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Neocleous V, Fanis P, Frangos S, Skordis N, Phylactou LA. RET Proto-Oncogene Variants in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma from the Mediterranean Basin: A Brief Report. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1332. [PMID: 37374115 DOI: 10.3390/life13061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal dominant (AD) condition with very high penetrance and expressivity. It is characterized into three clinical entities recognized as MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). In both MEN2A and MEN2B, there is a manifestation of multicentric tumor formation in the major organs such as the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands where the RET proto-oncogene is expressed. The FMTC form differs from MEN2A and MEN2B, since medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is the only feature observed. In this present brief report, we demonstrate a collection of RET proto-oncogene genotype data from countries around the Mediterranean Basin with variable characteristics. As expected, a great extent of the Mediterranean RET proto-oncogene genotype data resemble the data reported globally. Most interestingly, higher frequencies are observed in the Mediterranean region for specific pathogenic RET variants as a result of local prevalence. The latter can be explained by founder effect phenomena. The Mediterranean epidemiological data that are presented herein are very important for domestic patients, their family members' evaluation, and ultimately their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Savvas Frangos
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bank of Cyprus Oncology Center, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Skordis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Paediatrics, Nicosia 2024, Cyprus
- School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Leonidas A Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
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Holm M, Vestergaard P, Poulsen MM, Rasmussen ÅK, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Bay M, Rolighed L, Londero S, Pedersen HB, Hahn CH, Rask KB, Nielsen HH, Gaustadnes M, Rossing MC, Hermann AP, Godballe C, Mathiesen JS. Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A in Denmark 1930–2021: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2125. [PMID: 37046785 PMCID: PMC10093219 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) shows divergence in frequency, disease definition, reporting of clinical characteristics and traces of selection bias. This is a nationwide population-based retrospective study of PHPT in MEN 2A, suggesting a representative frequency, with complete reporting and a strict PHPT definition. The Danish MEN 2A cohort 1930-2021 was used. Of 204 MEN 2A cases, 16 had PHPT, resulting in a frequency of 8% (CI, 5-12). Age-related penetrance at 50 years was 8% (CI, 4-15). PHPT was seen in the American Thyroid Association moderate (ATA-MOD) and high (ATA-H) risk groups in 62% and 38% of carriers, respectively. Median age at PHPT diagnosis was 45 years (range, 21-79). A total of 75% were asymptomatic and 25% were symptomatic. Thirteen underwent parathyroid surgery, resulting in a cure of 69%, persistence in 8% and recurrence in 23%. In this first study with a clear PHPT definition and no selection bias, we found a lower frequency of PHPT and age-related penetrance, but a higher age at PHPT diagnosis than often cited. This might be affected by the Danish RET p.Cys611Tyr founder effect. Our study corroborates that PHPT in MEN 2A is often mild, asymptomatic and is associated with both ATA-MOD and ATA-H variants. Likelihood of cure is high, but recurrence is not infrequent and can occur decades after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Holm
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.H.); (M.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Morten Møller Poulsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Åse Krogh Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Å.K.R.); (U.F.-R.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Å.K.R.); (U.F.-R.); (M.C.R.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Bay
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.H.); (M.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Lars Rolighed
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefano Londero
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.R.); (S.L.)
| | | | - Christoffer Holst Hahn
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.H.H.); (K.B.R.)
| | - Klara Bay Rask
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.H.H.); (K.B.R.)
| | - Heidi Hvid Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Mette Gaustadnes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Maria Caroline Rossing
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Å.K.R.); (U.F.-R.); (M.C.R.)
