1
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Simsek YK, Tofil HP, Rosenthal MI, Evans RM, Danielski CL, Beasley KE, Alsayed H, Shapira ME, Strauss RI, Wang M, Roggero VR, Allison LA. Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 levels differentially impact the intracellular dynamics of mutant thyroid hormone receptors associated with resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 594:112373. [PMID: 39299378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and mediates gene expression in response to thyroid hormone (T3). In Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Syndrome α (RTHα), certain TRα1 mutants have higher affinity for nuclear corepressor 1 (NCoR1) and may form stable complexes that are not released in the presence of T3. Here, we examined whether NCoR1 modulates intranuclear mobility and nuclear retention of TRα1 or RTHα-associated mutants in transfected human cells, as a way of analyzing critical structural components of TRα1 and to further explore the correlation between mutations in TRα1 and aberrant intracellular trafficking. We found no significant difference in intranuclear mobility, as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, between TRα1 and select RTHα mutants, irrespective of NCoR1 expression. Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic fluorescence ratios of RTHα mutants, however, varied from TRα1 when NCoR1 was overexpressed, with a significant increase in nuclear retention for A263V and a significant decrease for A263S and R384H. In NCoR1-knockout cells, nuclear retention of A263S, A263V, P389R, A382P, C392X, and F397fs406X was significantly decreased compared to control (wild-type) cells. Luciferase reporter gene transcription mediated by TRα1 was significantly repressed by both NCoR1 overexpression and NCoR1 knockout. Most RTHα mutants showed minimal induction regardless of NCoR1 levels, but T3-mediated transcriptional activity was decreased for R384C and F397fs406X when NCoR1 was overexpressed, and also decreased for N359Y in NCoR1-knockout cells. Our results suggest a complex interaction between NCoR1 and RTHα mutants characterized by aberrant intracellular localization patterns and transcriptional activity that potentially arise from variable repressor complex stability, and may provide insight into RTHα pathogenesis on a molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit K Simsek
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - H Page Tofil
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Matthew I Rosenthal
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Rochelle M Evans
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Caroline L Danielski
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Katelyn E Beasley
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Haytham Alsayed
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Molly E Shapira
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Rebecca I Strauss
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Moyao Wang
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Vincent R Roggero
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Lizabeth A Allison
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA.
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Maddox SA, Ponomareva OY, Zaleski CE, Chen MX, Vella KR, Hollenberg AN, Klengel C, Ressler KJ. Evidence for thyroid hormone regulation of amygdala-dependent fear-relevant memory and plasticity. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02679-2. [PMID: 39039155 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The amygdala is an established site for fear memory formation, and clinical studies suggest involvement of hormone signaling cascades in development of trauma-related disorders. While an association of thyroid hormone (TH) status and mood disorders is established, the related brain-based mechanisms and the role of TH in anxiety disorders are unknown. Here we examine the role that TH receptor (TR, a nuclear transcriptional repressor when unbound and a transcriptional activator when bound to TH) may have in mediating the initial formation of fear memories in the amygdala. We identified mRNA levels of TR and other TH pathway regulatory genes, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (Trh), transthyretin (Ttr), thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (Trhr), type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), mediator complex subunit 12 (Med12/Trap230) and retinoid X receptor gamma (Rxrg) to be altered in the amygdala following Pavlovian fear conditioning. Using TH agonist and antagonist infusion into the amygdala, we demonstrated that this pathway is both necessary and sufficient for fear memory consolidation. Inhibition of TH signaling with the TR antagonist 1-850 decreased fear memory consolidation; while activation of TR with T3 (triiodothyronine) resulted in increased memory formation. Using a systemic hypothyroid mouse model, we found that intra-amygdala infusions of T3 were sufficient to rescue deficits in fear memory. Finally, we demonstrated that T3 was sufficient to activate TR-specific gene pathways in the amygdala. These findings on the role of activity-dependent TR modulation support a model in which local TH is a critical regulator of fear memory-related plasticity in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Maddox
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Y Ponomareva
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cole E Zaleski
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle X Chen
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kristen R Vella
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Klengel
