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Lee D, Hong JH. Activated PyK2 and Its Associated Molecules Transduce Cellular Signaling from the Cancerous Milieu for Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415475. [PMID: 36555115 PMCID: PMC9779422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The up-regulation of PyK2 through overexpression and enhanced phosphorylation is a key feature of tumorigenesis and cancer migration. In this review, we summarized the cancer milieu, including acidification and cancer-associated molecules, such as chemical reagents, interactive proteins, chemokine-related molecules, calcium channels/transporters, and oxidative molecules that affect the fate of PyK2. The inhibition of PyK2 leads to a beneficial strategy to attenuate cancer cell development, including metastasis. Thus, we highlighted the effect of PyK2 on various cancer cell types and the distribution of molecules that affect PyK2 activation. In particular, we underlined the relationship between PyK2 and cancer metastasis and its potential to treat cancer cells.
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Peng HH, Yang HC, Rupa D, Yen CH, Chiu YW, Yang WJ, Luo FJ, Yuan TC. ACK1 upregulated the proliferation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by promoting p27 phosphorylation and degradation. J Cell Commun Signal 2022; 16:567-578. [PMID: 35247157 PMCID: PMC9733751 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignancy with a worldwide distribution. Although intensive studies have been made, the underlying oncogenic mechanism of HNSCC requires further investigation. In this study, we examined the oncogenic role of activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1), an oncogenic tyrosine kinase, in regulating the proliferation of HNSCC cells and its underlying molecular mechanism. Results from immunohistochemical studies revealed that ACK1 was highly expressed in HNSCC tumors, with 77% (77/100) of tumors showing a high ACK1 immunoreactivity compared to 40% (8/20) of normal mucosa. Knockdown of ACK1 expression in HNSCC cells resulted in elevated p27 expression, reduced cell proliferation, and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Rescue of ACK1 expression in the ACK1-knockdown cells suppressed p27 expression and restored cell proliferation. Compared to ACK1-knockdown cells, ACK1-rescued cells exhibited a restored p27 expression after MG132 treatment and showed an elevated level of ubiquitinated p27. Our data further showed that knockdown of ubiquitin ligase Skp2 resulted in elevated p27 expression. Importantly, the expression of p27(WT), p27(Y74F), or p27(Y89F) in ACK1-overexpressed 293T cells or ACK1-rescued SAS cells showed higher levels of tyrosyl-phosphorylated p27 and interaction with ACK1 or Skp2. However, the expression of p27(Y88F) mutant exhibited a relatively low phosphorylation level and barely bound with ACK1 or Skp2, showing a basal interaction as the control cells. These results suggested that ACK1 is highly expressed in HNSCC tumors and functions to promote cell proliferation by the phosphorylation and degradation of p27 in the Skp2-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Hsiang Peng
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hao-Chin Yang
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Darius Rupa
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Han Yen
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Chiu
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jia Yang
- grid.415323.20000 0004 0639 3300Department of Pathology, Mennonite Christian Hospital, Hualien, 970 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fuh-Jinn Luo
- grid.415323.20000 0004 0639 3300Department of Pathology, Mennonite Christian Hospital, Hualien, 970 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ta-Chun Yuan
- grid.260567.00000 0000 8964 3950Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan, Republic of China
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A Novel Biguanide Derivative, IM176, Induces Prostate Cancer Cell Death via AMPK-mTOR Pathway and Androgen Receptor Signalling Pathway. Prostate Int 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chuang HW, Pan JH, Cai YX, Rupa D, Huang TS, Kuo TC, Lin CW, Chen CW, Lin CC, Lee HS, Yuan TC. Reciprocal regulation of CIP2A and AR expression in prostate cancer cells. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:87. [PMID: 36098827 PMCID: PMC9470804 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in human malignancies, including prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we aimed to explore the oncogenic function of CIP2A in PCa cells and its underlying mechanism. We showed that 63.3% (38/60 cases) of PCa tissues exhibited a high CIP2A immunostaining, compared to 25% (3/12 cases) of BPH samples (p = 0.023). Furthermore, the protein level of CIP2A was positively correlated with patients' short survival time and nuclear AR levels in PCa tissues. Compared to PZ-HPV-7, an immortalized prostate cell line, androgen-sensitive LNCaP C-33, androgen-independent LNCaP C-81, or 22Rv1 cells exhibited a high CIP2A level, associated with high protein and phosphorylation levels of AR. While AR expression and activity modulated CIP2A expression, manipulating CIP2A expression in PCa cells regulated their AR protein levels and proliferation. The reduction of CIP2A expression also enhanced the sensitivity of PCa cells toward Enzalutamide treatment. Our data further showed that depletion of polo-kinase 1 (PLK1) expression or activity in C-81 or 22Rv1 cells caused reduced protein levels of c-Myc and AR. Notably, inhibition of PLK1 activity could abolish CIP2A-promoted expressions in c-Myc, AR, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in C-33 cells under an androgen-deprived condition, suggesting the role of PLK1 activity in CIP2A-promoted AR expression. In summary, our data showed the existence of a novel regulation between CIP2A and AR protein levels, which is critical for promoting PCa malignancy. Thus, CIP2A could serve as a therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Chuang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Rd, Zuoying Dist, Kaohsiung, 813414, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jian-Hua Pan
