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Zheng JY, Zhu J, Wang Y, Tian ZZ. Effects of acupuncture on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Current status and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:445-458. [PMID: 38955651 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a critical component of the neuroendocrine system, playing a central role in regulating the body's stress response and modulating various physiological processes. Dysregulation of HPA axis function disrupts the neuroendocrine equilibrium, resulting in impaired physiological functions. Acupuncture is recognized as a non-pharmacological type of therapy which has been confirmed to play an important role in modulating the HPA axis and thus favorably targets diseases with abnormal activation of the HPA axis. With numerous studies reporting the promising efficacy of acupuncture for neuroendocrine disorders, a comprehensive review in terms of the underlying molecular mechanism for acupuncture, especially in regulating the HPA axis, is currently in need. This review fills the need and summarizes recent breakthroughs, from the basic principles and the pathological changes of HPA axis dysfunction, to the molecular mechanisms by which acupuncture regulates the HPA axis. These mechanisms include the modulation of multiple neurotransmitters and their receptors, neuropeptides and their receptors, and microRNAs in the paraventricular nucleus, hippocampus, amygdala and pituitary gland, which alleviate the hyperfunctioning of the HPA axis. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanism of acupuncture in regulating HPA axis dysfunction for the first time, providing new targets and prospects for further exploration of acupuncture. Please cite this article as: Zheng JY, Zhu J, Wang Y, Tian ZZ. Effects of acupuncture on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Current status and future perspectives. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(4): 446-459.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhan-Zhuang Tian
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Szodorai E, Hevesi Z, Wagner L, Hökfelt TGM, Harkany T, Schnell R. A hydrophobic groove in secretagogin allows for alternate interactions with SNAP-25 and syntaxin-4 in endocrine tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309211121. [PMID: 38593081 PMCID: PMC11032447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309211121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular release of neurotransmitters and hormones relies on the dynamic assembly of the exocytosis/trans-SNARE complex through sequential interactions of synaptobrevins, syntaxins, and SNAP-25. Despite SNARE-mediated release being fundamental for intercellular communication in all excitable tissues, the role of auxiliary proteins modulating the import of reserve vesicles to the active zone, and thus, scaling repetitive exocytosis remains less explored. Secretagogin is a Ca2+-sensor protein with SNAP-25 being its only known interacting partner. SNAP-25 anchors readily releasable vesicles within the active zone, thus being instrumental for 1st phase release. However, genetic deletion of secretagogin impedes 2nd phase release instead, calling for the existence of alternative protein-protein interactions. Here, we screened the secretagogin interactome in the brain and pancreas, and found syntaxin-4 grossly overrepresented. Ca2+-loaded secretagogin interacted with syntaxin-4 at nanomolar affinity and 1:1 stoichiometry. Crystal structures of the protein complexes revealed a hydrophobic groove in secretagogin for the binding of syntaxin-4. This groove was also used to bind SNAP-25. In mixtures of equimolar recombinant proteins, SNAP-25 was sequestered by secretagogin in competition with syntaxin-4. Kd differences suggested that secretagogin could shape unidirectional vesicle movement by sequential interactions, a hypothesis supported by in vitro biological data. This mechanism could facilitate the movement of transport vesicles toward release sites, particularly in the endocrine pancreas where secretagogin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin-4 coexist in both α- and β-cells. Thus, secretagogin could modulate the pace and fidelity of vesicular hormone release by differential protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Szodorai
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, SolnaSE-17165, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, ViennaA-1090, Austria
| | - Zsofia Hevesi
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, ViennaA-1090, Austria
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, ViennaA-1090, Austria
| | - Tomas G. M. Hökfelt
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, SolnaSE-17165, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, SolnaSE-17165, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, ViennaA-1090, Austria
| | - Robert Schnell
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, SolnaSE-17165, Sweden
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Berkhout JB, Poormoghadam D, Yi C, Kalsbeek A, Meijer OC, Mahfouz A. An integrated single-cell RNA-seq atlas of the mouse hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus links transcriptomic and functional types. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13367. [PMID: 38281730 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a highly complex brain region that is crucial for homeostatic regulation through neuroendocrine signaling, outflow of the autonomic nervous system, and projections to other brain areas. In the past years, single-cell datasets of the hypothalamus have contributed immensely to the current understanding of the diverse hypothalamic cellular composition. While the PVN has been adequately classified functionally, its molecular classification is currently still insufficient. To address this, we created a detailed atlas of PVN transcriptomic cell types by integrating various PVN single-cell datasets into a recently published hypothalamus single-cell transcriptome atlas. Furthermore, we functionally profiled transcriptomic cell types, based on relevant literature, existing retrograde tracing data, and existing single-cell data of a PVN-projection target region. Finally, we validated our findings with immunofluorescent stainings. In our PVN atlas dataset, we identify the well-known different neuropeptide types, each composed of multiple novel subtypes. We identify Avp-Tac1, Avp-Th, Oxt-Foxp1, Crh-Nr3c1, and Trh-Nfib as the most important neuroendocrine subtypes based on markers described in literature. To characterize the preautonomic functional population, we integrated a single-cell retrograde tracing study of spinally projecting preautonomic neurons into our PVN atlas. We identify these (presympathetic) neurons to cocluster with the Adarb2+ clusters in our dataset. Further, we identify the expression of receptors for Crh, Oxt, Penk, Sst, and Trh in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, a key region that the pre-parasympathetic PVN neurons project to. Finally, we identify Trh-Ucn3 and Brs3-Adarb2 as some centrally projecting populations. In conclusion, our study presents a detailed overview of the transcriptomic cell types of the murine PVN and provides a first attempt to resolve functionality for the identified populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Berkhout
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Poormoghadam
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Yi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Kalsbeek
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Mahfouz
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics, Department of Intelligent Systems, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
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Herb BR, Glover HJ, Bhaduri A, Colantuoni C, Bale TL, Siletti K, Hodge R, Lein E, Kriegstein AR, Doege CA, Ament SA. Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the human hypothalamus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6251. [PMID: 37939194 PMCID: PMC10631741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The development and diversity of neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus has been insufficiently characterized. To address this, we integrated transcriptomic data from 241,096 cells (126,840 newly generated) in the prenatal and adult human hypothalamus to reveal a temporal trajectory from proliferative stem cell populations to mature hypothalamic cell types. Iterative clustering of the adult neurons identified 108 robust transcriptionally distinct neuronal subtypes representing 10 hypothalamic nuclei. Pseudotime trajectories provided insights into the genes driving formation of these nuclei. Comparisons to single-cell transcriptomic data from the mouse hypothalamus suggested extensive conservation of neuronal subtypes despite certain differences in species-enriched gene expression. The uniqueness of hypothalamic neuronal lineages was examined developmentally by comparing excitatory lineages present in cortex and inhibitory lineages in ganglionic eminence, revealing both distinct and shared drivers of neuronal maturation across the human forebrain. These results provide a comprehensive transcriptomic view of human hypothalamus development through gestation and adulthood at cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Herb
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- UM-MIND, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kahlert Institute for Addiction Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah J. Glover
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracy L. Bale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Siletti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Hodge
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Arnold R. Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudia A. Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth A. Ament
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- UM-MIND, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kahlert Institute for Addiction Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Téllez de Meneses PG, Pérez-Revuelta L, Canal-Alonso Á, Hernández-Pérez C, Cocho T, Valero J, Weruaga E, Díaz D, Alonso JR. Immunohistochemical distribution of secretagogin in the mouse brain. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1224342. [PMID: 37711587 PMCID: PMC10498459 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1224342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calcium is essential for the correct functioning of the central nervous system, and calcium-binding proteins help to finely regulate its concentration. Whereas some calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin are ubiquitous and are present in many cell types, others such as calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin are expressed in specific neuronal populations. Secretagogin belongs to this latter group and its distribution throughout the brain is only partially known. In the present work, the distribution of secretagogin-immunopositive cells was studied in the entire brain of healthy adult mice. Methods Adult male C57BL/DBA mice aged between 5 and 7 months were used. Their whole brain was sectioned and used for immunohistochemistry. Specific neural populations were observed in different zones and nuclei identified according to Paxinos mouse brain atlas. Results Labelled cells were found with a Golgi-like staining, allowing an excellent characterization of their dendritic and axonal arborizations. Many secretagogin-positive cells were observed along different encephalic regions, especially in the olfactory bulb, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. Immunostained populations were very heterogenous in both size and distribution, as some nuclei presented labelling in their entire extension, but in others, only scattered cells were present. Discussion Secretagogin can provide a more complete vision of calcium-buffering mechanisms in the brain, and can be a useful neuronal marker in different brain areas for specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G. Téllez de Meneses
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Revuelta
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Canal-Alonso
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Bioinformatics, Intelligent Systems and Educational Technology (BISITE) Research Group, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernández-Pérez
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Teresa Cocho
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - José R. Alonso
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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Wang QW, Qin J, Chen YF, Tu Y, Xing YY, Wang Y, Yang LY, Lu SY, Geng L, Shi W, Yang Y, Yao J. 16p11.2 CNV gene Doc2α functions in neurodevelopment and social behaviors through interaction with Secretagogin. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112691. [PMID: 37354460 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy-number variations (CNVs) of the human 16p11.2 genetic locus are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia. However, it remains largely unclear how this locus is involved in the disease pathogenesis. Doc2α is localized within this locus. Here, using in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological and morphological approaches, we show that Doc2α-deficient mice have neuronal morphological abnormalities and defects in neural activity. Moreover, the Doc2α-deficient mice exhibit social and repetitive behavioral deficits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Doc2α functions in behavioral and neural phenotypes through interaction with Secretagogin (SCGN). Finally, we demonstrate that SCGN functions in social/repetitive behaviors, glutamate release, and neuronal morphology of the mice through its Doc2α-interacting activity. Therefore, Doc2α likely contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders through its interaction with SCGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junhong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun-Yun Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Linguistic Sciences and Arts, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- School of Engineering Medicine and School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lv-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Si-Yao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Linguistic Sciences and Arts, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Libo Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Linguistic Sciences and Arts, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Engineering Medicine and School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yiming Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Linguistic Sciences and Arts, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Xuzhou 221009, China.
| | - Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Rasiah NP, Loewen SP, Bains JS. Windows into stress: a glimpse at emerging roles for CRH PVN neurons. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1667-1691. [PMID: 36395349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00056.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing hormone cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (CRHPVN) control the slow endocrine response to stress. The synapses on these cells are exquisitely sensitive to acute stress, leveraging local signals to leave a lasting imprint on this system. Additionally, recent work indicates that these cells also play key roles in the control of distinct stress and survival behaviors. Here we review these observations and provide a perspective on the role of CRHPVN neurons as integrative and malleable hubs for behavioral, physiological, and endocrine responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilen P Rasiah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Spencer P Loewen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaideep S Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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MUW researcher of the month. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2023; 135:217-218. [PMID: 37081182 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-023-02203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
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9
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SCGN deficiency is a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:3. [PMID: 36588101 PMCID: PMC9806109 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1-2% of all children and poses a great social and economic challenge for the globe. As a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, the development of its treatment is extremely challenging. Multiple pathways have been linked to the pathogenesis of ASD, including signaling involved in synaptic function, oxytocinergic activities, immune homeostasis, chromatin modifications, and mitochondrial functions. Here, we identify secretagogin (SCGN), a regulator of synaptic transmission, as a new risk gene for ASD. Two heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SCGN are presented in ASD probands. Deletion of Scgn in zebrafish or mice leads to autism-like behaviors and impairs brain development. Mechanistically, Scgn deficiency disrupts the oxytocin signaling and abnormally activates inflammation in both animal models. Both ASD probands carrying Scgn mutations also show reduced oxytocin levels. Importantly, we demonstrate that the administration of oxytocin and anti-inflammatory drugs can attenuate ASD-associated defects caused by SCGN deficiency. Altogether, we identify a convergence between a potential autism genetic risk factor SCGN, and the pathological deregulation in oxytocinergic signaling and immune responses, providing potential treatment for ASD patients suffering from SCGN deficiency. Our study also indicates that it is critical to identify and stratify ASD patient populations based on their disease mechanisms, which could greatly enhance therapeutic success.
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10
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A hypothalamic dopamine locus for psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5944. [PMID: 36209152 PMCID: PMC9547883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral septum (LS) has been implicated in the regulation of locomotion. Nevertheless, the neurons synchronizing LS activity with the brain’s clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) remain unknown. By interrogating the molecular, anatomical and physiological heterogeneity of dopamine neurons of the periventricular nucleus (PeVN; A14 catecholaminergic group), we find that Th+/Dat1+ cells from its anterior subdivision innervate the LS in mice. These dopamine neurons receive dense neuropeptidergic innervation from the SCN. Reciprocal viral tracing in combination with optogenetic stimulation ex vivo identified somatostatin-containing neurons in the LS as preferred synaptic targets of extrahypothalamic A14 efferents. In vivo chemogenetic manipulation of anterior A14 neurons impacted locomotion. Moreover, chemogenetic inhibition of dopamine output from the anterior PeVN normalized amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, particularly during sedentary periods. Cumulatively, our findings identify a hypothalamic locus for the diurnal control of locomotion and pinpoint a midbrain-independent cellular target of psychostimulants. The psychostimulant-sensitive neural mechanism linking the circadian clock to locomotion is unknown. Here, hypothalamic A14 neurons are shown to time diurnal activity by entraining the lateral septum, and their activity is shown to be sensitive to amphetamine.
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11
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Chidananda AH, Khandelwal R, Jhamkhindikar A, Pawar AD, Sharma AK, Sharma Y. Secretagogin is a Ca 2+-dependent stress-responsive chaperone that may also play a role in aggregation-based proteinopathies. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102285. [PMID: 35870554 PMCID: PMC9425029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a three-domain hexa-EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein that plays a regulatory role in the release of several hormones. SCGN is expressed largely in pancreatic β-cells, certain parts of the brain, and also in neuroendocrine tissues. The expression of SCGN is altered in several diseases, such as diabetes, cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders; however, the precise associations that closely link SCGN expression to such pathophysiologies are not known. In this work, we report that SCGN is an early responder to cellular stress, and SCGN expression is temporally upregulated by oxidative stress and heat shock. We show the overexpression of SCGN efficiently prevents cells from heat shock and oxidative damage. We further demonstrate that in the presence of Ca2+, SCGN efficiently prevents the aggregation of a broad range of model proteins in vitro. Small-angle X-ray scattering (BioSAXS) studies further reveal that Ca2+ induces the conversion of a closed compact apo-SCGN conformation into an open extended holo-SCGN conformation via multistate intermediates, consistent with the augmentation of chaperone activity of SCGN. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry establishes that Ca2+ enables SCGN to bind α-synuclein and insulin, two target proteins of SCGN. Altogether, our data not only demonstrate that SCGN is a Ca2+-dependent generic molecular chaperone involved in protein homeostasis with broad substrate specificity but also elucidate the origin of its altered expression in several cancers. We describe a plausible mechanism of how perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis and/or deregulated SCGN expression would hasten the process of protein misfolding, which is a feature of many aggregation-based proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha H Chidananda
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - Radhika Khandelwal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Aditya Jhamkhindikar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - Asmita D Pawar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India; Indian Institute of Scientific and Education Research (IISER), Berhampur-760010, India
| | - Anand K Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - Yogendra Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India; Indian Institute of Scientific and Education Research (IISER), Berhampur-760010, India.