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Nicolini G, Casini G, Posarelli C, Amato R, Lulli M, Balzan S, Forini F. Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Retinal Development and Function: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7364. [PMID: 39000471 PMCID: PMC11242054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid Hormones (THs) play a central role in the development, cell growth, differentiation, and metabolic homeostasis of neurosensory systems, including the retina. The coordinated activity of various components of TH signaling, such as TH receptors (THRs) and the TH processing enzymes deiodinases 2 and 3 (DIO2, DIO3), is required for proper retinal maturation and function of the adult photoreceptors, Müller glial cells, and pigmented epithelial cells. Alterations of TH homeostasis, as observed both in frank or subclinical thyroid disorders, have been associated with sight-threatening diseases leading to irreversible vision loss i.e., diabetic retinopathy (DR), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although observational studies do not allow causal inference, emerging data from preclinical models suggest a possible correlation between TH signaling imbalance and the development of retina disease. In this review, we analyze the most important features of TH signaling relevant to retinal development and function and its possible implication in DR and AMD etiology. A better understanding of TH pathways in these pathological settings might help identify novel targets and therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Casini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Posarelli
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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4
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Somers FM, Malek G. Estrogen related receptor alpha: Potential modulator of age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2024; 75:102439. [PMID: 38447458 PMCID: PMC10947805 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2024.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
To develop effective therapies for complex blinding diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), identification of mechanisms involved in its initiation and progression is needed. The estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA) is an orphan nuclear receptor that regulates several AMD-associated pathogenic pathways. However, it has not been investigated in detail in the ocular posterior pole during aging or in AMD. This review delves into the literature highlighting the significance of ESRRA as a molecular target that may be important in the pathobiology of AMD, and discusses data available supporting the targeting of this receptor signaling pathway as a therapeutic option for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goldis Malek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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5
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Hill DP, Drabkin HJ, Smith CL, Van Auken KM, D’Eustachio P. Biochemical pathways represented by Gene Ontology-Causal Activity Models identify distinct phenotypes resulting from mutations in pathways. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad152. [PMID: 37579192 PMCID: PMC10550311 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene inactivation can affect the process(es) in which that gene acts and causally downstream ones, yielding diverse mutant phenotypes. Identifying the genetic pathways resulting in a given phenotype helps us understand how individual genes interact in a functional network. Computable representations of biological pathways include detailed process descriptions in the Reactome Knowledgebase and causal activity flows between molecular functions in Gene Ontology-Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs). A computational process has been developed to convert Reactome pathways to GO-CAMs. Laboratory mice are widely used models of normal and pathological human processes. We have converted human Reactome GO-CAMs to orthologous mouse GO-CAMs, as a resource to transfer pathway knowledge between humans and model organisms. These mouse GO-CAMs allowed us to define sets of genes that function in a causally connected way. To demonstrate that individual variant genes from connected pathways result in similar but distinguishable phenotypes, we used the genes in our pathway models to cross-query mouse phenotype annotations in the Mouse Genome Database (MGD). Using GO-CAM representations of 2 related but distinct pathways, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, we show that individual causal paths in gene networks give rise to discrete phenotypic outcomes resulting from perturbations of glycolytic and gluconeogenic genes. The accurate and detailed descriptions of gene interactions recovered in this analysis of well-studied processes suggest that this strategy can be applied to less well-understood processes in less well-studied model systems to predict phenotypic outcomes of novel gene variants and to identify potential gene targets in altered processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hill
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | | | | | - Kimberly M Van Auken
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Peter D’Eustachio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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6
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Hill DP, Drabkin HJ, Smith CL, Van Auken KM, D’Eustachio P. Biochemical Pathways Represented by Gene Ontology Causal Activity Models Identify Distinct Phenotypes Resulting from Mutations in Pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541760. [PMID: 37293039 PMCID: PMC10245817 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene inactivation can affect the process(es) in which that gene acts and causally downstream ones, yielding diverse mutant phenotypes. Identifying the genetic pathways resulting in a given phenotype helps us understand how individual genes interact in a functional network. Computable representations of biological pathways include detailed process descriptions in the Reactome Knowledgebase, and causal activity flows between molecular functions in Gene Ontology-Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs). A computational process has been developed to convert Reactome pathways to GO-CAMs. Laboratory mice are widely used models of normal and pathological human processes. We have converted human Reactome GO-CAMs to orthologous mouse GO-CAMs, as a resource to