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Xuan Cai
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Darius Rupa
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Syuan Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Chien Kuo
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Chin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Rd, Zuoying Dist, Kaohsiung, 813414, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Herng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Rd, Zuoying Dist, Kaohsiung, 813414, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ta-Chun Yuan
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zhu T, Yang Q, Shao J, Chen Z, Cai B, Mao G. Pyk2 level is a novel prognostic marker for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:905-917. [PMID: 34313839 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in East Asia. Surgical resection is currently the typical treatment. However, due to the highly invasive and metastatic characteristic of the disease, the mortality rate is still high. A search for potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets is very necessary. Here, we studied the expression of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), a non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase, in ESCC and its influence on prognosis. A total of 112 cases of ESCC and paired adjacent normal tissues (NT) were organized in tissue microarray (TMA) from the Nantong First People's Hospital. Our analysis of TMA revealed that Pyk2 levels were higher in ESCC than in paired adjacent NT by immunohistochemistry (p<0.001). Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR analysis (p=0.0359) also reached similar conclusions. To further explore the significance of Pyk2 in ESCC, another set of tissue microarrays was collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, which includes 241 consecutive patients undergoing radical surgery for ESCC, to perform IHC scores. We demonstrated that the expression level of Pyk2 was positively correlated with N stage (node negative versus node positive, p=0.02) and clinical stage (I + II versus III + IV, p=0.042). Univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that high Pyk2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival with ESCC. Cell function studies found that Pyk2 promoted tumor proliferation and migration and reduced apoptosis. Pyk2 knockdown enhanced the sensitivity to cisplatin in ESCC cells. Western blot analysis confirmed that Pyk2 may promote tumor progression by activating the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Qiuxing Yang
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Shao
- Cancer Research Center Nantong, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhuolin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Nantong, China.
| | - Guoxin Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Ho CH, Lu YC, Fan CK, Yu HJ, Liu HT, Wu CC, Chen KC, Liu SP, Cheng PC. Testosterone regulates the intracellular bacterial community formation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in prostate cells via STAT3. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151450. [PMID: 33092696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UPEC can internalize clonally in prostate to form biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) for recurrent or chronic infection. We previously indicated that the exposure of prostate cells to testosterone could suppress UPEC invasion and their persistent survival within cells by effectively inhibiting the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway. However, the regulatory mechanism by which testosterone affects UPEC-induced prostatitis via STAT3, another latent transcription factor signaling pathway is still unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the role of STAT3 in the process of UPEC-induced inflammation and colonization in prostate epithelial cells. METHODS The effects of testosterone-mediated inhibition were compared between the prostatitis by different UPEC strains (CFT073 and J96) through the specific GFP-UPEC-infected prostate cell model. Fluorescence microscopy was used for UPEC IBCs detection and quantifying, and Flow cytometry, RT-PCR and western blotting were used for analyzing related gene and protein expressions. Pretreatment of JAK and STAT3 inhibitors were also applied to verify the regulation of transduction pathway in testosterone-mediated anti-UPEC infection. RESULTS This study revealed that testosterone effectively suppresses UPEC infection and IBC formation in prostate cells through the JAK/STAT3 pathway. The results show that CFT073 and J96 UPEC infection rates and colony numbers were dose-dependently reduced in RWPE-1 cells pretreated with 5 and 20 μg/mL testosterone at 0 and 24 h post-infection. Further, testosterone reduced the amounts of UPEC infecting and surviving within the prostate cells, as well as suppressed the size of IBCs formed. We demonstrated that pretreating testosterone effectively inhibited UPEC infection along with dose-dependent suppression of STAT3 and the phosphorylated-STAT3 expression in prostate cells, especially in 24 h J96 UPEC infected groups. The STAT inhibitor, SOCS3 also up-regulated at the same time. In addition, we pretreated the JAK1 or STAT3 inhibitor with testosterone to block the signaling transduction before CFT073 and J96 UPEC infection, and found the significant restoring in both the sizes of IBCs and bacterial numbers in RWPE-1 cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the suppression of STAT3 by testosterone treatment attenuate UPEC growing within IBCs and interfere with their infection to prostate cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study demonstrates that testosterone suppresses the initial infection of prostate epithelial cells by UPEC and reduces the survival of UPEC within IBCs after infection. These results indicate a critical role for STAT3 in facilitating UPEC infection and persistence, and its participation in driving testosterone-suppressive responses in prostate epithelial cells. In conclusion, this study suggests that testosterone may be beneficial in treating clinically recurrent UPEC infections and, thus, the persistent recurrence of prostatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsun Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Lu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jeng Yu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tien Liu