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12
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Mitra S, Basu S, Singh O, Srivastava A, Singru PS. Calcium-binding proteins typify the dopaminergic neuronal subtypes in the ventral tegmental area of zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2562-2586. [PMID: 35715989 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) regulate neuronal function in midbrain dopamine (DA)-ergic neurons in mammals by buffering and sensing the intracellular Ca2+ , and vesicular release. In birds, the equivalent set of neurons are important in song learning, directed singing, courtship, and energy balance, yet the status of CBPs in these neurons is unknown. Herein, for the first time, we probe the nature of CBPs, namely, Calbindin-, Calretinin-, Parvalbumin-, and Secretagogin-expressing DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) in the midbrain of zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. qRT-PCR analysis of ventral midbrain tissue fragment revealed higher Calbindin- and Calretinin-mRNA levels compared to Parvalbumin and Secretagogin. Application of immunofluorescence showed CBP-immunoreactive (-i) neurons in VTA (anterior [VTAa], mid [VTAm], caudal [VTAc]), SN (compacta [SNc], and reticulata [SNr]). Compared to VTAa, higher Calbindin- and Parvalbumin-immunoreactivity (-ir), and lower Calretinin-ir were observed in VTAm and VTAc. Secretagogin-ir was highly localized to VTAa. In SN, Calbindin- and Calretinin-ir were higher in SNc, SNr was Parvalbumin enriched, and Secretagogin-ir was not detected. Weak, moderate, and intense tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-i VTA neurons were demarcated as subtypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. While subtype 1 TH-i neurons were neither Calbindin- nor Calretinin-i, ∼80 and ∼65% subtype 2 and ∼30 and ∼45% subtype 3 TH-i neurons co-expressed Calbindin and Calretinin, respectively. All TH-i neuronal subtypes co-expressed Parvalbumin with reciprocal relationship with TH-ir. We suggest that the CBPs may determine VTA DA neuronal heterogeneity and differentially regulate their activity in T. guttata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarsi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Sumela Basu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Omprakash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Abhinav Srivastava
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Praful S Singru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
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13
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Basu S, Mitra S, Singh O, Chandramohan B, Singru PS. Secretagogin in the brain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus: Molecular characterization and regulation by insulin. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:1743-1772. [PMID: 35322425 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretagogin (scgn), is a novel hexa EF-hand, phylogenetically conserved calcium-binding protein. It serves as Ca2+ sensor and participates in Ca2+ -signaling and neuroendocrine regulation in mammals. However, its relevance in the brain of non-mammalian vertebrates has largely remained unexplored. To address this issue, we studied the cDNA encoding scgn, scgn mRNA expression, and distribution of scgn-equipped elements in the brain and pituitary of a teleost, Clarias batrachus (cb). The cbscgn cDNA consists of three transcripts (T) variants: T1 (2185 bp), T2 (2151 bp) and T3 (2060 bp). While 816 bp ORF in T1 and T2 encodes highly conserved six EF-hand 272 aa protein fully capable of Ca2+ -binding, 726-bp ORF in T3 encodes 242 aa protein. The T1 showed >90% and >70% identity with scgn of catfishes, and other teleosts and mammals, respectively. The T1-mRNA was widely expressed in the brain and pituitary, while the expression of T3 was restricted to the telencephalon. Application of the anti-scgn antiserum revealed a ∼32 kDa scgn-immunoreactive (scgn-i) band (known molecular weight of scgn) in the forebrain tissue, and immunohistochemically labeled neurons in the olfactory epithelium and bulb, telencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, thalamus, and hindbrain. In the pituitary, scgn-i cells were seen in the pars distalis and intermedia. Insulin is reported to regulate scgn mRNA in the mammalian hippocampus, and feeding-related neuropeptides in the telencephalon of teleost. Intracranial injection of insulin significantly increased T1-mRNA expression and scgn-immunoreactivity in the telencephalon. We suggest that scgn may be an important player in the regulation of olfactory, neuroendocrine system, and energy balance functions in C. batrachus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumela Basu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Saptarsi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Omprakash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - Bathrachalam Chandramohan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Praful S Singru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
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14
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Shahal T, Segev E, Konstantinovsky T, Marcus Y, Shefer G, Pasmanik-Chor M, Buch A, Ebenstein Y, Zimmet P, Stern N. Deconvolution of the epigenetic age discloses distinct inter-personal variability in epigenetic aging patterns. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:9. [PMID: 35255955 PMCID: PMC8900303 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epigenetic age can now be extrapolated from one of several epigenetic clocks, which are based on age-related changes in DNA methylation levels at specific multiple CpG sites. Accelerated aging, calculated from the discrepancy between the chronological age and the epigenetic age, has shown to predict morbidity and mortality rate. We assumed that deconvolution of epigenetic age to its components could shed light on the diversity of epigenetic, and by inference, on inter-individual variability in the causes of biological aging. RESULTS Using the Horvath original epigenetic clock, we identified several CpG sites linked to distinct genes that quantitatively explain much of the inter-personal variability in epigenetic aging, with CpG sites related to secretagogin and malin being the most variable. We show that equal epigenetic age in different subjects can result from variable contribution size of the same CpG sites to the total epigenetic age. In a healthy cohort, the most variable CpG sites are responsible for accelerated and decelerated epigenetic aging, relative to chronological age. CONCLUSIONS Of the 353 CpG sites that form the basis for the Horvath epigenetic age, we have found the CpG sites that are responsible for accelerated and decelerated epigenetic aging in healthy subjects. However, the relative contribution of each site to aging varies between individuals, leading to variable personal aging patterns. Our findings pave the way to form personalized aging cards allowing the identification of specific genes related to CpG sites, as aging markers, and perhaps treatment of these targets in order to hinder undesirable age drifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Shahal
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Segev
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel
| | - Thomas Konstantinovsky
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel
| | - Yonit Marcus
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabi Shefer
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assaf Buch
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- Department of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paul Zimmet
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University School of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Naftali Stern
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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15
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Shan L, Balesar R, Swaab DF, Lammers GJ, Fronczek R. Reduced numbers of corticotropin‐releasing hormone neurons in narcolepsy type 1. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:282-288. [PMID: 34981555 PMCID: PMC9306683 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder correlated with loss of hypocretin(orexin). In NT1 post‐mortem brains, we observed 88% reduction in corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH)‐positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and significantly less CRH‐positive fibers in the median eminence, whereas CRH‐neurons in the locus coeruleus and thalamus, and other PVN neuronal populations were spared: that is, vasopressin, oxytocin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and thyrotropin releasing hormone‐expressing neurons. Other hypothalamic cell groups, that is, the suprachiasmatic, ventrolateral preoptic, infundibular, and supraoptic nuclei and nucleus basalis of Meynert, were unaffected. The surprising selective decrease in CRH‐neurons provide novel targets for diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:282–288
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology Leiden The Netherlands
- Sleep Wake Centre SEIN Heemstede The Netherlands
| | - Rawien Balesar
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Lammers
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology Leiden The Netherlands
- Sleep Wake Centre SEIN Heemstede The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology Leiden The Netherlands
- Sleep Wake Centre SEIN Heemstede The Netherlands
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16
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Khandelwal R, Sharma AK, Biswa BB, Sharma Y. Extracellular Secretagogin is internalized into the cells through endocytosis. FEBS J 2021; 289:3183-3204. [PMID: 34967502 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a calcium-sensor protein with a regulatory role in glucose metabolism and the secretion of several peptide hormones. Many, but not all, functions of SCGN can be explained by its intracellular manifestation. Despite early data on SCGN secretion, the secretory mechanism, biological fate, physiological implications, and trans-cellular signaling of extracellular SCGN remain unknown. We here report that extracellular SCGN is readily internalized into the C2C12 cells in an energy-dependent manner. Using endocytosis inhibitors, we demonstrate that SCGN internalizes via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, following which, SCGN localizes largely in the cytosol. Exogenous SCGN treatment induces a global proteomic reprogramming in C2C12 cells. Gene ontology search suggests that SCGN-induced proteomic reprogramming favors protein synthesis and cellular growth. We thus validated the cell proliferative action of SCGN using C2C12, HepG2, and NIH-3T3 cell lines. Based on the data, we propose that circulatory SCGN is internalized into the target cells and modulates the expression of cell growth-related proteins. The work suggests that extracellular SCGN is a functional protein, which communicates with specific cell types and directly modulates cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Khandelwal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Bhim B Biswa
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Yogendra Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.,Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
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17
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Secretagogin marks amygdaloid PKCδ interneurons and modulates NMDA receptor availability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1921123118. [PMID: 33558223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921123118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of and response to danger is critical for an individual's survival and is encoded by subcortical neurocircuits. The amygdaloid complex is the primary neuronal site that initiates bodily reactions upon external threat with local-circuit interneurons scaling output to effector pathways. Here, we categorize central amygdala neurons that express secretagogin (Scgn), a Ca2+-sensor protein, as a subset of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ)+ interneurons, likely "off cells." Chemogenetic inactivation of Scgn+/PKCδ+ cells augmented conditioned response to perceived danger in vivo. While Ca2+-sensor proteins are typically implicated in shaping neurotransmitter release presynaptically, Scgn instead localized to postsynaptic compartments. Characterizing its role in the postsynapse, we found that Scgn regulates the cell-surface availability of NMDA receptor 2B subunits (GluN2B) with its genetic deletion leading to reduced cell membrane delivery of GluN2B, at least in vitro. Conclusively, we describe a select cell population, which gates danger avoidance behavior with secretagogin being both a selective marker and regulatory protein in their excitatory postsynaptic machinery.
