1
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Mendes A, Greiff S, Bobrowicz K. Approaching lifelong learning: An integrated framework for explaining decision-making processes in personal and professional development. Trends Neurosci Educ 2024; 35:100230. [PMID: 38879202 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2024.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in commitment to lifelong learning, a process aimed at seizing opportunities for self-development, have not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the decision-making mechanisms involved in pursuing learning for self-development. METHOD We conducted a literature review on the taxing nature of cognitive exertion and its impact on the inclination to engage in cognitively demanding tasks for learning, as well as individual differences in sensitivity to aversive or rewarding outcomes inherent in the learning process. RESULTS Our findings indicate that the Expected Value of Control (EVC) theory can elucidate the former, while research on approach-avoidance motivation can shed light on the latter. CONCLUSION We propose and develop an integrated framework that incorporates both lines of research. This framework holds relevance for neuropsychology, experimental psychology, and education psychology, offering theoretical guidance for tailoring learning experiences to enhance engagement and commitment to self-development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Mendes
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Samuel Greiff
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Katarzyna Bobrowicz
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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2
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Clairis N, Pessiglione M. Value Estimation versus Effort Mobilization: A General Dissociation between Ventromedial and Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1176232024. [PMID: 38514180 PMCID: PMC11044108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1176-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciding on a course of action requires both an accurate estimation of option values and the right amount of effort invested in deliberation to reach sufficient confidence in the final choice. In a previous study, we have provided evidence, across a series of judgment and choice tasks, for a dissociation between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which would represent option values, and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), which would represent the duration of deliberation. Here, we first replicate this dissociation and extend it to the case of an instrumental learning task, in which 24 human volunteers (13 women) choose between options associated with probabilistic gains and losses. According to fMRI data recorded during decision-making, vmPFC activity reflects the sum of option values generated by a reinforcement learning model and dmPFC activity the deliberation time. To further generalize the role of the dmPFC in mobilizing effort, we then analyze fMRI data recorded in the same participants while they prepare to perform motor and cognitive tasks (squeezing a handgrip or making numerical comparisons) to maximize gains or minimize losses. In both cases, dmPFC activity is associated with the output of an effort regulation model, and not with response time. Taken together, these results strengthen a general theory of behavioral control that implicates the vmPFC in the estimation of option values and the dmPFC in the energization of relevant motor and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clairis
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Paris 75013, France
- CNRS U7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC), Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1004, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Paris 75013, France
- CNRS U7225, Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
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3
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Markman M, Saruco E, Al-Bas S, Wang BA, Rose J, Ohla K, Xue Li Lim S, Schicker D, Freiherr J, Weygandt M, Rramani Q, Weber B, Schultz J, Pleger B. Differences in Discounting Behavior and Brain Responses for Food and Money Reward. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0153-23.2024. [PMID: 38569920 PMCID: PMC10993202 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0153-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Most neuroeconomic research seeks to understand how value influences decision-making. The influence of reward type is less well understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate delay discounting of primary (i.e., food) and secondary rewards (i.e., money) in 28 healthy, normal-weighted participants (mean age = 26.77; 18 females). To decipher differences in discounting behavior between reward types, we compared how well-different option-based statistical models (exponential, hyperbolic discounting) and attribute-wise heuristic choice models (intertemporal choice heuristic, dual reasoning and implicit framework theory, trade-off model) captured the reward-specific discounting behavior. Contrary to our hypothesis of different strategies for different rewards, we observed comparable discounting behavior for money and food (i.e., exponential discounting). Higher k values for food discounting suggest that individuals decide more impulsive if confronted with food. The fMRI revealed that money discounting was associated with enhanced activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, involved in executive control; the right dorsal striatum, associated with reward processing; and the left hippocampus, involved in memory encoding/retrieval. Food discounting, instead, was associated with higher activity in the left temporoparietal junction suggesting social reinforcement of food decisions. Although our findings do not confirm our hypothesis of different discounting strategies for different reward types, they are in line with the notion that reward types have a significant influence on impulsivity with primary rewards leading to more impulsive choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Markman
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44869, Germany
| | - E Saruco
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44869, Germany
| | - S Al-Bas
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44869, Germany
| | - B A Wang
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44869, Germany
| | - J Rose
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - K Ohla
- Firmenich SA, Satigny 1242, Switzerland
- NutriAct-Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - S Xue Li Lim
- NutriAct-Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - D Schicker
- Sensory Analytics & Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising 85354, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - J Freiherr
- Sensory Analytics & Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising 85354, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - M Weygandt
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin 13125, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Q Rramani
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs), University of Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research (IEECR), University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - B Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs), University of Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research (IEECR), University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - J Schultz
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs), University of Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research (IEECR), University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - B Pleger
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44869, Germany
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4
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Garcia-Pelegrin E, Schnell AK, Wilkins C, Clayton NS. Beyond the Tricks: The Science and Comparative Cognition of Magic. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:269-293. [PMID: 38236652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-012723-100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Magic is an art form that has fascinated humans for centuries. Recently, the techniques used by magicians to make their audience experience the impossible have attracted the attention of psychologists, who, in just a couple of decades, have produced a large amount of research regarding how these effects operate, focusing on the blind spots in perception and roadblocks in cognition that magic techniques exploit. Most recently, this investigation has given a pathway to a new line of research that uses magic effects to explore the cognitive abilities of nonhuman animals. This new branch of the scientific study of magic has already yielded new evidence illustrating the power of magic effects as a psychological tool for nonhuman animals. This review aims to give a thorough overview of the research on both the human and nonhuman perception of magic effects by critically illustrating the most prominent works of both fields of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra K Schnell
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Clairis N, Lopez-Persem A. Debates on the dorsomedial prefrontal/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: insights for future research. Brain 2023; 146:4826-4844. [PMID: 37530487 PMCID: PMC10690029 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC) is a brain area subject to many theories and debates over its function(s). Even its precise anatomical borders are subject to much controversy. In the past decades, the dmPFC/dACC has been associated with more than 15 different cognitive processes, which sometimes appear quite unrelated (e.g. body perception, cognitive conflict). As a result, understanding what the dmPFC/dACC does has become a real challenge for many neuroscientists. Several theories of this brain area's function(s) have been developed, leading to successive and competitive publications bearing different models, which sometimes contradict each other. During the last two decades, the lively scientific exchanges around the dmPFC/dACC have promoted fruitful research in cognitive neuroscience. In this review, we provide an overview of the anatomy of the dmPFC/dACC, summarize the state of the art of functions that have been associated with this brain area and present the main theories aiming at explaining the dmPFC/dACC function(s). We explore the commonalities and the arguments between the different theories. Finally, we explain what can be learned from these debates for future investigations of the dmPFC/dACC and other brain regions' functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clairis
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC)- Brain Mind Institute (BMI)- Sciences de la Vie (SV), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alizée Lopez-Persem
- FrontLab, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne University, AP HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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6
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Baumgartner T, Guizar Rosales E, Knoch D. Neural mechanisms underlying interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17357. [PMID: 37833384 PMCID: PMC10575884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intergenerational sustainability is a pressing challenge, which is exacerbated by the fact that the current generation must make sacrifices today to ensure the well-being of future generations. There are large interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these interindividual differences have remained unexplored. Here, we combined fMRI with a consequential intergenerational sustainability paradigm in a sample of 72 healthy students. Specifically, we analyzed task-dependent functional activity and connectivity during intergenerational sustainable decision-making, focusing on the state-like neurophysiological processes giving rise to behavioral heterogeneity in sustainability. We found that differences in neural communication within and between the mentalizing (TPJ/DMPFC) and cognitive control (ACC/DLPFC) network are related to interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. Specifically, the stronger the functional connectivity within and between these networks during decision-making, the more individuals behaved intergenerationally sustainably. Corroborated by mediation analyses, these findings suggest that differences in the engagement of perspective-taking and self-control processes underly interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. By answering recent calls for leveraging behavioral and neuroscience for sustainability research, we hope to contribute to interdisciplinary efforts to advance the understanding of interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel Guizar Rosales
