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Zhao Y, Ji Z, Li J, Zhang S, Wu C, Zhang R, Guo Z. Growth hormone associated with treatment efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:917313. [PMID: 36016614 PMCID: PMC9395680 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.917313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with chemotherapy have been widely employed to improve the outcome of gastric cancer patients. In the present study, the impact of posttreatment growth hormone (GH) levels on the treatment efficacy of ICIs for advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients was assessed. Methods Seventy-five AGC patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies at The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University were involved. We divided AGC patients into two groups as high-GH group and low-GH group based on the GH level. Immunotherapy efficacy was assessed in terms of objective response rate, disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. The enumeration data were compared by χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Survival curves were drawn by the Kaplan–Meier method, and comparisons between the curves were made using the log-rank test. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results The higher GH levels were associated with a lower DCR of ICIs with a DCR of 30.0% in the high-GH group and 53.3% in the low-GH group (P = 0.046). The subsequent univariate analysis showed that a high GH level was associated with both shorter PFS (P = 0.016) and shorter OS at the borderline statistical level (P = 0.052) in AGC patients treated with ICIs. Cox model analysis also proved that the GH level was an independent risk factor for the outcome of AGC patients (PFS: P = 0.013, HR, 2.424, 95% CI, 1.202–4.890; OS: P = 0.014, HR, 3.301, 95% CI, 1.279–8.519). Conclusions The post-treatment GH level might be a predictor for ICIs treatment in AGC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhengzheng Ji
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiasong Li
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chensi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruixing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanjun Guo
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhanjun Guo,
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2
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Dabrosin N, Dabrosin C. Postmenopausal Dense Breasts Maintain Premenopausal Levels of GH and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5695904. [PMID: 31900484 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dense breast tissue is associated with 4 to 6 times higher risk of breast cancer by poorly understood mechanisms. No preventive therapy for this high-risk group is available. After menopause, breast density decreases due to involution of the mammary gland. In dense breast tissue, this process is haltered by undetermined biological actions. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like binding proteins (IGFBPs) play major roles in normal mammary gland development, but their roles in maintaining breast density are unknown. OBJECTIVE To reveal in vivo levels of GH, IGFBPs, and other pro-tumorigenic proteins in the extracellular microenvironment in breast cancer, in normal breast tissue with various breast density in postmenopausal women, and premenopausal breasts. We also sought to determine possible correlations between these determinants. SETTING AND DESIGN Microdialysis was used to collect extracellular in vivo proteins intratumorally from breast cancers before surgery and from normal human breast tissue from premenopausal women and postmenopausal women with mammographic dense or nondense breasts. RESULTS Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers exhibited increased extracellular GH (P < .01). Dense breasts of postmenopausal women exhibited similar levels of GH as premenopausal breasts and significantly higher levels than in nondense breasts (P < .001). Similar results were found for IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -7 (P < .01) and for IGFBP-6 (P <.05). Strong positive correlations were revealed between GH and IGFBPs and pro-tumorigenic matrix metalloproteinases, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, and vascular endothelial growth factor in normal breast tissue. CONCLUSIONS GH pathways may be targetable for cancer prevention therapeutics in postmenopausal women with dense breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dabrosin
- Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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3
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Wei L, Chang J, Han Z, Wang R, Song L. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment of MKN-45 xenograft mice improves nutrition status and strengthens immune function without promoting tumor growth. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210613. [PMID: 30673747 PMCID: PMC6343934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the combined effects and dose-effect relationships of rhGH on tumor growth, nutrition status, and immune function in MKN-45 xenograft mice. In this study, animal models were induced in nude mice using the subcutaneous transplantation of MKN-45 cells, and rhGH was injected daily for 14 days. Three rhGH treatment dosages were set with reference to the equivalent dosage converted from human clinical dosage, including 2 IU (0.67 mg), 10 IU (3.35 mg) and 50 IU (16.75 mg) per kg body weight. The tumor volume, body weight and food intake were measured every two or three days. After 14 days of rhGH treatment, the tumors were isolated and weighed. The expression levels of Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31in tumor tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The protein expression levels of pJAK2, JAK2, pSTAT3, STAT3, pAKT, AKT, pERK and ERK were measured by western blotting. The percentage of active NK cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The results showed that rhGH had improved the food intake, increased the body weight and strengthened the immune function of MKN-45 xenograft mice but had not promote tumor growth. MKN-45 xenograft mice treated with rhGH at a higher dosage gained more weight, while those treated with rhGH at a lower dosage showed stronger immune function and smaller tumor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Wei
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Chang
- Scientific research center, Benbu Medical college, Benbu, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Han
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ronghai Wang
- AnHui Anke Biotechnology (Group) Co.,Ltd. Hefei, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- AnHui Anke Biotechnology (Group) Co.,Ltd. Hefei, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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4