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18
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Daviu N, Bains JS. Should I Stay or Should I Go? CRHPVN Neurons Gate State Transitions in Stress-Related Behaviors. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6206556. [PMID: 33787875 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are the canonical controllers of the endocrine response to stress. Here we propose a new role for these cells as a gate for state transitions that allow the organism to engage in stress-related behaviors. Specifically, we review evidence indicating that activation of these cells at critical times allows organisms to move to a state that is permissive for motor action. This is evident when the organism is under duress (defensive behavior), when the organism has successfully vanquished a threat (coping behavior), and when an organism initiates approach to a conspecific (social behavior). The motor behavior that follows from the activation of CRH neurons is not necessarily under the control of these cells but is determined by higher order circuits that discriminate more refined features of environmental context to execute the appropriate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Daviu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaideep S Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Secretagogin Mediates the Regulatory Effect of Electroacupuncture on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Surgical Trauma. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8881136. [PMID: 33628224 PMCID: PMC7880713 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8881136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) improves hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disorder by reducing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) synthesis and release in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). However, the potential mechanism underlying CRH regulation remains unclear. Secretagogin (SCGN) is closely related to stress and is involved in regulating the release of CRH. We hypothesized that SCGN in the PVN might trigger the HPA system and be involved in EA-mediated modulation of HPA dysfunction caused by surgical trauma. Serum CRH and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels at 6 h and 24 h after hepatectomy were determined by radioimmunoassay. CRH and SCGN protein levels in the PVN were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence, and CRH and SCGN mRNA levels in the PVN were determined by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Our studies showed that serum CRH, ACTH, and CORT levels and PVN CRH expression were significantly increased at 6 h and 24 h after hepatectomy in the hepatectomy group compared with the control group, and those in the EA+hepatectomy group were decreased compared with those in the hepatectomy group. The protein and mRNA levels of SCGN in the PVN were also increased after hepatectomy, and their expression in the EA+hepatectomy group was decreased compared with that in the hepatectomy group. When SCGN expression in the PVN was functionally knocked down by a constructed CsCI virus, we found that SCGN knockdown decreased the serum CRH, ACTH, and CORT levels in the SCGN shRNA+hepatectomy group compared with the hepatectomy group, and it also attenuated CRH expression in the PVN. In summary, our findings illustrated that EA normalized HPA axis dysfunction after surgical trauma by decreasing the transcription and synthesis of SCGN.
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20
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Lv Y, Xiang S, Cao R, Wu L, Yang J. SCGN-regulated Stage-wise SNARE Assembly: Novel Insight into Synaptic Exocytosis. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1576-1578. [PMID: 33025412 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Sunmin Xiang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Renxian Cao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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21
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Alzu'bi A, Clowry GJ. Multiple Origins of Secretagogin Expressing Cortical GABAergic Neuron Precursors in the Early Human Fetal Telencephalon. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:61. [PMID: 32982702 PMCID: PMC7492523 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) which acts as a calcium signaling sensor, has previously been shown to be expressed by a substantial population of cortical GABAergic neurons at mid-gestation in humans but not in mice. The present study traced SCGN expression in cortical GABAergic neurons in human fetal forebrain from earlier stages than previously studied. Multiple potential origins of SCGN-expressing neurons were identified in the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) septum and preoptic area; these cells largely co-expressed SP8 but not the medial ganglionic eminence marker LHX6. They followed various migration routes to reach their target regions in the neocortex, insular and olfactory cortex (OC) and olfactory bulbs. A robust increase in the number of SCGN-expressing GABAergic cortical neurons was observed in the midgestational period; 58% of DLX2+ neurons expressed SCGN in the cortical wall at 19 post-conceptional weeks (PCW), a higher proportion than expressed calretinin, a marker for GABAergic neurons of LGE/CGE origin. Furthermore, although most SCGN+ neurons co-expressed calretinin in the cortical plate (CP) and deeper layers, in the marginal zone (MZ) SCGN+ and calretinin+ cells formed separate populations. In the adult mouse, it has previously been shown that in the rostral migratory stream (RMS), SCGN, annexin V (ANXA5), and matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) are co-expressed forming a functioning complex that exocytoses MMP2 in response to calcium. In the present study, ANXA5 showed widespread expression throughout the cortical wall, although MMP2 expression was very largely limited to the CP. We found co-expression of these proteins in some SCGN+ neurons in the subventricular zones (SVZ) suggesting a limited role for these cells in remodeling the extracellular matrix, perhaps during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu'bi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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22
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Lee J, Kim K, Cho JH, Bae JY, O'Leary TP, Johnson JD, Bae YC, Kim EK. Insulin synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates pituitary growth hormone production. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135412. [PMID: 32644973 PMCID: PMC7455129 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has mounted that insulin can be synthesized in various brain regions, including the hypothalamus. However, the distribution and functions of insulin-expressing cells in the hypothalamus remain elusive. Herein, we show that in the mouse hypothalamus, the perikarya of insulin-positive neurons are located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and their axons project to the median eminence; these findings define parvocellular neurosecretory PVN insulin neurons. Contrary to corticotropin-releasing hormone expression, insulin expression in the PVN was inhibited by restraint stress (RS) in both adult and young mice. Acute RS–induced inhibition of PVN insulin expression in adult mice decreased both pituitary growth hormone (Gh) mRNA level and serum GH concentration, which were attenuated by overexpression of PVN insulin. Notably, PVN insulin knockdown or chronic RS in young mice hindered normal growth via the downregulation of GH gene expression and secretion, whereas PVN insulin overexpression in young mice prevented chronic RS–induced growth retardation by elevating GH production. Our results suggest that in both normal and stressful conditions, insulin synthesized in the parvocellular PVN neurons plays an important role in the regulation of pituitary GH production and body length, unveiling a physiological function of brain-derived insulin. Insulin produced in the paraventricular nucleus regulates body length by modulating pituitary growth hormone expression and secretion under both normal and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyungchan Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Timothy P O'Leary
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
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23
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Secretagogin is Related to Insulin Secretion but Unrelated to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Status in Pregnancy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072277. [PMID: 32708966 PMCID: PMC7408624 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a calcium binding protein related to insulin release in the pancreas. Although SCGN is not co-released with insulin, plasma concentrations have been found to be increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Until now, no study on SCGN levels in pregnancy or patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been published. In 93 women of a high-risk population for GDM at the Medical University of Vienna, secretagogin levels of 45 GDM patients were compared to 48 women with a normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and secretion were assessed with oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) between the 10th and 28th week of gestation (GW) and postpartum. In all women, however, predominantly in women with NGT, there was a significant positive correlation between SCGN levels and Stumvoll first (rp = 0.220, p = 0.032) and second phase index (rp = 0.224, p = 0.028). SCGN levels were not significantly different in women with NGT and GDM. However, SCGN was higher postpartum than during pregnancy (postpartum: 88.07 ± 35.63 pg/mL; pregnancy: 75.24 ± 37.90 pg/mL, p = 0.004). SCGN was directly correlated with week of gestation (rp = 0.308; p = 0.021) and triglycerides (rp = 0.276; p = 0.038) in women with GDM. Therefore, SCGN is related to insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy; however, it does not display differences between women with NGT and GDM.
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Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-5 forms perisynaptic matrix assemblies in the adult rat cortex. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109710. [PMID: 32653642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Composition of the brain extracellular matrix changes in time as maturation proceeds. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 (CSPG-5), also known as neuroglycan C, has been previously associated to differentiation since it shapes neurite growth and synapse forming. Here, we show that this proteoglycan persists in the postnatal rat brain, and its expression is higher in cortical regions with plastic properties, including hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex at the end of the second postnatal week. Progressively accumulating after birth, CSPG-5 typically concentrates around glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals in twelve-week old rat hippocampus. CSPG-5-containing perisynaptic matrix rings often appear at the peripheral margin of perineuronal nets. Electron microscopy and analysis of synaptosomal fraction showed that CSPG-5 accumulates around, and is associated to synapses, respectively. In vitro analyses suggest that neurons, but less so astrocytes, express CSPG-5 in rat primary neocortical cultures, and CSPG-5 produced by transfected neuroblastoma cells appear at endings and contact points of neurites. In human subjects, CSPG-5 expression shifts in brain areas of the default mode network of suicide victims, which may reflect an impact in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases or support diagnostic power.
