginato.
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13
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Potential role of Drug Repositioning Strategy (DRS) for management of tauopathy. Life Sci 2022; 291:120267. [PMID: 34974076 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathy is a term that has been used to represent a pathological condition in which hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates in neurons and glia which results in neurodegeneration, synapse loss and dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Recently, drug repositioning strategy (DRS) becomes a promising field and an alternative approach to advancing new treatments from actually developed and FDA approved drugs for an indication other than the indication it was originally intended for. This paradigm provides an advantage because the safety of the candidate compound has already been established, which abolishes the need for further preclinical safety testing and thus substantially reduces the time and cost involved in progressing of clinical trials. In the present review, we focused on correlation between tauopathy and common diseases as type 2 diabetes mellitus and the global virus COVID-19 and how tau pathology can aggravate development of these diseases in addition to how these diseases can be a risk factor for development of tauopathy. Moreover, correlation between COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus was also discussed. Therefore, repositioning of a drug in the daily clinical practice of patients to manage or prevent two or more diseases at the same time with lower side effects and drug-drug interactions is a promising idea. This review concluded the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies applied on antidiabetics, COVID-19 medications, antihypertensives, antidepressants and cholesterol lowering drugs for possible drug repositioning for management of tauopathy.
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14
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Toro-Fernández LF, Zuluaga-Monares JC, Saldarriaga-Cartagena AM, Cardona-Gómez GP, Posada-Duque R. Targeting CDK5 in Astrocytes Promotes Calcium Homeostasis Under Excitotoxic Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:643717. [PMID: 34790098 PMCID: PMC8591049 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.643717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity triggers overactivation of CDK5 and increases calcium influx in neural cells, which promotes dendritic retraction, spine loss, increased mitochondrial calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, and neuronal death. Our previous studies showed that CDK5 knockdown (KD) in astrocytes improves neurovascular integrity and cognitive functions and exerts neuroprotective effects. However, how CDK5-targeted astrocytes affect calcium regulation and whether this phenomenon is associated with changes in neuronal plasticity have not yet been analyzed. In this study, CDK5 KD astrocytes transplanted in CA3 remained at the injection site without proliferation, regulated calcium in the CA1 hippocampal region after excitotoxicity by glutamate in ex vivo hippocampal slices, improving synapsin and PSD95 clustering. These CDK5 KD astrocytes induced astrocyte stellation and neuroprotection after excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro. Also, these effects were supported by CDK5 inhibition (CDK5i) in vitro through intracellular stabilization of calcium levels in astrocytes. Additionally, these cells in cocultures restored calcium homeostasis in neurons, redistributing calcium from somas to dendrites, accompanied by dendrite branching, higher dendritic spines and synapsin-PSD95 clustering. In summary, induction of calcium homeostasis at the CA1 hippocampal area by CDK5 KD astrocytes transplanted in the CA3 area highlights the role of astrocytes as a cell therapy target due to CDK5-KD astrocyte-mediated synaptic clustering, calcium spreading regulation between both areas, and recovery of the intracellular astrocyte-neuron calcium imbalance and plasticity impairment generated by glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fernanda Toro-Fernández
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Camilo Zuluaga-Monares
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana María Saldarriaga-Cartagena
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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15
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Terse A, Amin N, Hall B, Bhaskar M, Binukumar B, Utreras E, Pareek TK, Pant H, Kulkarni AB. Protocols for Characterization of Cdk5 Kinase Activity. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e276. [PMID: 34679246 PMCID: PMC8555461 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are generally known to be involved in controlling the cell cycle, but Cdk5 is a unique member of this protein family for being most active in post-mitotic neurons. Cdk5 is developmentally important in regulating neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance. Cdk5 is enriched in synaptic membranes and is known to modulate synaptic activity. Postnatally, Cdk5 can also affect neuronal processes such as dopaminergic signaling and pain sensitivity. Dysregulated Cdk5, in contrast, has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite primarily being implicated in neuronal development and activity, Cdk5 has lately been linked to non-neuronal functions including cancer cell growth, immune responses, and diabetes. Since Cdk5 activity is tightly regulated, a method for measuring its kinase activity is needed to fully understand the precise role of Cdk5 in developmental and disease processes. This article includes methods for detecting Cdk5 kinase activity in cultured cells or tissues, identifying new substrates, and screening for new kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, since Cdk5 shares homology and substrate specificity with Cdk1 and Cdk2, the Cdk5 kinase assay can be used, with modification, to measure the activity of other Cdks as well. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol 1: Measuring Cdk5 activity from protein lysates Support Protocol 1: Immunoprecipitation of Cdk5 using Dynabeads Alternate Protocol: Non-radioactive protocols to measure Cdk5 kinase activity Support Protocol 2: Western blot analysis for the detection of Cdk5, p35, and p39 Support Protocol 3: Immunodetection analysis for Cdk5, p35, and p39 Support Protocol 4: Genetically engineered mice (+ and - controls) Basic Protocol 2: Identifying new Cdk5 substrates and kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Terse
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niranjana Amin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bradford Hall
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manju Bhaskar
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B.K Binukumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Elias Utreras
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Harish Pant
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Siano G, Falcicchia C, Origlia N, Cattaneo A, Di Primio C. Non-Canonical Roles of Tau and Their Contribution to Synaptic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810145. [PMID: 34576308 PMCID: PMC8466023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau plays a central role in a group of neurodegenerative disorders collectively named tauopathies. Despite the wide range of diverse symptoms at the onset and during the progression of the pathology, all tauopathies share two common hallmarks, namely the misfolding and aggregation of Tau protein and progressive synaptic dysfunctions. Tau aggregation correlates with cognitive decline and behavioural impairment. The mechanistic link between Tau misfolding and the synaptic dysfunction is still unknown, but this correlation is well established in the human brain and also in tauopathy mouse models. At the onset of the pathology, Tau undergoes post-translational modifications (PTMs) inducing the detachment from the cytoskeleton and its release in the cytoplasm as a soluble monomer. In this condition, the physiological enrichment in the axon is definitely disrupted, resulting in Tau relocalization in the cell soma and in dendrites. Subsequently, Tau aggregates into toxic oligomers and amyloidogenic forms that disrupt synaptic homeostasis and function, resulting in neuronal degeneration. The involvement of Tau in synaptic transmission alteration in tauopathies has been extensively reviewed. Here, we will focus on non-canonical Tau functions mediating synapse dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Siano
- Laboratory of Biology, BIO@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Chiara Falcicchia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.F.); (N.O.)
| | - Nicola Origlia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.F.); (N.O.)
