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Koh DI, Lee M, Park YS, Shin JS, Kim J, Ryu YS, Lee JH, Bae S, Lee MS, Hong JK, Jeong HR, Choi M, Hong SW, Kim DK, Lee HK, Kim B, Yoon YS, Jin DH. The Immune Suppressor IGSF1 as a Potential Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:491-507. [PMID: 38289363 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of first-generation immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 ushered in a new era in anticancer therapy. Although immune-checkpoint blockade therapies have shown clinical success, a substantial number of patients yet fail to benefit. Many studies are under way to discover next-generation immunotherapeutic targets. Immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) is a membrane glycoprotein proposed to regulate thyroid function. Despite containing 12 immunoglobin domains, a possible role for IGSF1, in immune response, remains unknown. Here, our studies revealed that IGSF1 is predominantly expressed in tumors but not normal tissues, and increased expression is observed in PD-L1low non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells as compared with PD-L1high cells. Subsequently, we developed and characterized an IGSF1-specific human monoclonal antibody, WM-A1, that effectively promoted antitumor immunity and overcame the limitations of first-generation immune-checkpoint inhibitors, likely via a distinct mechanism of action. We further demonstrated high WM-A1 efficacy in humanized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and syngeneic mouse models, finding additive efficacy in combination with an anti-PD-1 (a well-characterized checkpoint inhibitor). These findings support IGSF1 as an immune target that might complement existing cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-In Koh
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Lee
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sun Park
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sik Shin
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Kim
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Seong Ryu
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Mi So Lee
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ki Hong
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mingee Choi
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong Kwan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Sang Yoon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Jin
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nishi K, Fu W, Kiyama R. Novel estrogen-responsive genes (ERGs) for the evaluation of estrogenic activity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273164. [PMID: 35976950 PMCID: PMC9385026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen action is mediated by various genes, including estrogen-responsive genes (ERGs). ERGs have been used as reporter-genes and markers for gene expression. Gene expression profiling using a set of ERGs has been used to examine statistically reliable transcriptomic assays such as DNA microarray assays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). However, the quality of ERGs has not been extensively examined. Here, we obtained a set of 300 ERGs that were newly identified by six sets of RNA-seq data from estrogen-treated and control human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The ERGs exhibited statistical stability, which was based on the coefficient of variation (CV) analysis, correlation analysis, and examination of the functional association with estrogen action using database searches. A set of the top 30 genes based on CV ranking were further evaluated quantitatively by RT-PCR and qualitatively by a functional analysis using the GO and KEGG databases and by a mechanistic analysis to classify ERα/β-dependent or ER-independent types of transcriptional regulation. The 30 ERGs were characterized according to (1) the enzymes, such as metabolic enzymes, proteases, and protein kinases, (2) the genes with specific cell functions, such as cell-signaling mediators, tumor-suppressors, and the roles in breast cancer, (3) the association with transcriptional regulation, and (4) estrogen-responsiveness. Therefore, the ERGs identified here represent various cell functions and cell signaling pathways, including estrogen signaling, and thus, may be useful to evaluate estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nishi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wenqiang Fu
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoiti Kiyama
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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The IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 Gene Expression and Prognosis Hallmark of Prostate Cancer. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 11:44-53. [PMID: 35765527 PMCID: PMC9208564 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is considered as the second leading cause of cancer related death in men worldwide and the third frequent cancer among Iranian men. Despite the use of PSA as the only biomarker for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, its application in clinical settings is under debate. Therefore, the introduction of new molecular markers for early detection of prostate cancer is needed. Methods In the present study we intended to evaluate the expression of IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 in prostate cancer specimens by real time PCR. Biopsy samples of 40 prostate cancer cases and 41 healthy Iranian men were compared to determine the relative gene expression of IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 by real time PCR. Results Our results showed that Wnt5a, FGF14, and IGSF1 were significantly overexpressed in the prostate cancer patients while the mean relative expression of ITPR1 showed a significant decrease in PCa samples compared to healthy controls. Conclusion According to results of the present study, the combination panel of IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 genes could be considered as potential genetic markers for prostate cancer diagnosis. However further studies on larger populations and investigating the clinicopathological relevance of these genes is needed.