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Godballe
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.H.); (M.B.); (C.G.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jes Sloth Mathiesen
- Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.H.); (M.B.); (C.G.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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3
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Milicevic S, Krajc M, Blatnik A, Peric B. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Associated Endocrinopathies in Slovenia from 1995 to 2021. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1091. [PMID: 35888179 PMCID: PMC9320156 DOI: 10.3390/life12071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare endocrine tumour that is sporadic in 75% of cases and occurs as a part of inherited cancer syndromes in approximately 25% of cases. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and type of RET pathogenic variants (PVs) in the Slovenian MTC patient population diagnosed between 1995 and 2021 and to elucidate the full range of associated endocrinopathies. METHODS A retrospective analysis of medical records of 266 MTC patients and their relatives seen in a tertiary centre between 1995 and 2021 was performed. Sequence analysis of exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16 of the RET gene was analysed in most patients using Sanger sequencing. From 2017, the entire sequence of RET gene was analysed in most patients using targeted next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Germline PVs in the RET proto-oncogene were identified in 21.6% probands from 21 different MTC families. Of their tested relatives, 65% (67/103) were RET-positive and 35% (36/103) were RET-negative. PVs were detected in codon 618 and codon 634 in 28.6%, and in codon 790 in 23.8%. The RET-positive group consisted of 52 MTC patients, 13 patients with C cell hyperplasia and 2 individuals with neither. Associated endocrinopathies were diagnosed in 8/21 families: primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in six families and pheochromocytoma (PHEO) in five families. In 62% of RET-positive families (13/21), no associated endocrinopathies were diagnosed. PHEO was most commonly associated with C634R (6/13) and PHPT with C634R (4/7). Hirschsprung's disease appeared in one patient with RET PV in codon 618. Based on data from the Cancer Registry of Republic of Slovenia, only individual cases of common cancers with well understood environmental risk factors were discovered; lung cancer in 2/21 of families, papillary thyroid cancer in 3/21 of families, cutaneous melanoma in 2/21 of families, cervical cancer in 1/21 families, and lymphoma in 1/21 families. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of prospectively collected MTC cases during a 27-year period revealed that 21.6% of Slovenian patients are RET PV carriers. Sixty-two percent of families had none of the associated endocrinopathies, confirming the thesis that FMTC is the most common presentation. This could suggest using risk-stratified management approaches when screening for PHEO and PHPT in RET PV carriers. However, more studies are needed to evaluate potential genetic risk modifiers as well as safety, improved quality of life, and medical cost reduction in the case of a patient-oriented approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Milicevic
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.M.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Mateja Krajc
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.M.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Blatnik
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.M.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Peric
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.M.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a commonly encountered clinical problem and occurs as part of an inherited disorder in ∼10% of patients. Several features may alert the clinician to the possibility of a hereditary PHPT disorder (eg, young age of disease onset) whilst establishing any relevant family history is essential to the clinical evaluation and will help inform the diagnosis. Genetic testing should be offered to patients at risk of a hereditary PHPT disorder, as this may improve management and allow the identification and investigation of other family members who may also be at risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Newey
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrott Drive, Dundee, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK.
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Walczyk A, Zgubieński K, Chmielewski G, Hińcza-Nowak K, Kowalik A, Jaskulski J, Kowalska A. Late-Onset Medullary Thyroid Cancer in a Patient with a Germline RET Codon C634R Mutation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081448. [PMID: 34441382 PMCID: PMC8393343 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) is a rare, hereditary syndrome resulting from a germline mutation in the RET proto-oncogene and characterized primarily by medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PHEO), and hyperparathyroidism. Types of RET mutation have been associated with age at onset, clinical outcomes of MTC, and the penetrance of other components. Patients classified as 'high-risk' by the American Thyroid Association (ATA), based on the aggressiveness of MTC and the penetrance of other components, are recommended to undergo early prophylactic thyroidectomy at age ≤ 5 years and to be screened for PHEO at age ≥ 11 years. Patients with RET codon C634R mutations have been classified as high-risk. Case presentation: The present study describes a 71-year-old woman newly diagnosed with hereditary MTC related to a RET C634R germline mutation. Her basal serum calcitonin level was high, but there was no evidence of distant metastases. Surgery revealed bilateral MTC with two metastatic lymph nodes. Because microscopic resection was incomplete and extranodal extension was observed, the patient underwent adjuvant external beam radiotherapy. Response to therapy was excellent. Follow-up after 1.5 years showed no evidence of disease or other manifestations of MEN2A. Conclusion: Despite RET C634R carriers being classified as high-risk by the ATA, this patient did not present with either distant MTC or PHEO until her seventies. To our knowledge, only one other patient has shown a similar late identification of a RET C634R mutation, but MTC could not be diagnosed because the patient was lost to follow-up. Further research is required to develop optimal protocols that could allow patients requiring prophylactic thyroidectomy to be differentiated from those who can be monitored closely without early surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Walczyk
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Center, S. Artwińskiego St. 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc Av. 19, 25-319 Kielce, Poland; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kajetan Zgubieński
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc Av. 19, 25-319 Kielce, Poland; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Grzegorz Chmielewski
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc Av. 19, 25-319 Kielce, Poland; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Kinga Hińcza-Nowak
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, S. Artwińskiego St. 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (K.H.-N.); (A.K.)
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, S. Artwińskiego St. 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (K.H.-N.); (A.K.)
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka St. 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jarosław Jaskulski
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc Av. 19, 25-319 Kielce, Poland; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Aldona Kowalska
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Center, S. Artwińskiego St. 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc Av. 19, 25-319 Kielce, Poland; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (J.J.)