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Reyna VF, Müller SM, Edelson SM. Critical tests of fuzzy trace theory in brain and behavior: uncertainty across time, probability, and development. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:746-772. [PMID: 36828988 PMCID: PMC9957613 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty permeates decisions from the trivial to the profound. Integrating brain and behavioral evidence, we discuss how probabilistic (varied outcomes) and temporal (delayed outcomes) uncertainty differ across age and individuals; how critical tests adjudicate between theories of uncertainty (prospect theory and fuzzy-trace theory); and how these mechanisms might be represented in the brain. The same categorical gist representations of gains and losses account for choices and eye-tracking data in both value-allocation (add money to gambles) and risky-choice tasks, disconfirming prospect theory and confirming predictions of fuzzy-trace theory. The analysis is extended to delay discounting and disambiguated choices, explaining hidden-zero effects that similarly turn on categorical distinctions between some gain and no gain, certain gain and uncertain gain, gain and loss, and now and later. Bold activation implicates dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in gist strategies that are not just one tool in a grab-bag of cognitive options but rather are general strategies that systematically predict behaviors across many different tasks involving probabilistic and temporal uncertainty. High valuation (e.g., ventral striatum; ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and low executive control (e.g., lateral prefrontal cortex) contribute to risky and impatient choices, especially in youth. However, valuation in ventral striatum supports reward-maximizing and gist strategies in adulthood. Indeed, processing becomes less "rational" in the sense of maximizing gains and more noncompensatory (eye movements indicate fewer tradeoffs) as development progresses from adolescence to adulthood, as predicted. Implications for theoretically predicted "public-health paradoxes" are discussed, including gist versus verbatim thinking in drug experimentation and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke M. Müller
- Department General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Jee WF, Hyun M. "10,000 Available" or "10% Remaining": The Impact of Scarcity Framing on Ticket Availability Perceptions in the Secondary Ticket Market. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13040338. [PMID: 37102852 PMCID: PMC10135727 DOI: 10.3390/bs13040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of numeracy framing and demand on participants' perceived ticket availability and likelihood of finding a lower-priced deal in the secondary ticket market for National Football League (NFL) games. A total of 640 participants were recruited via Qualtrics where participants were solicited electronically via 10 date-specific email blasts prior to a New York Giants Sunday Night Football home game. Participants were randomly assigned to one of five treatment conditions (control, percentage frame × low demand, percentage frame × high demand, frequency frame × low demand, frequency frame × high demand) to complete an online survey. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to discern overall differences in the mean likelihood scores of the dependent variable between groups. The results showed that participants presented with the "percentage" frame perceived tickets as less available than those presented with the "frequency scarcity" frame, and the effect was greater for high-demand games. Additionally, game demand moderated the effect of scarcity framing on participants' perceived ticket availability and expected lower rate. Several manipulation checks were applied to ensure the study's validity. The findings of this study have practical implications for ticket marketers in the sport industry to effectively frame scarcity information and facilitate transactions for online buyers and sellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsok Frank Jee
- School of Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Sport Management, Hospitality, and Tourism Management, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA
| | - Moonsup Hyun
- Department of Business and Economics, Utica University, Utica, NY 13502, USA
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9
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Zhang Z. Functionally similar yet distinct neural mechanisms underlie different choice behaviors: ALE meta-analyses of decision-making under risk in adolescents and adults. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Theta but not beta activity is modulated by freedom of choice during action selection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9115. [PMID: 35650241 PMCID: PMC9160249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale neurophysiological markers of action competition have been almost exclusively investigated in the context of instructed choices, hence it remains unclear whether these markers also apply to free choices. This study aimed to compare the specific brain dynamics underlying instructed and free decisions. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded while 31 participants performed a target selection task; the choice relied either on stimulus-response mappings (instructed) or on participants' preferences (free). Choice difficulty was increased by introducing distractors in the informative stimulus in instructed choices, and by presenting targets with similar motor costs in free choices. Results revealed that increased decision difficulty was associated with higher reaction times (RTs) in instructed choices and greater choice uncertainty in free choices. Midfrontal EEG theta (4-8 Hz) power increased with difficulty in instructed choices, but not in free choices. Although sensorimotor beta (15-30 Hz) power was correlated with RTs, it was not significantly influenced by choice context or difficulty. These results suggest that midfrontal theta power may specifically increase with difficulty in externally-driven choices, whereas sensorimotor beta power may be predictive of RTs in both externally- and internally-driven choices.
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11
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Ott F, Legler E, Kiebel SJ. Forward planning driven by context-dependant conflict processing in anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 2022; 256:119222. [PMID: 35447352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control and forward planning in particular is costly, and therefore must be regulated such that the amount of cognitive resources invested is adequate to the current situation. However, knowing in advance how beneficial forward planning will be in a given situation is hard. A way to know the exact value of planning would be to actually do it, which would ab initio defeat the purpose of regulating planning, i.e. the reduction of computational and time costs. One possible solution to this dilemma is that planning is regulated by learned associations between stimuli and the expected demand for planning. Such learning might be based on generalisation processes that cluster together stimulus states with similar control relevant properties into more general control contexts. In this way, the brain could infer the demand for planning, based on previous experience with situations that share some structural properties with the current situation. Here, we used a novel sequential task to test the hypothesis that people use control contexts to efficiently regulate their forward planning, using behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Consistent with our hypothesis, reaction times increased with trial-by-trial conflict, where this increase was more pronounced in a context with a learned high demand for planning. Similarly, we found that fMRI activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) increased with conflict, and this increase was more pronounced in a context with generally high demand for planning. Taken together, the results indicate that the dACC integrates representations of planning demand at different levels of abstraction to regulate planning in an efficient and situation-appropriate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ott
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Eric Legler
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan J Kiebel
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Frömer R, Shenhav A. Filling the gaps: Cognitive control as a critical lens for understanding mechanisms of value-based decision-making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104483. [PMID: 34902441 PMCID: PMC8844247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While often seeming to investigate rather different problems, research into value-based decision making and cognitive control have historically offered parallel insights into how people select thoughts and actions. While the former studies how people weigh costs and benefits to make a decision, the latter studies how they adjust information processing to achieve their goals. Recent work has highlighted ways in which decision-making research can inform our understanding of cognitive control. Here, we provide the complementary perspective: how cognitive control research has informed understanding of decision-making. We highlight three particular areas of research where this critical interchange has occurred: (1) how different types of goals shape the evaluation of choice options, (2) how people use control to adjust the ways they make their decisions, and (3) how people monitor decisions to inform adjustments to control at multiple levels and timescales. We show how adopting this alternate viewpoint offers new insight into the determinants of both decisions and control; provides alternative interpretations for common neuroeconomic findings; and generates fruitful directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frömer
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - A Shenhav
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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13
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Schneider TD, Gunville JA, Papa VB, Brucks MG, Daley CM, Martin LE, Jarmolowicz DP. Differential Probability Discounting Rates of Gamblers in an American Indian Population. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:809963. [PMID: 35250503 PMCID: PMC8889923 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.809963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probability discounting, a subset of behavioral economic research, has a rich history of investigating choice behavior, especially as it pertains to risky decision making. Gambling involves both choice behavior and risky decision making which makes it an ideal behavior to investigate with discounting tasks. With proximity to a casino being one of the biggest risk factors, studies into the American Indian population have been a neglected population of study. Using outcome measures from a pre-scan probability discounting task, the current study equated the scan task to evaluate behavioral and neurobiological differences in gamblers vs. non-gamblers. Gamblers showed differences in behavioral tasks (lower discounting rates) but not in patterns of neural activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadd D. Schneider
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Jordyn A. Gunville
- Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vlad B. Papa
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Morgan G. Brucks
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Christine M. Daley
- Center for American Indian Community Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Laura E. Martin
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - David P. Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Healthcare Institute for Improvements in Quality, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: David P. Jarmolowicz,
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14