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Laboratory of Biology, BIO@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Fondazione Rita Levi-Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Cristina Di Primio
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.F.); (N.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.D.P.)
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17
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Sinsky J, Pichlerova K, Hanes J. Tau Protein Interaction Partners and Their Roles in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9207. [PMID: 34502116 PMCID: PMC8431036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau protein plays a critical role in the assembly, stabilization, and modulation of microtubules, which are important for the normal function of neurons and the brain. In diseased conditions, several pathological modifications of tau protein manifest. These changes lead to tau protein aggregation and the formation of paired helical filaments (PHF) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are common hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. The accumulation of PHFs and NFTs results in impairment of physiological functions, apoptosis, and neuronal loss, which is reflected as cognitive impairment, and in the late stages of the disease, leads to death. The causes of this pathological transformation of tau protein haven't been fully understood yet. In both physiological and pathological conditions, tau interacts with several proteins which maintain their proper function or can participate in their pathological modifications. Interaction partners of tau protein and associated molecular pathways can either initiate and drive the tau pathology or can act neuroprotective, by reducing pathological tau proteins or inflammation. In this review, we focus on the tau as a multifunctional protein and its known interacting partners active in regulations of different processes and the roles of these proteins in Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.S.); (K.P.)
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18
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Whole Blood Transcriptome Characterization of 3xTg-AD Mouse and Its Modulation by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147629. [PMID: 34299250 PMCID: PMC8306644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3xTg-AD mouse is a widely used model in the study of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). It has been extensively characterized from both the anatomical and behavioral point of view, but poorly studied at the transcriptomic level. For the first time, we characterize the whole blood transcriptome of the 3xTg-AD mouse at three and six months of age and evaluate how its gene expression is modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). RNA-seq analysis revealed 183 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that represent a direct signature of the genetic background of the mouse. Moreover, in the 6-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, we observed a high number of DEGs that could represent good peripheral biomarkers of AD symptomatology onset. Finally, tDCS was associated with gene expression changes in the 3xTg-AD, but not in the control mice. In conclusion, this study provides an in-depth molecular characterization of the 3xTg-AD mouse and suggests that blood gene expression can be used to identify new biomarkers of AD progression and treatment effects.
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19
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Zhang X, Zou L, Meng L, Xiong M, Pan L, Chen G, Zheng Y, Xiong J, Wang Z, Duong DM, Zhang Z, Cao X, Wang T, Tang L, Ye K, Zhang Z. Amphiphysin I cleavage by asparagine endopeptidase leads to tau hyperphosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction. eLife 2021; 10:e65301. [PMID: 34018922 PMCID: PMC8139826 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau and synaptic dysfunction are characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identified Amphiphysin I mediates both tau phosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction in AD. Amphiphysin I is cleaved by a cysteine proteinase asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) at N278 in the brains of AD patients. The amount of AEP-generated N-terminal fragment of Amphiphysin I (1-278) is increased with aging. Amphiphysin I (1-278) inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis and induces synaptic dysfunction. Furthermore, Amphiphysin I (1-278) binds p35 and promotes its transition to p25, thus activates CDK5 and enhances tau hyperphosphorylation. Overexpression of Amphiphysin I (1-278) in the hippocampus of Tau P301S mice induces synaptic dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cognitive deficits. However, overexpression of the N278A mutant Amphiphysin I, which resists the AEP-mediated cleavage, alleviates the pathological and behavioral defects. These findings suggest a mechanism of tau hyperphosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lina Pan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Yongfa Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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20
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Do PA, Lee CH. The Role of CDK5 in Tumours and Tumour Microenvironments. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E101. [PMID: 33396266 PMCID: PMC7795262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which belongs to the protein kinase family, regulates neuronal function but is also associated with cancer development and has been proposed as a target for cancer treatment. Indeed, CDK5 has roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune response. Aberrant CDK5 activation triggers tumour progression in numerous types of cancer. In this review, we summarise the role of CDK5 in cancer and neurons and CDK5 inhibitors. We expect that our review helps researchers to develop CDK5 inhibitors as treatments for refractory cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Phamaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, BK21 FOUR Team, and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Goyang 100-715, Korea;
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21
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Soeda Y, Takashima A. New Insights Into Drug Discovery Targeting Tau Protein. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:590896. [PMID: 33343298 PMCID: PMC7744460 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.590896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein tau is characterized by the fact that it is an intrinsically disordered protein due to its lack of a stable conformation and high flexibility. Intracellular inclusions of fibrillar forms of tau with a β-sheet structure accumulate in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Accordingly, detachment of tau from microtubules and transition of tau from a disordered state to an abnormally aggregated state are essential events preceding the onset of tau-related diseases. Many reports have shown that this transition is caused by post-translational modifications, including hyperphosphorylation and acetylation. The misfolded tau is self-assembled and forms a tau oligomer before the appearance of tau inclusions. Animal and pathological studies using human samples have demonstrated that tau oligomer formation contributes to neuronal loss. During the progression of tauopathies, tau seeds are released from cells and incorporated into other cells, leading to the propagation of pathological tau aggregation. Accumulating evidence suggests several potential approaches for blocking tau-mediated toxicity: (1) direct inhibition of pathological tau aggregation and (2) inhibition of tau post-translational modifications that occur prior to pathological tau aggregation, (3) inhibition of tau propagation and (4) stabilization of microtubules. In addition to traditional low-molecular-weight compounds, newer drug discovery approaches such as the development of medium-molecular-weight drugs (peptide- or oligonucleotide-based drugs) and high-molecular-weight drugs (antibody-based drugs) provide alternative pathways to preventing the formation of abnormal tau. Of particular interest are recent studies suggesting that tau droplet formation by liquid-liquid phase separation may be the initial step in aberrant tau aggregation, as well results that implicate roles for tau in dendritic and nuclear functions. Here, we review the mechanisms through which drugs can target tau and consider recent clinical trials for the treatment of tauopathies. In addition, we discuss the utility of these newer strategies and propose future directions for research on tau-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Soeda
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Marlier Q, D'aes T, Verteneuil S, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Core cell cycle machinery is crucially involved in both life and death of post-mitotic neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4553-4571. [PMID: 32476056 PMCID: PMC11105064 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A persistent dogma in neuroscience supported the idea that terminally differentiated neurons permanently withdraw from the cell cycle. However, since the late 1990s, several studies have shown that cell cycle proteins are expressed in post-mitotic neurons under physiological conditions, indicating that the cell cycle machinery is not restricted to proliferating cells. Moreover, many studies have highlighted a clear link between cell cycle-related proteins and neurological disorders, particularly relating to apoptosis-induced neuronal death. Indeed, cell cycle-related proteins can be upregulated or overactivated in post-mitotic neurons in case of acute or degenerative central nervous system disease. Given the considerable lack of effective treatments for age-related neurological disorders, new therapeutic approaches targeting the cell cycle machinery might thus be considered. This review aims at summarizing current knowledge about the role of the cell cycle machinery in post-mitotic neurons in healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marlier