transfer pathway knowledge between humans and model organisms. These mouse GO-CAMs allowed us to define sets of genes that function in a connected and well-defined way. To test whether individual genes from well-defined pathways result in similar and distinguishable phenotypes, we used the genes in our pathway models to cross-query mouse phenotype annotations in the Mouse Genome Database (MGD). Using GO-CAM representations of two related but distinct pathways, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, we can identify causal paths in gene networks that give rise to discrete phenotypic outcomes for perturbations of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The accurate and detailed descriptions of gene interactions recovered in this analysis of well-studied processes suggest that this strategy can be applied to less well-understood processes in less well-studied model systems to predict phenotypic outcomes of novel gene variants and to identify potential gene targets in altered processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kimberly M Van Auken
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Peter D’Eustachio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York NY 10016 USA
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7
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He Y, Hou J, Qiu Y, Ouyang K, Li D, Li L. Microcystin-LR immersion caused sequential endocrine disruption and growth inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) from fertilization to sexual differentiation completion. Toxicology 2023:153569. [PMID: 37295766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a highly toxic congener and is also one of the most commonly found. Recent studies have demonstrated that MC-LR can disrupt growth and endocrine in fish, but how it works at the stage of the sex differentiation period had not been determined to date. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to MC-LR (0 and 10μg/L), and sampled at 14, 28, and 42 days post fertilization (dpf), respectively. The results demonstrated that MC-LR caused the growth inhibition of zebrafish at 42 dpf. The expression levels of genes related to the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes, as well as the levels of hormone 3,5,3'- Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), were significantly decreased at all time points. A Significant decrease in the ratio of testosterone and estradiol (T/E2) were detected at 28 and 42 dpf in MC-LR group along with changes in genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The result of sex ratio showed that the percentage of females was up to 61.84%, indicating a estrogenic effect induced by MC-LR. The significant changes on hormone levels and gene transcripts occurred mainly in the stage of sex differentiation. The correlation analysis further suggested that key cross-talks among three endocrine axes may be the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), Transthyretin (TTR) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling molecules. Overall, our findings provide a new insight for understanding the mechanisms by which MC-LR affects fish growth and reproduction during gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya He
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
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8
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Nuclear corepressor SMRT acts as a strong regulator of both β-oxidation and suppressor of fibrosis in the differentiation process of mouse skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277830. [PMID: 36454860 PMCID: PMC9714868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silencing Mediator of Retinoid and Thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT; NCoR2) is a transcriptional corepressor (CoR) which has been recognized as an important player in the regulation of hepatic lipogenesis and in somatic development in mouse embryo. SMRT protein is also widely expressed in mouse connective tissues, for example adipocytes and muscle. We recently reported that mice with global deletion of SMRT develop significant obesity and muscle wasting which are independent from thyroid hormone (TH) signaling and thermogenesis. However, the tissue specific role of SMRT in skeletal muscle is still not clear. METHODS To clarify role of SMRT in muscle differentiation, we made myogenic C2C12 clones which lack SMRT protein (C2C12-SKO) by using CRISPR-Cas9. Wild-type C2C12 (C2C12-WT) and C2C12-SKO cells were cultured in differentiation medium, and the resulting gene and protein profiles were compared between the two cell lines both before and after differentiation. We also analyzed muscle tissues which were dissected from whole body SMRT knockout (KO) mice and their controls. RESULTS We found significant up-regulation of muscle specific β-oxidation markers; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) and PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in the C2C12-SKO cells, suggesting that the cells had a similar gene profile to what is found in exercised rodent skeletal muscle. On the other hand, confocal microscopic analysis showed the significant loss of myotubes in C2C12-SKO cells similar to the morphology found in immature myoblasts. Proteomics analysis also confirmed that the C2C12-SKO cells had higher expression of markers of fibrosis (ex. Collagen1A1; COL1A1 and Fibroblast growth factor-2; FGF-2), indicating the up-regulation of Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor signaling. Consistent with this, treatment with a specific TGF-β receptor inhibitor ameliorated both the defects in myotube differentiation and fibrosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, we demonstrate that SMRT functions as a pivotal transcriptional mediator for both β-oxidation and the prevention for the fibrosis via TGF-β receptor signaling in the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. In contrast to the results from C2C12 cells, SMRT does not appear to play a role in adult skeletal muscle of whole body SMRT KO mice. Thus, SMRT plays a significant role in the differentiation of myoblasts.