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Myburgh C, Larsen TB, Kjaer P. 'When the picture does not really tell the story'- A qualitative exploration of the MRI report of findings as a means for generating shared diagnostic meaning during the management of patients suffering from persistent spinal pain. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2022; 105:221-227. [PMID: 34001396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feedback report as a health care encounter for generating shared diagnostic meaning. METHODS An exploratory, qualitative case study was conducted using video observation of the MRI report of findings, individual face-to-face and telephonic interviews. RESULTS From fourteen distinct encounters, three key themes emerged, these being: 'a powerful shared experience, 'a legacy of biomedical thinking' and 'clinical practice quandaries'. Generally speaking, the MRI encounter was observed to be both an effective and satisfying method for developing shared diagnostic meaning. However, in instances where a structure-based diagnosis could not be reasonably established, clinicians experienced doubts in what to present in a 'soft report'. A feature of these was the communication of speculative causal feedback, based on non-visualised structures and/or incidental findings observed. CONCLUSION Shared diagnostic meaning can result from a 'soft' MRI report of findings. However, the emergence of diagnostic closure is not guaranteed. Further exploration of this phenomenon in the context of shared decision making and the therapeutic alliance is warranted. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Pre-feedback peer conferences might be considered in order to standardise the information communicated to patients. Clinicians might also consider limiting the MRI scan as a visual aid in 'soft' reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie Myburgh
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Trine Boye Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Per Kjaer
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Niels Bohrs Alle 1, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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15
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Kaanders P, Nili H, O'Reilly JX, Hunt L. Medial Frontal Cortex Activity Predicts Information Sampling in Economic Choice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8403-8413. [PMID: 34413207 PMCID: PMC8496191 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0392-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision-making not only requires agents to decide what to choose but also how much information to sample before committing to a choice. Previously established frameworks for economic choice argue for a deliberative process of evidence accumulation across time. These tacitly acknowledge a role of information sampling in that decisions are only made once sufficient evidence is acquired, yet few experiments have explicitly placed information sampling under the participant's control. Here, we use fMRI to investigate the neural basis of information sampling in economic choice by allowing participants (n = 30, sex not recorded) to actively sample information in a multistep decision task. We show that medial frontal cortex (MFC) activity is predictive of further information sampling before choice. Choice difficulty (inverse value difference, keeping sensory difficulty constant) was also encoded in MFC, but this effect was explained away by the inclusion of information sampling as a coregressor in the general linear model. A distributed network of regions across the prefrontal cortex encoded key features of the sampled information at the time it was presented. We propose that MFC is an important controller of the extent to which information is gathered before committing to an economic choice. This role may explain why MFC activity has been associated with evidence accumulation in previous studies in which information sampling was an implicit rather than explicit feature of the decision.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The decisions we make are determined by the information we have sampled before committing to a choice. Accumulator frameworks of decision-making tacitly acknowledge the need to sample further information during the evidence accumulation process until a decision boundary is reached. However, relatively few studies explicitly place this decision to sample further information under the participant's control. In this fMRI study, we find that MFC activity is related to information sampling decisions in a multistep economic choice task. This suggests that an important role of evidence representations within MFC may be to guide adaptive sequential decisions to sample further information before committing to a final decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kaanders
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, England
| | - Hamed Nili
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England
| | - Jill X O'Reilly
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, England
| | - Laurence Hunt
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, England
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16
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The neural basis of decision-making during time-based inter-role conflict. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108186. [PMID: 34487806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-based inter-role conflict is a type of conflict in which individuals are faced with simultaneous role pressures from different role domains. Some researchers have applied a decision-making perspective to investigate inter-role conflict; however, the neural basis of inter-role decision-making has rarely been discussed. In the current study, a collection of inter-role conflict scenarios with high/low levels of conflict were selected, and sixty college students were recruited to make choices between the conflicting student and family/friend demands in each scenario while their brain activities were recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Blood oxygen level-dependent conjunction analysis found that making decisions in inter-role conflict activated brain areas, including the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), bilateral temporoparietal conjunction (TPJ), bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and bilateral anterior temporal lobe. Direct comparisons between high versus low conflict situations showed increased activation of the left dorsal anterior cingulate. A generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis further showed enhanced connectivity among the mPFC, PCC, and bilateral TPJ in high conflict versus low conflict situations. Our study improved understanding of the relationship between brain and inter-role decision-making and provided an empirical examination on the psychological process propositions.
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17
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Wang G, Li J, Zhu C, Wang S, Jiang S. How Do Reference Points Influence the Representation of the N200 for Consumer Preference? Front Psychol 2021; 12:645775. [PMID: 34248744 PMCID: PMC8266263 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that event-related brain potential (ERP) can represent consumer preference, and there is consensus that the N200 is the best indicator of consumer preference. Measurement of reference-dependent consumer preference, in turn, requires a reference point, but it remains largely unknown how reference points modulate the preference-related N200. We designed an experiment to investigate how reference points affect the N200 based on classical paradigms. In the single-reference condition, one product was displayed in each trial; in the conjoined-reference condition, a pair of products was displayed simultaneously. Our results showed that in the single-reference condition, low-preference products elicited more negative N200 than high-preference products, replicating previous results, but the N200 could not distinguish between low‐ and high-preference products when viewing two options of similar subjective value in the conjoined-reference condition. These findings suggest that reference points modulate the representation of the N200 on consumer preference. When only viewing one product, participants make a value judgment based on their expectations. However, when viewing two products simultaneously, both their expectation and the alternative product can serve as reference points, and whether the N200 can represent consumer preference depends on which reference point is dominant. In future research, reference points must be controlled when the N200 is used to explore value-related decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Wang
- Neural Decision Science Laboratory, School of Economics and Management, Weifang University, Weifang, China.,Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics, School of Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianbiao Li
- Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics, School of Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Economics and Management, Nankai University Binhai College, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengkang Zhu
- Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics, School of Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shenru Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenzhou Jiang
- School of Business Administration, Guangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanning, China
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18
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang P, Peng M, Zhang M, Zhu Y, Wei S, Chen C, Chen X, Luo S, Bai X. Neural representations of the amount and the delay time of reward in intertemporal decision making. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3450-3469. [PMID: 33934449 PMCID: PMC8249888 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined the neural substrates of intertemporal decision-making, but few have systematically investigated separate neural representations of the two attributes of future rewards (i.e., the amount of the reward and the delay time). More importantly, no study has used the novel analytical method of representational connectivity analysis (RCA) to map the two dimensions' functional brain networks at the level of multivariate neural representations. This study independently manipulated the amount and delay time of rewards during an intertemporal decision task. Both univariate and multivariate pattern analyses showed that brain activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and lateral frontal pole cortex (LFPC) was modulated by the amount of rewards, whereas brain activity in the DMPFC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was modulated by the length of delay. Moreover, representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed that even for the regions of the DMPFC that overlapped between the two dimensions, they manifested distinct neural activity patterns. In terms of individual differences, those with large delay discounting rates (k) showed greater DMPFC and LFPC activity as the amount of rewards increased but showed lower DMPFC and DLPFC activity as the delay time increased. Lastly, RCA suggested that the topological metrics (i.e., global and local efficiency) of the functional connectome subserving the delay time dimension inversely predicted individual discounting rate. These findings provide novel insights into neural representations of the two attributes in intertemporal decisions, and offer a new approach to construct task-based functional brain networks whose topological properties are related to impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pinchun Wang
- Faculty of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Maomiao Peng
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Manman Zhang
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyu Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiongying Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xuejun Bai
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
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19
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An ALE Meta-Analysis on Investment Decision-Making. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030399. [PMID: 33801075 PMCID: PMC8003996 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is claimed that investment decision-making should rely on rational analyses based on facts and not emotions. However, trying to make money out of market forecasts can trigger all types of emotional responses. As the question on how investors decide remains controversial, we carried out an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that have reported whole-brain analyses on subjects performing an investment task. We identified the ventral striatum, anterior insula, amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex as being involved in this decision-making process. These regions are limbic-related structures which respond to reward, risk and emotional conflict. Our findings support the notion that investment choices are emotional decisions that take into account market information, individual preferences and beliefs.