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tine D'aes
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Verteneuil
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA Stem Cells/Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hopital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Khan A, Ali J, Baboota S, Haque SE. Gene Therapy, A Novel Therapeutic Tool for Neurological Disorders: Current Progress, Challenges and Future Prospective. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 20:184-194. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200716111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
:
Neurological disorders are one of the major threat for health care system as they put enormous
socioeconomic burden. All aged populations are susceptible to one or other neurological problems
with symptoms of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. At present,
available pharmacotherapeutics are insufficient to treat these diseased conditions and in most cases,
they provide only palliative effect. It was also found that the molecular etiology of neurological disorders
is directly linked with the alteration in genetic makeup, which can be inherited or triggered by the
injury, environmental toxins and by some existing disease. Therefore, to take care of this situation,
gene therapy has emerged as an advanced modality that claims to permanently cure the disease by deletion,
silencing or edition of faulty genes and by insertion of healthier genes. In this modality, vectors
(viral and non-viral) are used to deliver targeted gene into a specific region of the brain via various
routes. At present, gene therapy has shown positive outcomes in complex neurological disorders, such
as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis and in lysosomal storage disease. However, there are some limitations such as immunogenic
reactions non-specificity of viral vectors and a lack of effective biomarkers to understand the efficacy
of therapy. Considerable progress has been made to improve vector design, gene selection and
targeted delivery. This review article deals with the current status of gene therapy in neurological disorders
along with its clinical relevance, challenges and future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Aamir Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
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Posada-Duque RA, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 Targeting as a Therapy for Recovering Neurovascular Unit Integrity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S141-S161. [PMID: 33016916 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for synchronizing the energetic demand, vasodynamic changes, and neurochemical and electrical function of the brain through a closed and interdependent interaction of cell components conforming to brain tissue. In this review, we will focus on cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) as a molecular pivot, which plays a crucial role in the healthy function of neurons, astrocytes, and the endothelium and is implicated in the cross-talk of cellular adhesion signaling, ion transmission, and cytoskeletal remodeling, thus allowing the individual and interconnected homeostasis of cerebral parenchyma. Then, we discuss how CDK5 overactivation affects the integrity of the NVU in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive impairment; we emphasize how CDK5 is involved in the excitotoxicity spreading of glutamate and Ca2+ imbalance under acute and chronic injury. Additionally, we present pharmacological and gene therapy strategies for producing partial depletion of CDK5 activity on neurons, astrocytes, or endothelium to recover neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, suggesting that the NVU should be the targeted tissue unit in protective strategies. Finally, we conclude that CDK5 could be effective due to its intervention on astrocytes by its end feet on the endothelium and neurons, acting as an intermediary cell between systemic and central communication in the brain. This review provides integrated guidance regarding the pathogenesis of and potential repair strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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25
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Park J, Won J, Seo J, Yeo HG, Kim K, Kim YG, Jeon CY, Kam MK, Kim YH, Huh JW, Lee SR, Lee DS, Lee Y. Streptozotocin Induces Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in Hippocampal Neuronal Cells via CDK5/Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fragmentation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:235. [PMID: 32903692 PMCID: PMC7438738 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant brain insulin signaling plays a critical role in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the progression of AD, with excessive mitochondrial fission in the hippocampus being one of the pathological mechanisms of AD. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of AD and mitochondrial fragmentation induced by aberrant brain insulin signaling in the hippocampal neurons are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanistic signaling associated with mitochondrial dynamics using streptozotocin (STZ), a diabetogenic compound, in the hippocampus cell line, HT-22 cells. In this metabolic dysfunctional cellular model, hallmarks of AD such as neuronal apoptosis, synaptic loss, and tau hyper-phosphorylation are induced by STZ. We found that in the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, phosphorylation is increased in STZ-treated HT-22 cells. We also determined that inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation suppresses STZ-induced AD-like pathology. Furthermore, we found that phosphorylation of Drp1 was induced by CDK5, and inhibition of CDK5 suppresses STZ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and AD-like pathology. Therefore, these findings indicate that mitochondrial morphology and functional regulation may be a strategy of potential therapeutic for treating abnormal metabolic functions associated with the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jincheol Seo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yu Gyeong Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kam
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
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26
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Guo FL, Gao X, Xie X, Liu S, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang L, Ye Y, Fan L, Wang J. Metformin Ameliorates Synaptic Defects in a Mouse Model of AD by Inhibiting Cdk5 Activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:170. [PMID: 32670025 PMCID: PMC7327108 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated by the neuron-specific activators p35/p39 and plays important roles in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive behavior. However, the proteolytic cleavage of p35 to p25 leads to prolonged and aberrant Cdk5 activation and results in synaptic depression, highly mimicking the early pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, Cdk5 inhibition is a potential promising strategy for AD drug development. Here in the present study, we showed that metformin, the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes, suppressed Cdk5 hyper-activation and Cdk5-dependent tau hyper-phosphorylation in the APP/PS1 mouse hippocampus. We also identified the underlying molecular and cellular mechanism that metformin prevented Cdk5 hyper-activation by inhibiting the calpain-dependent cleavage of p35 into p25. Moreover, chronic metformin treatment rescued the core phenotypes in APP/PS1 mice as evidenced by restored spine density, surface GluA1 trafficking, Long-term potentiation (LTP) expression, and spatial memory. Altogether our study discovered an unidentified role of metformin in suppressing Cdk5 hyper-activation and thus preventing AD pathogenesis and suggested that metformin is a potential promising AD therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaLi Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - JianHua Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fang-Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, Anyang District Hospital of Puyang City, Anyang, China
| | - XiaHuan Gao
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Tongchuan, Tongchuan, China
| | - Xine Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jinhua, Jinhua, China
| | - ShouQing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jinhua, Jinhua, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - XinFeng Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - LuYi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - YuXiao Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - LiBing Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - JianGang Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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27
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Allnutt AB, Waters AK, Kesari S, Yenugonda VM. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Cdk5: Potential Directions for Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegenerative Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1218-1230. [PMID: 32286796 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed serine (ser)/threonine (Thr) kinase that has been demonstrated to be one of the most functionally diverse kinases within neurons. Cdk5 is regulated via binding with its neuron-specific regulatory subunits, p35 or p39. Cdk5-p35 activity is critical for a variety of developmental and cellular processes in the brain, including neuron migration, memory formation, microtubule regulation, and cell cycle suppression. Aberrant activation of Cdk5 via the truncated p35 byproduct, p25, is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The present review highlights the importance of Cdk5 activity and function in the brain and demonstrates how deregulation of Cdk5 can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we cover past drug discovery attempts at inhibiting Cdk5-p25 activity and discuss which types of targeting strategies may prove to be the most successful moving forward.