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Wu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Qi S, Sun X, Choi HK, Yao J, Wang L, Wu G, He Y, Pan J, Guan JL, Liu F. FAK Promotes Early Osteoprogenitor Cell Proliferation by Enhancing mTORC1 Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1798-1811. [PMID: 32286710 PMCID: PMC7486225 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has important functions in bone homeostasis but its role in early osteoprogenitor cells is unknown. We show herein that mice lacking FAK in Dermo1-expressing cells exhibited low bone mass and decreased osteoblast number. Mechanistically, FAK-deficient early osteoprogenitor cells had decreased proliferation and significantly reduced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, our data showed that the pharmacological inhibition of FAK kinase-dependent function alone was sufficient to decrease the proliferation and compromise the mineralization of early osteoprogenitor cells. In contrast to the Fak deletion in early osteoprogenitor cells, FAK loss in Col3.6 Cre-targeted osteoblasts did not cause bone loss, and Fak deletion in osteoblasts did not affect proliferation, differentiation, and mTORC1 signaling but increased the level of active proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), which belongs to the same non-receptor tyrosine kinase family as FAK. Importantly, mTORC1 signaling in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was reduced if FAK kinase was inhibited at the early osteogenic differentiation stage. In contrast, mTORC1 signaling in BMSCs was not affected if FAK kinase was inhibited at a later osteogenic differentiation stage, in which, however, the concomitant inhibition of both FAK kinase and PYK2 kinase reduced mTORC1 signaling. In summary, our data suggest that FAK promotes early osteoprogenitor cell proliferation by enhancing mTORC1 signaling via its kinase-dependent function and the loss of FAK in osteoblasts can be compensated by the upregulated active PYK2. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiumei Sun
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, China
| | - Han Kyoung Choi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jinfeng Yao
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Stomatology, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guomin Wu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Dental Department, College of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lai KP, Cheung A, Ho CH, Tam NYK, Li JW, Lin X, Chan TF, Lee NPY, Li R. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the oncogenic role of S6K1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:2645-2655. [PMID: 32201535 PMCID: PMC7065997 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), a serine/threonine kinase, is commonly overexpressed in a variety of cancers. However, its expression level and functional roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, is still largely unknown. In the current report, we show the in vivo and in vitro overexpression of S6K1 in HCC. In the functional analysis, we demonstrate that S6K1 is required for the proliferation and colony formation abilities in HCC. By using comparative transcriptomic analysis followed by gene ontology enrichment analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we find that the depletion of S6K1 can elevate the expression of a cluster of apoptotic genes, tumor suppressor genes and immune responsive genes. Moreover, the knockdown of S6K1 is predicted to reduce the tumorigenicity of HCC through the regulation of hubs of genes including STAT1, HDAC4, CEBPA and ONECUT1. In conclusion, we demonstrate the oncogenic role of S6K1 in HCC, suggesting the possible use of S6K1 as a therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Guanxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Angela Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Hin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nathan Yi-Kan Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Woei Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nikki Pui-Yue Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Li
- Guanxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China
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Shen T, Guo Q. EGFR signaling pathway occupies an important position in cancer-related downstream signaling pathways of Pyk2. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2-13. [PMID: 31368612 PMCID: PMC6973235 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) non-receptor tyrosine kinase family and has been found to promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Pyk2 takes part in different carcinogenic signaling pathways to promote cancer progression, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. EGFR signaling pathway is a traditional carcinogenic signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. FAK inhibitors have been reported to fail to get the ideal anti-cancer outcomes because of activation of EGFR signaling pathway. Better understanding of Pyk2 downstream targets and interconnectivity between Pyk2 and carcinogenic EGFR signaling pathway will help finding more effective targets for clinical anti-cancer combination therapies. Thus, the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway, which regulates tumor development and metastasis, needs to be elucidated. In this review, we summarized the downstream targets of Pyk2 in cancers, focused on the connection between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway in different cancer types, and provided a new overview of the roles of Pyk2 in EGFR signaling pathway and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