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20
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Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Effects on the Perceptual and Cognitive Processes Underlying Decision-making: a Mini Review. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Xiang Y, Wen X, Zhao J, Zhang W, Jiang Y. Cognitive Process Differences Between Moral Beauty Judgments and Moral Goodness Judgments. Adv Cogn Psychol 2020; 16:160-168. [PMID: 32685060 PMCID: PMC7358606 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Goodness and beauty have always been important topics of debate in the field of philosophy and aesthetics. The present study used behavior and event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate whether moral beauty judgments and moral goodness judgments involve different cognitive processes or the same cognitive process under different language labels for the same human act. Behavioral results showed that individuals gave significantly higher scores for a beautiful face than an ugly face when making moral beauty judgments, but there were no significant differences between the two conditions when making moral goodness judgments. The ERP experiment displayed larger P2 amplitudes and the late positive potential (LPP) amplitude was elicited when displaying beautiful faces but not ugly faces during moral beauty judgments. However, during moral goodness judgments, the P2 and LPP showed no significant differences under the two conditions. In general, we conclude that moral beauty judgments and moral goodness judgments involve different cognitive processes, although they objectively refer to the same human act. One of the most important differences between moral beauty judgments and moral goodness judgments was that the former process involved an image, whereas the latter did not. The present conclusion provides important insights into the research in aesthetic perception and moral sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Xiang
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan, Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Wen
- School of Psychology, Hainan Normal University, Hainan, China
| | - Jiaxu Zhao
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan, Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan, Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqi Jiang
- School of Psychology, Hainan Normal University, Hainan, China
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22
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Neural correlates of delay discount alterations in addiction and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109822. [PMID: 31751662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting (DD) represents decreased subjective value for delayed reward relative to the same reward at present. The concept of DD has been applied for pathophysiology of addiction and psychiatric disorders. However, the detailed neuroimaging correlates of DD underlying pathophysiology still remain unclear. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to investigate neural correlates of DD on magnetic resonance imaging studies among addiction and psychiatric disorders. Specific search terms were set on PubMed to identify relevant articles. Initial search identified 551 records and 31 studies met the inclusion criteria. The present review revealed that greater DD was correlated with increased activity in areas related to reward evaluation and prediction as well as decreased activity in areas related to cognitive control. Healthy controls showed smaller changes in activities of these areas associated with DD when compared to patient groups. As the neural basis related to DD, three neural networks have been proposed that are associated with the actions of short-term interests and long-term benefits. Among the three potential neural networks on DD, the first one included the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum and implicated in evaluating reward values, the second network included the anterior cingulate cortex and linked to cognitive control, and the third network included the middle temporal gyrus and was involved in predictions and affection. This review generated consistent findings on the neural basis of DD among patients with addiction and psychiatric disorders, which may represent the pathophysiology related to DD and impulsivity of mental illness.
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23
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Lau JKL, Ozono H, Kuratomi K, Komiya A, Murayama K. Shared striatal activity in decisions to satisfy curiosity and hunger at the risk of electric shocks. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:531-543. [PMID: 32231281 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Curiosity is often portrayed as a desirable feature of human faculty. However, curiosity may come at a cost that sometimes puts people in harmful situations. Here, using a set of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments with stimuli that strongly trigger curiosity (for example, magic tricks), we examine the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying the motivational effect of curiosity. We consistently demonstrate that across different samples, people are indeed willing to gamble, subjecting themselves to electric shocks to satisfy their curiosity for trivial knowledge that carries no apparent instrumental value. Also, this influence of curiosity shares common neural mechanisms with that of hunger for food. In particular, we show that acceptance (compared to rejection) of curiosity-driven or incentive-driven gambles is accompanied by enhanced activity in the ventral striatum when curiosity or hunger was elicited, which extends into the dorsal striatum when participants made a decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny King L Lau
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - Hiroki Ozono
- Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kei Kuratomi
- Faculty of Psychology, Aichi Shukutoku University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Asuka Komiya
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kou Murayama
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK. .,Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan.
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24
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Yang Z, Zheng Y, Yang G, Li Q, Liu X. Neural signatures of cooperation enforcement and violation: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:919-931. [PMID: 31593233 PMCID: PMC6917027 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The social norms of fairness and reciprocity are fundamental to cooperation and constitute core behavioral principles. Warm glow theory suggests that cooperative behavior is driven by positive emotions, whereas inequity aversion theory proposes that cooperative behavior is necessary to avoid negative feelings. However, the precise characteristics underlying the enforcement (fairness or reciprocity) and violation (unfairness or betrayal) of cooperation remain elusive. Moreover, whether the neural mechanism of cooperation as a partner or a spectator is the same remains unclear. To resolve the above issues, we summarized the findings of human cooperation neuroimaging studies through a meta-analysis. Based on our results, cooperation enforcement activates reward-related brain areas, such as the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex, only during other-cooperation. In contrast, cooperation violation is associated with the negative emotion-related insula in both self- and other-noncooperation. Thus, people expect others to cooperate rather than themselves; however, people are disgusted when cooperation is violated by themselves or others. Taken together, cooperative behavior might be mainly driven by a process designed to avoid negative emotion, which supports the inequity aversion theory but not the warm glow theory, thereby improving our understanding of cooperation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 100101, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 100101, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 100101, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 100101, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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25
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Yun JH, Zhang J, Lee EJ. Electrophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Time-Dependent Assessments in Moral Decision-Making. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1021. [PMID: 31616244 PMCID: PMC6763758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human decision-making that involves moral dilemmas is a complex process, as individuals try to adhere to their moral values while their actual decisions can be influenced by several situational constraints. When facing a moral conflict that can bring a gain or loss for a decision-maker but a corresponding loss or gain for others, the decision-maker’s choice of resolution strategy lies in its relating to gain-loss asymmetry by placing greater utility weight on his or her immediate gains and delayed losses. Although many neuroimaging studies have unveiled the neural mechanisms that underlie moral decision-making, little attention has been paid to the temporal dynamics of how a decision-maker assesses utility weights differently for a moral (or adaptive) choice that will bring loss (or gain) to himself (and others) when the outcome will be realized in the near versus distant future. This study identifies the electrophysiological mechanisms of time-dependent assessment in individuals’ moral conflict resolution strategies. Twenty-two participants were given a set of moral dilemmas with time intervals that varied from the near future to the distant future. Participants chose between two conflicting options: a self-interest-seeking immoral choice (adaptive) and a principled moral choice (moral). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded, and movement-related potentials (MRPs) were analyzed by being response-locked to individual moral choices. Behavioral results showed that participants took more time to respond and were more likely to make adaptive choices under the near-future condition. When the participants faced moral dilemmas, their brain waves manifested medial frontal negativity (MFN) at early stage ERP of 200–400 ms, possibly reflecting an internal moral conflict. Participants then exhibited larger late positive potentials (LPP) under the near-future condition. In addition, greater effort in implementing motor preparation was found under the near-future condition than under the distant future condition, as supported by the larger Bereitschaftspotential (BP) in the anterior areas. Our results illustrate the temporal dynamics of the electrophysiological mechanisms that underlie time-dependent assessments in moral decision-making, as human brains discount the decision utility of the moral outcomes that will occur in the distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Yun
- Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jing Zhang
- Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Convergence Institute for Intelligence and Informatics, Suwon, South Korea
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26
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Lemmers-Jansen ILJ, Fett AKJ, Shergill SS, van Kesteren MTR, Krabbendam L. Girls-Boys: An Investigation of Gender Differences in the Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms of Trust and Reciprocity in Adolescence. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:257. [PMID: 31427936 PMCID: PMC6688065 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trust and reciprocity toward others have often been found to increase from childhood to adulthood. Gender differences in these social behaviors have been reported in adults. While adolescence is a key-period of change in social behavior, gender differences in trust and reciprocity during this developmental stage have rarely been investigated. METHODS Here we investigate age-related gender differences in trust and reciprocity (n = 100, 51 female) and associated neural mechanisms (n = 44, 20 female) in adolescents between 13 and 19 years of age. Participants played two multi-round trust games with a pre-programmed cooperative and an unfair partner. Forty-four of 100 participants completed the trust game while undergoing functional brain imaging. RESULTS Participants' investments were greater toward a cooperative than unfair game partner (p < 0.01), showing sensitivity to the degree of trustworthiness. There were no gender or age or related differences in baseline trust. In repeated cooperative interactions no gender differences were found, but younger adolescents showed slightly steeper increase of investments than older adolescents. In unfair interactions, younger males reacted with stronger decrease of investments than older males. Region of interest analysis of brain areas associated with in mentalizing, reward learning, conflict processing, and cognitive control revealed gender-by-age interactions on trusting behavior in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and the caudate, showing stronger influence of age in males than in females during cooperation, and the reverse in unfair interactions. Additionally, main effects of gender were found in the TPJ, with higher activation in males, and in the caudate, with females showing greater activation. CONCLUSION In first interactions and during repeated cooperative interactions, adolescent males and females showed similar trusting behavior. Younger males showed stronger responses to unfairness by others. Gender-by-age interactions in specific ROIs suggest differential development in mentalizing and reward related cognitive processes. In conjunction with previous research, our findings suggest the presence of subtle gender and age-related changes in trust and cooperation that are only detectable using larger age windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke L. J. Lemmers-Jansen