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9
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Quintero J, Saad NY, Pagnoni SM, Jacquelin DK, Gatica L, Harper SQ, Rosa AL. The DUX4 protein is a co-repressor of the progesterone and glucocorticoid nuclear receptors. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2644-2658. [PMID: 35662006 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DUX4 is a transcription factor required during early embryonic development in placental mammals. In this work we provide evidence that DUX4 is a co-repressor of nuclear receptors (NRs) of progesterone (PR) and glucocorticoids (GR). The DUX4 C-ter and N-ter regions, including the nuclear localization signals and homeodomain motifs, contribute to the corepressor activity of DUX4 on PR and GR. Immunoprecipitation studies, using total protein extracts of cells expressing tagged versions of DUX4 and GR, support that these proteins are physically associated. Our studies suggest that DUX4 could modulate gene expression by coregulating the activity of hormone NRs. This is the first report highlighting a potential endocrine role for DUX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Quintero
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, IRNASUS-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nizar Y Saad
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sabrina M Pagnoni
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, IRNASUS-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela K Jacquelin
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, IRNASUS-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina.,INFIQC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Gatica
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, IRNASUS-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina.,CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Scott Q Harper
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alberto L Rosa
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, IRNASUS-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina.,Fundación Allende-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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10
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Davidson CD, Gillis NE, Carr FE. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta as Tumor Suppressor: Untapped Potential in Treatment and Diagnostics in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4254. [PMID: 34503062 PMCID: PMC8428233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that the nuclear receptor TRβ, a member of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) family, is a tumor suppressor in thyroid, breast, and other solid tumors. Cell-based and animal studies reveal that the liganded TRβ induces apoptosis, reduces an aggressive phenotype, decreases stem cell populations, and slows tumor growth through modulation of a complex interplay of transcriptional networks. TRβ-driven tumor suppressive transcriptomic signatures include repression of known drivers of proliferation such as PI3K/Akt pathway, activation of novel signaling such as JAK1/STAT1, and metabolic reprogramming in both thyroid and breast cancers. The presence of TRβ is also correlated with a positive prognosis and response to therapeutics in BRCA+ and triple-negative breast cancers, respectively. Ligand activation of TRβ enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. TRβ co-regulators and bromodomain-containing chromatin remodeling proteins are emergent therapeutic targets. This review considers TRβ as a potential biomolecular diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole D. Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.D.D.); (N.E.G.)
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Noelle E. Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.D.D.); (N.E.G.)
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Frances E. Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.D.D.); (N.E.G.)
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
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11
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Nuclear CoRepressors, NCOR1 and SMRT, are required for maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101315. [PMID: 34390859 PMCID: PMC8429965 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) and the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone (SMRT, also known as NCOR2) play critical and specific roles in nuclear receptor action. NCOR1, both in vitro and in vivo specifically regulates thyroid hormone (TH) action in the context of individual organs such as the liver, and systemically in the context of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. In contrast, selective deletion of SMRT in the liver or globally has shown that it plays very little role in TH signaling. However, both NCOR1 and SMRT have some overlapping roles in hepatic metabolism and lipogenesis. Here, we determine the roles of NCOR1 and SMRT in global physiologic function and find if SMRT could play a compensatory role in the regulation of TH action, globally. Methods We used a postnatal deletion strategy to disrupt both NCOR1 and SMRT together in all tissues at 8–9 weeks of age in male and female mice. This was performed using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase (UBC-Cre-ERT2) to KO (knockout) NCOR1, SMRT, or NCOR1 and SMRT together. We used the same strategy to KO HDAC3 in male and female mice of the same age. Metabolic parameters, gene expression, and thyroid function tests were analyzed. Results Surprisingly, adult mice that acquired NCOR1 and SMRT deletion rapidly became hypoglycemic and hypothermic and perished within ten days of deletion of both corepressors. Postnatal deletion of either NCOR1 or SMRT had no impact on mortality. NCOR1/SMRT KO mice rapidly developed hepatosteatosis and mild elevations in liver function tests. Additionally, alterations in lipogenesis, beta oxidation, along with hepatic triglyceride and glycogen levels suggested defects in hepatic metabolism. The intestinal function was intact in the NCOR1/SMRT knockout (KO) mice. The KO of HDAC3 resulted in a distinct phenotype from the NCOR1/SMRT KO mice, whereas none of the HDAC3 KO mice succumbed after tamoxifen injection. Conclusions The KO of NCOR1 and SMRT rapidly leads to significant metabolic abnormalities that do not survive – including hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and weight loss. Hepatosteatosis rapidly developed along with alterations in hepatic metabolism suggesting a contribution to the dramatic phenotype from liver injury. Glucose production and absorption were intact in NCOR1/SMRT KO mice, demonstrating a multifactorial process leading to their demise. HDAC3 KO mice have a distinct phenotype from the NCOR1/SMRT KO mice—which implies that NCOR1/SMRT together regulate a critical pathway that is required for survival in adulthood and is separate from HDAC3. The knockout of corepressors NCoR1 and SMRT is rapidly lethal. Metabolic abnormalities observed include hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Hepatic glucose production and intestinal absorption is intact despite hypoglycemia. The lethal action of NCoR1/SMRT deletion is independent of HDAC3.