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28
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Alam J, Sharma L. Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer's: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:316-339. [PMID: 30124150 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180820104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, a degenerative cause of the brain cells, is called as a progressive neurodegenerative disease and appears to have a heterogeneous etiology with main emphasis on amyloid-cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau-cascade hypotheses, that are directly linked with macromolecules called enzymes such as β- & γ-secretases, colinesterases, transglutaminases, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk-5), microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK). The catalytic activity of the above enzymes is the result of cognitive deficits, memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction and loss, and ultimately neuronal death. However, some other enzymes also lead to these dysfunctional events when reduced to their normal activities and levels in the brain, such as α- secretase, protein kinase C, phosphatases etc; metabolized to neurotransmitters, enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) etc. or these abnormalities can occur when enzymes act by other mechanisms such as phosphodiesterase reduces brain nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) levels, phospholipase A2: PLA2 is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production etc. On therapeutic fronts, several significant clinical trials are underway by targeting different enzymes for development of new therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's, such as inhibitors for β-secretase, GSK-3, MAO, phosphodiesterase, PLA2, cholinesterases etc, modulators of α- & γ-secretase activities and activators for protein kinase C, sirtuins etc. The last decades have perceived an increasing focus on findings and search for new putative and novel enzymatic targets for Alzheimer's. Here, we review the functions, pathological roles, and worth of almost all the Alzheimer's associated enzymes that address to therapeutic strategies and preventive approaches for treatment of Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
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29
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Zhou J, Chow HM, Liu Y, Wu D, Shi M, Li J, Wen L, Gao Y, Chen G, Zhuang K, Lin H, Zhang G, Xie W, Li H, Leng L, Wang M, Zheng N, Sun H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xue M, Huang TY, Bu G, Xu H, Yuan Z, Herrup K, Zhang J. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5-Dependent BAG3 Degradation Modulates Synaptic Protein Turnover. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:756-769. [PMID: 31955914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic protein dyshomeostasis and functional loss is an early invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the unifying etiological pathway remains largely unknown. Knowing that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays critical roles in synaptic formation and degeneration, its phosphorylation targets were reexamined in search of candidates with direct global impacts on synaptic protein dynamics, and the associated regulatory network was also analyzed. METHODS Quantitative phosphoproteomics and bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify top-ranked candidates. A series of biochemical assays was used to investigate the associated regulatory signaling networks. Histological, electrochemical, and behavioral assays were performed in conditional knockout, small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown, and AD-related mice models to evaluate the relevance of CDK5 to synaptic homeostasis and functions. RESULTS Among candidates with known implications in synaptic modulations, BAG3 ranked the highest. CDK5-mediated phosphorylation on S297/S291 (mouse/human) destabilized BAG3. Loss of BAG3 unleashed the selective protein degradative function of the HSP70 machinery. In neurons, this resulted in enhanced degradation of a number of glutamatergic synaptic proteins. Conditional neuronal knockout of Bag3 in vivo led to impairment of learning and memory functions. In human AD and related mouse models, aberrant CDK5-mediated loss of BAG3 yielded similar effects on synaptic homeostasis. Detrimental effects of BAG3 loss on learning and memory functions were confirmed in these mice, and such effects were reversed by ectopic BAG3 reexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that the neuronal CDK5-BAG3-HSP70 signaling axis plays a critical role in modulating synaptic homeostasis. Dysregulation of the signaling pathway directly contributes to synaptic dysfunction and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
| | - Yan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Di Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jieyin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuehong Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guimiao Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guanyun Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenting Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lige Leng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengdan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Naizhen Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yunwu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Maoqiang Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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30
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Contributions of DNA Damage to Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051666. [PMID: 32121304 PMCID: PMC7084447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease. Its typical pathology consists of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles. Mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes increase Aβ production and aggregation, and thus cause early onset or familial AD. Even with this strong genetic evidence, recent studies support AD to result from complex etiological alterations. Among them, aging is the strongest risk factor for the vast majority of AD cases: Sporadic late onset AD (LOAD). Accumulation of DNA damage is a well-established aging factor. In this regard, a large amount of evidence reveals DNA damage as a critical pathological cause of AD. Clinically, DNA damage is accumulated in brains of AD patients. Genetically, defects in DNA damage repair resulted from mutations in the BRAC1 and other DNA damage repair genes occur in AD brain and facilitate the pathogenesis. Abnormalities in DNA damage repair can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for AD. In this review, we discuss the association, the causative potential, and the biomarker values of DNA damage in AD pathogenesis.