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Kong X, Wu W, Yuan Y, Pandey V, Wu Z, Lu X, Zhang W, Chen Y, Wu M, Zhang M, Li G, Tan S, Qian P, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Human growth hormone and human prolactin function as autocrine/paracrine promoters of progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:29465-79. [PMID: 27102295 PMCID: PMC5045410 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The death rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are extremely high due to the paucity of therapeutic options. Animal models and anecdotal clinical evidence indicate a potential role of hGH and hPRL in HCC. However, the prognostic relevance and the functional role of tumor expression of these hormones in human HCC are not defined. Herein, we analyzed the mRNA and protein expression of hGH and hPRL in histopathological samples of non-neoplastic liver and HCC by in situ hybridization, PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques. Increased mRNA and protein expression of both hormones was observed in HCC compared with non-neoplastic liver tissues. hGH expression was significantly associated with tumor size and tumor grade. No significant association was observed between the expression of hPRL and any histopathological features. Amplification of both hGH and hPRL genes in HCC was observed when compared to non-neoplastic tissue. Expression of both hGH and hPRL was associated with worse relapse-free and overall survival in HCC patients. In vitro and in vivo functional assays performed with HCC cell lines demonstrated that autocrine expression of hGH or hPRL in HCC cells increased STAT3 activation, oncogenicity and tumor growth while functional antagonism with hGH-G120R significantly reduced these parameters. Hence, tumor expression of hGH/hPRL is associated with a worse survival outcome for patients with HCC and hGH/hPRL function as autocrine/paracrine promoters of HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Kong
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuefei Lu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mingming Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Min Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gaopeng Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Tao Zhu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis is the key regulator of longitudinal growth, promoting postnatal bone and muscle growth. The available data suggest that GH expression by tumour cells is associated with the aetiology and progression of various cancers such as endometrial, breast, liver, prostate, and colon cancer. Accordingly there has been increased interest in targeting GH-mediated signal transduction in a therapeutic setting. Because GH has endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine actions, therapeutic strategies will need to take into account systemic and local functions. Activation of related hormone receptors and crosstalk with other signalling pathways are also key considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1052-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China.
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6
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Basu R, Wu S, Kopchick JJ. Targeting growth hormone receptor in human melanoma cells attenuates tumor progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition via suppression of multiple oncogenic pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21579-21598. [PMID: 28223541 PMCID: PMC5400608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed highest levels of growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) transcripts in melanoma, one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. Yet the mechanism of GH action in melanoma remains mostly unknown. Here, using human malignant melanoma cells, we examined the effects of GH excess or siRNA mediated GHR knock-down (GHRKD) on tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. GH promoted melanoma progression while GHRKD attenuated the same. Western blot analysis revealed drastic modulation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways (JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, AKT, mTOR, SRC and ERK1/2) following addition of GH or GHRKD. Further, we show that GH excess upregulates expression of markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition in human melanoma, while the effects were reversed by GHRKD. Interestingly, we observed consistent expression of GH transcript in the melanoma cells as well as marked modulation of the IGF receptors and binding proteins (IGF1R, IGF2R, IR, IGFBP2, IGFBP3) and the oncogenic HGF-MET mRNA, in response to excess GH or GHRKD. Our study thus identifies the mechanistic model of GH-GHR action in human melanoma and validates it as an important pharmacological target of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
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7
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Lea RW, Dawson T, Martinez-Moreno CG, El-Abry N, Harvey S. Growth hormone and cancer: GH production and action in glioma? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:119-23. [PMID: 26163024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hypersecretion of pituitary growth hormone (GH) is associated with an increased risk of cancer, while reducing pituitary GH signaling reduces this risk. Roles for pituitary GH in cancer are therefore well established. The expression of the GH gene is, however, not confined to the pituitary gland and it is now known to occur in many extrapituitary tissues, in which it has local autocrine or paracrine actions, rather than endocrine function. It is, for instance, expressed in cancers of the prostate, lung, skin, endometrium and colon. The oncogenicity of autocrine GH may also be greater than that induced by endocrine or exogenous GH, as higher concentrations of GHR antagonists are required to inhibit its actions. This may reflect the fact that autocrine GH is thought to act at intracellular receptors directly after synthesis, in compartments not readily accessible to endocrine (or exogenous) GH. The roles and actions of extrapituitary GH in cancer may therefore differ from those of pituitary GH. The possibility that GH may be expressed and act in glioma tumors was therefore examined by immunohistochemistry. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of abundant GH- and GH receptor (GHR-) immunoreactivity in glioma, in which they were co-localized in cytoplasmic but not nuclear compartments. These results demonstrate that glioma differs from most cancers in lacking nuclear GHRs, but GH is nevertheless likely to have autocrine or paracrine actions in the induction and progression of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Lea
- Brain Tumour North West, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | | | | | - Nasra El-Abry
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
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8
