1
|
NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schädel M, Nagame Y. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trombach L, Ehlert S, Grimme S, Schwerdtfeger P, Mewes JM. Exploring the chemical nature of super-heavy main-group elements by means of efficient plane-wave density-functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18048-18058. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Presenting an accurate yet efficient plane-wave DFT approach for the computational exploration of the bulk properties of the super-heavy main-group elements including copernicium (Cn–Og, Z = 112–118).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Trombach
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagame Y, Kratz JV, Schädel M. Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
5
|
Karol PJ, Barber RC, Sherrill BM, Vardaci E, Yamazaki T. Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers Z = 113, 115 and 117 (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2015-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe fourth IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) on the priority of claims to the discovery of new elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 has reviewed the relevant literature pertaining to several claims. In accordance with the Criteria for the discovery of elements previously established by the 1991 IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG), and reinforced in subsequent IUPAC/IUPAP JWP discussions, it was determined that the RIKEN collaboration has fulfilled those Criteria for element Z=113. The Dubna–Livermore–Oak Ridge collaborations claims for 115 and 117 are also in compliance. The discussion of element Z=118 will appear in a subsequent report. A synopsis of experiments and related efforts is presented along with some commentary guiding future applications of the Criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C. Barber
- 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Bradley M. Sherrill
- 3National Superconducting Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Emanuele Vardaci
- 4Department of Physics, University of Naples “Federico II” and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Napoli, Italy
| | - Toshimitsu Yamazaki
- 5Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Even J. Chemistry aided nuclear physics studies. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
7
|
Abstract
Abstract
The chemistry of superheavy elements - or transactinides from their position in the Periodic Table - is summarized. After giving an overview over historical developments, nuclear aspects about synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of these elements, produced in hot-fusion reactions, and their nuclear decay properties are briefly mentioned. Specific requirements to cope with the one-atom-at-a-time situation in automated chemical separations and recent developments in aqueous-phase and gas-phase chemistry are presented. Exciting, current developments, first applications, and future prospects of chemical separations behind physical recoil separators (“pre-separator”) are discussed in detail. The status of our current knowledge about the chemistry of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104), dubnium (Db, element 105), seaborgium (Sg, element 106), bohrium (Bh, element 107), hassium (Hs, element 108), copernicium (Cn, element 112), and element 114 is discussed from an experimental point of view. Recent results are emphasized and compared with empirical extrapolations and with fully-relativistic theoretical calculations, especially also under the aspect of the architecture of the Periodic Table.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan / GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Trautmann N, Wendt K. Fast chemical separations and laser mass spectrometry – tools for nuclear research. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2014. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFast chemical separation procedures applied in nuclear research require dedicated experimental techniques. Rapid discontinuous separation procedures are illustrated by an example to isolate technetium from fission products. The use of a gas jet and its combination with a thermochromatographic separation and with the continuous solvent extraction technique SISAK is described and examples are given for the investigation of short-lived fission products. The potential of resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) as a highly sensitive technique using different experimental systems is outlined for ultra trace analysis of long-lived plutonium and neptunium isotopes, including isotope ratio measurements of the plutonium isotopes. In addition, the precise determination of the first ionization potentials (IP) of ten actinide elements up to einsteinium and of technetium carried out by using the photoionization threshold method and requiring sample sizes of ∼ 1012atoms is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Trautmann
- Johannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz, Institut für Kernchemie, Fritz-Straßmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Wendt
- Johannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz, Institut für Physik, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Kasamatsu Y, Kikutani Y, Kino A, Komori Y, Yokokita T, Yoshimura T, Takahashi N, Shinohara A. Solvent extraction of Zr and Hf from hydrochloric acid using tributylphosphate for the extraction of element 104, rutherfordium. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SummaryFor the solvent extraction experiment on element 104 (Rf), solvent extraction of Zr and Hf as its homologues was performed in tributylphosphate (TBP)/hydrochloric acid (HCl) system using the carrier-free radiotracers88Zr and175Hf. Time dependences of the distribution ratios of Zr and Hf were investigated using 6.1 and 10.0M HCl and 0.5 and 2.0M TBP benzene solutions. The distribution ratios in equilibrium were determined for these elements as a function of HCl concentrations in the range of 4.1-10.2M. We found that the neutral chloride complexes of Zr and Hf were formed and extracted into the organic phase within 20 min in HCl with a concentration higher than 6 M. From the results, we propose that solvent extraction of Rf from 4-8M HCl into 2.0M TBP benzene is suitable for investigating the chloride complexation properties of Rf. In addition, for the development of the rapid liquid-liquid extraction apparatus, three types of microchannel devices, namely, a micro reactor, capillary tube and micro-chemical chip, were tested as a mixing-solution part in the apparatus. The chemical reactions of Zr and Hf in the extraction were found to be fast only when using the microchemical chip, which is important for investigations with the 68-s261Rf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y. Kikutani
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A. Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y. Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T. Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T. Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - N. Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A. Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Türler A, Pershina V. Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1237-312. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|