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Structural and mechanistic insights into secretagogin-mediated exocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6559-6570. [PMID: 32156735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919698117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a hexa-EF-hand protein that is highly expressed in the pancreas, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. SCGN is known to modulate regulated exocytosis in multiple cell lines and tissues; however, its exact functions and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that SCGN interacts with the plasma membrane SNARE SNAP-25, but not the assembled SNARE complex, in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The crystal structure of SCGN in complex with a SNAP-25 fragment reveals that SNAP-25 adopts a helical structure and binds to EF-hands 5 and 6 of SCGN. SCGN strongly inhibits SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion in vitro by binding to SNAP-25. SCGN promotes the plasma membrane localization of SNAP-25, but not Syntaxin-1a, in SCGN-expressing cells. Finally, SCGN controls neuronal growth and brain development in zebrafish, likely via interacting with SNAP-25 or its close homolog, SNAP-23. Our results thus provide insights into the regulation of SNAREs and suggest that aberrant synapse functions underlie multiple neurological disorders caused by SCGN deficiency.
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26
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Summers KM, Bush SJ, Wu C, Su AI, Muriuki C, Clark EL, Finlayson HA, Eory L, Waddell LA, Talbot R, Archibald AL, Hume DA. Functional Annotation of the Transcriptome of the Pig, Sus scrofa, Based Upon Network Analysis of an RNAseq Transcriptional Atlas. Front Genet 2020; 10:1355. [PMID: 32117413 PMCID: PMC7034361 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is both an economically important livestock species and a model for biomedical research. Two highly contiguous pig reference genomes have recently been released. To support functional annotation of the pig genomes and comparative analysis with large human transcriptomic data sets, we aimed to create a pig gene expression atlas. To achieve this objective, we extended a previous approach developed for the chicken. We downloaded RNAseq data sets from public repositories, down-sampled to a common depth, and quantified expression against a reference transcriptome using the mRNA quantitation tool, Kallisto. We then used the network analysis tool Graphia to identify clusters of transcripts that were coexpressed across the merged data set. Consistent with the principle of guilt-by-association, we identified coexpression clusters that were highly tissue or cell-type restricted and contained transcription factors that have previously been implicated in lineage determination. Other clusters were enriched for transcripts associated with biological processes, such as the cell cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The same approach was used to identify coexpression clusters within RNAseq data from multiple individual liver and brain samples, highlighting cell type, process, and region-specific gene expression. Evidence of conserved expression can add confidence to assignment of orthology between pig and human genes. Many transcripts currently identified as novel genes with ENSSSCG or LOC IDs were found to be coexpressed with annotated neighbouring transcripts in the same orientation, indicating they may be products of the same transcriptional unit. The meta-analytic approach to utilising public RNAseq data is extendable to include new data sets and new species and provides a framework to support the Functional Annotation of Animals Genomes (FAANG) initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrew I. Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lel Eory
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey A. Waddell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Talbot
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Chidananda AH, Sharma AK, Khandelwal R, Sharma Y. Secretagogin Binding Prevents α-Synuclein Fibrillation. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4585-4589. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha H. Chidananda
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Anand Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Radhika Khandelwal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Yogendra Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur 760010, India
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28
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Romanov RA, Alpár A, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Unified Classification of Molecular, Network, and Endocrine Features of Hypothalamic Neurons. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:1-26. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although general anatomical and neurochemical features of hypothalamic neurons were described during the past decades, they have yet to be reconciled with recently discovered molecular classifiers and neurogenetic function determination. By interrogating magnocellular as well as parvocellular dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and phenotypically mixed neurons, we integrate available information at the molecular, cellular, network, and endocrine output levels to propose a framework for the comprehensive classification of hypothalamic neurons. Simultaneously, we single out putative neuronal subclasses for which future research can fill in existing gaps of knowledge to rationalize cellular diversity through function-determinant molecular marks in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Secretagogin Purification and Quality Control Strategies for Biophysical and Cell Biological Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1929:551-566. [PMID: 30710296 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9030-6_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) has recently gained attention due to its modulatory effect on insulin/CRH secretion and function. However, a large pool of speculated SCGN functions remains unexplored. A major deficiency is the lack of knowledge about the biological functions of extracellular SCGN. We here describe convenient methods for the scalable production of His-tagged and untagged mouse SCGN. The protocol is optimized to remove endotoxins, and thus the protein is suited for biological applications such as cell culture treatment or animal injections. We also outline expedient methods to check the purity of SCGN preparation for biological applications.
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30
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Zahola P, Hanics J, Pintér A, Máté Z, Gáspárdy A, Hevesi Z, Echevarria D, Adori C, Barde S, Törőcsik B, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Wagner L, Kovacs GG, Hökfelt T, Harkany T, Alpár A. Secretagogin expression in the vertebrate brainstem with focus on the noradrenergic system and implications for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2061-2078. [PMID: 31144035 PMCID: PMC6591208 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins are widely used to distinguish neuronal subsets in the brain. This study focuses on secretagogin, an EF-hand calcium sensor, to identify distinct neuronal populations in the brainstem of several vertebrate species. By using neural tube whole mounts of mouse embryos, we show that secretagogin is already expressed during the early ontogeny of brainstem noradrenaline cells. In adults, secretagogin-expressing neurons typically populate relay centres of special senses and vegetative regulatory centres of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Notably, secretagogin expression overlapped with the brainstem column of noradrenergic cell bodies, including the locus coeruleus (A6) and the A1, A5 and A7 fields. Secretagogin expression in avian, mouse, rat and human samples showed quasi-equivalent patterns, suggesting conservation throughout vertebrate phylogeny. We found reduced secretagogin expression in locus coeruleus from subjects with Alzheimer’s disease, and this reduction paralleled the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme rate limiting noradrenaline synthesis. Residual secretagogin immunoreactivity was confined to small submembrane domains associated with initial aberrant tau phosphorylation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that secretagogin is a useful marker to distinguish neuronal subsets in the brainstem, conserved throughout several species, and its altered expression may reflect cellular dysfunction of locus coeruleus neurons in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Zahola
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Pintér
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Gáspárdy
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beáta Törőcsik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alán Alpár
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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31
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Ellis JK, Sorrells SF, Mikhailova S, Chavali M, Chang S, Sabeur K, Mcquillen P, Rowitch DH. Ferret brain possesses young interneuron collections equivalent to human postnatal migratory streams. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2843-2859. [PMID: 31050805 PMCID: PMC6773523 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human early postnatal brain contains late migratory streams of immature interneurons that are directed to cortex and other focal brain regions. However, such migration is not observed in rodent brain, and whether other small animal models capture this aspect of human brain development is unclear. Here, we investigated whether the gyrencephalic ferret cortex possesses human‐equivalent postnatal streams of doublecortin positive (DCX+) young neurons. We mapped DCX+ cells in the brains of ferrets at P20 (analogous to human term gestation), P40, P65, and P90. In addition to the rostral migratory stream, we identified three populations of young neurons with migratory morphology at P20 oriented toward: (a) prefrontal cortex, (b) dorsal posterior sigmoid gyrus, and (c) occipital lobe. These three neuronal collections were all present at P20 and became extinguished by P90 (equivalent to human postnatal age 2 years). DCX+ cells in such collections all expressed GAD67, identifying them as interneurons, and they variously expressed the subtype markers SP8 and secretagogin (SCGN). SCGN+ interneurons appeared in thick sections to be oriented from white matter toward multiple cortical regions, and persistent SCGN‐expressing cells were observed in cortex. These findings indicate that ferret is a suitable animal model to study the human‐relevant process of late postnatal cortical interneuron integration into multiple regions of cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Ellis
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sasha Mikhailova
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sandra Chang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Patrick Mcquillen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David H Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Alzu’bi A, Homman-Ludiye J, Bourne JA, Clowry GJ. Thalamocortical Afferents Innervate the Cortical Subplate much Earlier in Development in Primate than in Rodent. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1706-1718. [PMID: 30668846 PMCID: PMC6418397 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current model, based on rodent data, proposes that thalamocortical afferents (TCA) innervate the subplate towards the end of cortical neurogenesis. This implies that the laminar identity of cortical neurons is specified by intrinsic instructions rather than information of thalamic origin. In order to determine whether this mechanism is conserved in the primates, we examined the growth of thalamocortical (TCA) and corticofugal afferents in early human and monkey fetal development. In the human, TCA, identified by secretagogin, calbindin, and ROBO1 immunoreactivity, were observed in the internal capsule of the ventral telencephalon as early as 7-7.5 PCW, crossing the pallial/subpallial boundary (PSB) by 8 PCW before the calretinin immunoreactive corticofugal fibers do. Furthermore, TCA were observed to be passing through the intermediate zone and innervating the presubplate of the dorsolateral cortex, and already by 10-12 PCW TCAs were occupying much of the cortex. Observations at equivalent stages in the marmoset confirmed that this pattern is conserved across primates. Therefore, our results demonstrate that in primates, TCAs innervate the cortical presubplate at earlier stages than previously demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, suggesting that pioneer thalamic afferents may contribute to early cortical circuitry that can participate in defining cortical neuron phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu’bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jihane Homman-Ludiye
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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33