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Kawa MP, Stecewicz I, Piecyk K, Pius-Sadowska E, Paczkowska E, Rogińska D, Sobuś A, Łuczkowska K, Gawrych E, Petriczko E, Walczak M, Machaliński B. Effects of growth hormone therapeutic supplementation on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in children with growth hormone deficiency: focus on proliferation and differentiation capabilities. Endocrine 2015; 50:162-75. [PMID: 25920498 PMCID: PMC4546702 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the direct effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy (GH-RT) on hematopoiesis in children with GH deficiency (GHD) with the special emphasis on proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Peripheral blood (PB) was collected from sixty control individuals and forty GHD children before GH-RT and in 3rd and 6th month of GH-RT to measure hematological parameters and isolate CD34(+)-enriched hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Selected parameters of PB were analyzed by hematological analyzer. Moreover, collected HPCs were used to analyze GH receptor (GHR) and IGF1 expression, clonogenicity, and cell cycle activity. Finally, global gene expression profile of collected HPCs was analyzed using genome-wide RNA microarrays. GHD resulted in a decrease in several hematological parameters related to RBCs and significantly diminished clonogenicity of erythroid progenies. In contrast, GH-RT stimulated increases in clonogenic growth of erythroid lineage and RBC counts as well as significant up-regulation of cell cycle-propagating genes, including MAP2K1, cyclins D1/E1, PCNA, and IGF1. Likewise, GH-RT significantly modified GHR expression in isolated HPCs and augmented systemic IGF1 levels. Global gene expression analysis revealed significantly higher expression of genes associated with cell cycle, proliferation, and differentiation in HPCs from GH-treated subjects. (i) GH-RT significantly augments cell cycle progression in HPCs and increases clonogenicity of erythroid progenitors; (ii) GHR expression in HPCs is modulated by GH status; (iii) molecular mechanisms by which GH influences hematopoiesis might provide a basis for designing therapeutic interventions for hematological complications related to GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Kawa
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I. Stecewicz
- />Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K. Piecyk
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - E. Pius-Sadowska
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - E. Paczkowska
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D. Rogińska
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A. Sobuś
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K. Łuczkowska
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - E. Gawrych
- />Department of Pediatric and Oncological Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - E. Petriczko
- />Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M. Walczak
- />Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - B. Machaliński
- />Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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9
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Elzein S, Goodyer CG. Regulation of human growth hormone receptor expression by microRNAs. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1448-59. [PMID: 25073105 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human GH binds to its receptor (GHR) on target cells and activates multiple intracellular pathways, leading to changes in gene expression, differentiation, and metabolism. GHR deficiency is associated with growth and metabolic disorders whereas increased GHR expression has been reported in certain cancers, suggesting that the GHR gene requires tight controls. Several regulatory mechanisms have been found within its 5'-untranslated region (UTR) promoter and coding regions. However, the 3'-UTR has not been previously examined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (19-22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs that downregulate gene expression mainly through targeting the 3'-UTR of mRNAs and enhancing their degradation or inhibiting translation. In the present study, we investigated whether miRNAs regulate GHR expression. To define putative miRNA binding sites in the GHR 3'-UTR, we used multiple in silico prediction tools, analyzed conservation across species and the presence of parallel sites in GH/IGF axis-related genes, and searched for reports linking miRNAs to GHR-related physiological or pathophysiological activities. To test prioritized sites, we cotransfected a wild-type GHR 3'-UTR luciferase reporter vector as well as miRNA binding site mutants into HEK293 cells with miRNA mimics. Furthermore, we tested whether the miRNAs altered endogenous GHR mRNA and protein levels in HEK293 cells and in 2 cancer cell lines (MCF7 and LNCaP). Our experiments have identified miRNA (miR)-129-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-202, and miR-16 as potent inhibitors of human GHR expression in normal (HEK293) and cancer (MCF7 and LNCaP) cells. This study paves the way for the development of miRNA inhibitors as therapeutic agents in GH/GHR-related pathophysiologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Elzein
- Departments of Experimental Medicine (S.E., C.G.G.) and Pediatrics (C.G.G.), McGill University, and Endocrine Research Laboratory (S.E., C.G.G.), Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre-Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3Z 2Z3
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10
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Liang D, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wang H, Huang T, Xue X. Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone on Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis of Human Gastric Cancer Cell. Chin Med 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2014.54031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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Yang X, Huang P, Wang F, Xu Z, Wang X. Growth hormone receptor expression in human primary gastric adenocarcinoma. J Biomed Res 2012; 26:307-14. [PMID: 23554765 PMCID: PMC3613727 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.26.20110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma. We investigated 48 specimens of primary gastric adenocarcinoma and their corresponding normal gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of GHR. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that GHR was expressed in human primary gastric adenocarcinoma (36/48, 75.0%) and appeared to be upregulated, compared to the normal mucosa (28/48, 58.3%, P < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between GHR expression and tumor stage (P < 0.001) and tumor differentiation (P < 0.001). The average positive rate of ki-67 in GHR-positive tumors was 16.06%, while the positive rate in GHR-negative tumors was 6.17% (P < 0.01). The average apoptosis index (AI) of GHR-positive tumors was 3.36%, which was significantly lower than that (7.33%) of GHR-negative tumors. In addition, 27 of 48 cases of tumors had GHR mRNA expression, while only 17 of all 48 cases of normal mucosa did so. Our results indicate that the frequency of GHR was significantly higher in primary gastric adenocarcinoma than that in normal gastric mucosa. GHR expression was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation and tumor grade. This finding supported a possible role of growth hormone in primary gastric adenocarcinoma pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, the Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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