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Alhilo I, Alhilo S, Alkhatib B, Al-Shorman A. Hyperthyroidism treatment by alternative therapies based on cupping and dietary-herbal supplementation: a case report. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 37:95-98. [PMID: 35385890 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increasing production of thyroid hormone (TH) and decreasing of thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) secretion. The treatment of hyperthyroidism includes such as anti-thyroid drugs, radioiodine, and thyroidectomy have many side effects without complete curing results. We described a successful treatment of hyperthyroidism patient with dietary-herbal supplementation with wet cupping without any medicine. CASE PRESENTATION A 29-years female, blood analysis showed that she had low TSH (0.012 mlU/mL), and normal levels of T3 and T4. After completing 16 weeks on Carbimazole, TSH value still low (0.024 mlU/mL) and urticaria was appeared. She decided to stop Carbimazole and try alternative therapy choices. She received wet cupping and dietary-herbal supplementations (including royal jelly, green barley grass and Taraxaf®) for two months. Notably, TSH values was increased during-after intervention and urticaria was disappeared. CONCLUSIONS Alternative therapy could be a beneficial choice for hyperthyroidism treatment without any side effects or complications under physician supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Alhilo
- Herbal Dynasty Medical Center, Mutah University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samir Alhilo
- Herbal Dynasty Medical Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Buthaina Alkhatib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Science, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa Al-Shorman
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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13
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Alhilo I, Alhilo S, Alkhatib B, Al-Shorman A. Hyperthyroidism treatment by alternative therapies based on cupping and dietary-herbal supplementation: a case report. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 0:dmdi-2021-0132. [PMID: 34388334 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2021-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increasing production of thyroid hormone (TH) and decreasing of thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) secretion. The treatment of hyperthyroidism includes such as anti-thyroid drugs, radioiodine, and thyroidectomy have many side effects without complete curing results. We described a successful treatment of hyperthyroidism patient with dietary-herbal supplementation with wet cupping without any medicine. CASE PRESENTATION A 29-years female, blood analysis showed that she had low TSH (0.012 mlU/mL), and normal levels of T3 and T4. After completing 16 weeks on Carbimazole, TSH value still low (0.024 mlU/mL) and urticaria was appeared. She decided to stop Carbimazole and try alternative therapy choices. She received wet cupping and dietary-herbal supplementations (including royal jelly, green barley grass and Taraxaf®) for two months. Notably, TSH values was increased during-after intervention and urticaria was disappeared. CONCLUSIONS Alternative therapy could be a beneficial choice for hyperthyroidism treatment without any side effects or complications under physician supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Alhilo
- Herbal Dynasty Medical Center, Mutah University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samir Alhilo
- Herbal Dynasty Medical Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Buthaina Alkhatib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Science, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa Al-Shorman
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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McNerney C, Johnston RJ. Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone photoreceptor subtypes during eye development: Insights from model organisms and human stem cell-derived retinal organoids. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:51-90. [PMID: 33752828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cones are the color-detecting photoreceptors of the vertebrate eye. Cones are specialized into subtypes whose functions are determined by the expression of color-sensitive opsin proteins. Organisms differ greatly in the number and patterning of cone subtypes. Despite these differences, thyroid hormone is an important regulator of opsin expression in most vertebrates. In this chapter, we outline how the timing of thyroid hormone signaling controls cone subtype fates during retinal development. We first examine our current understanding of cone subtype specification in model organisms and then describe advances in human stem cell-derived organoid technology that identified mechanisms controlling development of the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McNerney
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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15
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Wejaphikul K, van Gucht ALM, Groeneweg S, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Peeters RP, Meima ME. The In Vitro Functional Impairment of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha 1 Isoform Mutants Is Mainly Dictated by Reduced Ligand Sensitivity. Thyroid 2019; 29:1834-1842. [PMID: 31530256 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (TH) acts on TH receptors (TRs) and regulates gene transcription by binding of TRs to TH response elements (TREs) in target gene promoters. The transcriptional activity of TRs is modulated by interactions with TR-coregulatory proteins. Mutations in TRα cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα). In this study, we analyzed if, beyond reduced triiodothyronine (T3) affinity, altered interactions with cofactors or different TREs could account for the differential impaired transcriptional activity of different mutants. Methods: We evaluated four mutants derived from patients (D211G, M256T, A263S, and R384H) and three artificial mutants at equivalent positions in patients with RTHβ (T223A, L287V, and P398H). The in vitro transcriptional activity was evaluated on TRE-luciferase reporters (DR4, IR0, and ER6). The affinity for T3 and interaction with coregulatory proteins (nuclear receptor corepressor 1 [NCoR1] and steroid