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Sharma AK, Khandelwal R, Sharma Y. Veiled Potential of Secretagogin in Diabetes: Correlation or Coincidence? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:234-243. [PMID: 30772140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a calcium sensor protein enriched in neuroendocrine cells in general and pancreatic β-cells in particular. SCGN regulates insulin secretion through several Ca2+-dependent interactions. Recent studies implicate SCGN in the β-cell physiology and extracellular insulin function, making it an intriguing candidate in diabetes research. Here, we propose a conjoining theme of diversified SCGN function in diabetes pathology. In our opinion, SCGN is an attractive therapeutic candidate ascribed by its role in β-cell maintenance and neuronal functions and in the efficacy of insulin. To scrutinize the therapeutic prospects of SCGN, we abridge putative diabetes-related properties of SCGN and put forth strategies to determine the precise role of SCGN in the pathogenesis/preclusion of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - Radhika Khandelwal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Yogendra Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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34
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Maj M, Wagner L, Tretter V. 20 Years of Secretagogin: Exocytosis and Beyond. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:29. [PMID: 30853888 PMCID: PMC6396707 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most important signaling factors in mammalian cells. Specific temporal and spatial calcium signals underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, development, circadian rhythms, neurotransmission, hormonal actions and apoptosis. In order to translate calcium signals into cellular processes a vast number of proteins bind this ion with affinities from the nanomolar to millimolar range. Using classical biochemical methods an impressing number of calcium binding proteins (CBPs) have been discovered since the late 1960s, some of which are expressed ubiquitously, others are more restricted to specific cell types. In the nervous system expression patterns of different CBPs have been used to discern different neuronal cell populations, especially before advanced methods like single-cell transcriptomics and activity recording were available to define neuronal identity. However, understanding CBPs and their interacting proteins is still of central interest. The post-genomic era has coined the term “calciomics,” to describe a whole new research field, that engages in the identification and characterization of CBPs and their interactome. Secretagogin is a CBP, that was discovered 20 years ago in the pancreas. Consecutively it was found also in other organs including the nervous system, with characteristic expression patterns mostly forming cell clusters. Its regional expression and subcellular location together with the identification of protein interaction partners implicated, that secretagogin has a central role in hormone secretion. Meanwhile, with the help of modern proteomics a large number of actual and putative interacting proteins has been identified, that allow to anticipate a much more complex role of secretagogin in developing and adult neuronal cells. Here, we review recent findings that appear like puzzle stones of a greater picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Tretter
- Department of Anesthesia and General Intensive Care, Clinical Department of Anesthesia, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Alpár A, Harkany T. Novel insights into the spatial and temporal complexity of hypothalamic organization through precision methods allowing nanoscale resolution. J Intern Med 2018; 284:568-580. [PMID: 30027599 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian hypothalamus contains an astounding heterogeneity of neurons to achieve its role in coordinating central responses to virtually any environmental stressor over the life-span of an individual. Therefore, while core features of intrahypothalamic neuronal modalities and wiring patterns are stable during vertebrate evolution, integration of the hypothalamus into hierarchical brain-wide networks evolved to coordinate its output with emotionality, cognition and conscious decision-making. The advent of single-cell technologies represents a recent milestone in the study of hypothalamic organization by allowing the dissection of cellular heterogeneity and establishing causality between opto- and chemogenetic activity modulation of molecularly-resolved neuronal contingents and specific behaviours. Thus, organizational rules to accumulate an unprecedented variety of hierarchical neuroendocrine command networks into a minimal brain volume are being unravelled. Here, we review recent understanding at nanoscale resolution on how neuronal heterogeneity in the mammalian hypothalamus underpins the diversification of hormonal and synaptic output and keeps those sufficiently labile for continuous adaptation to meet environmental demands. Particular emphasis is directed towards the dissection of neuronal circuitry for aggression and food intake. Mechanistic data encompass cell identities, synaptic connectivity within and outside the hypothalamus to link vegetative and conscious levels of innate behaviours, and context- and circadian rhythm-dependent rules of synaptic neurophysiology to distinguish hypothalamic foci that either tune the body's metabolic set-point or specify behaviours. Consequently, novel insights emerge to explain the evolutionary advantages of non-laminar organization for neuroendocrine circuits coincidently using fast neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These are then accrued into novel therapeutic principles that meet therapeutic criteria for human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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36
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Alpár A, Benevento M, Romanov RA, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Hypothalamic cell diversity: non-neuronal codes for long-distance volume transmission by neuropeptides. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 56:16-23. [PMID: 30471413 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Volume transmission is a mode of intercellular communication using cerebral liquor to deliver signal molecules over long distances and allow their action for extended periods. For hypothalamic neuropeptides, nerve endings amongst ependymal cells are seen as a site of release into the cerebrospinal fluid. Recent single-cell RNA-seq data identify tanycytes and ventricular ependyma as alternative sources by being unexpectedly rich in neuroactive substances. This notion, coupled with circuit analysis showing regionalized innervation of periventricular ependyma by intrahypothalamic neurons, could allow for the integration of hypothalamic neuronal activity patterns with brain-wide activity changes upon metabolic challenges through phasic volume transmission primed by neuron-ependyma coupling. Here, we discuss emerging data for an ependymal interface and its breaches in neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Solna, Sweden.
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37
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Pozzi D, Matteoli M. The hypothalamic-LC-PFC axis: a new "ace" in the brain for fast-behavioral stress response. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.2018100702. [PMID: 30361465 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pozzi
- Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,IN-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,IN-CNR, Milan, Italy
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38
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Alpár A, Zahola P, Hanics J, Hevesi Z, Korchynska S, Benevento M, Pifl C, Zachar G, Perugini J, Severi I, Leitgeb P, Bakker J, Miklosi AG, Tretiakov E, Keimpema E, Arque G, Tasan RO, Sperk G, Malenczyk K, Máté Z, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lubec G, Palkovits M, Giordano A, Hökfelt TG, Romanov RA, Horvath TL, Harkany T. Hypothalamic CNTF volume transmission shapes cortical noradrenergic excitability upon acute stress. EMBO J 2018; 37:e100087. [PMID: 30209240 PMCID: PMC6213283 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced cortical alertness is maintained by a heightened excitability of noradrenergic neurons innervating, notably, the prefrontal cortex. However, neither the signaling axis linking hypothalamic activation to delayed and lasting noradrenergic excitability nor the molecular cascade gating noradrenaline synthesis is defined. Here, we show that hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone-releasing neurons innervate ependymal cells of the 3rd ventricle to induce ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) release for transport through the brain's aqueductal system. CNTF binding to its cognate receptors on norepinephrinergic neurons in the locus coeruleus then initiates sequential phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and tyrosine hydroxylase with the Ca2+-sensor secretagogin ensuring activity dependence in both rodent and human brains. Both CNTF and secretagogin ablation occlude stress-induced cortical norepinephrine synthesis, ensuing neuronal excitation and behavioral stereotypes. Cumulatively, we identify a multimodal pathway that is rate-limited by CNTF volume transmission and poised to directly convert hypothalamic activation into long-lasting cortical excitability following acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Zahola
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Solomiia Korchynska
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Leitgeb
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andras G Miklosi
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gloria Arque
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramon O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Malenczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tomas Gm Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Departments of Comparative Medicine and Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Selvanayagam T, Walker S, Gazzellone MJ, Kellam B, Cytrynbaum C, Stavropoulos DJ, Li P, Birken CS, Hamilton J, Weksberg R, Scherer SW. Genome-wide copy number variation analysis identifies novel candidate loci associated with pediatric obesity. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1588-1596. [PMID: 29976977 PMCID: PMC6189095 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial condition that is highly heritable. There have been ~60 susceptibility loci identified, but they only account for a fraction of cases. As copy number variations (CNVs) have been implicated in the etiology of a multitude of human disorders including obesity, here, we investigated the contribution of rare (<1% population frequency) CNVs in pediatric cases of obesity. We genotyped 67 such individuals, including 22 with co-morbid developmental delay and prioritized rare CNVs at known obesity-associated loci, as well as, those impacting genes involved in energy homeostasis or related processes. We identified clinically relevant or potentially clinically relevant CNVs in 15% (10/67) of individuals. Of these, 4% (3/67) had 16p11.2 microdeletions encompassing the known obesity risk gene SH2B1. Notably, we identified two unrelated probands harboring different 6p22.2 microduplications encompassing SCGN, a potential novel candidate gene for obesity. Further, we identified other biologically relevant candidate genes for pediatric obesity including ARID5B, GPR39, PTPRN2, and HNF4G. We found previously reported candidate loci for obesity, and new ones, suggesting CNV analysis may assist in the diagnosis of pediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanuja Selvanayagam
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Walker
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J Gazzellone
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Kellam
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl Cytrynbaum
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Stavropoulos
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Genome Diagnostics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Division of Pediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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40
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Deussing JM, Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2225-2286. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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41
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Zhou JN, Fang H. Transcriptional regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in stress response. IBRO Rep 2018; 5:137-146. [PMID: 30591954 PMCID: PMC6303479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a central player of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the corticotropin -releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) determine the state of HPA axis and play a key role in stress response. Evidence supports that during stress response the transcription and expression of CRH was finely tuned, which involved cis-element-transcriptional factor (TF) interactions and epigenetic mechanisms. Here we reviewed recent progress in CRH transcription regulation from DNA methylation to classic TFs regulation, in which a number of paired receptors were involved. The imbalance of multiple paired receptors in regulating the activity of CRH neurons indicates a possible molecular network mechanisms underlying depression etiology and directs novel therapeutic strategies of depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Corresponding author at: School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China.