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Kathrin J. Fett
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhi S. Shergill
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marlieke T. R. van Kesteren
- Department of Education Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lydia Krabbendam
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial predisposition to bipolar disorder is associated with increased risk of affective morbidity in the first-degree relatives of patients. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion of relatives remain free of psychopathology throughout their lifetime. A series of studies reviewed here were designed to test whether resilience in these high-risk individuals is associated with adaptive brain plasticity. RECENT FINDINGS The findings presented here derive from structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from patients, their resilient first-degree relatives, and healthy individuals. Patients and relatives showed similar abnormalities in activation and connectivity while performing tasks of interference control and facial affect recognition and in the resting-state connectivity of sensory and motor regions. Resilient relatives manifested unique neuroimaging features that differentiated them from patients and healthy individuals. Specifically, they had larger cerebellar vermis volume, enhanced prefrontal connectivity during task performance, and enhanced functional integration of the default mode network in task-free conditions. Resilience to bipolar disorder is not the reverse of risk but is associated with adaptive brain changes indicative of increased neural reserve. This line of research may open new avenues in preventing and treating bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Hartung F, Jamrozik A, Rosen ME, Aguirre G, Sarwer DB, Chatterjee A. Behavioural and Neural Responses to Facial Disfigurement. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8021. [PMID: 31142792 PMCID: PMC6541618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Faces are among the most salient and relevant visual and social stimuli that humans encounter. Attractive faces are associated with positive character traits and social skills and automatically evoke larger neural responses than faces of average attractiveness in ventral occipito-temporal cortical areas. Little is known about the behavioral and neural responses to disfigured faces. In two experiments, we tested the hypotheses that people harbor a disfigured is bad bias and that ventral visual neural responses, known to be amplified to attractive faces, represent an attentional effect to facial salience rather than to their rewarding properties. In our behavioral study (N = 79), we confirmed the existence of an implicit 'disfigured is bad' bias. In our functional MRI experiment (N = 31), neural responses to photographs of disfigured faces before treatment evoked greater neural responses within ventral occipito-temporal cortex and diminished responses within anterior cingulate cortex. The occipito-temporal activity supports the hypothesis that these areas are sensitive to attentional, rather than reward properties of faces. The relative deactivation in anterior cingulate cortex, informed by our behavioral study, may reflect suppressed empathy and social cognition and indicate evidence of a possible neural mechanism underlying dehumanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hartung
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Neurology at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Goddard Laboratory 3710, Hamilton Walk, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics Department of Neurology at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Goddard Laboratory 3710, Hamilton Walk, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Anja Jamrozik
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Neurology at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Goddard Laboratory 3710, Hamilton Walk, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miriam E Rosen
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Neurology at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Goddard Laboratory 3710, Hamilton Walk, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Aguirre
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Neurology at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Goddard Laboratory 3710, Hamilton Walk, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David B Sarwer
- Center for Obesity Research and Education College of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, 19122, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anjan Chatterjee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Neurology at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Goddard Laboratory 3710, Hamilton Walk, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics Department of Neurology at the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Goddard Laboratory 3710, Hamilton Walk, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Westbrook A, Lamichhane B, Braver T. The Subjective Value of Cognitive Effort is Encoded by a Domain-General Valuation Network. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3934-3947. [PMID: 30850512 PMCID: PMC6520500 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3071-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is necessary for goal-directed behavior, yet people treat cognitive control demand as a cost, which discounts the value of rewards in a similar manner as other costs, such as delay or risk. It is unclear, however, whether the subjective value (SV) of cognitive effort is encoded in the same putatively domain-general brain valuation network implicated in other cost domains, or instead engages a distinct frontoparietal network, as implied by recent studies. Here, we provide rigorous evidence that the valuation network, with core foci in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, also encodes SV during cognitive effort-based decision-making in healthy, male and female adult humans. We doubly dissociate this network from frontoparietal regions that are instead recruited as a function of decision difficulty. We show that the domain-general valuation network jointly and independently encodes both reward benefits and cognitive effort costs. We also demonstrate that cognitive effort SV signals predict choice and are influenced by state and trait motivation, including sensitivity to reward and anticipated task performance. These findings unify cognitive effort with other cost domains, and suggest candidate neural mechanisms underlying state and trait variation in willingness to expend cognitive effort.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Subjective effort costs are increasingly understood to diminish cognitive control over task performance and can thus undermine functioning across health and disease. Yet, we are only beginning to understand how decisions about cognitive effort are made. A key question is how subjective values are computed. Recent work suggests that the value of cognitive effort might be computed by networks that are distinct from those involved in other domains like intertemporal and risky decision-making, implying distinct mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the domain-general network also encodes effort-discounted value, linking cognitive effort closely with other domains. Our results thus elucidate key mechanisms supporting decisions about cognitive effort, and point to candidate neural targets for intervention in disorders involving impaired cognitive motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Westbrook
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Bidhan Lamichhane
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Todd Braver
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
- Departments of Radiology, and
- Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Altered Central Autonomic Network in Baseball Players: A Resting-state fMRI Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:110. [PMID: 30643162 PMCID: PMC6331574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological adaptive regulation of healthy population with a high fitness level is associated with enhanced cognitive control in brain. This study further investigated the effects of different levels of sporting experience on intrinsic brain networks involved in central autonomic processing using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We explored functional connectivity of four core regions within central autonomic network (CAN), namely posterior midcingulate cortex (pMCC), left amygdala (AMYG), and right anterior (aINS) and left posterior insular cortices, in advanced and intermediate baseball players, and compared their strength of connectivity with individuals without baseball-playing experience. Functional connectivity maps across three groups confirmed a close relationship between CAN and large-scale brain networks in sensory, motor and cognitive domains. Crucially, both advanced and intermediate batters demonstrated enhanced connectivity between pMCC and sensorimotor network, between right aINS and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and between left AMYG and right putamen, than controls. These results reflected a stronger interregional coupling in sensorimotor and cognitive control, and in motor skill consolidation. In conclusion, we provided evidence that different levels of sporting experience could reorganize/enhance intrinsic functional connectivity for central autonomic processing.
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31
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Neural correlates of effort-based behavioral inconsistency. Cortex 2019; 113:96-110. [PMID: 30634107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to the theory of value-based decision making, subjects tend to choose the most valuable among a set of options. However, agents may not be consistent when facing the same decision several times. In this paper, Shannon's entropy (H) is employed as a measure of behavioral inconsistency: it is a central measure of information theory that, applied to decision making, allows the estimation of behavioral preferences among a set of options. We scanned (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) 24 young (18-25 year) subjects (14 female) while performing a decision-making task, where monetary rewards were devalued by physical effort (minutes running in the treadmill) and risk. Twenty different pairs of options were presented nine times each, and H was calculated for each pair and subject. Behavioral analyses showed that subjective value (SV) significantly explained agents' preferences only in pairs with a low inconsistent response. Averaged response time positively correlated with H, confirming entropy as an indicator of choice difficulty. Group analyses on fMRI data revealed a cluster in the paracingulate cortex as the neural correlate of H. Besides, BOLD signal in the posterior cingulate correlated with the SV of the pair only in consistent decisions, confirming that SV loses its explanatory power on highly inconsistent decisions. Finally, the anterior and central cingulate were especially recruited when predicting a secured effortless reward, compared with a secured reward that involved a maximum effort. Our study shows that different regions of the cingulate cortex are involved in choice inconsistency, SV and processing effort costs.