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31
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Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010059. [PMID: 31905923 PMCID: PMC7023116 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid with notable pharmacological effects and promising therapeutic potential. It is widely distributed among plants and found commonly in daily diets predominantly in fruits and vegetables. Neuroprotection by quercetin has been reported in several in vitro studies. It has been shown to protect neurons from oxidative damage while reducing lipid peroxidation. In addition to its antioxidant properties, it inhibits the fibril formation of amyloid-β proteins, counteracting cell lyses and inflammatory cascade pathways. In this review, we provide a synopsis of the recent literature exploring the relationship between quercetin and cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease and its potential as a lead compound in clinical applications.
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32
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Faravelli I, Costamagna G, Tamanini S, Corti S. Back to the origins: Human brain organoids to investigate neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146561. [PMID: 31758922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a high burden in terms of individual, social and economical resources. No ultimate therapy has been established so far; human brain morphology and development can not be entirely reproduced by animal models, and genomic, metabolic and biochemical differences might contribute to a limited predictive power for human translation. Thus, the development of human brain organoid models holds a wide potential to investigate the range of physiological and pathological features that characterise the early onset of the degeneration. Moreover, central nervous system development has gained a crucial role in the study of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Premature alterations during brain maturation have been related to late disease manifestations; genetic mutations responsible for neurodegeneration have been found in genes highly expressed during neural development. Elucidating the mechanisms triggering neuronal susceptibility to degeneration is crucial for pathogenetic studies and therapeutic discoveries. In the present work, we provide an overview on the current applications of human brain organoids towards studies of neurodegenerative diseases, with a survey on the recent discoveries and a closing discussion on the present challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Faravelli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Costamagna
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Tamanini
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Wu HY, Kuo PC, Wang YT, Lin HT, Roe AD, Wang BY, Han CL, Hyman BT, Chen YJ, Tai HC. β-Amyloid Induces Pathology-Related Patterns of Tau Hyperphosphorylation at Synaptic Terminals. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:814-826. [PMID: 30016458 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synergy between β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau appears to occur in Alzheimer disease (AD), but the mechanisms of interaction, and potential locations, are little understood. This study investigates the possibility of such interactions within the cortical synaptic compartments of APP/PS1 mice. We used label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to study the phosphoproteome of synaptosomes, covering 2400 phosphopeptides and providing an unbiased survey of phosphorylation changes associated with amyloid pathology. Hyperphosphorylation was detected on 36 synaptic proteins, many of which are associated with the cytoskeleton. Importantly, tau is one of the most hyperphosphorylated proteins at the synapse, upregulated at both proline-directed kinase (PDK) sites (S199/S202, S396/S404) and nonPDK sites (S400). These PDK sites correspond to well-known pathological tau epitopes in AD patients, recognized by AT8 and PHF-1 antibodies, respectively. Hyperphosphorylation at S199/S202, a rarely examined combination, was further validated in patient-derived human synaptosomes by immunoblotting. Global surveys of upregulated phosphosites revealed 2 potential kinase motifs, which resemble those of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5, a PDK) and casein kinase II (CK2, a nonPDK). Our data demonstrate that, within synaptic compartments, amyloid pathology is associated with tau hyperphosphorylation at disease-relevant epitopes. This provides a plausible mechanism by which Aβ promotes the spreading of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Tai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Allyson D Roe
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bo Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Roa Linares VC, Gallego Gómez JC. La pérdida de función de la quinasa dependiente de ciclina 5 (CDK5) altera el citoesqueleto y reduce la infección in vitro por el virus del dengue 2. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v24n3.79347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
La quinasa dependiente de ciclina 5 (CDK5) regula diversas funciones en neuronas, células endoteliales y epiteliales, entre ellas la dinámica del citoesqueleto. Así mismo, se ha reportado que componentes del citoesqueleto, tales como, filamentos de actina y microtúbulos juegan un rol importante durante la infección por el virus dengue (DENV). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar por dos métodos, inhibición química y silenciamiento génico, la participación de CDK5 durante la infección por DENV-2. La actividad antiviral de roscovitina fue evaluada usando ensayos de Unidades Formadoras de Placa (PFU). La eficiencia de transfección y el silenciamiento de CDK5, empleando miARNs artificiales, se determinó por citometría de flujo. El efecto sobre la proteína de envoltura viral y elementos del citoesqueleto se evidenció mediante microscopia avanzada de fluorescencia y análisis de imágenes. Roscovitina mostró actividad antiviral en etapas pre y post-infectivas en una forma dependiente de la dosis. El tratamiento con roscovitina y miRCDK5 mostró ser efectivo reduciendo la cantidad de CDK5 en células no infectadas. En células infectadas y transfectadas con miRCDK5, así como tratadas con el inhibidor, se observó una reducción significativa de la proteína de envoltura viral; sin embargo, no se encontró reducción significativa de CDK5. Además, el tratamiento con roscovitina indujo cambios celulares morfológicos evidentes en células infectadas. Los resultados indican la potencial participación de CDK5 durante la infección por DENV-2, posiblemente mediando la traducción proteica o la replicación del genoma viral a través de la regulación de la dinámica del citoesqueleto. Se requieren datos adicionales para esclarecer la mecanística del fenómeno usando métodos alternativos.