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42
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Raju CS, Spatazza J, Stanco A, Larimer P, Sorrells SF, Kelley KW, Nicholas CR, Paredes MF, Lui JH, Hasenstaub AR, Kriegstein AR, Alvarez-Buylla A, Rubenstein JL, Oldham MC. Secretagogin is Expressed by Developing Neocortical GABAergic Neurons in Humans but not Mice and Increases Neurite Arbor Size and Complexity. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:1946-1958. [PMID: 28449024 PMCID: PMC6019052 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex of primates, including humans, contains more abundant and diverse inhibitory neurons compared with rodents, but the molecular foundations of these observations are unknown. Through integrative gene coexpression analysis, we determined a consensus transcriptional profile of GABAergic neurons in mid-gestation human neocortex. By comparing this profile to genes expressed in GABAergic neurons purified from neonatal mouse neocortex, we identified conserved and distinct aspects of gene expression in these cells between the species. We show here that the calcium-binding protein secretagogin (SCGN) is robustly expressed by neocortical GABAergic neurons derived from caudal ganglionic eminences (CGE) and lateral ganglionic eminences during human but not mouse brain development. Through electrophysiological and morphometric analyses, we examined the effects of SCGN expression on GABAergic neuron function and form. Forced expression of SCGN in CGE-derived mouse GABAergic neurons significantly increased total neurite length and arbor complexity following transplantation into mouse neocortex, revealing a molecular pathway that contributes to morphological differences in these cells between rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar S Raju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Julien Spatazza
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Neurona Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Stanco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- EntroGen, Woodland Hills, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Larimer
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kevin W Kelley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Cory R Nicholas
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Neurona Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jan H Lui
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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43
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DeAtley KL, Colgrave ML, Cánovas A, Wijffels G, Ashley RL, Silver GA, Rincon G, Medrano JF, Islas-Trejo A, Fortes MRS, Reverter A, Porto-Neto L, Lehnert SA, Thomas MG. Neuropeptidome of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland of Indicine × Taurine Heifers: Evidence of Differential Neuropeptide Processing in the Pituitary Gland before and after Puberty. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1852-1865. [PMID: 29510626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Puberty in cattle is regulated by an endocrine axis, which includes a complex milieu of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The neuropeptidome of hypothalamic-pituitary gland tissue of pre- (PRE) and postpubertal (POST) Bos indicus-influenced heifers was characterized, followed by quantitative analysis of 51 fertility-related neuropeptides in these tissues. Comparison of peptide abundances with gene expression levels allowed assessment of post-transcriptional peptide processing. On the basis of classical cleavage, 124 mature neuropeptides from 35 precursor proteins were detected in hypothalamus and pituitary gland tissues of three PRE and three POST Brangus heifers. An additional 19 peptides (cerebellins, PEN peptides) previously reported as neuropeptides that did not follow classical cleavage were also identified. In the pre-pubertal hypothalamus, a greater diversity of neuropeptides (25.8%) was identified relative to post-pubertal heifers, while in the pituitary gland, 38.6% more neuropeptides were detected in the post-pubertal heifers. Neuro-tissues of PRE and POST heifers revealed abundance differences ( p < 0.05) in peptides from protein precursors involved in packaging and processing (e.g., the granin family and ProSAAS) or neuron stimulation (PENK, CART, POMC, cerebellins). On their own, the transcriptome data of the precursor genes could not predict the neuropeptide profile in the exact same tissues in several cases. This provides further evidence of the importance of differential processing of the neuropeptide precursors in the pituitary before and after puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey L DeAtley
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Gene Wijffels
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Ryan L Ashley
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Gail A Silver
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Gonzalo Rincon
- Zoetis Animal Health , Kalamazoo , Michigan 49007 , United States
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Marina R S Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4042 , Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Antonio Reverter
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Laercio Porto-Neto
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Sigrid A Lehnert
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Milton G Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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44
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Hansson SF, Zhou AX, Vachet P, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ, Skrtic S, Jongsma Wallin H, Ericsson-Dahlstrand A, Karlsson D, Ahnmark A, Sörhede Winzell M, Magnone MC, Davidsson P. Secretagogin is increased in plasma from type 2 diabetes patients and potentially reflects stress and islet dysfunction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196601. [PMID: 29702679 PMCID: PMC5922551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta cell dysfunction accompanies and drives the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), but there are few clinical biomarkers available to assess islet cell stress in humans. Secretagogin, a protein enriched in pancreatic islets, demonstrates protective effects on beta cell function in animals. However, its potential as a circulating biomarker released from human beta cells and islets has not been studied. In this study primary human islets, beta cells and plasma samples were used to explore secretion and expression of secretagogin in relation to the T2D pathology. Secretagogin was abundantly and specifically expressed and secreted from human islets. Furthermore, T2D patients had an elevated plasma level of secretagogin compared with matched healthy controls, which was confirmed in plasma of diabetic mice transplanted with human islets. Additionally, the plasma secretagogin level of the human cohort had an inverse correlation to clinical assessments of beta cell function. To explore the mechanism of secretagogin release in vitro, human beta cells (EndoC-βH1) were exposed to elevated glucose or cellular stress-inducing agents. Secretagogin was not released in parallel with glucose stimulated insulin release, but was markedly elevated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressors and cytokines. These findings indicate that secretagogin is a potential novel biomarker, reflecting stress and islet cell dysfunction in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F. Hansson
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex-Xianghua Zhou
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paulina Vachet
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Translational Medicine Unit CVRM, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Daniel Karlsson
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ahnmark
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Sörhede Winzell
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Chiara Magnone
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Khan AM, Grant AH, Martinez A, Burns GAPC, Thatcher BS, Anekonda VT, Thompson BW, Roberts ZS, Moralejo DH, Blevins JE. Mapping Molecular Datasets Back to the Brain Regions They are Extracted from: Remembering the Native Countries of Hypothalamic Expatriates and Refugees. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 21:101-193. [PMID: 30334222 PMCID: PMC6310046 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94593-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on approaches to link transcriptomic, proteomic, and peptidomic datasets mined from brain tissue to the original locations within the brain that they are derived from using digital atlas mapping techniques. We use, as an example, the transcriptomic, proteomic and peptidomic analyses conducted in the mammalian hypothalamus. Following a brief historical overview, we highlight studies that have mined biochemical and molecular information from the hypothalamus and then lay out a strategy for how these data can be linked spatially to the mapped locations in a canonical brain atlas where the data come from, thereby allowing researchers to integrate these data with other datasets across multiple scales. A key methodology that enables atlas-based mapping of extracted datasets-laser-capture microdissection-is discussed in detail, with a view of how this technology is a bridge between systems biology and systems neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad M Khan
- UTEP Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Alice H Grant
- UTEP Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Anais Martinez
- UTEP Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Gully A P C Burns
- Information Sciences Institute, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Brendan S Thatcher
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vishwanath T Anekonda
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin W Thompson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary S Roberts
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel H Moralejo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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46