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Shenhav A, Dean Wolf CK, Karmarkar UR. The evil of banality: When choosing between the mundane feels like choosing between the worst. J Exp Psychol Gen 2018; 147:1892-1904. [PMID: 29771566 PMCID: PMC6342616 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our most important decisions often provoke the greatest anxiety, whether we seek the better of two prizes or the lesser of two evils. Yet many of our choices are more mundane, such as selecting from a slate of mediocre but acceptable restaurants. Previous research suggests that choices of decreasing value should provoke decreasing anxiety. Here we show that this is not the case. Across three behavioral studies and one fMRI study, we find that anxiety and its neural correlates demonstrate a U-shaped function of choice set value, greatest when choosing between both the highest value and lowest value sets. Intermediate (moderate-value) choice sets provoke the least anxiety, even when they are just as difficult to select between as the choice sets at the two extremes. We show that these counterintuitive findings are accounted for by decision makers perceiving low-value items as aversive (i.e., negatively motivationally salient) rather than simply unrewarding. Importantly, though, neural signatures of these anxious reactions only appear when participants are required to choose one item from a set and not when simply appraising that set's overall value. Decision makers thus experience anxiety from competing avoidance motivations when forced to select among low-value options, comparable to the competing approach motivations they experience when choosing between high-value items. We further show that a common method of measuring subjective values (willingness to pay) can inadvertently censor a portion of this quadratic pattern, creating the misperception that anxiety simply increases linearly with set value. Collectively, these findings reveal the surprising costs of seemingly banal decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitai Shenhav
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University
| | - Carolyn K Dean Wolf
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University
| | - Uma R Karmarkar
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego
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Chen Z, Guo Y, Zhang S, Feng T. Pattern classification differentiates decision of intertemporal choices using multi-voxel pattern analysis. Cortex 2018; 111:183-195. [PMID: 30503997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In daily life, individuals frequently make trade-offs between the small-but-immediate benefits and large-but-delayed profits. This type of decision is known as intertemporal choice. Previous studies have uncovered the neurobiological mechanism of the intertemporal choice, but it still remains unclear how the patterns of brain activity predict the decisions of intertemporal choices. To fill this gap, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in conjunction with the machine learning technique of multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), to ascertain the predictive capability of the neuronal pattern for classifying individuals' intertemporal decisions across two independent samples. To further probe how this neuronal pattern worked in predicting individual intertemporal decision, we drew on the Power Atlas to examine the accuracies of classification within each regional mask as well. Classification findings showed that the pattern of neuronal activity over the whole-brain can correctly classify the accuracies of individual decisions up to 84.3%. Encouragingly, further analysis shows that the neuronal information encoded in three brain functional networks can predict individuals' decisions with significant discriminative power in cross-samples, namely the valuation network (e.g., striatum), the cognitive control network (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the episodic prospection network (e.g., amygdala, parahippocampus gyrus, insula). Collectively, these findings advance our comprehension of the neuronal mechanism of human intertemporal decisions, and substantially reshape our understanding for this cardinal behaviour from behavioural-brain scheme to brain-behavioural configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqun Guo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunmin Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China.
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Leitão J, Thielscher A, Lee H, Tuennerhoff J, Noppeney U. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of right inferior parietal cortex causally influences prefrontal activation for visual detection. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2807-2816. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Leitão
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre University of Birmingham B15 2TT Birmingham UK
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition Department of Neuroscience University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
- DRCMR Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Hvidovre Denmark
| | - Hweeling Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
| | - Johannes Tuennerhoff
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany
- University Clinic of Neurology Tübingen Germany
| | - Uta Noppeney
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre University of Birmingham B15 2TT Birmingham UK
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35
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Carlisi CO, Norman L, Murphy CM, Christakou A, Chantiluke K, Giampietro V, Simmons A, Brammer M, Murphy DG, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Comparison of neural substrates of temporal discounting between youth with autism spectrum disorder and with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2513-2527. [PMID: 28436342 PMCID: PMC5964452 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share abnormalities in hot executive functions such as reward-based decision-making, as measured in the temporal discounting task (TD). No studies, however, have directly compared these disorders to investigate common/distinct neural profiles underlying such abnormalities. We wanted to test whether reward-based decision-making is a shared transdiagnostic feature of both disorders with similar neurofunctional substrates or whether it is a shared phenotype with disorder-differential neurofunctional underpinnings. METHODS Age and IQ-matched boys with ASD (N = 20), with OCD (N = 20) and 20 healthy controls, performed an individually-adjusted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) TD task. Brain activation and performance were compared between groups. RESULTS Boys with ASD showed greater choice-impulsivity than OCD and control boys. Whole-brain between-group comparison revealed shared reductions in ASD and OCD relative to control boys for delayed-immediate choices in right ventromedial/lateral orbitofrontal cortex extending into medial/inferior prefrontal cortex, and in cerebellum, posterior cingulate and precuneus. For immediate-delayed choices, patients relative to controls showed reduced activation in anterior cingulate/ventromedial prefrontal cortex reaching into left caudate, which, at a trend level, was more decreased in ASD than OCD patients, and in bilateral temporal and inferior parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS This first fMRI comparison between youth with ASD and with OCD, using a reward-based decision-making task, shows predominantly shared neurofunctional abnormalities during TD in key ventromedial, orbital- and inferior fronto-striatal, temporo-parietal and cerebellar regions of temporal foresight and reward processing, suggesting trans-diagnostic neurofunctional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. O. Carlisi
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
| | - L. Norman
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
| | - C. M. Murphy
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism
Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic
Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust,
London, UK
| | - A. Christakou
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and
Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of
Reading, Reading, UK
| | - K. Chantiluke
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
| | - V. Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - A. Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS
Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's
College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and
Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical
Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - M. Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
| | - D. G. Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's
College, London, UK
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism
Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic
Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust,
London, UK
| | | | - D. Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience,
Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
King's College, London, UK
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Dorsal anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex have inverse roles in both foraging and economic choice. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 16:1127-1139. [PMID: 27580609 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted a distinction between sequential foraging choices and traditional economic choices between simultaneously presented options. This was partly motivated by observations in Kolling, Behrens, Mars, and Rushworth, Science, 336(6077), 95-98 (2012) (hereafter, KBMR) that these choice types are subserved by different circuits, with dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) preferentially involved in foraging and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) preferentially involved in economic choice. To support this account, KBMR used fMRI to scan human subjects making either a foraging choice (between exploiting a current offer or swapping for potentially better rewards) or an economic choice (between two reward-probability pairs). This study found that dACC better tracked values pertaining to foraging, whereas vmPFC better tracked values pertaining to economic choice. We recently showed that dACC's role in these foraging choices is better described by the difficulty of choosing than by foraging value, when correcting for choice biases and testing a sufficiently broad set of foraging values (Shenhav, Straccia, Cohen, & Botvinick Nature Neuroscience, 17(9), 1249-1254, 2014). Here, we extend these findings in 3 ways. First, we replicate our original finding with a larger sample and a task modified to address remaining methodological gaps between our previous experiments and that of KBMR. Second, we show that dACC activity is best accounted for by choice difficulty alone (rather than in combination with foraging value) during both foraging and economic choices. Third, we show that patterns of vmPFC activity, inverted relative to dACC, also suggest a common function across both choice types. Overall, we conclude that both regions are similarly engaged by foraging-like and economic choice.