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Garcia-Carbonero R, Matute Teresa F, Mercader-Cidoncha E, Mitjavila-Casanovas M, Robledo M, Tena I, Alvarez-Escola C, Arístegui M, Bella-Cueto MR, Ferrer-Albiach C, Hanzu FA. Multidisciplinary practice guidelines for the diagnosis, genetic counseling and treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1995-2019. [PMID: 33959901 PMCID: PMC8390422 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic/parasympathetic neural ganglia, respectively. The heterogeneity in its etiology makes PPGL diagnosis and treatment very complex. The aim of this article was to provide practical clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PPGLs from a multidisciplinary perspective, with the involvement of the Spanish Societies of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN), Medical Oncology (SEOM), Medical Radiology (SERAM), Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM), Otorhinolaryngology (SEORL), Pathology (SEAP), Radiation Oncology (SEOR), Surgery (AEC) and the Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO). We will review the following topics: epidemiology; anatomy, pathology and molecular pathways; clinical presentation; hereditary predisposition syndromes and genetic counseling and testing; diagnostic procedures, including biochemical testing and imaging studies; treatment including catecholamine blockade, surgery, radiotherapy and radiometabolic therapy, systemic therapy, local ablative therapy and supportive care. Finally, we will provide follow-up recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garcia-Carbonero
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), UCM, CNIO, CIBERONC, Avda Cordoba km 5.4, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Matute Teresa
- Radiology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mercader-Cidoncha
- Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery Unit, General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mitjavila-Casanovas
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain.,Grupo de Trabajo de Endocrino de la SEMNIM, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Tena
- Scientific Department, Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR CORP), Ridgewood, NJ, USA.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Provincial, Castellon, Spain
| | - C Alvarez-Escola
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Arístegui
- ENT Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M R Bella-Cueto
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Institut D'Investigació I Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - C Ferrer-Albiach
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Provincial Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | - F A Hanzu
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: A reveiw. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 79:163-179. [PMID: 33812987 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasias are rare hereditary syndromes some of them with malignant potential. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome due to germline variants in the REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. There are two distinct clinical entities: MEN 2A and MEN 2B. MEN 2A is associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), phaeochromocytoma, primary hyperparathyroidism, cutaneous lichen amyloidosis and Hirschprung's disease and MEN 2B with MTC, phaeochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis of the aerodigestive tract, musculoskeletal and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Germline RET variants causing MEN 2 result in gain-of-function; since the discovery of the genetic variants a thorough search for genotype-phenotype associations began in order to understand the high variability both between families and within family members. These studies have successfully led to improved risk classification of prognosis in relation to the genotype, thus improving the management of the patients by thorough genetic counseling. The present review summarizes the recent developments in the knowledge of these hereditary syndromes as well as the impact on clinical management, including genetic counseling, of both individual patients and families. It furthermore points to future directions of research for better clarification of timing of treatments of the various manifestations of the syndromes in order to improve survival and morbidity in these patients.
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Yang Z, Qi X, Gross N, Kou X, Bai Y, Feng Y, Wang B, Zafereo ME, Li G, Sun C, Li H, Chen X, Huang Z. The synergy of germline C634Y and V292M RET mutations in a northern Chinese family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13163-13170. [PMID: 32989896 PMCID: PMC7701567 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis for germline mutations of RET proto-oncogene has provided a basis for individual management of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and pheochromocytoma. Most of compound mutations have more aggressive phenotypes than single point mutations, but the compound C634Y/V292M variant in MTC has never been reported. Thus, we retrospectively investigated synergistic effect of C634Y and V292M RET germline mutations in family members with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nine of 14 family members in a northern Chinese family underwent RET mutation screening using next-generation sequencing and PCR followed by direct bidirectional DNA sequencing. Clinical features of nine individuals were retrospectively carefully reviewed. In vitro, the scratch-wound assay was used to investigate the difference between the cells carrying different mutations. We find no patients died of MTC. All 3 carriers of the V292M variant were asymptomatic and did not have biochemical or structural evidence of disease (age: 82, 62 and 58). Among 4 C634Y mutation carriers, 2 patients had elevated calcitonin with the highest (156 pg/mL) in an 87-year-old male. Two carriers of compound C634Y/V292M trans variant had bilateral MTC with pheochromocytoma or lymph node metastasis (age: 54 and 41 years, respectively). Further, the compound C634Y/V292M variant had a faster migration rate than either single point mutation in vitro (P < .05). In conclusion, the V292M RET variant could be classified as 'likely benign' according to ACMG (2015). The compound variant V292M/C634Y was associated with both more aggressive clinical phenotype and faster cell growth in vitro than was either single mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmeng Qi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Gross