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Cardillo GDM, De-Paula VDJR, Ikenaga EH, Costa LR, Catanozi S, Schaeffer EL, Gattaz WF, Kerr DS, Forlenza OV. Chronic Lithium Treatment Increases Telomere Length in Parietal Cortex and Hippocampus of Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:93-101. [PMID: 29614649 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomere length (TL) is a biomarker of cell aging, and its shortening has been linked to several age-related diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), telomere shortening has been associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The majority of studies on TL in AD were based on leucocyte DNA, with little information about its status in the central nervous system. In addition to other neuroprotective effects, lithium has been implicated in the maintenance of TL. The present study aims to determine the effect of chronic lithium treatment on TL in different regions of the mouse brain, using a triple-transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD). Eighteen transgenic and 22 wild-type (Wt) male mice were treated for eight months with chow containing 1.0 g (Li1) or 2.0 g (Li2) of lithium carbonate/kg, or standard chow (Li0). DNA was extracted from parietal cortex, hippocampus and olfactory epithelium and TL was quantified by real-time PCR. Chronic lithium treatment was associated with longer telomeres in the hippocampus (Li2, p = 0.0159) and in the parietal cortex (Li1, p = 0.0375) of 3xTg-AD compared to Wt. Our findings suggest that chronic lithium treatment does affect telomere maintenance, but the magnitude and nature of this effect depend on the working concentrations of lithium and characteristics of the tissue. This effect was observed when comparing 3xTg-AD with Wt mice, suggesting that the presence of AD pathology was required for the lithium modulation of TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo de Mattos Cardillo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Jesus Rodrigues De-Paula
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psysbio (LIM-23), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliza Hiromi Ikenaga
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rodrigues Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Catanozi
- Lipids Laboratory (LIM-10), Endocrinology and Metabolism Division of Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin Lisete Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Farid Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Shikanai Kerr
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia Catarinense-Campus Camboriu, Camboriu, SC, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Site-specific phosphorylation of Fbxw7 by Cdk5/p25 and its resulting decreased stability are linked to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:579. [PMID: 31371703 PMCID: PMC6675790 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates brain development and neurodegeneration. Cdk5 is activated by p25 that is generated from calpain-dependent cleavage of p35. The generation of p25 is responsible for the aberrant hyper-activation of Cdk5, which causes neurodegeneration. Using in vitro assays, we discovered that F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (Fbxw7) is a new substrate of Cdk5. Additionally, Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of Fbxw7 was detected in the presence of p25, and two amino acid residues (S349 and S372) were determined to be major phosphorylation sites. This phosphorylation was eventually linked to decreased stability of Fbxw7. Using a culture model of cortical neurons challenged with glutamate, we confirmed that decreased stability of Fbxw7 was indeed Cdk5-dependent. Furthermore, diminished levels of Fbxw7 led to increased levels of transcription factor AP-1 (c-Jun), a known substrate of Fbxw7. Given that previous reports demonstrate that c-Jun plays a role in accelerating neuronal apoptosis in these pathological models, our data support the concepts of a molecular cascade in which Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of Fbxw7 negatively regulates Fbxw7 expression, thereby contributing to neuronal cell death following glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Herrera-Espejo S, Santos-Zorrozua B, Álvarez-González P, Lopez-Lopez E, Garcia-Orad Á. A Systematic Review of MicroRNA Expression as Biomarker of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8376-8391. [PMID: 31240600 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a high-occurrence neurological disorder but the difficulty in identifying precise and early biomarkers has complicated the understanding of the disease and the development of new treatments. In this sense, important knowledge is emerging regarding novel molecular and biological candidates with diagnostic potential, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which have a key role in gene repression. The aim of this systematic review was to define the role of miRNAs' expression as biomarkers for LOAD both in brain tissues, which could help understand the biology of the disease, and circulating tissues, which could serve as non-invasive markers of the pathology. A systematic search was performed in Web of Science and PubMed using the keywords ((Alzheimer or Alzheimer's) and (microRNA or microRNAs or miRNA or miRNAs or miR)) until August 2018 to retrieve all articles that presented independent original data evaluating the impact of miRNA expression on the development of LOAD in human population. A total of 90 studies investigating the role of miRNAs' expression in the development of LOAD were identified. While other widely studied miRNAs such as hsa-miR-146a presented contradictory results among studies, deregulation in brain tissue of seven miRNAs, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-125-5p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-181-3p, and hsa-miR-212-3p, was consistently identified in LOAD patients. Their role in the disease could be mediated through the regulation of key pathways, such as axon guidance, longevity, insulin, and MAPK signaling pathway. However, regarding their role as non-invasive biomarkers of LOAD in fluids, although the limited results available are promising, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Herrera-Espejo
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Borja Santos-Zorrozua
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Paula Álvarez-González
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Elixabet Lopez-Lopez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
- BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - África Garcia-Orad
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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Zeb A, Kim D, Alam SI, Son M, Kumar R, Rampogu S, Parameswaran S, Shelake RM, Rana RM, Parate S, Kim JY, Lee KW. Computational Simulations Identify Pyrrolidine-2,3-Dione Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Cdk5/p25 Complex to Attenuate Alzheimer's Pathology. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E746. [PMID: 31137734 PMCID: PMC6572193 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
: Mechanistically, neurotoxic insults provoke Ca2+-mediated calpain activation, which cleaves the cytoplasmic region of membrane-embedded p35 and produces its truncated form p25. Upon physical interaction, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and p25 forms hyperactivated Cdk5/p25 complex and causes severe neuropathological aberrations including hyperphosphorylated tau-mediated neurofibrillary tangles formation, Alzheimer's symptoms, and neuronal death. Therefore, the inhibition of Cdk5/p25 complex may relieve p-tau-mediated Alzheimer's pathology. Herein, computational simulations have identified pyrrolidine-2,3-dione derivatives as novel inhibitors of Cdk5/p25 complex. A ligand-based pharmacophore was designed and employed as 3D query to retrieve drug-like molecules from chemical databases. By molecular docking, drug-like molecules obtaining dock score > 67.67 (Goldcore of the reference compound) were identified. Molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation retrieved four pyrrolidine-2,3-dione derivatives as novel candidate inhibitors of Cdk5/p25. The root means square deviation of Cdk5/p25 in complex with candidate inhibitors obtained an average value of ~2.15 Å during the 30 ns simulation period. Molecular interactions analysis suggested that each inhibitor occupied the ATP-binding site of Cdk5/p25 and formed stable interactions. Finally, the binding free energy estimation suggested that each inhibitor had lowest binding energy than the reference compound (-113.10 kJ/mol) to recapitulate their strong binding with Cdk5/p25. Overall, these inhibitors could mitigate tau-mediated Alzheimer's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zeb
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Sayed Ibrar Alam
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Minky Son
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Raj Kumar
- Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Saravanan Parameswaran
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Rabia Mukhtar Rana
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Shraddha Parate
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Zeb A, Son M, Yoon S, Kim JH, Park SJ, Lee KW. Computational Simulations Identified Two Candidate Inhibitors of Cdk5/p25 to Abrogate Tau-associated Neurological Disorders. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:579-590. [PMID: 31073393 PMCID: PMC6495220 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of Cdk5 is a hallmark in neurodegenerative diseases and its complex with p25 forms Cdk5/p25, thereby causes severe neuropathological insults. Cdk5/p25 abnormally phosphorylates tau protein, and induces tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles in neurological disorders. Therefore, the pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5/p25 alleviates tau-associated neurological disorders. Herein, computational simulations probed two candidate inhibitors of Cdk5/p25. Structure-based pharmacophore investigated the essential complementary chemical features of ATP-binding site of Cdk5 in complex with roscovitine. Resultant pharmacophore harbored polar interactions with Cys83 and Asp86 residues and non-polar interactions with Ile10, Phe80, and Lys133 residues of Cdk5. The chemical space of selected pharmacophore was comprised of two hydrogen bond donors, one hydrogen bond acceptor, and three hydrophobic features. Decoy test validation of pharmacophore obtained highest Guner-Henry score (0.88) and enrichment factor score (7.23). The screening of natural product drug-like databases by validated pharmacophore retrieved 1126 compounds as candidate inhibitors of Cdk5/p25. The docking of candidate inhibitors filtered 10 molecules with docking score >80.00 and established polar and non-polar interactions with the ATP-binding site residues of Cdk5/p25. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy analyses identified two candidate inhibitors of Cdk5/p25. During 30 ns simulation, the candidate inhibitors established <3.0 Å root mean square deviation and stable hydrogen bond interactions with the ATP-binding site residues of Cdk5/p25. The final candidate inhibitors obtained lowest binding free energies of -122.18 kJ/mol and - 117.26 kJ/mol with Cdk5/p25. Overall, we recommend two natural product candidate inhibitors to target the pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5/p25 in tau-associated neurological disorders.