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Moral judgment modulation by disgust priming via altered fronto-temporal functional connectivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10887. [PMID: 28883626 PMCID: PMC5589926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral judgments are not just the product of conscious reasoning, but also involve the integration of social and emotional information. Irrelevant disgust stimuli modulate moral judgments, with individual sensitivity determining the direction and size of effects across both hypothetical and incentive-compatible experimental designs. We investigated the neural circuitry underlying this modulation using fMRI in 19 individuals performing a moral judgment task with subliminal priming of disgust facial expressions. Our results indicate that individual changes in moral acceptability due to priming covaried with individual differences in activation within the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). Further, whole-brain analyses identified changes in functional connectivity between the dmPFC and the temporal-parietal junction (TPJ). High sensitivity individuals showed enhanced functional connectivity between the TPJ and dmPFC, corresponding with deactivation in the dmPFC, and rating the moral dilemmas as more acceptable. Low sensitivity individuals showed the opposite pattern of results. Post-hoc, these findings replicated in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (daMCC), an adjacent region implicated in converting between objective and subjective valuation. This suggests a specific computational mechanism - that disgust stimuli modulate moral judgments by altering the integration of social information to determine the subjective valuation of the considered moral actions.
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Huijbers W, Papp KV, LaPoint M, Wigman SE, Dagley A, Hedden T, Rentz DM, Schultz AP, Sperling RA. Age-Related Increases in Tip-of-the-tongue are Distinct from Decreases in Remembering Names: A Functional MRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:4339-4349. [PMID: 27578492 PMCID: PMC6074848 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences increase with age and frequently heighten concerns about memory decline. We studied 73 clinically normal older adults participating in the Harvard Aging Brain Study. They completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task that required remembering names associated with pictures of famous faces. Older age was associated with more self-reported TOT experiences and a decrease in the percentage of remembered names. However, the percentage of TOT experiences and the percentage of remembered names were not directly correlated. We mapped fMRI activity for recollection of famous names and TOT and examined activity in the hippocampal formation, retrosplenial cortex, and lateral prefrontal cortex. The hippocampal formation was similarly activated in recollection and TOT experiences. In contrast, the retrosplenial cortex was most active for recollection and lateral prefrontal cortex was most active for TOT experiences. Together, the results confirm that age-related increases in TOT experiences are not only solely the consequence of age-related decline in recollection, but also likely reflect functional alterations in the brain networks that support retrieval monitoring and cognitive control. These findings provide behavioral and neuroimaging evidence that age-related TOT experiences and memory failure are partially independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Huijbers
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Department of Population Health Sciences, Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathryn V. Papp
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Molly LaPoint
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E. Wigman
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex Dagley
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Trey Hedden
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Dorene M. Rentz
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron P. Schultz
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wang S, Zhou M, Chen T, Yang X, Chen G, Gong Q. Delay discounting is associated with the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and resting-state functional connectivity in late adolescence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10276. [PMID: 28860514 PMCID: PMC5579001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a component of self-regulation, delay discounting (DD) refers to an individual’s tendency to prefer smaller-but-sooner rewards over larger-but-later rewards and plays an essential role in many aspects of human behavior. Although numerous studies have examined the neural underpinnings of DD in adults, there are far fewer studies focusing on the neurobiological correlates underlying DD in adolescents. Here, we investigated the associations between individual differences in DD and the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in 228 high school students using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI). At the regional level, we found an association between higher DD and greater fALFF in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), which is involved in conflict monitoring and strategy adaptation. At the connectivity level, DD was positively correlated with the RSFC between the dACC and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a critical functional circuit in the cognitive control network. Furthermore, these effects persisted even after adjusting for the influences of general intelligence and trait impulsivity. Overall, this study reveals the fALFF and RSFC as the functional brain basis of DD in late adolescents, aiding to strengthen and corroborate our understanding of the neural underpinnings of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Psychoradiology, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Taolin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xun Yang
- School of Sociality and Psychology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guangxiang Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Psychoradiology, Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, 610031, China. .,Department of Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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40
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Neural substrates underlying balanced time perspective: A combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity study. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:237-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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41
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Murphy CM, Christakou A, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Daly EM, Ecker C, Johnston P, Spain D, Robertson DM, Murphy DG, Rubia K. Abnormal functional activation and maturation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum during temporal discounting in autism spectrum disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5343-5355. [PMID: 28744969 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have poor decision-making and temporal foresight. This may adversely impact on their everyday life, mental health, and productivity. However, the neural substrates underlying poor choice behavior in people with ASD, or its' neurofunctional development from childhood to adulthood, are unknown. Despite evidence of atypical structural brain development in ASD, investigation of functional brain maturation in people with ASD is lacking. This cross-sectional developmental fMRI study investigated the neural substrates underlying performance on a temporal discounting (TD) task in 38 healthy (11-35 years old) male adolescents and adults with ASD and 40 age, sex, and IQ-matched typically developing healthy controls. Most importantly, we assessed group differences in the neurofunctional maturation of TD across childhood and adulthood. Males with ASD had significantly poorer task performance and significantly lower brain activation in typical regions that mediate TD for delayed choices, in predominantly right hemispheric regions of ventrolateral/dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatolimbic regions, and cerebellum. Importantly, differential activation in ventromedial frontal cortex and cerebellum was associated with abnormal functional brain maturation; controls, in contrast to people with ASD, showed progressively increasing activation with increasing age in these regions; which furthermore was associated with performance measures and clinical ASD measures (stereotyped/restricted interests). Findings provide first cross-sectional evidence that reduced activation of TD mediating brain regions in people with ASD during TD is associated with abnormal functional brain development in these regions between childhood and adulthood, and this is related to poor task performance and clinical measures of ASD. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5343-5355, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Christakou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen M Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Johnston
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, United Kingdom.,Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Spain
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, United Kingdom.,Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dene M Robertson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, United Kingdom.,Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, United Kingdom.,Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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42
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Vassena E, Holroyd CB, Alexander WH. Computational Models of Anterior Cingulate Cortex: At the Crossroads between Prediction and Effort. Front Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28634438 PMCID: PMC5459890 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has become one of the most investigated areas of the brain. Extensive neuroimaging evidence suggests countless functions for this region, ranging from conflict and error coding, to social cognition, pain and effortful control. In response to this burgeoning amount of data, a proliferation of computational models has tried to characterize the neurocognitive architecture of ACC. Early seminal models provided a computational explanation for a relatively circumscribed set of empirical findings, mainly accounting for EEG and fMRI evidence. More recent models have focused on ACC's contribution to effortful control. In parallel to these developments, several proposals attempted to explain within a single computational framework a wider variety of empirical findings that span different cognitive processes and experimental modalities. Here we critically evaluate these modeling attempts, highlighting the continued need to reconcile the array of disparate ACC observations within a coherent, unifying framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Vassena
- Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Clay B Holroyd
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
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43
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Chen YH, Chen YC, Kuo WJ, Kan K, Yang CC, Yen NS. Strategic Motives Drive Proposers to Offer Fairly in Ultimatum Games: An fMRI Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:527. [PMID: 28373714 PMCID: PMC5428836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of strategic motives postulates that offering fairly in the Ultimatum Game (UG) is to avoid rejection and receive money. In this fMRI study, we used a modified UG to elucidate how proposers reached decisions of offering fairly and to what extent they considered offering selfishly with different stakes. We had proposers choose between a fair and a selfish offer with different degrees of selfishness and stake sizes. Proposers were less likely and spent more time choosing the fair offer over a slightly-selfish offer than a very selfish offer independent of stakes. Such choices evoked greater activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortices that typically involve in allocation of cognitive control for cost/benefit decision making. Choosing a fair offer in higher stakes evoked greater activation in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg) and the areas that previously have been implicated in reward and theory of mind. Furthermore, choosing a slightly selfish offer over a fair offer evoked greater activation in the anterior cingulate sulcus, ACCg, ventral tegmental area (or substantia nigra) and anterior insular cortex signalling the higher gain and implying higher rejection risk. In conclusion, our findings favoured the hypothesis that proposers offer fairly based on the strategic motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hua Chen
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Kuo