receptor coactivator 1 [SRC1]) were also determined. Results: We found that the affinity for T3 was significantly reduced for all mutants, except for TRα1-T223A. The reduction in the T3 sensitivity of the transcriptional activity on three TREs, the dissociation of the corepressor NCoR1, and the association of the coactivator SRC1 recruitment for each mutant correlated with the reduced affinity for T3. We did not observe mutation-specific alterations in interactions with cofactors or TREs. Conclusions: In summary, the degree of impaired transcriptional activity of mutants is mainly determined by their reduced affinity for T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karn Wejaphikul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anja L M van Gucht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Shimizu H, Lu Y, Vella KR, Damilano F, Astapova I, Amano I, Ritter M, Gallop MR, Rosenzweig AN, Cohen RN, Hollenberg AN. Nuclear corepressor SMRT is a strong regulator of body weight independently of its ability to regulate thyroid hormone action. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220717. [PMID: 31404087 PMCID: PMC6690520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silencing Mediator of Retinoid and Thyroid Hormone Receptors (SMRT) and the nuclear receptor co-repressor1 (NCoR1) are paralogs and regulate nuclear receptor (NR) function through the recruitment of a multiprotein complex that includes histone deacetylase activity. Previous genetic strategies which deleted SMRT in a specific tissue or which altered the interaction between SMRT and NRs have suggested that it may regulate adiposity and insulin sensitivity. However, the full role of SMRT in adult mice has been difficult to establish because its complete deletion during embryogenesis is lethal. To elucidate the specific roles of SMRT in mouse target tissues especially in the context of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, we used a tamoxifen-inducible post-natal disruption strategy. We found that global SMRT deletion causes dramatic obesity even though mice were fed a standard chow diet and exhibited normal food intake. This weight gain was associated with a decrease in energy expenditure. Interestingly, the deletion of SMRT had no effect on TH action in any tissue but did regulate retinoic acid receptor (RAR) function in the liver. We also demonstrate that the deletion of SMRT leads to profound hepatic steatosis in the setting of obesity. This is unlike NCoR1 deletion, which results in hepatic steatosis due to the upregulation of lipogenic gene expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SMRT plays a unique and CoR specific role in the regulation of body weight and has no role in TH action. This raises the possibility that additional role of CoRs besides NCoR1 and SMRT may exist to regulate TH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimizu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristen R. Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Federico Damilano
- Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Izuki Amano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan Ritter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Molly R. Gallop
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony N. Rosenzweig
- Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald N. Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Baldassarro VA, Krężel W, Fernández M, Schuhbaur B, Giardino L, Calzà L. The role of nuclear receptors in the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from fetal and adult neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101443. [PMID: 31022610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) into mature oligodendrocytes is driven by thyroid hormone and mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). We show that several nuclear receptors display strong changes in expression levels between fetal and adult NSCs, with an overexpression of TRβ and a lower expression of RXRγ in adult. Such changes may determine the reduced capacity of adult OPCs to differentiate as supported by reduced yield of maturation and compromised mRNA expression of key genes. RXRγ may be the determinant of these differences, on the evidence of reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes and increased number of proliferating OPCs in RXRγ-/- cultures. Such data also points to RXRγ as an important regulator of the cell cycle exit, as proved by the dysregulation of T3-induced cell cycle exit-related genes. Our data highlight the biological differences between fetal and adult OPCs and demonstrate the essential role of RXRγ in the T3-mediated OPCs maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Antonio Baldassarro
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Brigitte Schuhbaur
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy; IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Forini F, Nicolini G, Pitto L, Iervasi G. Novel Insight Into the Epigenetic and Post-transcriptional Control of Cardiac Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:601. [PMID: 31555215 PMCID: PMC6727178 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is critically involved in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology. Even mild reductions of myocardial TH levels, as occur in hypothyroidism or low T3 state conditions, are thought to play a role in the progression of cardiac disorders. Due to recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying TH action, it is now accepted that TH-dependent modulation of gene expression is achieved at multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and involves the cooperation of many processes. Among them, the epigenetic remodeling of chromatin structure and the interplay with non-coding RNA have emerged as novel TH-dependent pathways that add further degrees of complexity and broaden the network of genes controlled by TH signaling. Increasing experimental and clinical findings indicate that aberrant function of these regulatory mechanisms promotes the evolution of cardiac disorders such as post-ischemic injury, pathological hypertrophy, and heart failure, which may be reversed by the correction of the underlying TH dyshomeostasis. To encourage the clinical implementation of a TH replacement strategy in cardiac disease, here we discuss the crucial effect of epigenetic modifications and control of non-coding RNA in TH-dependent regulation of biological processes relevant for cardiac disease evolution.