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Tebani A, Jotanovic J, Hekmati N, Sivertsson Å, Gudjonsson O, Edén Engström B, Wikström J, Uhlèn M, Casar-Borota O, Pontén F. Annotation of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors with genome-wide expression analysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:181. [PMID: 34758873 PMCID: PMC8579660 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are common, generally benign tumors with complex clinical characteristics related to hormone hypersecretion and/or growing sellar tumor mass. PitNETs can be classified based on the expression pattern of anterior pituitary hormones and three main transcriptions factors (TF), SF1, PIT1 and TPIT that regulate differentiation of adenohypophysial cells. Here, we have extended this classification based on the global transcriptomics landscape using tumor tissue from a well-defined cohort comprising 51 PitNETs of different clinical and histological types. The molecular profiles were compared with current classification schemes based on immunohistochemistry. Our results identified three main clusters of PitNETs that were aligned with the main pituitary TFs expression patterns. Our analyses enabled further identification of specific genes and expression patterns, including both known and unknown genes, that could distinguish the three different classes of PitNETs. We conclude that the current classification of PitNETs based on the expression of SF1, PIT1 and TPIT reflects three distinct subtypes of PitNETs with different underlying biology and partly independent from the expression of corresponding hormones. The transcriptomic analysis reveals several potentially targetable tumor-driving genes with previously unknown role in pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Genetics of Acromegaly and Gigantism. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071377. [PMID: 33805450 PMCID: PMC8036715 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary tumours represent the most genetically determined pituitary tumour type. This is true both for germline and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in several known genes (AIP, PRKAR1A, GPR101, GNAS, MEN1, CDKN1B, SDHx, MAX) as well as familial cases with currently unknown genes, while somatic mutations in GNAS are present in up to 40% of tumours. If the disease starts before the fusion of the epiphysis, then accelerated growth and increased final height, or gigantism, can develop, where a genetic background can be identified in half of the cases. Hereditary GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (PA) can manifest as isolated tumours, familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) including cases with AIP mutations or GPR101 duplications (X-linked acrogigantism, XLAG) or can be a part of systemic diseases like multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or type 4, McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex or phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma-pituitary adenoma association. Family history and a search for associated syndromic manifestations can help to draw attention to genetic causes; many of these are now tested as part of gene panels. Identifying genetic mutations allows appropriate screening of associated comorbidities as well as finding affected family members before the clinical manifestation of the disease. This review focuses on germline and somatic mutations predisposing to acromegaly and gigantism.
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Srirangam Nadhamuni V, Korbonits M. Novel Insights into Pituitary Tumorigenesis: Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa006. [PMID: 32201880 PMCID: PMC7441741 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the identification of novel germline variants in patients with familial or simplex pituitary tumors and establishment of novel somatic variants identified through next generation sequencing. Advanced techniques have allowed the exploration of epigenetic mechanisms mediated through DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs, such as microRNA, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs. These mechanisms can influence tumor formation, growth, and invasion. While genetic and epigenetic mechanisms often disrupt similar pathways, such as cell cycle regulation, in pituitary tumors there is little overlap between genes altered by germline, somatic, and epigenetic mechanisms. The interplay between these complex mechanisms driving tumorigenesis are best studied in the emerging multiomics studies. Here, we summarize insights from the recent developments in the regulation of pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Srirangam Nadhamuni
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Faucz FR, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA. Letter to the Editor: "IGSF1 Deficiency Results in Human and Murine Somatotrope Neurosecretory Hyperfunction". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5811424. [PMID: 32211782 PMCID: PMC7453032 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Constantine A. Stratakis. Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, CRC, Rm 1E-3216. Bethesda, MD 20892–1862. E-mail:
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Chang M, Yang C, Bao X, Wang R. Genetic and Epigenetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:596554. [PMID: 33574795 PMCID: PMC7870789 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.596554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) can be classified as non-secreting adenomas, somatotroph adenomas, corticotroph adenomas, lactotroph adenomas, and thyrotroph adenomas. Substantial advances have been made in our knowledge of the pathobiology of PAs. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular biological characteristics of different types of PAs, we reviewed the important advances that have been made involving genetic and epigenetic variation, comprising genetic mutations, chromosome number variations, DNA methylation, microRNA regulation, and transcription factor regulation. Classical tumor predisposition syndromes include multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and type 4 (MEN4) syndromes, Carney complex, and X-LAG syndromes. PAs have also been described in association with succinate dehydrogenase-related familial PA, neurofibromatosis type 1, and von Hippel-Lindau, DICER1, and Lynch syndromes. Patients with aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) mutations often present with pituitary gigantism, either in familial or sporadic adenomas. In contrast, guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha (GNAS) and G protein-coupled receptor 101 (GPR101) mutations can lead to excess growth hormone. Moreover, the deubiquitinase gene USP8, USP48, and BRAF mutations are associated with adrenocorticotropic hormone production. In this review, we describe the genetic and epigenetic landscape of PAs and summarize novel insights into the regulation of pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinjie Bao