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiujuan Kou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bochun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mark E Zafereo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chuanzheng Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Physical Examination Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Machens A, Dralle H. Long-term outcome after DNA-based prophylactic neck surgery in children at risk of hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 33:101274. [PMID: 31043326 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technology, providing unprecedented insights into cancer progression, have shifted the treatment paradigm towards precision medicine for hereditary medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), away from the 'one-size-fits-all' approach predicated on genetic risk alone. The DNA-based/biochemical concept, factoring serum calcitonin into the benefit-risk equation, optimizes biochemical cure while minimizing extent of prophylactic surgery and operative morbidity in children at risk. The transformative effect that has taking effect on medical practice has been impressive: Increasingly earlier molecular diagnosis and more limited prophylactic neck operations yielded excellent clinical outcomes at expert facilities 7-16 years postoperatively: biochemical cure rates approximating 100%; absence of residual structural disease or recurrence; and rarely any permanent operative morbidity. These excellent results, contingent on proper health care funding and pediatric surgical specialization, make a case for early prophylactic thyroidectomy in experienced hands once calcitonin serum levels exceed the upper normal limit of the assay in young gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Machens
- Medical Faculty, Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Henning Dralle
- Medical Faculty, Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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Cristina EV, Alberto F. Management of familial hyperparathyroidism syndromes: MEN1, MEN2, MEN4, HPT-Jaw tumour, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, FHH, and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:861-875. [PMID: 30665551 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) generally represents a common endocrine disorder, being the more frequent cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients, familial forms of PHPT (FPHPT) account for no more than 2-5% of the overall PHPT. In the last decades, many technical progresses in both molecular and biochemical-radiological evaluation have been made, and substantial advancements in understanding these disorders have been reached. Differences both in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation exist among the various hyperparathyroid syndromic forms, and, since FPHPT is frequently associated to other endocrine, proliferative and/or functional disorders, as also non-endocrine tumours, with varying clinical spectrum of occurrence in each syndrome, its early clinically detection for appropriately preventing complications (i.e. kidney and bone disorders) is strictly advised. In this review, the clinical-biochemical features and diagnostic procedures of each FPHPT form will be summarized and a general overview on surgical and pharmacological approaches to FPHPT has been also considered.
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MESH Headings
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine
- Humans
- Hypercalcemia/diagnosis
- Hypercalcemia/etiology
- Hypercalcemia/therapy
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/complications
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/congenital
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/diagnosis
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/therapy
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/therapy
- Jaw Neoplasms/complications
- Jaw Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Jaw Neoplasms/therapy
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia/complications
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia/diagnosis
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia/therapy
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1/complications
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1/diagnosis
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1/therapy
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/complications
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/diagnosis
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/therapy
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falchetti Alberto
- EndOsMet, Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases Branch, Villa Donatello Private Hospital, Firenze, Italy; Endocrinology, Villa Alba Clinic, Villa Maria Group, Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Sastry R, Williams EA, Koffie R, Fehnel K, Wirth L, Nahed B. Metastatic medullary thyroid cancer to the brain: a case report and review of the literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer rarely metastasizes to the brain. Presentation and optimal treatment approaches vary widely. We present a 53-year-old male, diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer 21 years prior, who was presented with at least seven metastases in his brain. He underwent two craniotomies for two large, hemorrhagic metastases followed by whole brain radiation therapy. Tumor genotyping revealed a somatic C634R mutation in the RET proto-oncogene. Subsequently, he was started on multikinase inhibitor therapy. He ultimately passed away 10 months after his surgery. Complete resection may be a reasonable approach for patients with one or more cerebral or cerebellar metastases when feasible. Further analysis is necessary to understand the specific mutations that predispose medullary thyroid cancer to central nervous system metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sastry
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Erik A Williams