| | - Qiang Guo
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
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10
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Miller BA, Wang J, Song J, Zhang XQ, Hirschler-Laszkiewicz I, Shanmughapriya S, Tomar D, Rajan S, Feldman AM, Madesh M, Sheu SS, Cheung JY. Trpm2 enhances physiological bioenergetics and protects against pathological oxidative cardiac injury: Role of Pyk2 phosphorylation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15048-15060. [PMID: 30637731 PMCID: PMC6626587 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Trpm2 channels enhance mitochondrial bioenergetics and protect against oxidative stress-induced cardiac injury remain unclear. Here, the role of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) in Trpm2 signaling is explored. Activation of Trpm2 in adult myocytes with H2 O2 resulted in 10- to 21-fold increases in Pyk2 phosphorylation in wild-type (WT) myocytes which was significantly lower (~40%) in Trpm2 knockout (KO) myocytes. Pyk2 phosphorylation was inhibited (~54%) by the Trpm2 blocker clotrimazole. Buffering Trpm2-mediated Ca2+ increase with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) resulted in significantly reduced pPyk2 in WT but not in KO myocytes, indicating Ca2+ influx through activated Trpm2 channels phosphorylated Pyk2. Part of phosphorylated Pyk2 translocated from cytosol to mitochondria which has been previously shown to augment mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and enhance adenosine triphosphate generation. Although Trpm2-mediated Ca2+ influx phosphorylated Ca2+ -calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII), the CaMKII inhibitor KN93 did not significantly affect Pyk2 phosphorylation in H2 O2 -treated WT myocytes. After ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), Pyk2 phosphorylation and its downstream prosurvival signaling molecules (pERK1/2 and pAkt) were significantly lower in KO-I/R when compared with WT-I/R hearts. After hypoxia/reoxygenation, mitochondrial membrane potential was lower and superoxide level was higher in KO myocytes, and were restored to WT values by the mitochondria-targeted superoxide scavenger MitoTempo. Our results suggested that Ca2+ influx via tonically activated Trpm2 phosphorylated Pyk2, part of which translocated to mitochondria, resulting in better mitochondrial bioenergetics to maintain cardiac health. After I/R, Pyk2 activated prosurvival signaling molecules and prevented excessive increases in reactive oxygen species, thereby affording protection from I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - JuFang Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Iwona Hirschler-Laszkiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140,Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140,Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Sudasan Rajan
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140,Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Arthur M. Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140,Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Joseph Y. Cheung
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140,Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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11
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays essential roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Pyk2 serves as a non-receptor tyrosine kinase regulating tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance, and is associated with poor prognosis and shortened survival in various cancer types. Thus, Pyk2 has been traditionally regarded as an oncogene and potential therapeutic target for cancers. However, a few studies have also demonstrated that Pyk2 exerts tumor-suppressive effects in some cancers, and anti-cancer treatment of Pyk2 inhibitors may only achieve marginal benefits in these cancers. Therefore, more detailed knowledge of the contradictory functions of Pyk2 is needed. In this review, we summarized the tissue distribution, expression, interactive molecules of Pyk2 in the signaling pathway, and roles of Pyk2 in cancers, and focused on regulation of the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and its downstream targets. The potential use of inhibitors of Pyk2 and its related pathways in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Guo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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12
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Liu S, Chen L, Xu Y. Significance of PYK2 level as a prognosis predictor in patients with colon adenocarcinoma after surgical resection. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:7625-7634. [PMID: 30464511 PMCID: PMC6217216 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s169531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proline-rich/Ca2+-activated tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) belongs to the non-receptor tyrosine kinase family, regulates downstream signaling via catalyzing protein phosphorylation. We aimed to investigate clinical significance and mechanisms of PYK2 in colon adenocarcinoma (CAC). Methods Real time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry staining was used to evaluate the expression of PYK2 in clinical CAC tissues. Its association with clinicopathologic characteristics was analyzed by Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier univariate survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to identify clinical significance of PYK2 in the overall survival of CAC patients. Transfection of PYK2 were conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism in regulating CAC progression. Results We found that PYK2 was upregulated in CAC tissues compared with normal colon tissues on both RNA and protein levels. Higher tissue PYK2 expression level was closely associated with lymph node metastasis. Statistical analyses indicated PYK2 as an independent prognostic biomarker for CAC. Cellular studies demonstrated that PYK2 enhanced the capacities of tumor proliferation and invasion. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of AKT was positively correlated with PYK2 expression, subsequently modulate expression of c-Myc and Cyclin D1, suggesting that PYK2 may promote tumor progression through activating AKT signaling. Conclusion High PYK2 in CAC tissues indicate poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China,