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Key Words
- 2D, Two-dimentional
- 3D, Three-dimentional
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADMET, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity
- ASP, Astex statistical potential
- Aβ, Amyloid beta
- BBB, Blood-brain barrier
- CGMC, Cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, glycogen synthase kinases, and Cdk-like kinases
- Cdk5, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Cdk5/p25 inhibitors
- Cdks, Cyclin-dependent kinases
- DS, Discovery Studio
- EF, Enrichment factor
- GA, Genetic algorithm
- GFA, Genetic Function Approximation
- GH, Guner-Henry
- GOLD, Genetic optimization of ligand docking
- GROMACS, Groningen Machine for Chemical Simulation
- H-bond, Hydrogen bond
- HBA, Hydrogen bond acceptor
- HBD, Hydrogen bond donor
- HD, Hungtington's disease
- HYP, Hydrophobic
- IBS, InterBioScreen
- K, kelvin
- MD, Molecular dynamics
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Molecular docking
- Molecular dynamics simulation
- NPT, Number particle, pressure, and temperature
- NVT, Number of particles, volume, and temperature
- P5, A 24-residues mimetic peptide of p35
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PDB, Protein databank
- PLP, Piecewise linear potential
- PME, Particle mesh ewald
- RMSD, Root mean square deviation
- ROF, Rule of five
- Structure-based pharmacophore modeling
- TAT, Twin-arginine targeting
- TIP3P, Transferable intermolecular potential with 3 points
- Tau-pathogenesis
- ZNPD, Zinc Natural Product Database
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zeb
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Minky Son
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Yoon
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Geyongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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Cortés N, Guzmán-Martínez L, Andrade V, González A, Maccioni RB. CDK5: A Unique CDK and Its Multiple Roles in the Nervous System. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:843-855. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cortés
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán-Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Andrade
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo B. Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, East Campus, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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RNA Viruses as Tools in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030189. [PMID: 30832256 PMCID: PMC6471356 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have been subjected to substantial engineering efforts to support gene therapy applications and vaccine development. Typically, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses rhabdoviruses, measles viruses, Newcastle disease viruses, and picornaviruses have been employed as expression vectors for treatment of various diseases including different types of cancers, hemophilia, and infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccination with viral vectors has evaluated immunogenicity against infectious agents and protection against challenges with pathogenic organisms. Several preclinical studies in animal models have confirmed both immune responses and protection against lethal challenges. Similarly, administration of RNA viral vectors in animals implanted with tumor xenografts resulted in tumor regression and prolonged survival, and in some cases complete tumor clearance. Based on preclinical results, clinical trials have been conducted to establish the safety of RNA virus delivery. Moreover, stem cell-based lentiviral therapy provided life-long production of factor VIII potentially generating a cure for hemophilia A. Several clinical trials on cancer patients have generated anti-tumor activity, prolonged survival, and even progression-free survival.
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Olfati N, Shoeibi A, Litvan I. Progress in the treatment of Parkinson-Plus syndromes. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 59:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Moustafa AA, Hassan M, Hewedi DH, Hewedi I, Garami JK, Al Ashwal H, Zaki N, Seo SY, Cutsuridis V, Angulo SL, Natesh JY, Herzallah MM, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Salama M, Mohamed W, El Haj M, Hornberger M. Genetic underpinnings in Alzheimer's disease - a review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:21-38. [PMID: 28949931 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the genetic etiologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we review genetic links to protein signaling pathways as novel pharmacological targets to treat AD. Moreover, we also discuss the clumps of AD-m ediated genes according to their single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. Rigorous data mining approaches justified the significant role of genes in AD prevalence. Pedigree analysis and twin studies suggest that genetic components are part of the etiology, rather than only being risk factors for AD. The first autosomal dominant mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene was described in 1991. Later, AD was also associated with mutated early-onset (presenilin 1/2, PSEN1/2 and APP) and late-onset (apolipoprotein E, ApoE) genes. Genome-wide association and linkage analysis studies with identified multiple genomic areas have implications for the treatment of AD. We conclude this review with future directions and clinical implications of genetic research in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Doaa H Hewedi
- Psychogeriatric Research Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Hewedi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Julia K Garami
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sergio L Angulo
- Departments of Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joman Y Natesh
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mohammad M Herzallah
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Genetics, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mohamed Salama
- School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Selangor 53100, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitive Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michael Hornberger
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Amin ND, Paşca SP. Building Models of Brain Disorders with Three-Dimensional Organoids. Neuron 2018; 100:389-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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[Neurogenesis and gliogenesis modulation in cerebral ischemia by CDK5 RNAi-based therapy]. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:388-397. [PMID: 30335244 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i4.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia is the third cause of death risk in Colombia and the first cause of physical disability worldwide. Different studies on the silencing of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) have shown that reducing its activity is beneficial in ischemic contexts. However, its effect on neural cell production after cerebral ischemia has not been well studied yet. OBJECTIVE To evaluate CDK5 silencing on the production of neurons and astrocytes after a focal cerebral ischemia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 40 eight-week-old male Wistar rats. Both sham and ischemia groups were transduced at CA1 hippocampal region with an adeno-associated viral vector using a noninterfering (shSCRmiR) and an interfering sequence for CDK5 (shCDK5miR). We injected 50 mg/kg of bromodeoxyuridine intraperitoneally from hour 24 to day 7 post-ischemia. We assessed the neurological abilities during the next 15 days and we measured the immunoreactivity of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), doublecortin (DCX), NeuN, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) from day 15 to day 30 post-ischemia. RESULTS Our findings showed that CDK5miR-treated ischemic animals improved their neurological score and presented increased BrdU+ cells 15 days after ischemia, which correlated with higher DCX and lower GFAP fluorescence intensities, and, although mature neurons populations did not change, GFAP immunoreactivity was still significantly reduced at 30 days post-ischemia in comparison with untreated ischemic groups. CONCLUSION CDK5miR therapy generated the neurological recovery of ischemic rats associated with the induction of immature neurons proliferation and the reduction of GFAP reactivity at short and longterm post-ischemia.