- *Correspondence: Xinjie Bao, ; Renzhi Wang,
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Hannah-Shmouni F, Stratakis CA. An update on the genetics of benign pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1:19-24. [PMID: 30555957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents are rare tumors that often result from a tumor predisposition syndrome. Several inherited causes for pituitary adenomas have been identified in the last few years, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4, Carney's complex, Tuberous sclerosis, DICER1 syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, McCune Albright syndrome, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, and pituitary adenoma association due to defects in succinate dehydrogenase genes. Recently, our group discovered X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG), a new pediatric disorder that is caused by an Xq26.3 genomic duplication (involving the GPR101 gene). Genes that predispose to pediatric Cushing disease, including CABLES1 and USP8, were also recently identified. Genetic screening and counseling of affected or at risk individuals is a key component of their comprehensive care. In this review, we provide an up-to-date discussion on the latest pediatric genetic discoveries associated with pituitary adenomas with a focus on familial syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Cowan RA, Haber EN, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA, Gomez-Lobo V. Mucinous Cystadenoma in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2017; 30:495-498. [PMID: 28216128 PMCID: PMC6379898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Mucinous cystadenomas (MCAs) are benign epithelial ovarian tumors that occur rarely in children and adolescents. Because children and adolescents typically have their childbearing years ahead of them, conservative therapy is indicated. However, there is concern that ovarian cystectomy might be associated with significant recurrence risk in patients with MCA. Furthermore, guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) gene mutations are associated with McCune-Albright syndrome, which is associated with cystic ovaries. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of children and adolescents with MCA treated conservatively. A subset of patients underwent GNAS gene testing. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS After institutional board review approval, the pathology database of a large urban children's hospital was queried to identify adolescents with MCA between the years 2008 and 2014. Fourteen patients, aged 8-18 years (median, 14), were identified. A buccal swab for genetic testing was obtained from a subset of consenting patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES MCA recurrence; ovarian return to normal size; GNAS gene variants. RESULTS Two patients underwent oophorectomies, and the remaining 12 underwent cystectomies. Follow-up ultrasound examination revealed slow return of ovary to normal size. Of the 10 patients with available follow-up data, there were no recurrences at a median of 225 days from surgery. Four patients consented to a buccal swab for genetic testing, and the GNAS gene was noted to have rare variants in 2 patients. CONCLUSION This series supports the use of ovary-sparing surgery in the treatment of MCA. Further research exploring possible genetic variants such as the GNAS gene in children and adolescents diagnosed with MCA is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Cowan
- Children's National Medical Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC.
| | - Erin N Haber
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Veronica Gomez-Lobo
- Children's National Medical Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
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Hannah-Shmouni F, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA. Genetics of gigantism and acromegaly. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:37-41. [PMID: 27657986 PMCID: PMC5154831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gigantism and acromegaly are rare disorders that are caused by excessive GH secretion and/or high levels of its mediator, IGF-1. Gigantism occurs when excess GH or IGF-1 lead to increased linear growth, before the end of puberty and epiphyseal closure. The majority of cases arise from a benign GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, with an incidence of pituitary gigantism and acromegaly of approximately 8 and 11 per million person-years, respectively. Over the past two decades, our increasing understanding of the molecular and genetic etiologies of pituitary gigantism and acromegaly yielded several genetic causes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4, McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, pituitary adenoma association due to defects in familial succinate dehydrogenase genes, and the recently identified X-linked acrogigantism. The early diagnosis of these conditions helps guide early intervention, screening, and genetic counseling of patients and their family members. In this review, we provide a concise and up-to-date discussion on the genetics of gigantism and acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on the mechanisms leading to pituitary gigantism, as well as to familiarize the practitioner with the implication of these genetic findings on treatment decisions. RECENT FINDINGS Prior studies have identified gigantism as a feature of a number of