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13
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Posritong S, Hong JM, Eleniste PP, McIntyre PW, Wu JL, Himes ER, Patel V, Kacena MA, Bruzzaniti A. Pyk2 deficiency potentiates osteoblast differentiation and mineralizing activity in response to estrogen or raloxifene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:35-47. [PMID: 29428397 PMCID: PMC6057828 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is controlled by the actions of bone-degrading osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs). Aging and loss of estrogen after menopause affects bone mass and quality. Estrogen therapy, including selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), can prevent bone loss and increase bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Although investigations of the effects of estrogen on osteoclast activity are well advanced, the mechanism of action of estrogen on OBs is still unclear. The proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is important for bone formation and female mice lacking Pyk2 (Pyk2-KO) exhibit elevated bone mass, increased bone formation rate and reduced osteoclast activity. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the role of estrogen signaling on the mechanism of action of Pyk2 in OBs. As expected, Pyk2-KO OBs showed significantly higher proliferation, matrix formation, and mineralization than WT OBs. In addition we found that Pyk2-KO OBs cultured in the presence of either 17β-estradiol (E2) or raloxifene, a SERM used for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, showed a further robust increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization. We examined the possible mechanism of action and found that Pyk2 deletion promotes the proteasome-mediated degradation of estrogen receptor α (ERα), but not estrogen receptor β (ERβ). As a consequence, E2 signaling via ERβ was enhanced in Pyk2-KO OBs. In addition, we found that Pyk2 deletion and E2 stimulation had an additive effect on ERK phosphorylation, which is known to stimulate cell differentiation and survival. Our findings suggest that in the absence of Pyk2, estrogen exerts an osteogenic effect on OBs through altered ERα and ERβ signaling. Thus, targeting Pyk2, in combination with estrogen or raloxifene, may be a novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of bone loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Posritong
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jung Min Hong
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Pierre P Eleniste
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Patrick W McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Wu
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Evan R Himes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Vruti Patel
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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14
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Hirschler-Laszkiewicz I, Chen SJ, Bao L, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Shanmughapriya S, Keefer K, Madesh M, Cheung JY, Miller BA. The human ion channel TRPM2 modulates neuroblastoma cell survival and mitochondrial function through Pyk2, CREB, and MCU activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C571-C586. [PMID: 30020827 PMCID: PMC6230687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00098.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin channel subfamily member 2 (TRPM2) has an essential function in cell survival and is highly expressed in many cancers. Inhibition of TRPM2 in neuroblastoma by depletion with CRISPR technology or expression of dominant negative TRPM2-S has been shown to significantly reduce cell viability. Here, the role of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) in TRPM2 modulation of neuroblastoma viability was explored. In TRPM2-depleted cells, phosphorylation and expression of Pyk2 and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), a downstream target, were significantly reduced after application of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. Overexpression of wild-type Pyk2 rescued cell viability. Reduction of Pyk2 expression with shRNA decreased cell viability and CREB phosphorylation and expression, demonstrating Pyk2 modulates CREB activation. TRPM2 depletion impaired phosphorylation of Src, an activator of Pyk2, and this may be a mechanism to reduce Pyk2 phosphorylation. TRPM2 inhibition was previously demonstrated to decrease mitochondrial function. Here, CREB, Pyk2, and phosphorylated Src were reduced in mitochondria of TRPM2-depleted cells, consistent with their role in modulating expression and activation of mitochondrial proteins. Phosphorylated Src and phosphorylated and total CREB were reduced in TRPM2-depleted nuclei. Expression and function of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), a target of phosphorylated Pyk2 and CREB, were significantly reduced. Wild-type TRPM2 but not Ca2+-impermeable mutant E960D reconstituted phosphorylation and expression of Pyk2 and CREB in TRPM2-depleted cells exposed to doxorubicin. Results demonstrate that TRPM2 expression protects the viability of neuroblastoma through Src, Pyk2, CREB, and MCU activation, which play key roles in maintaining mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shu-Jen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - JuFang Wang
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kerry Keefer
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Barbara A Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
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