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Montesinos MDM, Pellizas CG. Thyroid Hormone Action on Innate Immunity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:350. [PMID: 31214123 PMCID: PMC6558108 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between thyroid hormone action and the immune system has been established in physiological and pathological settings. However, their connection is complex and still not completely understood. The thyroid hormones (THs), 3,3',5,5' tetraiodo-L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) play essential roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite much research having been carried out on this topic, the available data are sometimes difficult to interpret or even contradictory. Innate immune cells act as the first line of defense, mainly involving granulocytes and natural killer cells. In turn, antigen presenting cells, macrophages and dendritic cells capture, process and present antigens (self and foreign) to naïve T lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues for the development of adaptive immunity. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in T4 and T3 effects on innate immune cells. An overview of the state-of-the-art of TH transport across the target cell membrane, TH metabolism inside these cells, and the genomic and non-genomic mechanisms involved in the action of THs in the different innate immune cell subsets is included. The present knowledge of TH effects as well as the thyroid status on innate immunity helps to understand the complex adaptive responses achieved with profound implications in immunopathology, which include inflammation, cancer and autoimmunity, at the crossroads of the immune and endocrine systems.
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21
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Stepien BK, Huttner WB. Transport, Metabolism, and Function of Thyroid Hormones in the Developing Mammalian Brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:209. [PMID: 31001205 PMCID: PMC6456649 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of thyroid hormone deficiency as the primary cause of cretinism in the second half of the 19th century, the crucial role of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in embryonic brain development has been established. However, the biological understanding of TH function in brain formation is far from complete, despite advances in treating thyroid function deficiency disorders. The pleiotropic nature of TH action makes it difficult to identify and study discrete roles of TH in various aspect of embryogenesis, including neurogenesis and brain maturation. These challenges notwithstanding, enormous progress has been achieved in understanding TH production and its regulation, their conversions and routes of entry into the developing mammalian brain. The endocrine environment has to adjust when an embryo ceases to rely solely on maternal source of hormones as its own thyroid gland develops and starts to produce endogenous TH. A number of mechanisms are in place to secure the proper delivery and action of TH with placenta, blood-brain interface, and choroid plexus as barriers of entry that need to selectively transport and modify these hormones thus controlling their active levels. Additionally, target cells also possess mechanisms to import, modify and bind TH to further fine-tune their action. A complex picture of a tightly regulated network of transport proteins, modifying enzymes, and receptors has emerged from the past studies. TH have been implicated in multiple processes related to brain formation in mammals-neuronal progenitor proliferation, neuronal migration, functional maturation, and survival-with their exact roles changing over developmental time. Given the plethora of effects thyroid hormones exert on various cell types at different developmental periods, the precise spatiotemporal regulation of their action is of crucial importance. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about TH delivery, conversions, and function in the developing mammalian brain. We also discuss their potential role in vertebrate brain evolution and offer future directions for research aimed at elucidating TH signaling in nervous system development.
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Yang C, Stueve TR, Yan C, Rhie SK, Mullen DJ, Luo J, Zhou B, Borok Z, Marconett CN, Offringa IA. Positional integration of lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility loci with primary human alveolar epithelial cell epigenomes. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1167-1187. [PMID: 30212242 PMCID: PMC6391636 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify functional lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) risk SNPs. MATERIALS & METHODS Eighteen validated LUAD risk SNPs (p ≤ 5 × 10-8) and 930 SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.5) were integrated with epigenomic information from primary human alveolar epithelial cells. Enhancer-associated SNPs likely affecting transcription factor-binding sites were predicted. Three SNPs were functionally investigated using luciferase assays, expression quantitative trait loci and cancer-specific expression. RESULTS Forty-seven SNPs mapped to putative enhancers; 11 located to open chromatin. Of these, seven altered predicted transcription factor-binding motifs. Rs6942067 showed allele-specific luciferase expression and expression quantitative trait loci analysis indicates that it influences expression of DCBLD1, a gene that encodes an unknown membrane protein and is overexpressed in LUAD. CONCLUSION Integration of candidate LUAD risk SNPS with epigenomic marks from normal alveolar epithelium identified numerous candidate functional LUAD risk SNPs including rs6942067, which appears to affect DCBLD1 expression. Data deposition: Data are provided in GEO record GSE84273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Theresa Ryan Stueve
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chunli Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Suhn K Rhie
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Daniel J Mullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiao Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ite A Offringa
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
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Little AG. Local Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Singh BK, Sinha RA, Ohba K, Yen PM. Role of thyroid hormone in hepatic gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and autophagy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:160-168. [PMID: 28216439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) actions on development and metabolism have been studied ever since the discovery of thyroxine almost a century ago. Initial studies focused on the physiological and biochemical actions of TH. Later, the cloning of the thyroid hormone receptor (THR) isoforms and the development of techniques enabled the study of TH regulation of complex cellular processes (such as gene transcription). Recently we found that TH activates secondary transcription factors such as FOXO1, to amplify gene transcription; and also is a potent inducer of autophagy that was critical for fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. This review summarizes the recent advancements in our understanding of TH regulation of gene expression of metabolic genes (via co-regulators/transcription factors and epigenetic control) and autophagy in the liver. Our deeper understanding of TH action recently has led to the development of tissue- and THR isoform-specific TH mimetics that may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 430-0929, Japan
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore.