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Dudczig S, Currie PD, Jusuf PR. Developmental and adult characterization of secretagogin expressing amacrine cells in zebrafish retina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185107. [PMID: 28949993 PMCID: PMC5614429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium binding proteins show stereotypical expression patterns within diverse neuron types across the central nervous system. Here, we provide a characterization of developmental and adult secretagogin-immunolabelled neurons in the zebrafish retina with an emphasis on co-expression of multiple calcium binding proteins. Secretagogin is a recently identified and cloned member of the F-hand family of calcium binding proteins, which labels distinct neuron populations in the retinas of mammalian vertebrates. Both the adult distribution of secretagogin labeled retinal neurons as well as the developmental expression indicative of the stage of neurogenesis during which this calcium binding protein is expressed was quantified. Secretagogin expression was confined to an amacrine interneuron population in the inner nuclear layer, with monostratified neurites in the center of the inner plexiform layer and a relatively regular soma distribution (regularity index > 2.5 across central–peripheral areas). However, only a subpopulation (~60%) co-labeled with gamma-aminobutyric acid as their neurotransmitter, suggesting that possibly two amacrine subtypes are secretagogin immunoreactive. Quantitative co-labeling analysis with other known amacrine subtype markers including the three main calcium binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin identifies secretagogin immunoreactive neurons as a distinct neuron population. The highest density of secretagogin cells of ~1800 cells / mm2 remained relatively evenly along the horizontal meridian, whilst the density dropped of to 125 cells / mm2 towards the dorsal and ventral periphery. Thus, secretagogin represents a new amacrine label within the zebrafish retina. The developmental expression suggests a possible role in late stage differentiation. This characterization forms the basis of functional studies assessing how the expression of distinct calcium binding proteins might be regulated to compensate for the loss of one of the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dudczig
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter David Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia Regina Jusuf
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
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47
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Lin YT, Yu YL, Hong WC, Yeh TS, Chen TC, Chen JC. NPFFR2 Activates the HPA Axis and Induces Anxiogenic Effects in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081810. [PMID: 28825666 PMCID: PMC5578197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) belongs to the RFamide family and is known as a morphine-modulating peptide. NPFF regulates various hypothalamic functions through two receptors, NPFFR1 and NPFFR2. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis participates in physiological stress response by increasing circulating glucocorticoid levels and modulating emotional responses. Other RFamide peptides, including neuropeptide AF, neuropeptide SF and RFamide related peptide also target NPFFR1 or NPFFR2, and have been reported to activate the HPA axis and induce anxiety- or depression-like behaviors. However, little is known about the action of NPFF on HPA axis activity and anxiety-like behaviors, and the role of the individual receptors remains unclear. In this study, NPFFR2 agonists were used to examine the role of NPFFR2 in activating the HPA axis in rodents. Administration of NPFFR2 agonists, dNPA (intracerebroventricular, ICV) and AC-263093 (intraperitoneal, IP), time-dependently (in rats) and dose-dependently (in mice) increased serum corticosteroid levels and the effects were counteracted by the NPFF receptor antagonist, RF9 (ICV), as well as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist, α-helical CRF(9-41) (intravenous, IV). Treatment with NPFFR2 agonist (AC-263093, IP) increased c-Fos protein expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and induced an anxiogenic effect, which was evaluated in mice using an elevated plus maze. These findings reveal, for the first time, that the direct action of hypothalamic NPFFR2 stimulates the HPA axis and triggers anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wenhwa 1st Road, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Lian Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chen Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Shiuan Yeh
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Chung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wenhwa 1st Road, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fusing St., Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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48
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Lee JJ, Yang SY, Park J, Ferrell JE, Shin DH, Lee KJ. Calcium Ion Induced Structural Changes Promote Dimerization of Secretagogin, Which Is Required for Its Insulin Secretory Function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6976. [PMID: 28765527 PMCID: PMC5539292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN), a hexa EF-hand calcium binding protein, plays key roles in insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. It is not yet understood how the binding of Ca2+ to human SCGN (hSCGN) promotes secretion. Here we have addressed this question, using mass spectrometry combined with a disulfide searching algorithm DBond. We found that the binding of Ca2+ to hSCGN promotes the dimerization of hSCGN via the formation of a Cys193-Cys193 disulfide bond. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and molecular dynamics studies revealed that Ca2+ binding to the EF-hands of hSCGN induces significant structural changes that affect the solvent exposure of N-terminal region, and hence the redox sensitivity of the Cys193 residue. These redox sensitivity changes were confirmed using biotinylated methyl-3-nitro-4-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl) benzoate (NPSB-B), a chemical probe that specifically labels reactive cysteine sulfhydryls. Furthermore, we found that wild type hSCGN overexpression promotes insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells, while C193S-hSCGN inhibits it. These findings suggest that insulin secretion in pancreatic cells is regulated by Ca2+ and ROS signaling through Ca2+-induced structural changes promoting dimerization of hSCGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jin Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Seo-Yun Yang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - James E Ferrell
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Dong-Hae Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea.
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Malenczyk K, Girach F, Szodorai E, Storm P, Segerstolpe Å, Tortoriello G, Schnell R, Mulder J, Romanov RA, Borók E, Piscitelli F, Di Marzo V, Szabó G, Sandberg R, Kubicek S, Lubec G, Hökfelt T, Wagner L, Groop L, Harkany T. A TRPV1-to-secretagogin regulatory axis controls pancreatic β-cell survival by modulating protein turnover. EMBO J 2017; 36:2107-2125. [PMID: 28637794 PMCID: PMC5510001 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-sensor proteins are generally implicated in insulin release through SNARE interactions. Here, secretagogin, whose expression in human pancreatic islets correlates with their insulin content and the incidence of type 2 diabetes, is shown to orchestrate an unexpectedly distinct mechanism. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals retained expression of the TRP family members in β-cells from diabetic donors. Amongst these, pharmacological probing identifies Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channels (TRPV1) as potent inducers of secretagogin expression through recruitment of Sp1 transcription factors. Accordingly, agonist stimulation of TRPV1s fails to rescue insulin release from pancreatic islets of glucose intolerant secretagogin knock-out(-/-) mice. However, instead of merely impinging on the SNARE machinery, reduced insulin availability in secretagogin-/- mice is due to β-cell loss, which is underpinned by the collapse of protein folding and deregulation of secretagogin-dependent USP9X deubiquitinase activity. Therefore, and considering the desensitization of TRPV1s in diabetic pancreata, a TRPV1-to-secretagogin regulatory axis seems critical to maintain the structural integrity and signal competence of β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Malenczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatima Girach
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edit Szodorai
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petter Storm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åsa Segerstolpe
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Schnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erzsébet Borók
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli Naples, Italy
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- University Clinic for Internal Medicine III, General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Romanov RA, Alpár A, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Molecular diversity of corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R161-R172. [PMID: 28057867 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal responses to acute stress rely on the rapid induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production in the mammalian hypothalamus, with subsequent instructive steps culminating in corticosterone release at the periphery. Hypothalamic CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are therefore considered as 'stress neurons'. However, significant morphological and functional diversity among neurons that can transiently produce CRH in other hypothalamic nuclei has been proposed, particularly as histochemical and molecular biology evidence associates CRH to both GABA and glutamate neurotransmission. Here, we review recent advances through single-cell RNA sequencing and circuit mapping to suggest that CRH production reflects a state switch in hypothalamic neurons and thus confers functional competence rather than being an identity mark of phenotypically segregated neurons. We show that CRH mRNA transcripts can therefore be seen in GABAergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic neuronal contingents in the hypothalamus. We then distinguish 'stress neurons' of the paraventricular nucleus that constitutively express secretagogin, a Ca2+ sensor critical for the stimulus-driven assembly of the molecular machinery underpinning the fast regulated exocytosis of CRH at the median eminence. Cumulatively, we infer that CRH neurons are functionally and molecularly more diverse than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alán Alpár
- MTA-SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental BiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of AnatomySemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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