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Robert Koffie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Katie Fehnel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lori Wirth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brian Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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12
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Khatami F, Tavangar SM. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes from Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives. Biomark Insights 2018; 13:1177271918785129. [PMID: 30013307 PMCID: PMC6043927 DOI: 10.1177/1177271918785129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are infrequent inherited disorders in which more than one endocrine glands develop noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) tumors or grow excessively without forming tumors. There are 3 famous and well-known forms of MEN syndromes (MEN 1, MEN 2A, and MEN 2B) and a newly documented one (MEN4). These syndromes are infrequent and occurred in all ages and both men and women. Usually, germ line mutations that can be resulted in neoplastic transformation of anterior pituitary, parathyroid glands, and pancreatic islets in addition to gastrointestinal tract can be an indicator for MEN1. The medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in association with pheochromocytoma and/or multiple lesions of parathyroid glands with hyperparathyroidism can be pointer of MEN2 which can be subgrouped into the MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and familial MTC syndromes. There are no distinct biochemical markers that allow identification of familial versus nonfamilial forms of the tumors, but familial MTC usually happens at a younger age than sporadic MTC. The MEN1 gene (menin protein) is in charge of MEN 1 disease, CDNK1B for MEN 4, and RET proto-oncogene for MEN 2. The focus over the molecular targets can bring some hope for both diagnosis and management of MEN syndromes. In the current review, we look at this disease and responsible genes and their cell signaling pathway involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Doctor Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Guerin C, Romanet P, Taieb D, Brue T, Lacroix A, Sebag F, Barlier A, Castinetti F. Looking beyond the thyroid: advances in the understanding of pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism phenotypes in MEN2 and of non-MEN2 familial forms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T15-T28. [PMID: 28874394 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, the knowledge of MEN2 and non-MEN2 familial forms of pheochromocytoma (PHEO) has increased. In MEN2, PHEO is the second most frequent disease: the penetrance and age at diagnosis depend on the mutation of RET Given the prevalence of bilateral PHEO (50% by age 50), adrenal sparing surgery, aimed at sparing a part of the adrenal cortex to avoid adrenal insufficiency, should be systematically considered in patients with bilateral PHEO. Non-MEN2 familial forms of PHEO now include more than 20 genes: however, only small phenotypic series have been reported, suggesting that phenotypic features of isolated hereditary PHEO must be better explored, and follow-up series are needed to better understand the outcome of patients carrying mutations of these genes. The first part of this review will mainly focus on these points. In the second part, a focus will be given on MEN2 and non-MEN2 familial forms of hyperparathyroidism (HPTH). Again, the management of MEN2 HPTH should be aimed at curing the disease while preserving an optimal quality of life by a tailored parathyroidectomy. The phenotypes and outcome of MEN1-, MEN4- and HRPT2-related HPTH are briefly described, with a focus on the most recent literature data and is compared with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guerin
- Department of Endocrine SurgeryAix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Romanet
- Department of Molecular BiologyAix Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7286, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - David Taieb
- Department of Nuclear MedicineAix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Department of EndocrinologyAix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7286, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - André Lacroix
- Endocrine DivisionDepartment of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Sebag
- Department of Endocrine SurgeryAix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Department of Molecular BiologyAix Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7286, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Frederic Castinetti
- Department of EndocrinologyAix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7286, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
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14
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Rossitti HM, Söderkvist P, Gimm O. Extent of surgery for phaeochromocytomas in the genomic era. Br J Surg 2018; 105:e84-e98. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Germline mutations are present in 20–30 per cent of patients with phaeochromocytoma. For patients who develop bilateral disease, complete removal of both adrenal glands (total adrenalectomy) will result in lifelong adrenal insufficiency with an increased risk of death from adrenal crisis. Unilateral/bilateral adrenal-sparing surgery (subtotal adrenalectomy) offers preservation of cortical function and independence from steroids, but leaves the adrenal medulla in situ and thus at risk of developing new and possibly malignant disease. Here, present knowledge about how tumour genotype relates to clinical behaviour is reviewed, and application of this knowledge when choosing the extent of adrenalectomy is discussed.
Methods
A literature review was undertaken of the penetrance of the different genotypes in phaeochromocytomas, the frequency of bilateral disease and malignancy, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, with emphasis on explaining the clinical phenotypes of phaeochromocytomas and their associated syndromes.
Results
Patients with bilateral phaeochromocytomas most often have multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) or von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) with high-penetrance mutations for benign disease, whereas patients with mutations in the genes encoding SDHB (succinate dehydrogenase subunit B) or MAX (myelocytomatosis viral proto-oncogene homologue-associated factor X) are at increased risk of malignancy.