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Vella KR, Hollenberg AN. The actions of thyroid hormone signaling in the nucleus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:127-135. [PMID: 28286327 PMCID: PMC5592130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are a critical regulator of mammalian physiology. Much of their action is due to effects in the nucleus where T3 engages thyroid hormone receptor isoforms to mediate its effects. In order to function properly the TR isoforms must be recruited to regulatory sequences within genes that they up-regulate. On these positive regulated target genes the TR can activate or repress depending upon whether the receptor is bound to T3 or not and the type of co-regulatory proteins present in that cell type. In contrast to T3 mediated activation, the mechanism by which the TR represses transcription in the presence of T3 remains unclear. Herein we will review the components of the transcriptional response to T3 within the nucleus and attempt to highlight the outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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26
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Ranjan A, Ansari SA. Therapeutic potential of Mediator complex subunits in metabolic diseases. Biochimie 2017; 144:41-49. [PMID: 29061530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The multisubunit Mediator is an evolutionary conserved transcriptional coregulatory complex in eukaryotes. It is needed for the transcriptional regulation of gene expression in general as well as in a gene specific manner. Mediator complex subunits interact with different transcription factors as well as components of RNA Pol II transcription initiation complex and in doing so act as a bridge between gene specific transcription factors and general Pol II transcription machinery. Specific interaction of various Mediator subunits with nuclear receptors (NRs) and other transcription factors involved in metabolism has been reported in different studies. Evidences indicate that ligand-activated NRs recruit Mediator complex for RNA Pol II-dependent gene transcription. These NRs have been explored as therapeutic targets in different metabolic diseases; however, they show side-effects as targets due to their overlapping involvement in different signaling pathways. Here we discuss the interaction of various Mediator subunits with transcription factors involved in metabolism and whether specific interaction of these transcription factors with Mediator subunits could be potentially utilized as therapeutic strategy in a variety of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Ranjan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E, 50th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Suraiya A Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, AlAin, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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NCoR1-independent mechanism plays a role in the action of the unliganded thyroid hormone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8458-E8467. [PMID: 28923959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706917114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) is considered to be the major corepressor that mediates ligand-independent actions of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) during development and in hypothyroidism. We tested this by expressing a hypomorphic NCoR1 allele (NCoR1ΔID), which cannot interact with the TR, in Pax8-KO mice, which make no thyroid hormone. Surprisingly, abrogation of NCoR1 function did not reverse the ligand-independent action of the TR on many gene targets and did not fully rescue the high mortality rate due to congenital hypothyroidism in these mice. To further examine NCoR1's role in repression by the unliganded TR, we deleted NCoR1 in the livers of euthyroid and hypothyroid mice and examined the effects on gene expression and enhancer activity measured by histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) acetylation. Even in the absence of NCoR1 function, we observed strong repression of more than 43% of positive T3 (3,3',5-triiodothyronine) targets in hypothyroid mice. Regulation of approximately half of those genes correlated with decreased H3K27 acetylation, and nearly 80% of these regions with affected H3K27 acetylation contained a bona fide TRβ1-binding site. Moreover, using liver-specific TRβ1-KO mice, we demonstrate that hypothyroidism-associated changes in gene expression and histone acetylation require TRβ1. Thus, many of the genomic changes mediated by the TR in hypothyroidism are independent of NCoR1, suggesting a role for additional signaling modulators in hypothyroidism.
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Vargas-Uricoechea H, Bonelo-Perdomo A. Thyroid Dysfunction and Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Associations. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017; 14:48-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11897-017-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are endocrine messengers essential for normal development and function of virtually every vertebrate. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is exquisitely modulated to maintain nearly constant TH (T4 and T3) levels in circulation. However peripheral tissues and the CNS control the intracellular availability of TH, suggesting that circulating concentrations of TH are not fully representative of what each cell type sees. Indeed, recent work in the field has identified that TH transporters, deiodinases and thyroid hormone receptor coregulators can strongly control tissue-specific sensitivity to a set amount of TH. Furthermore, the mechanism by which the thyroid hormone receptors regulate target gene expression can vary by gene, tissue and cellular context. This review will highlight novel insights into the machinery that controls the cellular response to TH, which include unique signaling cascades. These findings shed new light into the pathophysiology of human diseases caused by abnormal TH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Mendoza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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