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, No. 155, Sec. 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Kamhon Kan
- Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - C C Yang
- Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.,Department of Public Finance, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, No. 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Shing Yen
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
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44
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Cassidy BS, Sprout GT, Freeman JB, Krendl AC. Looking the part (to me): effects of racial prototypicality on race perception vary by prejudice. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:685-694. [PMID: 28077728 PMCID: PMC5390701 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Less racially prototypic faces elicit more category competition during race categorization. Top-down factors (e.g. stereotypes), however, affect categorizations, suggesting racial prototypicality may enhance category competition in certain perceivers. Here, we examined how prejudice affects race category competition and stabilization when perceiving faces varying in racial prototypicality. Prototypically low vs high Black relative to White faces elicited more category competition and slower response latencies during categorization (Experiment 1), suggesting a pronounced racial prototypicality effect on minority race categorization. However, prejudice predicted the extent of category competition between prototypically low vs high Black faces. Suggesting more response conflict toward less prototypic Black vs White faces, anterior cingulate cortex activity increased toward Black vs White faces as they decreased in racial prototypicality, with prejudice positively predicting this difference (Experiment 2). These findings extend the literature on racial prototypicality and categorization by showing that relative prejudice tempers the extent of category competition and response conflict engaged when initially perceiving faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S. Cassidy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Gregory T. Sprout
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Anne C. Krendl
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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45
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Man V, Nohlen HU, Melo H, Cunningham WA. Hierarchical Brain Systems Support Multiple Representations of Valence and Mixed Affect. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916667237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We review the psychological literature on the organization of valence, discussing theoretical perspectives that favor a single dimension of valence, multiple valence dimensions, and positivity and negativity as dynamic and flexible properties of mental experience that are contingent upon context. Turning to the neuroscience literature that spans three levels of analysis, we discuss how positivity and negativity can be represented in the brain. We show that the evidence points toward both separable and overlapping brain systems that support affective processes depending on the level of resolution studied. We move from large-scale brain networks that underlie generalized processing, to functionally specific subcircuits, finally to intraregional neuronal distributions, where the organization and interaction across levels allow for multiple types of valence and mixed evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Man
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannah U. Nohlen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Saunders B, Lin H, Milyavskaya M, Inzlicht M. The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 119:31-40. [PMID: 28088350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of conflict between incompatible impulses, thoughts, and actions is a ubiquitous source of motivation across theories of goal-directed action. In this overview, we explore the hypothesis that conflict is emotive, integrating perspectives from affective science and cognitive neuroscience. Initially, we review evidence suggesting that the mental and biological processes that monitor for information processing conflict-particularly those generated by the anterior midcingulate cortex-track the affective significance of conflict and use this signal to motivate increased control. In this sense, variation in control resembles a form of affect regulation in which control implementation counteracts the aversive experience of conflict. We also highlight emerging evidence proposing that states and dispositions associated with acceptance facilitate control by tuning individuals to the emotive nature of conflict, before proposing avenues for future research, including investigating the role of affect in reinforcement learning and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Saunders
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Hause Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rotman School of Management, Toronto, Canada
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47
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Kurnianingsih YA, Mullette-Gillman OA. Neural Mechanisms of the Transformation from Objective Value to Subjective Utility: Converting from Count to Worth. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:507. [PMID: 27881949 PMCID: PMC5101215 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When deciding, we aim to choose the “best” possible outcome. This is not just selection of the option that is the most numerous or physically largest, as options are translated from objective value (count) to subjective value (worth or utility). We localized the neural instantiation of the value-to-utility transformation to the dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (daMCC), with independent replication. The daMCC encodes the context-specific information necessary to convert from count to worth. This encoding is not simply a representation of utility or preference, but the interaction of the two. Specifically, the relationship of brain activation to value is dependent on individual preference, with both positive and negative slopes across the population depending on whether each individual's preference results in enhancement or diminishment of the valuation. For a given value, across participants, enhanced daMCC activation corresponds to diminished subjective valuation, deactivation to enhanced subjective valuation, and non-modulated activation with non-modulated subjective valuation. Further, functional connectivity analyses identified brain regions (positive connectivity with the inferior frontal gyrus and negative connectivity with the nucleus accumbens) through which contextual information may be integrated into the daMCC and allow for outputs to modulate valuation signals. All analyses were replicated through an independent within-study replication, with initial testing in the gains domain and replication in the intermixed and mirrored losses trials. We also present and discuss an ancillary finding: we were unable to identify parametric value signals for losses through whole-brain analyses, and ROI analyses of the vmPFC presented non-modulation across loss value levels. These results identify the neural locus of the value-to-utility transformation, and provide a specific computational function for the daMCC in the production of subjective valuation through the integration of value, context, and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O'Dhaniel A Mullette-Gillman
- Department of Psychology, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore; Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
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48
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Sabharwal A, Szekely A, Kotov R, Mukherjee P, Leung HC, Barch DM, Mohanty A. Transdiagnostic neural markers of emotion-cognition interaction in psychotic disorders. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 125:907-922. [PMID: 27618279 PMCID: PMC5576592 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in working memory (WM) and emotion processing are prominent impairments in psychotic disorders, and have been linked to reduced quality of life and real-world functioning. Translation of knowledge regarding the neural circuitry implementing these deficits into improved diagnosis and targeted treatments has been slow, possibly because of categorical definitions of disorders. Using the dimensional Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, we investigated the clinical and practical utility of transdiagnostic behavioral and neural measures of emotion-related WM disruption across psychotic disorders. Behavioral and functional MRI data were recorded while 53 participants with psychotic disorders and 29 participants with no history of psychosis performed a modified n-back task with fear and neutral distractors. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that psychotic symptoms entered after diagnosis accounted for unique variance in fear versus neutral accuracy and activation in the ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, but diagnostic group entered after psychotic symptoms did not. These results remained even after controlling for negative symptoms, disorganized symptoms, and dysphoria. Finally, worse accuracy and greater prefrontal activity were associated with poorer social functioning and unemployment across diagnostic groups. Present results support the transdiagnostic nature of behavioral and neuroimaging measures of emotion-related WM disruption as they relate to psychotic symptoms, irrespective of diagnosis. They also provide support for the practical utility of these markers in explaining real-world functioning. Overall, these results elucidate key aspects of the RDoC construct of WM maintenance by clarifying its transdiagnostic importance and clinical utility in psychotic disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akos Szekely
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University
| | | | | | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
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49
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Schlund MW, Brewer AT, Magee SK, Richman DM, Solomon S, Ludlum M, Dymond S. The tipping point: Value differences and parallel dorsal–ventral frontal circuits gating human approach–avoidance behavior. Neuroimage 2016; 136:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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50
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Mukherjee P, Sabharwal A, Kotov R, Szekely A, Parsey R, Barch DM, Mohanty A. Disconnection Between Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Psychotic Disorders. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1056-67. [PMID: 26908926 PMCID: PMC4903065 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Distracting emotional information impairs attention more in schizophrenia (SCZ) than in never-psychotic individuals. However, it is unclear whether this impairment and its neural circuitry is indicative generally of psychosis, or specifically of SCZ, and whether it is even more specific to certain SCZ symptoms (eg, deficit syndrome). It is also unclear if this abnormality contributes to impaired behavioral performance and real-world functioning. Functional imaging data were recorded while individuals with SCZ, bipolar disorder with psychosis (BDP) and no history of psychotic disorders (CON) attended to identity of faces while ignoring their emotional expressions. We examined group differences in functional connectivity between amygdala, involved in emotional evaluation, and sub-regions of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), involved in emotion regulation and cognitive control. Additionally, we examined correlation of this connectivity with deficit syndrome and real-world functioning. Behaviorally, SCZ showed the worst accuracy when matching the identity of emotional vs neutral faces. Neurally, SCZ showed lower amygdala-MPFC connectivity than BDP and CON. BPD did not differ from CON, neurally or behaviorally. In patients, reduced amygdala-MPFC connectivity during emotional distractors was related to worse emotional vs neutral accuracy, greater deficit syndrome severity, and unemployment. Thus, reduced amygdala-MPFC functional connectivity during emotional distractors reflects a deficit that is specific to SCZ. This reduction in connectivity is associated with worse clinical and real-world functioning. Overall, these findings provide support for the specificity and clinical utility of amygdala-MPFC functional connectivity as a potential neural marker of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerona Mukherjee
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Amri Sabharwal
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Akos Szekely
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Ramin Parsey
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aprajita Mohanty
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY;
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