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Tucker D, Lu Y, Zhang Q. From Mitochondrial Function to Neuroprotection-an Emerging Role for Methylene Blue. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5137-5153. [PMID: 28840449 PMCID: PMC5826781 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established drug with a long history of use, owing to its diverse range of use and its minimal side effect profile. MB has been used classically for the treatment of malaria, methemoglobinemia, and carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as a histological dye. Its role in the mitochondria, however, has elicited much of its renewed interest in recent years. MB can reroute electrons in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain directly from NADH to cytochrome c, increasing the activity of complex IV and effectively promoting mitochondrial activity while mitigating oxidative stress. In addition to its beneficial effect on mitochondrial protection, MB is also known to have robust effects in mitigating neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a seemingly unifying pathological phenomenon across a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders, which thus positions methylene blue as a promising therapeutic. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, MB has shown impressive efficacy in mitigating neurodegeneration and the accompanying behavioral phenotypes in animal models for such conditions as stroke, global cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. This review summarizes recent work establishing MB as a promising candidate for neuroprotection, with particular emphasis on the contribution of mitochondrial function to neural health. Furthermore, this review will briefly examine the link between MB, neurogenesis, and improved cognition in respect to age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Lundstrom K. Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6020042. [PMID: 29883422 PMCID: PMC6023384 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Applications of viral vectors have found an encouraging new beginning in gene therapy in recent years. Significant improvements in vector engineering, delivery, and safety have placed viral vector-based therapy at the forefront of modern medicine. Viral vectors have been employed for the treatment of various diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular, muscular, hematologic, ophthalmologic, and infectious diseases and different types of cancer. Recent development in the area of immunotherapy has provided both preventive and therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, gene silencing generating a reversible effect has become an interesting alternative, and is well-suited for delivery by viral vectors. A number of preclinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy in animal models and furthermore in clinical trials. Several viral vector-based drugs have also been globally approved.
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Shoeibi A, Olfati N, Litvan I. Preclinical, phase I, and phase II investigational clinical trials for treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:349-361. [PMID: 29602288 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1460356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our understanding of the pathological basis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), as the most common atypical parkinsonian syndrome, has greatly increased in recent years and a number of disease-modifying therapies are under evaluation as a result of these advances. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss disease-modifying therapeutic options which are currently under evaluation or have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical trials based on their targeted pathophysiologic process. The pathophysiologic mechanisms are broadly divided into three main categories: genetic mechanisms, abnormal post-translational modifications of tau protein, and transcellular tau spread. EXPERT OPINION Once the best therapeutic approaches are identified, it is likely that some combination of interventions will need to be evaluated, but this will take time. It is critical to treat patients at early stages, and development of the Movement Disorder Society PSP diagnostic criteria is an important step in this direction. In addition, development of biological biomarkers such as tau PET and further refinement of tau ligands may help both diagnose early and measure disease progression. In the meantime, a comprehensive, personalized interdisciplinary approach to this disease is absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shoeibi
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Nahid Olfati
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Irene Litvan
- b UC San Diego Department of Neurosciences , Parkinson and Other Movement Disorder Center , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Becerra-Calixto A, Posada-Duque R, Cardona-Gómez GP. Recovery of Neurovascular Unit Integrity by CDK5-KD Astrocyte Transplantation in a Global Cerebral Ischemia Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8563-8585. [PMID: 29564811 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play metabolic and structural support roles and contribute to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), linking communication between neurons and the endothelium. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) likely exerts a dual effect on the endothelium and astrocytes due to its involvement in migration and angiogenesis; the overactivation of CDK5 is associated with dysfunction in glutamate recapture and hypoxia. Recently, we proposed that CDK5-targeted astrocytes facilitate the recovery of neurological and motor function in transplanted ischemic rats. In the current study, we treated cerebral ischemic rats and endothelial cells exposed to glutamate toxicity with CDK5 knock-down (CDK5-KD) astrocytes to determine the role of CDK5 in neurovascular integrity. We found that the effects of CDK5-KD were sustained for 4 months, preventing neuronal and astrocyte loss, facilitating the recovery of the BBB via the production of BDNF by endogenous astrocytes (GFP-) surrounding vessels in the motor cortex and the corpus callosum of global ischemic rats, and improving neurological performance. These findings were supported by the in vitro findings of increased transendothelial resistance, p120-ctn+ adhesion and reduced intercellular gaps induced by a CDK5 inhibitor (roscovitine) in bEnd.3 cells in a glutamate-toxicity model. Additionally, CDK5-KD astrocytes in co-culture protected the endothelial cell viability, increased BDNF release from astrocytes, increased BDNF immunoreactivity in neighboring astrocytes and endothelial cells and enhanced cell adhesion in a glutamate-toxicity model. Altogether, these findings suggest that a CDK5 reduction in astrocytes protects the endothelium, which promotes BDNF release, endothelial adhesion, and the recovery of neurovascular unit integrity and brain function in ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becerra-Calixto
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia. .,Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Calle 62 # 52 - 59; Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia.
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