Conclusion
Adrenal-sparing surgery should be the standard approach for patients who have already been diagnosed with MEN2 or VHL when operating on the first side, whereas complete removal of the affected adrenal gland(s) is generally recommended for patients with SDHB or MAX germline mutations. Routine assessment of a patient's genotype, even after the first operation, can be crucial for adopting an appropriate strategy for follow-up and future surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Rossitti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Söderkvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - O Gimm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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15
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Lebeault M, Pinson S, Guillaud-Bataille M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Carrie A, Barbu V, Pigny P, Bezieau S, Rey JM, Delvincourt C, Giraud S, Veyrat-Durebex C, Saulnier P, Bouzamondo N, Chabbert M, Blin J, Mohamed A, Romanet P, Borson-Chazot F, Rohmer V, Barlier A, Mirebeau-Prunier D. Nationwide French Study of RET Variants Detected from 2003 to 2013 Suggests a Possible Influence of Polymorphisms as Modifiers. Thyroid 2017; 27:1511-1522. [PMID: 28946813 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the REarranged during Transfection (RET) gene has been investigated with regard to their potential role in the development or progression of medullary thyroid cancer or pheochromocytomas (PHEO) in patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of RET variants in France between 2003 and 2013, and to evaluate the impact of SNPs on the MEN2 A phenotype. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, RET variants were screened in 5109 index cases, and RET pathogenic variants were screened in 2214 relatives. Exons 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16 were characterized by Sanger sequencing. RET pathogenic variants, RET variants with unknown functional significance (VUS), and four RET SNP variants-G691S (rs1799939), L769L (rs1800861), S836S (rs1800862), and S904S (rs1800863)-were characterized and are reported in index cases. In silico analysis and classification following the recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics was performed for RET VUS. Each patient's age at the time of diagnosis, sex, and the endocrine neoplasias present at molecular diagnosis were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-six single VUS in RET without any well-defined risk profiles were found in 33 patients. Nine of these were considered probably pathogenic, 11 of uncertain significance, and six as probably benign. Three double pathogenic variants found in three patients were classified as pathogenic. A study of the entire cohort showed that patients carrying pathogenic variants or VUS in RET together with PHEO were diagnosed earlier than the others. The presence of the G691S SNP, or a combination of SNPs, increased the risk of developing PHEO but did not modify the date of the diagnosis. No association was found between SNPs and medullary thyroid cancer or hyperparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS The findings propose a classification of 15 of the 26 VUS in RET without any well-defined risk profiles and suggest that the G691S SNP, or a combination of SNPs, may be associated with the development of PHEO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Pinson
- 2 Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire , CHU Lyon, Lyon France
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
| | - Marine Guillaud-Bataille
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 4 Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Université de Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 5 Service de Génétique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Alain Carrie
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 6 Centre de Génétique Moléculaire Chromosomique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Véronique Barbu
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 7 Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires , HUEP, SAT, AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Pascal Pigny
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 8 Laboratoire de Biochimie et Oncologie Moléculaire , CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Bezieau
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 9 Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire , CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rey
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 10 Laboratoire de Biopathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire des Tumeurs , CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Delvincourt
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 11 Laboratoire de Biologie Oncologique , CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Sophie Giraud
- 2 Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire , CHU Lyon, Lyon France
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
| | - Charlotte Veyrat-Durebex
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 12 UMR CNRS 6015-INSERMU1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
- 13 Département de Biochimie et Génétique, CHU Angers , Angers, France
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- 14 Cellule de Méthodologie et Biostatistiques, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et l'Innovation-DRCI, CHU Angers , Angers, France
| | - Nathalie Bouzamondo
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 13 Département de Biochimie et Génétique, CHU Angers , Angers, France
| | - Marie Chabbert
- 12 UMR CNRS 6015-INSERMU1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Julien Blin
- 15 Institut National du Cancer-INCa , Paris, France
| | - Amira Mohamed
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 16 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, and APHM La Conception Hospital, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Romanet
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 16 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, and APHM La Conception Hospital, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Francoise Borson-Chazot
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 17 Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle IMER; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, HESPER EA 7425 Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Rohmer
- 1 Service d'Endocrinologie, CHU Angers , Angers, France
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
| | - Anne Barlier
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 16 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, and APHM La Conception Hospital, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Mirebeau-Prunier
- 3 Réseau TenGen , France
- 12 UMR CNRS 6015-INSERMU1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
- 13 Département de Biochimie et Génétique, CHU Angers , Angers, France
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16