monogenic disorders, including mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene, multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 4, McCune Albright syndrome, Carney complex, and the paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, and pituitary adenoma association because of succinate dehydrogenase defects. We recently described a previously uncharacterized form of early-onset pediatric gigantism caused by microduplications on chromosome Xq26.3 and we termed it X-LAG (X-linked acrogigantism). The age of onset of increased growth in X-LAG is significantly younger than other pituitary gigantism cases, and control of growth hormone excess is particularly challenging. SUMMARY Knowledge of the molecular defects that underlie pituitary tumorigenesis is crucial for patient care as they guide early intervention, screening for associated conditions, genetic counseling, surgical approach, and choice of medical management. Recently described microduplications of Xq26.3 account for more than 80% of the cases of early-onset pediatric gigantism. Early recognition of X-LAG may improve outcomes, as successful control of growth hormone excess requires extensive anterior pituitary resection and are difficult to manage with medical therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B Lodish
- *Dr Maya B. Lodish and Dr Giampaolo Trivellin contributed equally to the writing of this article. Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Schoenmakers N, Alatzoglou KS, Chatterjee VK, Dattani MT. Recent advances in central congenital hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:R51-71. [PMID: 26416826 PMCID: PMC4629398 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) may occur in isolation, or more frequently in combination with additional pituitary hormone deficits with or without associated extrapituitary abnormalities. Although uncommon, it may be more prevalent than previously thought, affecting up to 1:16 000 neonates in the Netherlands. Since TSH is not elevated, CCH will evade diagnosis in primary, TSH-based, CH screening programs and delayed detection may result in neurodevelopmental delay due to untreated neonatal hypothyroidism. Alternatively, coexisting growth hormones or ACTH deficiency may pose additional risks, such as life threatening hypoglycaemia. Genetic ascertainment is possible in a minority of cases and reveals mutations in genes controlling the TSH biosynthetic pathway (TSHB, TRHR, IGSF1) in isolated TSH deficiency, or early (HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX3, OTX2) or late (PROP1, POU1F1) pituitary transcription factors in combined hormone deficits. Since TSH cannot be used as an indicator of euthyroidism, adequacy of treatment can be difficult to monitor due to a paucity of alternative biomarkers. This review will summarize the normal physiology of pituitary development and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, then describe known genetic causes of isolated central hypothyroidism and combined pituitary hormone deficits associated with TSH deficiency. Difficulties in diagnosis and management of these conditions will then be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - V Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Stratakis CA. A giant? Think of genetics: growth hormone-producing adenomas in the young are almost always the result of genetic defects. Endocrine 2015; 50:272-5. [PMID: 26054904 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine A Stratakis
- Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), NIH, CRC - Rm 1-3330, East Laboratories, Building 10-CRC, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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15
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Joustra SD, Meijer OC, Heinen CA, Mol IM, Laghmani EH, Sengers RMA, Carreno G, van Trotsenburg ASP, Biermasz NR, Bernard DJ, Wit JM, Oostdijk W, van Pelt AMM, Hamer G, Wagenaar GTM. Spatial and temporal expression of immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 in the rat. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:181-91. [PMID: 26163525 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) gene cause an X-linked syndrome of central hypothyroidism, macroorchidism, variable prolactin and GH deficiency, delayed pubertal testosterone rise, and obesity. To understand the pathophysiology of this syndrome, knowledge on IGSF1's place in normal development is imperative. Therefore, we investigated spatial and temporal protein and mRNA expression of IGSF1 in rats using immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and in situ hybridization. We observed high levels of IGSF1 expression in the brain, specifically the embryonic and adult choroid plexus and hypothalamus (principally in glial cells), and in the pituitary gland (PIT1-lineage of GH, TSH, and PRL-producing cells). IGSF1 is also expressed in the embryonic and adult zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland, islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, and costameres of the heart and skeletal muscle. IGSF1 is highly expressed in fetal liver, but is absent shortly after birth. In the adult testis, IGSF1 is present in Sertoli cells (epithelial stages XIII-VI), and elongating spermatids (stages X-XII). Specificity of protein expression was corroborated with Igsf1 mRNA expression in all tissues. The expression patterns of IGSF1 in the pituitary gland and testis are consistent with the pituitary hormone deficiencies and macroorchidism observed in patients with IGSF1 deficiency. The expression in the brain, adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, and muscle suggest IGSF1's function in endocrine physiology might be more extensive than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Heinen
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - El Houari Laghmani
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rozemarijn M A Sengers
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Carreno
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans M M van Pelt
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Hamer
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry T M Wagenaar
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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