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Mucha L, Leidig-Bruckner G, Frank-Raue K, Bruckner T, Kroiss M, Raue F. Phaeochromocytoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: RET codon-specific penetrance and changes in management during the last four decades. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 87:320-326. [PMID: 28605116 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe phaeochromocytoma (phaeo) penetrance in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) according to RET protooncogene-specific mutations and report changes in phaeo diagnosis and management from 1968 to 2015. DESIGN This retrospective chart review included 309 MEN2 patients from one specialized ambulatory care centre. Phaeo patients were categorized by diagnosis date: early, 1968-1996, n=40, and recent, 1997-2015, n=45. RESULTS Phaeochromocytoma was diagnosed in 85/309 patients with RET mutations in the following exons (phaeos/all carriers, %): exon 11 (56/120, 46.6%); exon 16 (7/17, 41.2%), exon 10 (14/47, 29.8%), and exon 13-15 (2/116, 1.7%). Age at phaeo diagnosis differed according to affected exon: 21.9±1.5 years, exon 16; 34.1±11.6 years, exon 11; and 41.8±8.8 years, exon 10. Age-related phaeo penetrance differed among five amino acid substitutions at codon 634 and was highest for Cys634Arg and Cys634Tyr. Age at diagnosis was 34.4±11.6 years in the early and recent groups. Phaeochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) were diagnosed synchronously in 21/40 (early) vs 8/45 (recent) and metachronously in 19/40 vs 37/45 cases. Diagnostic methods significantly changed from clinical (22/40 vs 4/45) to biochemical and/or imaging based (14/40 vs 35/45). Phaeochromocytoma diameter at diagnosis was 4.6 vs 2.6 cm. CONCLUSION Phaeochromocytoma penetrance and age of diagnosis are highly correlated with MTC aggressiveness based on RET mutation status, with higher penetrance and younger age of diagnosis associated with more aggressive MTC. Penetrance steadily increases with age. At-risk patients require lifelong follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mucha
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Th Bruckner
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kroiss
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - F Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Mathiesen JS, Habra MA, Bassett JHD, Choudhury SM, Balasubramanian SP, Howlett TA, Robinson BG, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Castinetti F, Vestergaard P, Frank-Raue K. Risk Profile of the RET A883F Germline Mutation: An International Collaborative Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2069-2074. [PMID: 28323957 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The A883F germline mutation of the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene causes multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B. In the revised American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), the A883F mutation has been reclassified from the highest to the high-risk level, although no well-defined risk profile for this mutation exists. OBJECTIVE To create a risk profile for the A883F mutation for appropriate classification among the ATA risk levels. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING International collaboration. PATIENTS Included were 13 A883F carriers. INTERVENTION The intervention was thyroidectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Earliest age of MTC, regional lymph node metastases, distant metastases, age-related penetrance of MTC and pheochromocytoma (PHEO), overall and disease-specific survival, and biochemical cure rate. RESULTS One and three carriers were diagnosed at age 7 to 9 years (median, 7.5 years) with a normal thyroid and C-cell hyperplasia, respectively. Nine carriers were diagnosed with MTC at age 10 to 39 years (median, 19 years). The earliest age of MTC, regional lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis was 10, 20, and 20 years, respectively. Fifty percent penetrance of MTC and PHEO was achieved by age 19 and 34 years, respectively. Five- and 10-year survival rates (both overall and disease specific) were 88% and 88%, respectively. Biochemical cure for MTC at latest follow-up was achieved in 63% (five of eight carriers) with pertinent data. CONCLUSIONS MTC of A883F carriers seems to have a more indolent natural course compared with that of M918T carriers. Our results support the classification of the A883F mutation in the ATA high-risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Sloth Mathiesen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mouhammed Amir Habra
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - John Howard Duncan Bassett
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sirazum Mubin Choudhury
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sabapathy Prakash Balasubramanian
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism and Endocrine Surgical Unit, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor A Howlett
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce G Robinson
- Cancer Genetics Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, F-75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Faculty of Medicine, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Frederic Castinetti
- Department of Endocrinology, La Timone Hospital, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Karin Frank-Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Moleculargenetic Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Park SY, Jin MJ, Choi EM, Kang SJ, Choi JH, Shim YJ, Kim HS, Jung EY, Lee HJ, Choi MS, Kim HW. Pheochromocytoma Developed in a Boy with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A Confirmed by the RET Proto-Oncogene Mutation. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY-ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.15264/cpho.2017.24.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So Yun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Ji Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Hyeok Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ye Jee Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Heung Sik Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Young Jung
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Radiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Sun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine and Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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19
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A germline RET proto-oncogene mutation in multiple members of an Arab family with variable onset of MEN type 2A-associated clinical manifestations. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zafon C, Díez JJ, Galofré JC, Cooper DS. Nodular Thyroid Disease and Thyroid Cancer in the Era of Precision Medicine. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6:65-74. [PMID: 28589087 PMCID: PMC5422742 DOI: 10.1159/000457793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of thyroid nodules, one of the main clinical challenges in endocrine clinical practice, is usually straightforward. Although the most important concern is ruling out malignancy, there are grey areas where uncertainty is frequently present: the nodules labelled as indeterminate by cytology and the extent of therapy when thyroid cancer is diagnosed pathologically. There is evidence that the current available precision medicine tools (from all the "-omics" to molecular analysis, fine-tuning imaging or artificial intelligence) may help to fill present gaps in the future. We present here a commentary on some of the current challenges faced by endocrinologists in the field of thyroid nodules and cancer, and illustrate how precision medicine may improve their diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Zafon
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J. Díez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Galofré
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Instituto de investigación en la salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
- *Dr. Juan C. Galofré, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarro, Avenida Pio XII, 36, ES-31080 Pamplona (Spain), E-Mail
| | - David S. Cooper
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Febrero B, Rodríguez JM, Ríos A, Parrilla P. [Hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A syndrome. Surgical and genetic implications]. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 146:416-7. [PMID: 26589732 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Febrero
- Unidad de Cirugía Endocrina, Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España.
| | - José M Rodríguez
- Unidad de Cirugía Endocrina, Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España
| | - Antonio Ríos
- Unidad de Cirugía Endocrina, Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España
| | - Pascual Parrilla
- Unidad de Cirugía Endocrina, Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España
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Machens A, Dralle H. Variability in penetrance of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A with amino acid substitutions in RET codon 634. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 84:210-215. [PMID: 26572832 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Controversy surrounds the importance of the different amino acids substituting for cysteine in REarranged during Transfection (RET) codon 634 for multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN 2A). This study aimed to clarify the relevance of these amino acid substitutions for the development of MEN 2A. DESIGN Cross-sectional study at surgical referral centres in Germany. PATIENTS Included were 184 carriers of RET mutations in codon 634. MEASUREMENTS Arginine (79 carriers) and tyrosine (50 carriers) substitutions in codon 634 were compared with each other and, for the first time, gauged against a common reference standard comprising all other amino acid substitutions (phenylalanine, 35 carriers; serine, 12 carriers; glycine, 7 carriers; tryptophan, 1 carrier). RESULTS Arginine substitutions in codon 634 were associated with higher penetrance of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC; 82% vs 62%; P = 0·010), any phaeochromocytoma (44% vs 15%, P < 0·001), bilateral phaeochromocytoma (32% vs 5%; P < 0·001) and primary hyperparathyroidism (18% vs 5%; P = 0·039) relative to the reference standard. The penetrance rates of any phaeochromocytoma (44% vs 26%; P = 0·041) and bilateral phaeochromocytoma (32% vs 14%; P = 0·035) were also higher with arginine than with tyrosine substitutions. Corrected for multiple testing, the associations of arginine with any phaeochromocytoma and bilateral phaeochromocytoma remained statistically significant. Progression of MTC, evidenced by largest primary tumour diameter, nodal status, distant metastasis and biochemical cure, did not differ by amino acid substitution. CONCLUSIONS In codon 634, arginine substitutions for cysteine may cause slightly higher penetrance rates of MEN 2A which, overall, are too small to treat carriers differently. The mode of action by which arginine exerts these subtle effects warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Machens
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Henning Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Grande E, Santamaría Sandi J, Capdevila J, Navarro González E, Zafón Llopis C, Ramón Y Cajal Asensio T, Gómez Sáez JM, Jiménez-Fonseca P, Riesco-Eizaguirre G, Galofré JC. Consensus on management of advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma on behalf of the Working Group of Thyroid Cancer of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology (SEEN) and the Spanish Task Force Group for Orphan and Infrequent Tumors (GETHI). Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:769-75. [PMID: 26687366 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of all thyroid cancers, <5 % are medullary (MTC). It is a well-characterized neuroendocrine tumor arising from calcitonin-secreting C cells, and RET gene plays a central role on its pathogeny. METHODS The electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Quality assessments of selected current articles, guidelines and reviews of MTC were performed. RESULTS This consensus updates and summarizes biology, treatment and prognostic considerations of MTC. CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary teams and specialized centers are recommended for the management of MTC patients. In the metastatic setting, those patients with large volume of disease are candidates to start systemic treatment mainly if they are symptomatic and the tumor has progressed in the last 12-14 months. Wait and see strategy should be offered to patients with: disseminated disease with only high levels of calcitonin and no macroscopic structural disease, low burden and absence of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grande
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9,1, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Santamaría Sandi
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J Capdevila
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Navarro González
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - C Zafón Llopis
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J M Gómez Sáez
- CIBERDEM, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Jiménez-Fonseca
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - G Riesco-Eizaguirre
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Galofré
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Lang BHH, Yu HW, Lo CY, Lee KE, Garcia-Barcelo MM, Woo YC, Lee PCH, Wong KP, Tam PKH, Lam KSL. Bilateral Pheochromocytomas in MEN2A Syndrome: A Two-Institution Experience. World J Surg 2015; 39:2484-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-015-3117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
One of the components of trethe classical form of MEN2 syndromes is primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). It occurs in 20-30% of the typical MEN2A syndrome. The prevalence is more rare in gene carriers as these frequently have familial MTC only. PHP is diagnosed more frequently in association with the exon 11, codon 634 mutation of the ret gene-so there is phenotype/genotype correlation. The clinical manifestations of PHP in MEN2 are usually mild and the peak age of diagnosis after the 3rd decade. The treatment is surgical excision of the enlarged gland(s). Although there can be multigland disease in the parathyroids, it is frequently the case that both hyperplasia and adenoma may coexist, or even a single adenoma may be found during the investigation and finally during the operation. Patients with MEN2 syndromes should be screened for PHP with serum calcium measurements. The intensity of the screening should be higher in those carrying the ret mutations most frequently associated with this manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alevizaki
- Endocrine Unit, Department Medical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, 80, Vassilissis Sofias Ave, Athens, 11528, Greece.
| | - Katerina Saltiki
- Endocrine Unit, Department Medical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, 80, Vassilissis Sofias Ave, Athens, 11528, Greece
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